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 211

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 211

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 211

Coordinate Systems
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-25-
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 211

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-27-
 211

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-28-
 211

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-29-
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-30-
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-32-
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-35-
 211

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-36-
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-38-
 211

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-39-
 211

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-42-
 211

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 211

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 211

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 211

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-53-
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-54-
 211

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-56-
 211

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-57-
 211

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-63-
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-64-
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-65-
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600.88955mZ0.59130H600.29825Z
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-66-
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-68-
 211

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-69-
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-70-
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-72-
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981.221DC
AK983.211983.148982.002981.219
KD678.21684
W
W E1F
H C 1 = 2.31521 1.19302 = 1.12219m
H 12 = 1.19302 1.16122 = 0.0318m
H 23 = 1.16122 0.48230 = 0.67892m
H 3 D = 2.41920 0.81114 = 1.60806m
C, D E2F

7J 4 g = g D + g C
2
6J 4 g C = g D + 0.0870mgal / m

gD = 983.211gal EF

g C = 983.211 + 0.0870 = 983.298 EF

g = 983.211 + 983.298 = 983.255 EF

2
W H g i E3F
H C 1 .g1 + H 1 2 .g 2 + H 23 .g 3 + H 3 D .g D
W
1.12219 981.219 + 0.03180 982.002 + 0.67892 983.148 + 1.60806 983.211

= 1101.11415 + 31.22766 + 667.47884 + 1581.06228

= 3380.88293
8J 4D E4F

-73-
 211

H o =
H .g i

g
= 3380.88293 = 3.43846m
983.255
WE H oD FD E5F
H oD = H C + H o

= 678.21684 + 3.43846

= 681.6553m
WDW
H oD = 678.21684 + H = 678.21684 + 3.44097

= 681.657810m

Trigonometric LevellingW
W7J 4

9J 4K
? i ?E h A FA K
B?z?KA
? hB ?KB?t??S?
BAKB
W
10J 4 hB h A = S cos z + i t

-74-
 211

t

S
S cos z
hB h A

( )

KW9J 4

W10J 4E hB FB
hB = h A + S cos z + i t
10J 4
coaxial system
K
10J 4
W
h = S cos z + i t
2h = S2 (cos z ) 2 + S 2 ( sin z ) 2 z2 + i2 + t2
11J 4 = S2 cos 2 z + S 2 sin 2 z z2 + i2 + t2
W
S S
z z
i
K t
WE6F

-75-
 211

1.423E620.280FA
K1.493BK
798.320
K 85o 20 ' 25 ''
B E1F
E2F
K55301
W
W

h = S cos z + i t

= 798.320 cos 85 o 20 ' 25 '' + 1.423 1.493

= 798.320 (0.08124) 0.07
= 64.786m
798.320 + 64.786 ZB
863.106 Z
W11J 4
hB = h A + h
hb2 = hA2 + 2h
WA
hB = h
W11J 4
2

2h = (0.01)2 (cos(85 o 20 ' 25 '' ) ) + (798.320 )2 (sin(85 0 20 ' 25 '' ) )

30
+ (0.005) + (0.005)
2 2 2 2

206265

= 0.0000007 + 0.001 + 0.000025 + 0.000025

= 0.001m
h = 0.03m
K863.106 0.03WB
-76-
 211

?z?
K
W 9-4

K
WE cr F
cr = 0.00675S 2 meters
KS
BWE7F
K
W
798.320 2
cr = 0.00675( ) = 0.04m
1000
K863.146Z863.106H0.04ZB

K
K
K

K

Kclinometers

K

EF
?
K
K10J 4?Reciprocal Levelling
-77-
 211

'
i'

KW10J 4
KK '
WH10J 4
12J 4 H = S cos( + )
2
W12J 4
13J 4 H = S cos +
'
[
+ (t i ) (t i )
'
]
2 2
WH
14J 4 h = H + (i t )
BAWE8F
BA K
K 44 o 10 ' 37 '' 44 o 21' 23''
K1.276B1.324A
K425.998ESF
W
= 425.998 cos
(44 o 21' 23'' ) + (44 o10 ' 37 '' )
S cos( + ) ZH
2 2

= 425.998 cos 44 o16 ' 00 ''

H = 305.057 m

'
i ' ) + (t i )
(t Z
2
=
[(1.276 1.401) (1.259 1.324)]
2

-78-
 211

0.125 (0.065)
= = 0.065 m
2
304.997 = 0.060 + 305.057 Z
H + i t Z

304.997 + 1.324 1.259 = 305.062m

W

KEF

K
F
KE2006

J W
Surv CalcE1F
KStarnetE2F
LIcontourE3F
PropackE4F

4E5F
KCivilcad E6F
-79-
 211

-80-

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

5
 211

WW

100L1
K
W

K
K
KW

K
KW

K
K
W

KK
KW

KK
K

-81-
 211

J
KE4J 3F J
F J
KE
J
KK
J
W

J
K
K J
J
K
J
K

-82-
 211

Reconnaissance Survey

W J
K

K
K
J
K E1F
K E2F
KEF E3F
K
J
W
KDISTOEF E1F
K E2F
K E3F
K E4F
K E5F
KEF E6F
E7F
K30 10 10

J
K90

-83-
 211

K10
K
J
E1F
K
E2F

KEF
K E3F
EF E4F
30 30
K
EF E5F
EF
K
K
F E6F
KE50
E6F E7F
K
J

88,222132,523

K94,620

88,222Z
132,523Z

-84-
 211

100 132,523L88,222Z
50<67 Z

J
K

EF
KK


EF

KJ 1
J 2
K
KJ 3



EF
EF
K

-85-
 211

KEF

WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
4321WW
K10
80WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
K100W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK3


100


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

-86-
 211

W J
EF
EF
K
J
K E1F
K E2F
K E3F
K E4F
KE5)
K
J
W
30 10 10 E1F
K
K E2F
K E3F
K3 E4F
K E5F
K E6F
J
K100

KEF

-87-
 211

E1F
K
K E2F
K
K E3F
E4F
J W

KW1J 2

E5F
K
K
W

-88-
 211

W2J 2
W
K
EF
K
K

Measurement of Horizontal Angles E)

3J 2
K

( )

KW3J 2

Freference object
A??KEA
K 000 o 01' 00 ''
Kleft face
A
K1J 2
K


K

K
K

-89-
 211

K
W1J 2
W
9W352004L10L20W
WSET 2CW





A 000 0 01'10 '' 01' 22 '' 01'16 '' 000 0 01'16 '' 000 0 00 ' 00 ''
B 035 013' 35 '' 13' 48 '' 13' 42 '' J 1 035 013' 41'' 035 012 ' 25 ''
C 146 0 22 ' 27 '' 22 ' 38 '' 22 ' 32 '' J 2 146 0 22 ' 30 '' 146 0 21'14 ''
D 286 0 30 ' 27 '' 30 ' 39 '' 30 ' 33'' J 4 286 0 30 ' 29 '' 286 0 29 '13''
A 000 0 01'16 '' 01' 26 '' 01' 21'' J 5 000 0 01'16 ''

1J 2K
1J 2K
?one round?
8J 5EF
F0.1
K
KET3
K2010

EFK

-90-
 211

EF
EF
Khorizontal collimation
1J 2
E5Z16J 21FK
cumulative
K

K

K
W
W
KE1F
KE2F
KE3F
KE4F
Trigonometric HeightsE5F

-91-
 211

EF
K

K EF
K



EF

J 1
K
KJ 2
KJ 3
KJ 4
J 5

EF
EF
K

-92-
 211

KEF

WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
4321WW
K10
80WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
K100W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK3


100


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

-93-
 211

EF

K
K

K
E
F
K E1F
K E2F

EF
K E1F
KE2F
KE3F

EF
100
K

-94-
 211

EF

K
K E1F

wCBA
J W
A = 50 o 22 ' 32.5" w1 = 5

B = 65 o 40 ' 47.5" w2 = 3

C = 63o 56 ' 46.5" w3 = 6

K6267Z37.5BC
J W
K EF
K E
F


1
a.b. sin C 206265
2 ZE e " FEF
R2
J W

b = a. sinB
sin A
J W
a 2 sin B sin C
e =
"
206265 = 3.9 "
2 R sin A
2

180 + e EF
180 o 00 ' 03.9 "

-95-
 211

J W
w

A 50 o 22 ' 32.5"
5 1
30 = 6
2.6 6
= 0.7 " 50 o 22 ' 31.8"
5 21
B 65 o 40 ' 47.5"
3 1
30 = 10
2.6 10
= 1.3" 65 o 40 ' 46.2 "
3 21
C 63o 56 ' 46.5"
6 1
30 = 5
2.6 5
= 0.6" 63o 56 ' 45.9 "
6 21
180 o 00 ' 06.5" 21 2.6 " 180 o 00 ' 03.9 "

E2F
E1J 3F
K
K


54 o 21' 20.2 " 1

79 o 18 ' 37.8" 2

46 o 19 ' 57.3" 3

1 3

KW1J 3

-96-
 211

W
(1 + v1 ) + ( 2 + v2 ) + ( 3 + v3 ) = 180 o
WEresidualsF
V = B T ( BB T ) 1 .W
Z V
Z B
C-BLZ W
LK180 o ZEF C
KE3C1F
K
C = 180 o
B13 = [1 1 1]
54 o 21' 20.2 "

L = 79 o 18 ' 37.8"
46 o 19 ' 57.3"



W = C BL
54 o 21' 20.2 "

= 180 o [1 1 1]79 o 18 ' 37.8"
46 o 19 ' 57.3"


W = 3.6 "
J W V
V = B T ( BB T ) 1 .W

-97-
 211

1
v1 1 1
v 2 = 1 [1 1 1]1

[3.6 ]
"

v3 1 1

v1 1.57
"

V = v 2 = 1.57 "
v3 1.57 "

J W
1 = 54 o 21' 21.7 "
2 = 79 o 18 ' 39.4"
3 = 46 o 19 ' 58.9"
K 180 o
W

K

EF
K

EF
K


EF


J 1
J 2

-98-
 211

EF
EF
K
KEF

WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
4321WW
K10
80WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
K100W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK3


100


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW




-99-
 211

EF


K K

K

EF
K E1F
K E2F

EF
K E2F
K E3F

EF
100
1
F
50000
KE 10"

-100-
 211

EF



K
EF
KEF

{
K
K

K?C ?KBA
KACCBA

KW1J 4

-101-
 211

W
E N
A 451195.22 207098.80
B 447684.72 204118.54
168 o 44 ' 18" B

92 o 13' 42" C
916.51 mAC

J W
AB (1)
KABBACAC (2)
AC?C? (3)
W
E N
451195.22207098.80A
447684.72204118.54B
E ZJ 3510.50 N ZJ 2980.26

cot = N / E = 0.848956 = 229 o 40" 13'

sin = 0.762332 { S = E / sin = 4604.95 m

cos = 0.647186 { S = N / cos = 4604.95 m EF

W
= 229 o 40 ' 13" AB

-102-
 211

AC
FKAC
ABACABE
WAC
92 o 13' 42 " C
168 o 44 ' 18" B
283o 29 ' 24 " CB
229 o 40' 13" AB
153o 09 ' 37" AC

BAB
WACAB


AB 168o 44 ' 18" + 60o 55' 55" 229 o 40' 13"
AC 92 o 13' 42" + 60 o 55' 55" 153o 09 ' 37 "

W
153o 09 ' 37 " Z ZAC
916.51 mZAC
E = E C E A = S sin = 916051 ( +0.451496)

. m
= +41380
N = N C N A = S cos = 916.51 ( 0.892273)

= 817.78 m
WC
E N

-103-
 211

A451195.22 207098.80
E +413.80 N -817.78
C451609.02206281.02 m

W
BA2J 4
KCKBA
W
KBA
AB (1)
J WAC(b) BC(a) (2)

KW2J 4


c
a= .sin A
sin C

c
b= .sin B
sin C
BAABBACBAC( 3)
J W
AHABZAC
BJ BAZBC

-104-
 211

BAC( 4)
J W

EC = EA + b sin( AC )
N = NA + b cos( AC )

EC = EB + a sin( BC )

C
N C = NB + a cos( BC )

KEN



J W
A$ = 74 o 04 ' 25"

B$ = 43o 35' 47 "

C$ = 62 o 19 ' 48"
J WBA
EN
A409577.46643649.10
B412600.36641668.40

KC BA
K?C?

-105-
 211

J WAB (1)
123o 14 ' 07" ZAB
3614.06 m ZAB

ABC (2)
c 3614.06
a= sin A = 0.961615 = 3924.11m
sin C 0.885637
c 3614.06
b= sin B = 0.689574 = 2813.98m
sin C 0.885637
K (3)
123o 14 ' 07 " ZAB
074 o 04 ' 25" ZA

197 o 18' 32 " ZE 2 FAC

303o 14 ' 07 " ZBA
043o 35' 47 " ZA

259 o 38 ' 20" ZE 23 FAC

C (4)
EN
A409577.46643649.19
b sin(2 ) -837.22 b cos(2 ) -2686.55
C408740.24 640962.64

B4126000.36641668.40( 5)
a sin(3 ) 3860.12 a cos(3 ) -705.76
408740.24 m640962.64

-106-
 211

W
K

? K
K2006?

EF
K

EF
K


EF



J 1
K
J 2

K


EF
EF
K
-107-
 211

EF

WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
4321WW
K10
80WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
K100W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK3


100


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

-108-
 211

EF



K
K
K

W EF
K E3F
K E4F

W EF
KEHF E4F
K E5F
KE11F E6F

W EF
F100
100KE
W? e ? ? e ?
e = 2 L mm
? e ?
K? L ?
K

-109-
 211

F.S Rise Fall
B.S I.S (R) (F)
2.53250 600.00000 A
2.051040
0.48146 600.48146 I1
2.042048 0.00900 600.49046 B
2.60001 B
2.71988 2.70121 0.10121 600.39339 C
3.11326 0.39338 600.00001 A

A BA
3.72178 mBK3.65982 m
KBK672.4539 mZA



3.72178ZB
3.65982ZA
0.06196Z

KAZB
K672.48113 m = 672.54609 0.06196

-110-
 211

K 100
J 1
K10
KJ 2
FE600 mFJ 3
E
K
K J 4
KEF J 5
K
J 6
K
J 7
K
KJ 8
K? e ?EFJ 9
? e ? J 10
EL = 0.2 kmF 1mm
K J 11


EF
K

KEF
K

-111-
 211

EF

KJ 1
J 2
K
J 3
K
KJ 4
J 5
K
KJ 6
KJ 7


EF
EF
K

-112-
 211

EF

WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
4321WW
K10
80WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
K100W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK3


100


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW








-113-
 211

W EF

F
KE
KEF

W EF
K E1F
K E2F

K
W EF
KK E1F
K E2F
K E3F
K E4F
K E5F
K E6F

-114-
 211

W EF
90
200

K
100L25 K
100L50 K100
K90
K
EF
J 1
200
K
E600FJ 2
K
J 3
K
J 4
K
KJ 5
K
KE i FJ 6
J 7
KE t F
10J 4J 8
KE2F

-115-
 211

100L25 J 9
100L50 K100
K90

EF
K

KEF
K



EF

KJ 1
J 2
K
KJ 3
J 4
K
KJ 5



EF
EF
K
-116-
 211

EF
ABAW
K1.538mAK
K1.411m BB
K 89 o 41' 02"
K357.726m
600.211mABKBA

357.726 mZ
89 o 41' 02 " ZEzF

1.538 mZE i F
1.411 mZE t FB
0.99998Z
CZW
0.99998 357.726=357.721 m
W10J 4E h FW
h = 357.726 cos z = 2.262 m
2.262 mZ
HAZBW
2.262+600.211Z
602.473 mZ

-117-
 211

KEF

WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
4321WW
K10
80WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
K100W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK2
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK3


100


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

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 211

(1) Ali, A.E. 2005. A Treatise on Theory of Errors and Least Squares Adjustment for
Geomatic Engineering Students To be published by King Saud University Press, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia

(2) Ali, A.E. 2004. Lecture Notes on Geodetic Control Networks . Civil Eng. Dept.,
King Saud University.

(3) Bannister, A., Raymond, S. and Baker, R., Surveying. 6th Edition Longman
Scientific and Technical, Burnt, Harlow, U.K. ( 482 pages )

(4) Ewing, C.E. and Mitchell, M.M. 1976. Introduction to Geodesy. 1st Edition,,
Elsevier, N.Y., U,S.A. ( 304 pages ).

(5) McCormac, J. 2004. Surveying. 5th Edition , Wiley ( 457 pages )

(6) Olliver, J.G. and Clendinning, J., 1978. Principles of Surveying. 4th Edition , Van
Nostrand Reinhold ( U.K. ), Ltd ( 267 pages ).

(7) Schofield, W. 1986. Engineering Surveying 1 . Third Edition, Butterworths London

( 296 pages ).

(8) Schofield, W.,1988. Engineering Surveying 2. 2nd Edition, Butterworths, London

(276 pages ).

(9) Schmidt, M.O. and Wong, K.W., 1988. Fundamentals of Surveying 3rd, Edition,
PWS Engineering, U.S.A. (683 pages ).

(10) Smith, J.R., 1988. Basic Geodesy . 1st Edition, Landmark Enterprises, Newton
Way, California ( 151 pages ).

(11) Uren, J. and Price, W. F., Surveying for Engineers . 1st Edition, Macmillan Press,
London ( 298 pages ).

(12) Wolf, P., R and Brinker, R., C., 1994. Elementary Surveying . 9th Edition, Harper
Collins College Publishing, N.Y., U.S.A. (760 pages).

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 211

Introduction to Geodesy


Earth shape
Earth Parameters
Spheroid/Ellipsoid
Geoid
Coordinate Systems



Triangulation Networks

Triangulation


Precise and Trigonometri Leveling




Types of Gravimeter

Trigonometric Leveling

-123-


EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

-124-