1. KHI QUT NHM NIT 3.

AMONIAC
-Gm: N , P, As, Sb v Bi. Nguyn t p. I-CU TO PHN T
-CH e : ns2np3, 5 e ngoi cng, 3 e c thn - N lin kt vi 3 H bng 3 LKCHT c cc
- N khng c phn lp d c ha tr 4 - Phn t NH 3 c cu to hnh chp (N: sp3 )
-P, As, Sb, Bi c phn lp dc ha tr 5 II-TNH CHT VT L
-S oxh N: -3,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5 NH3 l cht kh khng mu, mi khai v xc, nh
-S oxh P:-3,0,+3,+5 hn kk, thu kh NH3: y kk (p ngc bnh).
-NBi: tnh KL, PK, A, BKNT
Kh NH3 tan rt nhiu trong nc : 1 lt nc 20oC
- bn RH 3BiH3:
- bn hp cht s oxh +3, +5 ho tan c 800 lt kh NH3
- Tnh axit ca oxit v hidroxit , baz III-TNH CHT HO HC
2. NIT 1. Tnh baz yu
I. CU TO a)Tc dng vi nc NH3 + H2O NH 4 + OH -
-CH e: 1s22s22p3 ( 7, CK 2, nhm VA) DD NH3 lm cho phenolphtalein t khng mu mu
-Hai nguyn t nit lin kt vi nhau bng ba hng, qu tm mu xanh. Dng giy qu tm m
LKCHT khng cc N2.(xen ph 3 AO p) nhn ra kh NH3
II. TNH CHT VT L b)Tc dng vi axit mui amoni.
-N2 l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, hi 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 (NH3+ H+ NH 4 )
nh hn khng kh,. Kh nit tan rt t trong nc. t hai bnh m nt ng dung dch HCl c v NH3
Nit khng duy tr s chy v s sng. c, gn nhau th c "khi" mu trng( NH4Cl)
III - TNH CHT HO HC Dng nhn ra NH3 hoc HCl
-Nng lng lin kt 3 ln phn t N2 rt bnt0 c) Tc dng vi dd mui: kt ta nhiu hiroxit KL (
thng, N2 kh tr v mt ho hc nhng t0cao N2 Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+.) khng tan khi NH3 d.
tr nn hot ng.
AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
-N2: tnh kh v tnh oxi ha
2. Kh nng to phc: ho tan hiroxit hay mui t
1. Tnh oxi ho: Tc dng vi H 2, KL
o 3
tan KL ( Cu2+, Zn2+, Ag+) dd phc cht.
t o, P

2 NH3 ;
N 2 3H 2
H = -92 kJ Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
xt
t0 thng, N2 ch tc dng vi liti Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH-
(xanh thm)
0 3
6Li N 2 2Li3 N *Tnh BZ, to phc do N(NH3) cn cp e cha LK
* phn bit Al3+ v Zn2+ dng dd NH3 d
t0 cao, N2 tc dng vi Ca, Mg, Al,...
to
3Mg + N2 Mg3N2 3.Tnh kh: tc dng vi O2, Cl2, oxit KL
3 0
2. Tnh kh: Tc dng vi oxi (t0>30000C) t0
2
4 NH3 3O2 2N 2 6H 2 O
0 to

N 2 O2 2 NO ; H = +180 kJ
3 2
t 0 ,Pt
Ch : 4NH3 5O2
4NO 6H 2 O
3 0
- N2O, N2O3, N2O5 khng iu ch c t phn
2NH 3 3Cl 2 N 2 6HCl
ng trc tip gia nit v oxi.
-N2 khng phn ng vi halogen, S NH3 bc chy, c khi trng (NH3 + HCl sinh ra)
3 0
IV:TRNG THI T NHIN V IU CH to
1. Trng thi t nhin 2NH3 3CuO 3Cu N 2 3H 2O
-Khong vt natri nitrat (NaNO3) vi tn gi l en , c hi nc ngng t
dim tiu natri. V-IU CH NH3
2. iu ch 1. Trong phng th nghim
- Trong CN: chng ct phn on kk lng to
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O.
to -C th un nng dung dch amoniac m c
b) Trong PTN: NH4NO2
N2 + 2H2O
to
- Lm kh NH3 dng CaO, CaCl2, NaOH rn khan.
hoc NH4Cl + NaNO2
N2 + NaCl + H2O 2. Trong cng nghip
1 s phn ng khc Amoniac c tng hp t kh nit v kh hiro
to N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k)
(NH4)2Cr2O7
N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O
-H nhit v tng p sut chuyn dch chiu thun
 4. MUI AMONI b) Vi phi kim
I -TNH CHT VT L Khi un nng oxi ho c nhiu phi kim nh C, S, P
-Mui amoni l nhng cht tinh th ion, gm cation 0 5 6 4
S 6HNO3 (c) H 2 S O4 6N O2 2H 2O
amoni NH 4 v anion gc axit.
C + 4HNO3(, t0) CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
-Tt c cc mui amoni u d tan trong nc v khi
c) Vi hp cht
tan in li hon ton thnh cc ion.
Khi un nngoxi ho c nhiu hp cht nh
-Ion NH 4 khng c mu. H2S, HI, SO2, FeO, mui st (II),...
II -TNH CHT HO HC 2 5 0 2
1. Tc dng vi baz kimNH3 3H2S 2HNO3 (long) 3S 2NO 4H 2O
to Nhiu cht hu c b ph hu hoc bc chy khi tip
(NH4)2SO4+2NaOH
2NH3+Na2SO4+ 2H2O
xc vi HNO3 c.
NH 4 OH NH 3 H 2 O V-IU CH
-Trong dung dch ion NH 4 l mt axit. Phn ng 1. Trong phng th nghim
Cho NaNO3 hoc KNO3 (r) tc dng vi H2SO4 n,
ny c s dng nhn bit ion NH 4 NaNO3(r) + H2SO4(,t0) HNO3 + NaHSO4
- Ngoi ra cn c phn ng trao i ca gc axit 2. Trong cng nghip: qua 3 giai on
NH4Cl + AgNO3AgCl + NH4NO3 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
2. Phn ng nhit phn
2NO + O2 2NO2
-Mui amoni ca axit khng tnh oxhNH3
to
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3
NH4Cl (r) NH3(k) + HCl (k) 6. MUI NITRAT
(NH4)2CO3 NH3 + NH4HCO3 1. Tnh cht vt l
NH4HCO3 NH3 + CO2 + H2O Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan nhiu trong nc v l
(NH4HCO3 lm xp bnh) cht in li mnh. Ion NO3- khng c mu
-Mui amoni ca axit c tnh oxh khng NH3 2. Tnh cht ho hc
NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O ;NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O Cc mui nitrat km bn vi nhit, chng b phn hu
5. AXIT NITRIC (HNO3) khi un nng, l cht oxi ha mnh
I-CU TO PHN T M> Mg: M(NO3)nM(NO2)n + O2
N: c s oxh +5 v ha tr IV M=MgCu: M(NO3)nM2On + NO2 + O2
II- TNH CHT VT L M<Cu: M(NO3)nM + NO2 + O2
HNO3 tinh khit l cht lng khng mu, bc khi to
2KNO3
2KNO2 + O2
mnh trong khng kh m,. HNO3 khng bn lm :
to
khi un nng b phn hu mt phn theo phng 2Mg(NO3)2
2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
trnh : 4HNO3 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O to
2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
iu kin thng, khi c nh sng. Kh NO2 tan
3. Nhn bit ion nitrat
vo dd axitdd HNO3 c mu vng.
-Mi trng trung tnh, ion NO3- khng c tnh oxh
Axit nitric tan trong nc theo bt k t l no
-Mi trng axit( H+), ion NO3- th hin tnh oxh
III-TNH CHT HO HC
1. Tnh axit : HNO3 l mt trong nhng axit mnh, ging nh HNO3. nhn ra ion NO3- un nng
c y tnh cht chung ca mt dd axit nh dd cha NO3- vi Cu v H2SO4 long (HCl):
2. Tnh oxi ho: Axit nitric l mt trong nhng axit3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2++ 2NO +4H2O
c tnh oxi ho mnh.
(xanh) (khng mu)
a) Vi kim loi
2NO + O2 NO2 (nu )
-Ion NO3 (HNO3) c kh nng oxi ho mnh hn ion -Mi trng baz: NO3- b KL Al, Zn, Mg kh NH3
H+, nn HNO3 oxi ho c hu ht cc KL, k c 8Al + 3NO3-+5OH- +2H2O8AlO2-+3NH3
cc KL c tnh kh yu nh Cu, Ag,..., tr Au v Pt * KNO3 s dng ch thuc n en (c khi).
-Vi KL c tnh kh yu nh Cu, Pb, Ag,... HNO3 Thuc n en cha 75% KNO3, 10% S v 15% C.
c b kh n NO2, HNO3 long b kh n NO. 2KNO3+ 3C+ S K2S+ N2 + 3CO2
-Vi KL c tnh kh mnh nh Mg, Zn, Al,... HNO3 Ch :
+1 o 3
N2 khng mu, khng mi nh hn khng kh
long c th b kh n N 2O , N 2 hoc N H4 NO3 . N2O khng mu, khng mi nng hn khng kh
NO: khng mu ha nu trong khng kh
Fe, Al, Cr b th ng ho trong HNO3 c, ngui NO nu tc dng c vi dd kim cn N , N O,
2 2 2
NO khng tc dng c.
mui X + OH-kh mi khai, sc X: NH4NO3
 7. PHOTPHO 8. AXIT H3PO4 V MUI PHOTPHAT
I. TNH CHT VT L A. AXIT PHOTPHORIC
1. Photpho trng I. TNH CHT VT L
L cht rn khng mu hoc vng nht, c cu H3PO4, cn gi l axit orthophotphoric (H 3PO4) l
trc mng tinh th phn t P4. Cc phn t P4 lin cht tinh th, trong sut, khng mu, nng chy
kt vi nhau bng lc tng tc yu, P trng mm, 42,5oC, rt ho nc nn d chy ra, tan trong nc
d nng chy (tnc = 44,1oC). theo bt k t l no.
Khng tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu II. TNH CHT HO HC
c , rt c, gy bng nng khi ri vo da. a) Tnh oxi ho - kh : Khc vi nit, photpho mc
Bc chy trong khng kh t0 trn 40oC, bo qun oxi ho +5 bn hn.
bng cch ngm trong nc. t0 thng, pht Do vy, axit photphoric kh b kh, khng c tnh oxi
quang mu lc nht trong bng ti ho nh axit nitric.
2. Photpho b) Tc dng bi nhit :
L cht bt mu c cu trc polime nn kh 200 2500 C 400 5000 C
H3 PO4 H4 P2O7 HPO3
nng chy v kh bay hi hn P trng, khng c H2 O H2 O
Khng tan trong cc dung mi thng thng, bn Axit iphotphoric axit metaphotphoric
trong khng kh t0 thng v khng pht quang c) Tnh axit
trong bng ti,bc chy t0 trn 2500C. Axit H3PO4 l axit ba nc, c mnh trung bnh.
II - TNH CHT HO HC Trong DD H3PO4 ngoi cc phn t H3PO4 khng
-Do lin kt trong phn t P km bn hn trong phn phn li, cn c cc ion H+, ihirophotphat H 2 PO4 ,
t N2 nn iu kin thng P hot ng ho hc
mnh hn N2 hirophotphat HPO24 v photphat PO34
- P trng hot ng hn P H3PO4 c nhng tnh cht chung ca axit
-P c th th hin tnh kh v tnh oxi ho. III. IU CH V NG DNG
- s oxi ha ca P: -3,0,+3,+5 a) Trong phng th nghim, dng HNO3 c oxi ho P
1. Tnh oxi ho: tc dng vi KL P + 5HNO3 H 3PO 4 + 5NO2 + H2O
0 o 3
t
2P + 3Ca Ca 3 P 2 canxi photphua b) Trong cng nghip :
Cho H2SO4 c tc dng vi qung photphorit hoc
2. Tnh kh tc dng vi O2, halogen, S,...
qung apatit :
a) Tc dng vi oxi
0 3
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4
Thiu oxi : 4P + 3O2 2 P 2 O3 iphotpho trioxit phng php ny khng tinh khit, c cht lng thp.
0 5 iu ch H3PO4 c tinh khit v nng cao
D oxi : 4P + 5O2 2 P 2 O5 iphotpho pentaoxit hn, ngi ta t chy photpho c P2O5, ri cho
b) Tc dng vi clo P2O5 tc dng vi nc.
0 3 to
4P + 5O2 2P2O5 ;P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4.
Thiu clo : 2P + 3Cl2 2 P Cl3 photpho triclorua
B- MUI PHOTPHAT
0 5
D clo : 2P + 5Cl2 2 P Cl5 photpho pentaclorua Mui photphat trung ho : Na3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2,
Mui ihirophotphat : NaH2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2,.
c) Tc dng vi cc hp cht Mui hirophotphat : Na2HPO4, Ca(HPO4)2,
nh HNO3 c, KClO3, KNO3, K2Cr2O7,... I. TNH CHT CA MUI PHOTPHAT
6P + 5KClO3 3P2O5 + 5KCl a) Tnh tan :
IV- TRNG THI T NHIN. IU CH Tt c cc mui ihirophotphat u tan trong nc.
Hai khong vt chnh ca photpho l
Cc mui hirophotphat v photphat trung ho ch c
apatit 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2 v photphorit Ca3(PO4)2
mui natri, kali, amoni l d tan.
2. Trong cng nghip nung hn hp qung
b) Phn ng thu phn : Cc mui photphat tan b
photphorit, ct v than cc 1200oC trong l in :
thu phn trong dung dch.
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 2P + 5CO
PO34 + H2O HPO24 + OH-
* Ch
P2O5 + OH-: to ra mui ty theo t l mol, nn Do , dung dch Na3PO4 c mi trng kim, lm
n qu tm ng mu xanh.
chuyn P2O5 thnh H3PO4 ri lp t l T OH II. NHN BIT ION PHOTPHAT dng AgNO3
H3 PO4
3Ag+ + PO34 Ag3PO4
T1 1<T<2 T=2 2<T<3 T3 (mu vng)
-
H2PO4 H2PO4 HPO4 - 2- HPO4 2- PO43-
2- 3-
Khng dng AgNO3 nhn bit H3PO4 v to
HPO4 PO4 Ag3PO4 tan trong HNO3 long
Zn3P2: thnh chnh ca thuc dit chut
 PHN BN HO HC
I- PHN M
-Phn m cung cp nit ho hp cho cy di dng vi x vn (MgSiO3) v than cc nhit trn
ion nitrat NO3 v ion amoni NH4 .
-Cc loi phn m chnh l phn m amoni, phn
m nitrat, phn m ur.
- dinh dng ca phn m c nh gi bng
hm lng % N trong phn.
1. Phn m amoni
- l cc mui amoni NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4,
NH4NO3,... c iu ch khi cho amoniac tc dng
vi axit tng ng.
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4.
-Mui amoni ch thch hp cho cc loi t t chua
2. Phn m nitrat
- l cc mui nitrat NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2,... iu ch
cho HNO3 tc dng vi mui cacbonat ca cc kim
loi tng ng.
CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
3. Ur ( hm lng m cao nht)
-Ur [(NH2)2CO] cha khong 46% N, iu ch :
cho NH3 tc dng vi CO2 t0 180- 200oC, ~ 200 atm
CO2 + 2NH3 (NH2)2CO + H2O.
chuyn dn thnh mui amoni cacbonat khi tc dng
vi nc : (NH2)2CO + 2H2O (NH4)2CO3
*Khng nn bn phn m chung vi vi v NH 3
II -PHN LN
Phn ln cung cp photpho cho cy di dng ion
photphat.
dinh dng ca phn ln c nh gi bng hm
lng % P2O5
Nguyn liu sn xut phn ln l qung
photphorit v apatit.
1. Supephotphat
C hai loi supephotphat l supephotphat n v
supephotphat kp. Thnh phn chnh ca c hai loi
l mui tan canxi ihirophotphat Ca(H2PO4)2
2. Phn ln nung chy
SX: nung hn hp bt qung apatit (hay photphorit)
1000oC trong l ng
Thnh phn chnh ca phn ln nung chy l hn hp
photphat v silicat ca canxi v magie (cha 12 - 14%
P2O5). Cc mui ny khng tan trong nc, nn cng
ch thch hp cho loi t chua.
III - PHN KALI
Phn kali cung cp cho cy trng nguyn t kali di
dng ion K+
dinh dng ca phn kali c nh gi bng hm
lng % K2O
Hai mui KCl v K 2SO4 c s dng nhiu nht
lm phn kali. Tro thc vt cng l mt loi phn
kali v c cha K2CO3.
IV- MT S LOI PHN BN KHC
1. Phn hn hp v phn phc hp
Phn hn hp cha c ba nguyn t N, P, K
c gi l phn NPK.
Nitrophotka l hn hp ca (NH4)2HPO4 v KNO3.
Phn phc hp
Amophot l hn hp NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO4
2. Phn vi lng
Phn vi lng cung cp cho cy cc nguyn t nh bo
(B), km (Zn), mangan (Mn), ng (Cu), molipen
(Mo),... dng hp cht
Mt s CT tnh nhanh
H N O3 N O3 ( m ui ) SPK H 2 O
n H N O n N n N ( m ui ) n N ( SPK )
3
1.Kim loi + HNO3Mui + SPK + H2O
mmui m KL (phn ng) m
NO3 mui
m KL (phn ng) n .62
NO3 mui

a) Supephotphat n, sx qua 1 giai on l hn 5

n (s e N nhn).n SPK
hp Ca(H2PO4)2 v CaSO4 cha 14 - 20% P2O5, sn NO3 mui
xut bng cch cho qung photphorit hoc apatit tc
nNO 3nNO 8nN O 10nN 9nNH NO
dng vi axit sunfuric c : 2 2 2 4 3
Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4
Cy trng ng ho d dng mui Ca(H2PO4)2, cn 5
CaSO4 l phn khng c ch, lm rn t. nHNO p. (s e N nhn+ s N(SPK)).nSPK
3
2nNO 4nNO 10nN O 12nN 10nNH NO
b)Supephotphat kp cha hm lng P2O5 cao hn 2 2 2 4 3
(40 - 50% P2O5) v ch c Ca(H2PO4)2, sx qua hai
giai on : iu ch H3PO4, v cho H3PO4 tc dng 2. Fe + O2 hn hp X + HNO3
vi photphorit hoc apatit :
Fe(NO)3+ SPK + H2O
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4
56 x 16 y m X
Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 3Ca(H2PO4)2 mFe+ mO =mX
5
Ch : 3 x 2 y (s e N nhn).n SPK
Khng c trn supephotphat vi vi
nFe=nFe(X)=nFe(NO3)3
GV: Nguyn Thanh Phng bin son