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DISLIPIDEMIA & OBESITAS

KAITANNYA DENGAN
SINDROMA METABOLIK

K Heri Nugroho, Tony Suhartono


Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam
FK UNDIP RS Dr. Kariadi Semarang
11/1/2017
Synonyms of Metabolic syndrome

1. Insulin resistance syndrome


(IRS)
2. (Metabolic) Syndrome X
3. Dysmetabolic syndrome
4. Multiple metabolic syndrome
5. ICD code # 277.7
The Metabolic Syndrome

Figure 61 The Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X) is the pathological expression of


the susceptibility genotype. It is a disease of the modern Western lifestyle
characterized by truncal/visceral obesity, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, reduced
glucose tolerance, and a pro-coagulatory state.
PATOGENESIS OBESITAS
Faktor genetik
Parental fatness
7 gen penyebab : - Leptin receptor
- Melanocortin receptor 4
- Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
- Prohormone convertase 1
- Leptin
- Bardert-Biedl
- Dunnigan partial lypodystrophy
Faktor lingkungan : - Nutrisional - Medikasi
- Aktifitas fisik - Sosial ekonomi
- Trauma
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Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin
Resistance, and Atherosclerosis
Hyperinsulinemia/hyperproinsulinemia

Insulin resistance

Glucose Increased Decreased Increased BP


intolerance triglycerides HDL cholesterol Endothelial dysfunction

Increased
Small, dense PAI-1
LDL
Atherosclerotic
cardiovascular
disease

Consequences of the Metabolic Syndrome: Insulin Resistance

MacFarlane S et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:713-718.


SINDROMA METABOLIK
NCEP-ATP III WHO
IGT/DM/IFG
3 dari 5 2 dari 4
BMI > 30 Kg/m2
Mikral urin > 20 g/ml
WHR > 0.90
> 0.85
WCF > 102 cm (> 90 cm )
> 88 cm (> 80 cm)
Trigliserid 150 mg/dl > 150 mg/dl
Kol-HDL < 40 mg/dl < 35 mg/dl
< 50 mg/dl < 39 mg/dl
Tensi 130/85 mmHg 140/90 mmHg
Gluk.puasa 110 mg/dl 6.1 mMol/L
Prevention and Therapy
Metabolic Syndrome

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OBESITY Poison
CHD fruits

DYSLIP

Branches
NIDDM
H/T

Sites of Trunk
prevention
Genetic
susceptibility
Stress Roots
Early development Food Physical activity
Soil

Sites of prevention.
(Assal. Diab.Met.Rev;13:119 (1997)
Principles in the treatment of metabolic syndrome
(applies also to type 2 diabetes with modification)

Efforts to improve insulin sensitivity


Lifestyle modifications
PPARs agonist
Metformin
thiazolidinediones
insulin secretagogues
alpha glucosidase inhibitor
GLP-1

Efforts to treat individual component of MA / IRS


To treat typical lipid abnormalities
Pleiotropic effects of statins and ACE-I.

DM-BR- 2004
Antiatherosclerosis therapy in metabolic
syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Dyslipidemia Hypertension

ACE Inhibitors
Statins Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
-Blocker
Fibric Acid Derivatives
Thiazolidinediones ?
ATHEROSCLEROSIS Calcium Channel Blockers
Diuretics

Hyperlipidemia Platelet Activation


Insulin Resistance Insulin and Aggregation
Metformin
Thiazolidinediones Aspirin
Sulfonylureas Clopidogrel
Nonsulfonylurea Ticlopidine
Secretagogues
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Obesitas
Eropa Asia

IMT > 30 kg/m2 > 25 kg/m2

> 90 > 80 cm
Waist Circumference
> 102 > 90 cm

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Acanthosis Nigricans

In patients with Acanthosis Nigricans with or without DMII,


not taking statins or lipid lowering agents check their lipid
panel, if their LDL and triglycerides are really low think of
cancer. The cancers of the endothelium eat up the
cholesterol for energy.
Acanthosis Nigricans
Obesity is caused by
imbalance of high
Food intake and or low
energy expenditure

Overweight and
Obesity can be treated

Overweight and Obesity


widespread, serious
But treatable
Low Calorie Balance Diets
( LCD )

Awal program : kalori 600 1000 kcal/hari


- Asupan lemak
- Asupan KH
Kalori : 1200 1600 kcal/hari
Protein : 1 g/Kg BB aktual
KH : sisanya

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Very Low Calorie Diets
( LCD )

Formula pabrik
Sering sebabkan gangguan metabolisme
Perlu pengawasan di RS
Utk persiapan operasi

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Berbagai macam obat
Penurun Berat Badan

1.Bekerja di saluran cerna ( penghambat ensim lipase


pankreas ) : orlistat
2.Bekerja menekan pusat nafsu makan di otak :
Lewat jalur serotoninergik : fenfluramine & dexfenfluramine
Lewat jalur noradrenergik : phentermine
lewat jalur serotoninergik & jalur noradrenergik : sibutramine

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DISLIPIDEMIA
Kelainan metabolisme lipid, ditandai dengan
peningkatan serta penurunan fraksi lipid
plasma.

TRIAD LIPID
Kol-total/ kol-LDL
Trigliserid (TG)
Kol-HDL.
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KLASIFIKASI DISLIPIDEMIA

DISLIPIDEMIA PRIMER
- kelainan pada ensim atau apoprotein
- bersifat genetik
DISLIPIDEMIA SEKUNDER
- akibat penyakit: DM, Peny.ginjal, Tiroid
- akibat obat: diuretika, penyekat beta,
kontrasepsi oral, kortikosteroid.
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Atherosclerosis:
a multifactorial disease

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Characteristics of lipoproteins

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Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat

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HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport

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Atherogenicity of small dense LDL

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PENATALAKSANAAN DISLIPIDEMIA

Target : menormalkan fraksi lipid sesuai


faktor risiko PJK yang ada.

Non-farmakologik :
- Life style obesitas
- Terapi nutrisi
- Batasi minuman beralkohol
- Hindari merokok
Farmakologik :
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- Non farmakologik + obat hipolipidemik
Target Lipid
Kolesterol Total
< 200 yg diinginkan
200 239 batas tinggi
240 tinggi
Kolesterol LDL
< 100 optimal
100 129 di atas optimal
130 159 batas tinggi
160 189 tinggi
190 sangat tinggi
Kolesterol HDL
< 40 rendah
> 60 tinggi
Trigliserida
< 150 normal
150 199 batas tinggi
200 499 tinggi
500 sangat tinggi
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Faktor risiko PJK

Tidak bisa diperbaiki Bisa diperbaiki

Umur Dislipidemia
Pria > 45 thn Hipertensi
Wanita > 55 thn Diabetes melitus
Jenis kelamin pria Merokok sigaret
Obesitas
Riwayat keluarga PKV Kurang olah raga
Riwayat PKV sebelumnya Homosisteinemi
Etnis Hiperfibrinogenemia
C-reaktif protein yg tinggi
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Kadar LDL-Cholesterol sasaran & batasan untuk perubahan gaya hidup
& pemberian obat

Kadar kol-LDL
Sasaran Kadar kol-LDL dimana
dimana harus
Kelompok risiko kol-LDL perlu dipertimbangkan
dimulai perubahan
(mg/dl) pemberian obat (mg/dl)
gaya hidup (mg/dl)
PJK atau yg > 130
disamakan dgn PJK < 100 100 (100-129 pemberian obat
(risiko 10 thn > 20%) opsional)
10 th risiko 10-20% > 130
2 faktor risiko < 130 > 130
10 th risiko < 10% > 160
> 190
0 1 faktor risiko < 160 > 160 (160-189 pemberian obat
opsional)

Excecutive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults
(Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497.
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Tiga kelompok risiko untuk menentukan sasaran
Chol-LDL

Sasaran kol-LDL
Kelompok risiko
(mg/dl)
PJK & risiko yg sama dgn PJK < 100
Faktor risiko multipel (2 atau lebih faktor risiko) < 130
0 1 faktor risiko < 160

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Pengaturan makanan utk hiperkolesterolemia

Makanan Asupan yg dianjurkan

Total lemak 25 30% dari total kalori


Lemak saturasi < 7% dari total kalori
Lemak PUFA Sampai 10% dari total kalori
Lemak MUFA Sampai 10% dari total kalori
Karbohidrat 60% total kalori (terutama karbohidrat kompleks)
Serat 10 gr/ kkal perhari
Protein Sekitar 15% dari total kalori
Kolesterol 200 mg/ hari
Total kalori Cukup utk mempertahankan IMT 18,5 25 kg/m2
OBAT HIPOLIPIDEMIK ORAL

1. Penghambat HMG-CoA reduktase


(statin)
2. Sequestran asam empedu (resin)
3. Asam fibrat
4. Asam nikotinat (niacin)
5. Penghambat absorbsi kolesterol
(ezetimibe)
6. Probucol
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Tabel 7. Obat Hipolipidemik
Obat Dosis

Gol. Resin Pengikat Asam Empedu


- Kolestiramin 4 24 gr/hari
- Kolestipol 5 30 gr/hari
Gol. Asam Nikotinat
- Asam Nikotinat 100 mg/ 2 x sehari ditingkatkan
sampai 1,5 3 gr/hari
- Acipimox 250 mg 2 x sehari
- Niacin ER 1000 2000 mg 1 x sehari
Gol. Statin
- Fluvastatin 40 80 mg malam hari
- Lovastatin 5 40 mg malam hari
- Pravastatin 5 40 mg malam hari
- Simvastatin 5 40 mg malam hari
- Atorvastatin 10 80 mg malam hari
- Rosuvastatin 10 40 mg malam hari

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Obat Dosis
Gol. Asam fibrat
Bezafibrat 200 mg 3 x sehari atau
400 mg sekali sehari
Fenofibrat (retard)
100 mg 3 x sehari atau
Gemfibrozil 300 mg sekali sehari
600 mg 2 x sehari atau
Golongan lain 900 mg sekali sehari
Probukol
500 mg 2 x sehari
Penghambat absorbsi
lemak
Ezetimibe 10 mg sekali sehari
Penghambat HMG-CoA reduktase

Menurunkan produksi kolesterol hepar


Mengaktifasi Sterol Regulatory Binding
Protein (SREBP)--- ekspresi reseptor
LDL .
Katabolisme LDL meningkat
Uptake VLDL & IDL oleh reseptor LDL , TG plasma .
Kombinasi dgn NIACIN atau FIBRAT-----
miopati atau gangguan fungsi hepar.
Pd hiperkolesterolemia berat, kombinasi dg RESIN.
Efek pleiotropik---- cegah aterosklerosis.

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Sequestran asam empedu (resin)
Efektif kol-LDL
Mengikat as.empedu di usus ---- ekskresi garam
empedu feces .
Memotong siklus enterohepatik
Asam nikotinat (niacin)
Hambat mobilisasi as.lemak bebas jar. perifer ke
hepar.
Sintesis TG & VLDL di hepar
Hambat konversi VLDL menjadi IDL
Meningkatkan GLUKOSA & asam urat plasma
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Fibrat (derivat asam fibrat)
- Sangat tepat untuk hipertrigliseridemia.
- Dapat untuk hiperlipidemia kombinasi
- Dapat dikombinasi dengan RESIN & NIACIN, kom
binasi dengan statin dapat timbul miopati, Gemfi-
brosil jangan dikombinasi dengan statin.
- Bekerja pada peroxisome proliferator-activated re
ceptor- (ppar-)
- Jarang: transaminase hepar naik, batu empedu,
kreatin kinase otot naik, libido turun.
- Efek potensiasi dg Obat Hipoglikemik Oral dan an-
ti-koagulan oral.
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Penghambat absorbsi kolesterol
(ezetimibe)

Hambat kol. makanan & kol. Cairan empedu di


usus halus. (NPC1L1).
Timbunan kol. di hepar .
Klirens kol. plasma .
Utk kol-total, kol-LDL dan Apo-B pd
hiperkolesterolemia primer.
Efektif sbg mono terapi maupun kombinasi dg
statin.

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Obat baru :
- NIACIN extended release (NIASPAN)
- Fix kombinasi NIACIN ER + LOVASTATIN
(advicor)

Obat masa depan:


- Penghambat cholesteryl ester transfer protein
(CETP) -------> HDL
- Penghambat microsomal transfer protein (MTP)
- Penghambat intestinal bile-acid transporter.
(IBAT)
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