Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 1 (1999)77-84
Field Evaluation of Botanicals for the Management
of Cruciferous Vegetable Insect Pests
F. P. Neupane
Institute ofAgriculture and Animal Sciences, Tribhuvan Universify, Rampu~Chitwan, Nepal
Received October 1998; accepted January 1999
Abstract
In field tests conducted for four cropping seasons,
crude water extracts of green neem leaves
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss), chinaberry (Melia
azedarach L.), malabar nut (Justicia adhatoda L.)
and Indian privet (Vitex negundo L.) all at 200 g of
leaves per litre of water; were superior to the crude
water extracts of the green leaves of mug-wort
(Artenzisia vulgaris L.), yellow lantana (Lantana
camara L.), crown plant (Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.
Br.) and dry fruits water extract of chinabeny, all at
the same rate as above, and neem seed kernel-based
water dispersable powder at 0.1 %; in suppressing the
cruciferous insects, namely the cabbage butterfly
(Pieris brassicae nepalensis Doubleday), the soy-
abean hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia casigneta Kollar),
the tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura Fab.) and
the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) on
cabbage and increasing its yield. Synthetic organic
insecticides, namely malathion (0.05% and monocro-
tophos (0.05%) were superior to all the botanicals in
suppressing the above insects and increasing the cab-
bage yield. However, the health and environmental
risks involved and high prices of these chemical
insecticides should discourage the farmers for their
use.
Introduction
The crucifers (such as cauliflower, cabbage, broc-
coli, knolkhol, radish, broad-leaf mustard, turnip
etc.) are the major vegetable crops in Nepal. These
crops are attacked by many species of insect pests
which reduce the quality and quantity of the final
produce. Of these insect pests, the following are the
important ones: cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae
nepalensis Doubleday), tobacco caterpillar
(Spodoptera litura Fab.), soybean hairy caterpillar
(Spilarctia casigneta Kollar), diamondback moth
(Plutella xylostella L.), mustard aphid (Lipaphis
erysimi Kaltenback) and cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne
brassicae L.) (Neupane 1989, 1995; Thapa 1993).
There is a heavy reliance of chemical insecticides
on cruciferous vegetable crops for controlling the
above insects. In many places, farmers overuse the
insecticides. The vegetables sold in the markets of
Nepal contain large amounts of pesticide residues
which are harmful to human health (Thapa 1997).
Hence, there is an urgent perceived need for safer
insecticides to manage the vegetable insect pests. So
far no chemical pesticides of this nature have been
found. Researchers around the world are seriously
screening various plant species for their pesticidal
properties and 2400 species have been reported to
contain some kinds of pesticidal characteristics
(Grainge and Ahmed 1988).
Of the pesticidal plants reported, many species
are found in Nepal (Neupane 1999). In Chitwan, the
following pesticidal plants are available in abun-
dance: neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), chinaber-
ry (Melia azedarach L.), malabar nut [Justicia adha-
toda L. (= Adhatoda vasica Nees)], crown plant
[Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br.], mug-wort
(Artemisia vculgaris L.), yellow sage or lantana
(Lantana carnara L.), and Indian privet (Vitex negun-
do L.).
The active ingredients having pesticidal proper-
ties in the plants are mainly soluble in organic sol-
vents (such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum
ether, ethyl acetate etc.). They are generally not or
only very slightly soluble in water. Aqueous extracts
of some plants (leaves, flowers and fruits) have been
found to be effective against several insect pests as
insecticides, repellents, antifeedantslfeeding deter-
rents, growth retardants and so on.
In a glasshouse study, 1 % aqueous leaf extract of
neem was highly antifeedant aginst Ootheca ben-
 F. P. NeupaneJNepal Journal of Science and Technology 1 (1999) 77-84
nigseni, a foliar beetle pest of beans and other
legumes in many parts of Africa (Karel 1987).
Aqueous leaf extract of neem @ 1 kg leaf powder14 1
of water) significantly reduced the potato leafhopper,
Jacobiasca lybica, in Sudan (Siddig 1987).
Low concentration aqueous leaf extracts (0.1-
0.2% w/v) of chinaberry affected the growth and
development of the fourth instar larvae of the dia-
mondback moth and various larval stages of cabbage
butterflies (Pieris brassicae and Pieris rapae) and
Mamestra brassicae. In higher concentrations (0.3-
0.5%) the extracts of chinaberry showed repellent
and insecticidal properties (Zhu 1991).
The objective of this study was to evaluate the
efficacy of locally available pesticidal plants in their
crude form (water extract) for managing cruciferous
vegetable insects at the research station and farmers'
fields.
Methodology
On-Station Studies
The tests were conducted at the Plant Protection
Field Laboratory of the Institute of Agriculture and
Animal Sciences (IAAS), Rampur, Chitwan, during
1991- 1992, 1992-93, 1993-94 and 1994-95 cropping
seasons.
Establishing the Experimental Plots. Cabbage
seedlings (variety KK cross) were raised at the
experimental site. They were transplanted at the age
of 6 weeks. The experiment was laid out in a ran-
domized complete block design with three replica-
tions. Each plot measured 2.6 mZ.The plant to plant
and row to row spacings were 50 and 60 cm, respec-
tively. ,Farm yard manure was applied @ 5 t k a dur-
ing land preparation. The chimcal fertilizers were
applied @ 80:60:60 kg NPKIha. Boron was supplied
basally through borax at 18 kglha. Nitrogen (urea)
was split into two doses, half at planting and the
remaining half top dressed at 30 days after trans-
planting of the cabbage seedlings. Standard cultural
practices were maintained throughout the experimen-
tation.
Treatments a n d Their Applications. (a)
Botanicals: The following plants were choosen for
this study: neem, chinaberry, malabar nut, crown
plant and mug-wort. Fresh green leaves of these
plants and mature dry fruits of chinabeny, all at 200
gllitre of the water were used. In case of neem, water
dispersible powder (based on seed kernel, obtained
from Agrochemical Division, Indin Agricultural
Research Institute, New Delhi, India) at 0.1 % was
also included. (b) Chemical pesticides : malathion
(50% EC) and monocrotophos (36% EC), both at
0.05%, were included as chemical checks. (c) An
untreated check. Hence, there were 10 treatments
which were replicated three times.
The fresh green leaves and dry seeds of each
plant species were ground individually with the help
of an iron mortar and pestle, mixed with required
amount of water in individual plastic buckets and
kept aside for about 12 hours. Then the contents of
each bucket were stirred for about one minute with a
stick and filtered through a fine muslin cloth. The
leaf- and seed-extracts thus obtained were sprayed on
plants with a hand compression sprayer. Insecticides
were diluted in water and sprayed on plants with a
separate hand compression sprayer. The cabbage
plants were treated with the botanicals and insecti-
cides 5 times at an interval of 7 days starting 4 weeks
after transplanting.
Data recording. Insect pests associated with cab-
bage plants were sampled one day before and one
day after each spray from the central two rows of
each plot. At harvest, the cabbage heads were
cleaned - the old as well as insect damaged leaves
were removed and only the clean portion was col-
lected and weighed. The mean differences between
treatments were separated by Duncan's multiple
range test and Least significant difference test.
1992-93 Study
Establishing the Experimental Plots. The same
procedure as described under 199 1-92 study was fol-
lowed. The variety of cabbage was also the same.
The individual experimental plot measured 5.4 mZ.
Malathion was excluded. During the later part of the
experimental period, there was an acute shortage of
irrigation water which compelled the researcher for
abanadoning one replication of the experiment. Only
two replications could be saved.
Treatments a n d Their Applications. (a)
Botanicals: The following plants here included in
the study: neem, chinaberry, and malabar nut. The
fresh green leaves of these plants and mature dry
fruits of chinaberry were used. The dosages and
 F. P. NeupaneINepal Journal of Science and Technology 1 (1999) 77-84
method of extraction were the same as described
under 1992-92 study. (b) Chemical pesticide :
Monocrotophos (0.05%), (c) an untreated check.
Hence. there were 6 treatments.
Data Recording. The same procedure as
described under 1991-92 study was followed.
1993-94 Study
Establishing the Experimental Plots. The same
procedure as described under 1991-92 study was fol-
lowed. The variety of cabbage was also the same.
Individual plot measured 6.0 mZ.The cabbage plants
were transplanted on February 23 and harvested on
April 25, 1994.
Treatments and Their Applications. (A)
Botanicals: The following plants were included in
the study: neem, chinabeny, malabar nut and lantana.
The fresh green leaves of these plants were used.
Their dosages and method of extraction were the
same as described under 1991-92 study. (b)
Chemical pesticide : Monocrotophos (0.05%), and
(c) An untreated check. Hence, there were 6 treat-
ments.
Data Recording. The same procedure as
described under 1991-92 study was followed.
On-Farm Studies
1993-94 Study
Two participant farmers, Mr. K.B. Gurung and
Mr. T.R. Paudel from Kholaghari village (under
Kabilash Village Development Committee,
Chitwan), were interested in conducting trials on
their farms with botanicals against the insect pests of
cabbage. Three pesticidal plants, neem, chinaberry
and Indian privet, which were locally available in the
above village, were the major testing materials.
Monocrotophos, an insecticide, was used as a chemi-
cal check. The doses and extraction method of these
materials were the same as described under 1991-92
and 1992-93 studies.
Cabbage seedlings (variety KK Cross) were
raised by the farmers. Five-week-old seedlings were
transplanted during the second week of February,
1994. The row to row and plant to plant spacings
were 75 cm and 45 cm, respectively. Fertilizers were
applied @ 60:40:40 kg NPIUha. For each treatment,
a single row with 15 plnats was allocated and repli-
cated thrice at each farmer's field. The trial was laid
in a completely randomized block design.
A sticker (Teepol) was mixed with the plant
extracts at the rate of 1 ml for 3 litres. Spraying was
done during the afternoon. ~ d treatments
e were
applied 10 days after transplanting at weekly inter-
vals and in total eight applications were made.
Insects attacking cabbage were recorded at week-
ly intervals. The trials were harvested during April
29-to May 12, 1994. Before harvesting, the overall
insect damage rating of the cabbage plants was done
jointly by the farmers and researchers. A damage
rating scale of 1-5 was used for this purpose. At har-
vest, the total biomass produced and the edible mar-
ketable produce were weighed separately. The data
were subjected to analysis of variance and the means
were separated by Lezst Significant Difference test.
1994-95 Study
The same participants farmers, Mr. K.B. Gurung
and Mr. T.R. Paudel, who also had participated in
this trial in 1993-94, cooperated to conduct this trial
again on their farms. The treatments cabbage variety,
experimental design, methods of establishing the
plants, and data recording were all the same as in
1993-94. The cabbage plants were transplanted dur-
ing the third week of February and harvested during
the last wek of April, 1995. In total only five applica-
tions of the treatments were made during this year.
1992-92 Study
Effect of Treatments on insects. The insects
attacking cabbage were: cabbage butterfly (CB), soy-
bean hairy caterpillar, tobacco caterpillar (TC), mus-
tard aphid, diamondback moth (DBM) and flee bee-
tles.
Effect of Treatments on Marketable Yield of cab-
bage. The effect of various botanicals and synthetic
organic insecticides on the marketable yield of cab-
bage (KK Cross) has been presented in Table 1. All
the botanical water extracts, the insecticides and the
untreated check were at par to each other whereas
neem water idspersable powder was significantly (P<
0.05) inferior to neem leaf water extract but was at
par with rest of the treatments.
 F. P. Neupane/Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 1 (1999) 77-84

Table 1. Effect of various botanicals (as water extracts) and insecticides on marketalbe yield of cabbage,
Rampur, Chitwan, 1992

Treatment Dosage (gll , % xi.) Yield (kg)lplo?

Neem fresh leaves 200.0 22.96 a
Neem water dispersable powder 0.1% 15.23 b
Chinaberry fresh leaves 200.0 19.12 ab
Chinaberry dry fruits 200.0 17.38 ab
Crown plant fresh leaves 200.0 18.75 ab
Mug-wort fresh leaves 200.0 18.78 ab
Malabar nut fresh leaves 200.0 16.17 ab
Malathion (50% EC) 0.05% 16.88 ab
Monocrotophos (36% EC) 0.05% 17.67 ab
Untreated check 0.00 18.00 ab
* Means of three replications; a.i. = Active ingredient In a column means followed by the same letter are not significantly
(P< 0.05) different by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 2. Effect of various botanicals (as water extracts) and monocrotophos on cabbage insects, Rampur, I993

Treatment Number of larvae plant:':

-

6 WAT 10 WAT
DBM CB DBM CB
Neem fresh leaves 02.70 20.7 4.5 10.5
Chinaberry fresh leaves 1.25 21.0 4.5 11.5
Chinaberry dry fruits 0.25 20.0 4.7 11.7
Malabar nut fresh leaves 1.75 15.2 7.2 11.0
Monocro-tophos (36% EC) 0.25 08.2 3.0 04.2
Untreated check 10.50 32.0 8.7 27.0

' Means of two replications

1992-93 Study
Effect of Treatments on Insects. The major insects
on cabbage in this season were: cabbage butterfly
and diamondback moth. The populations (no./plant)
of larvae of these insects were assessed on the 6th
and 10th week after transplanting (WAT) (Table 2.)
All treatments reduced the larval population of the
above insects as compared to the untreated check.
Monocrotophos recorded the lowest number of
insects.
Effect o f Treatments o n Marketable Yield of
Cabbage. All the treatments recorded higher yield of
cabbage as compared to untreated check and
monocrotophos recorded the highest yield (Tagle 3).
1993-94 Study
Effect of Treatments on Insects. The efficacies of
various treatments against cabbage butterfly and
tobacco caterpillar have been presented in Table 4.
The overall effects of the treatments on plant damage
has been rated as follows in an order of more protec-
tion to less protection: monocrotophos (insecticide) >
chinaberry > neem > untreated control. Malabar n u t
and yellow sage are as good as untreated control
against CB and TC.
Effect of Treatments on MurketaDle Yield of
Cabbage. The effect of various treatments on the
marketable yield of cabbage has been presented in
Table 5. The F test of treatments is significant (P >
0.05). Monocrotophos though yielded highest is not
significantly different from the yields obtained i n
chinaberry and neem fresh leaves extract treatments.
The yiekbs obtained in the treatments of lantana and
malabar nut aft statistically as good as yield in the
untreated check.
 F. P. NeupaneINepal Journal of Science and Technology 1 (1999) 77-84

On-Farm Studies of treatments is not significant indicating that the

yields in treatments are statisfically as good as inun-
-
1993 94 Studies treated check.

The major insects encountered were the tobacco Farmer B.The 'F-test' of treatments is significant
caterpillar and the cabbage butterfly. The former (P < 0.01). The yield obtained in monocrotophos
caused major damage compared to the latter. (17.93 kg) is significantly highest of all. Though the
yields of other treatments are higher than the untreat-
Farmer A. The total and marketable yields of ed control, statistically the yields are as good as the
cabbage have been presented in Table 6. The 'E test" yield in control treatment.
Table 3. Effect of various botanicals (as water extracts) and monocrotophos on the marketable yield of cabbage
(KK Cross), Rampur, Chitwan, 1993

Treatment Dosage (g/ 1, % a.i.) Xeld (kg)lplot*

Neem fresh leaves 200.0 22.5
Chinaberry fresh leaves 200.0 23.5
Chinaberry dry fruits 200.0 18.0
Malabar nut fresh leaves 200.0 25.5
Monocrotophos (36% EC) 0.05% 31.5
Untreated check 0.00 13.5
* Means of two replications
Tablen 4. Effect of various botanicals (as water extracts) and monocrotophos against the intsect pests of cab-
bage, Rgmpur, Chitwan, 1994
Treatment Dosage (g/l,% a.i.) Mean (+ SD) % of plants infested by Overall
damage rating
CB TC
Chinaberry fresh leaves 200 26.6 + 5.7 45.0 + 8.6 I1
Neem fresh leaves 200 43.3 + 15.2 55.0 + 32.7 I11
Lantana fresh leaves 200 96.6 + 5.7 61.6+ 16.0 IV
Malabar nut fresh leaves 200 98.3 + 2.8 60.0 + 13.2 IV
Monocrotophos 0.05% 11.6 + 2.8 41.6 + 5.7 I
Untreated check 0.0 95.0 + 5.0 61.2 + 6.2 IV

Table 5. Effect of various botanicals (as water extracts) and monocrotophos on the marketable yield of cabbage,
Rampur, Chitwan, 1994

Treatment Dosage (gll, % a.i.) Yield (kg)lplot*

TChinaberry fresh leaves 200 0.93b
Neem fresh leaves 200 8.85b
Yellow sage fresh leaves 200 0.68a
Malabar nut fresh leaves 200 0.63a
Monocrotophos (36% EC) 0.05% 1.02b
Untreated check 0.0 0.56a
F test S
CD at 5% 0.28
S = Significant, *Means of three replications In the column means followed by the same letter are not significantly (P < 0.05)
different by Least significant difference test
 E P.NeupandNepal Journal of Science and Technology 1 (1999) 77-84

Table 6. Effect of various botanicals (as water extracts) and monocrotphos on the total and marketable yield of
cabbage, Kholaghari, Kabilash Village Development Committee, Chitwan, 1994

Farmer A Farmer B
Treatment Dosage Yield (kg) Overall Yield (kg) Overall
( g %a ) Total Marketable damage Total Marketable damage
ranking ranking
Neem fresh leaves 200.0 14.73 10.00 111 15.63" 6.16" IV-
chinaberry fresh leaves 200.0 11.60 6.20 IV 16.30" 10.30" 111
Indian privet fresh leaves 200.0 16.60 11.10 11 17.03" 7.66 I1
Monocrotophos 0.05% 17.46 11.16 I 24.43" 17.93'' I I
Control 10.50 5.70 V 12.43'' 5.76" V
F test N.S NS S HS
CD at 5% 5.60 5.34
1% 7.78
Farmer A = T. R. Paudel; Farmer B = K. B. Gurung; S = Significant; N.S. = Non-significant H.S. = Highly significant;
Damage ranking scale: I = Lowest; V = Highest

Table 7. Effect of various botanicals (as water extracts) and monocrotophos against cabbage insects,
Kholaghari, Kabilash Village Development Committee, Chitwan, 1995. Farmer A (Mr. Tika Ram Paudel)

Treatment Dosage (g/l,% a.i.) Overall damage rating*

At 4 WAT At harvesting

Neem fresh leaves 200 I1 IV

Chinaberry fresh leaves 200 I11 I1
Indian privet fresh leaves 200 IV I11
Monocrotophos (36% EC) 0.05% I I
Untreated check 0.0 V V
* The insect damage rating was based on a scale of 1-5 (1 = lowest damage; 5 = highest damage); WAT = Weeks after trans-
planting.

1994-95 Study be explained here why it happened so. This experi-

The major insects encountered on cabbage during
this cropping season were the tobacco caterpillar and
cabbage butterfly. The minor insects recorded during
this year were: aphids, semilooper (Thysanoplusia
orichalcea), flea beetle (Monolepta signata) and
grasshoppers.
Farmer A (MI: Tika R. Paudel). The efficacies of
various treatments in terms of insect feeding damage
rankings at 4 weeks after transplanting has been
found as follows : monocrotophos > neem > chin-
aberry > Indian privet > untreated check. At the time
of harvesting, the results were as follows: monocro-
tophos > chinaberry > Indian privet > neem >
untreated check (Table 7).
The control of insects (judged on the basis of
damage ratings) obtained by the botanicals was not
consistent at the two dates of observations. It cannot
ment was a preliminary one and for the above querry,
detailed experiments are needed.
Farmer B (Krishna B. Gurung). The efficacy of
various treatments in terms of insect feeding damage
ratings at 4 weeks after transplanting has been found
as follows: monocrotophos > neem > chinaberry >
Indian private > untreated check (Table 8). The
farmer could not protect the trial plots from stray ani-
mals. All plants were damaged by animals as a result
no further data could be collected from this trial.
Discussion
Among the botanicals tested in the experimental
station and farmers' fields, the crude water extracts of
green leaves of neem, chinaberry, malabar nut and
Indian privet were found more encouraging than the
green leaves water extracts of mug-wort, lantana,
crown plant and crude water extracts of chinaberry
 F. P. NeupaneJNepal Journal of Science and Technology 1 (1999) 77-84
Table 8. Effect of various botanicals (as water extracts) and monocrotophos against cabbage insects,
Kholaghari, Kabilash Village Development Committee, Chitwan, 1995. Farmer B (Krishna B. Gurung)
Treatment Dosage (g/l,% a.i.)
Neem fresh leaves
Chinaberry fresh leaves
Indian privet fresh leaves
Monocrotophos (36% EC)
Untreated check
WAT = Weeks after transplanting
dry fruits, and neem seed kernel-based water dis-
persable powder in suppressing the insect pests of
crucifers on cabbage, namely the cabbage butterfly,
the soybean hairy catrpillar, the tobacco caterpillar,
and the diamondback moth; and also increasing its
yield when compared to unttreated check plots.
Though the suppression of insects and increase in
yield of cabbage were better in plots 'treated with
insecticides, namely malathion and monocrotophos,
in comparison to the botanicals (mentioned above),
the ill effects of chemical pesticides and their higher
prices cannot be ignored. Hence, in the Nepalese
context (illiteracy and poverty of the farmers), the
botanicals with their mild effects on insect suppres-
sion and presumably low or negligible side effects
(to beneficial insects, microorganisms, human beings
and other animals), could be regarded ideal as com-
pared to the synthetic chemical pesticides. The
botanicals reported in this paper are abundant in
many parts of Nepal and they can be easily propagat-
ed.
Neem is a tropical and sub-tropical plant with
multipurpose use and it is regarded as a wonder plant
(National Research Council 1992, Jacobson 1989).
For pest control the seed kernels are more effective
than leaves as they (seeds) contain higher concentra-
tions of pesticidal compounds such as azadirachtin,
meliantrol, salannin etc. (Jacobson 1990). In Nepal,
the neem plants are in limited supply and the use of
neem seeds for pest control also is equally limited. It
is suggested that the plantation of this 'miracle tree'
should be encouraged from every corner of the soci-
ety.
The chinaberry tree is spread throughout the sub-
tropical and temperatre zones of Nepal. It is a fast
growing tree which is used for fuel, fodder, timber,
and pest control. Its seeds contain several of the
Overall damage rating
at 4 WAT
limonoids common to neem seeds except
azadirachtin Chinaberry does not have a bright future
as a pesticide due to its extreme toxicity to warm-
blooded animals (Jacobson 1989). The young leaves
and young fruits of this plant contain higher amounts
of the toxic principles as compared to the mature
leaves and fruits (Zhu 1991). Hence, it is recommend
that the young leaves and young fruits of chinaberry
should be used to suppress the cruciferous insects.
The malabar nut is a tropical and subtropical
perennial shrub which is found in abundance in
Terai, Inner Terai and hilly regions of Nepal. In the
hilly regions, this plant is used as green manure (in
rice seed beds). It can be propagated by stem cut-
tings.
The Indian privet is also a tropical and sub-tropi-
cal shrub which is found in Terai, Inner Terai and
hilly regions of Nepal. It is used as a fencing material
and fuelwood.
Conclusion
The botanicals seem to be one of the alternatives
to synthetic organic insecticides for suppressing
insect pests on various crops in the field as well as in
the storage. But there is a need of thorough research
in this area before recommending these botanicals to
the farmers.
Acknowledgements
This research was conducted under the project
entitled "Farming Systems Research in Chitwan"
funded by the Ford Foundation (Grant No. 900-
0323-1). Mr. Him La1 Subedi, Resrarch Assistant of
the Project, the FSR team members at IAAS; Dr.
R.B. Thapa, Reader of Entomology and Mr. Yam
 F. I? NeupandNepal Journal of Science and Technology 1 (1999) 77-84
Prasad Adhikary, Fieldman, Department of
Entomology at IAAS, are highly acknowledged for
their help in this research.
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