Trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.

HCM 1

CHNG 1
Chng 1: Con ngi v mi trng 2

Ni dung
1.1. Mi trng
1.2. nhim mi trng
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng
1.4. Pht trin bn vng
1.1. Mi trng 3

Ni dung
nh ngha
Cc thnh phn mi trng
Chc nng mi trng
Cc quyn trn Tri t
1.1. Mi trng 4

nh ngha
nh ngha: Mi trng l tp hp (aggregate) cc
vt th (things), hon cnh (conditions) v nh
hng (influences) bao quanh mt i tng no
(The Random House College Dictionary-
USA).
Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v vt cht
nhn to bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng n
i sng, sn xut, s tn ti, pht trin ca con
ngi v sinh vt. (iu 3, Lut BVMT ca Vit
Nam, 2005).
1.1. Mi trng 5

Cc thnh phn mi trng

Mi trng t nhin: gm cc yu t t nhin nh vt
l, ha hc, sinh hc tn ti khch quan, ngoi mun
con ngi hoc t chu tc ng chi phi ca con ngi.
Mi trng nhn to: gm cc yu t vt l, sinh hc,
x hi .v.v do con ngi to nn v chu s chi phi
ca con ngi.
Mi trng x hi: gm mi quan h gia con ngi
vi con ngi (con ngi vi t cch l c th, c nhn
v nhn cch ngha l quan h gia con ngi vi con
ngi, con ngi vi cng ng, cng ng vi cng
ng).
1.1. Mi trng 6

Chc nng mi trng

Khng gian sng Ni cha ng cc
ca con ngi v ngun ti nguyn
cc loi sinh vt

MI
TRNG

Ni lu tr v cung Ni cha ng cc
ph thi do con
cp cc ngun
ngi to ra trong
thng tin cuc sng
1.1. Mi trng 7

Cc quyn trn Tri t

Kh quyn (atmosphere),
Thy quyn (hydrosphere),
Thch quyn (lithosphere),
a quyn (pedospere),
Sinh quyn (biosphere)
1.1. Mi trng 8

Cc quyn trn Tri t

Kh quyn (atmosphere) 9

EXOPHERE Tng ngoi

Tng nhit

Tng gia

Tng bnh lu

Tng i lu
Kh quyn (atmosphere) 10
Thy quyn (hydrosphere) 11
Thy quyn (hydrosphere) 12
Thch quyn (lithosphere) 13
a quyn (pedosphere) 14
Sinh quyn (biosphere) 15
Sinh quyn (biosphere) 16
1.2. nhim mi trng 17

nhim mi trng
nh ngha
Ngun nhim
nhim khng kh
nhim nc
nhim t
nhim ting n
1.2. nhim mi trng 18

nh ngha
nhim mi trng c hiu l vic chuyn cc
cht thi hoc nng lng vo mi trng n mc
c kh nng gy hi n sc kho con ngi, n
s pht trin sinh vt hoc lm suy gim cht lng
mi trng.
1.2. nhim mi trng 19

Ngun nhim
T nhin
Nhn to
Ngun nhim theo kch thc
Ngun im
Ngun ng
Ngun din (ngun mt)
Tc nhn nhim
Vt l
Sinh hc
Ho hc
1.2. nhim mi trng 20

nhim khng kh
nh ngha
Gim cht lng khng kh
Ma acid
Suy gim tng ozone
Nng ln ton cu
 nhim khng kh 21

nh ngha
Khng kh b nhim khi c cha cc cht kh, bi,
khi hoc mi mt nng ln gy hi cho
sc khe hoc s thoi mi ca con ngi v ng
vt hoc gy hi n cy ci v vt liu.
Vit Nam, khng kh b nhim khi cc cht
nhim trong khng kh c nng vt qu tiu
chun cho php.
 nhim khng kh 22

Gim cht lng khng kh

Lm suy gim cht lng khng kh
Do cc cht nhim khng kh
Bi
Cc cht v c: SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, HCl, HF,
Cc cht hu c: VOCs, hydrocarbon,
Mi
Ting n
 nhim khng kh 23

Gim cht lng khng kh

 nhim khng kh 24

Ma acid
Nc ma bnh thng c pH 5.6 do CO2 trong
khng kh ha tan vo nc.
Ma acid xy ra do c cha nhiu axit v c (pH <
5.6).
Do NO2, SO2 trong khng kh to thnh H2SO4,
HNO3 v ri xung tri t cng cc ht ma.
Ma acid c nhiu tc hi n c, thc vt, vt
liu, sc khe con ngi, ma mng v rng
 nhim khng kh 25

Ma acid
 nhim khng kh 26

Suy gim tng ozone

Do Clo trong cht CFC (cloroflorocacbon) gy ra
 nhim khng kh 27

Suy gim tng ozone

 nhim khng kh 28

Nng ln ton cu
Hiu ng nh knh l mt hin tng tt
Gip Tri t duy tr khong 15oC
Nu khng, nhit Tri t khong -18oC
Nng ln ton cu l do tng hiu ng nh knh
Tng nng kh nh knh: CO2, CH4, CFC, N2O, O3
Do gim din tch cy xanh
Hu qu
Tri t nng ln
Bin i kh hu
 nhim khng kh 29

Nng ln ton cu
 nhim khng kh 30

Nng ln ton cu
1.2. nhim mi trng 31

nhim mi trng nc
nh ngha
nhim cht dinh dng
Thiu ht oxy
nhim nc mt
nhim nc ngm
Trn du
 nhim mi trng nc 32

nh ngha
nhim nc l s thay i thnh phn v cht
lng nc khng p ng cho cc mc ch s
dng khc nhau, vt qu tiu chun cho php v
c nh hng xu n i sng con ngi v sinh
vt.
 nhim mi trng nc 33

nhim cht dinh dng

Cn gi l ph dng ha
Cht dinh dng N v P c hm lng cao t nc
thi, phn bn, v nc cng.
Lm cho to v thc vt pht trin nhanh, ph kn
mt nc v khi cht gy thiu oxy cho ngun nc
 nhim mi trng nc 34

Thiu ht oxy
Trong nc c cha vi sinh vt: k kh v hiu kh.
Khi ngun nc cha nhiu cht hu c d phn
hy sinh hc, cc vi sinh vt pht trin nhanh lm
gim oxy trong nc, v lm tng cc cht c
amoni v sunfit.
 nhim mi trng nc 35

nhim nc mt
Nc mt (sng, h, ao, i dng) b nhim bi
cc cht l lng, cc ha cht c hi, v vi sinh
vt gy bnh.
Lm gim cht lng nc mt.
 nhim mi trng nc 36

nhim nc ngm
Khi con ngi s dng thuc tr su v cc ha cht
bo v thc vt cho t, cc cht ny ngm theo t
xung tng nc ngm v gy nhim nc ngm.
Cc bi rc, h cha nc thi, knh rch thot nc
thi cng l ngun gy nhim nc ngm.
 nhim mi trng nc 37

Trn du
Trn du thng gy nhim cc b, nhng gy
thit hi nghim trng cho c, chim, v cc sinh vt
trong nc, cng nh cnh quan trn b.
1.2. nhim mi trng 38

nhim mi trng t
Cht thi rn
Phn bn v thuc tr su
Ha cht
Ph rng
 nhim mi trng t 39

nhim t t cht thi rn

Rc thi t sinh hot, thng mi, v cng nghip
ca con ngi gm cc cht c th phn hy sinh
hc v kh/khng phn hy sinh hc
 nhim mi trng t 40

Phn bn v thuc tr su
t nng nghip thng s dng nhiu phn bn v
thuc tr su, d lng cc cht ny tch ly trong
t v gy nhim t.
 nhim mi trng t 41

Ha cht
Ha cht cng nghip c hi v cht thi t nh
my in ht nhn nu khng c bo qun
nghim ngt s r r v gy nhim t.
Qu trnh khai thc khong sn cng gy nhim
t nng n.
 nhim mi trng t 42

Ph rng
Ph rng gy nhim t v lu di ty theo mc
ch s dng t, v ph rng lm thay i hon
ton mi trng ca t t nhin.
Ph rng cn gy hoang mc ha v mn ha.
1.2. nhim mi trng 43

nhim ting n
nh ngha
Ngun gc
Tc hi
 nhim ting n 44

nh ngha
Ting n l m thanh khng c gi tr, khng ph
hp vi mong mun ca ngi nghe.
Ting n l tt c nhng m thanh gy cho chng ta
cm gic kh chu, quy ri iu kin lm vic,
sinh hot, ngh ngi v thu nhn m thanh ca con
ngi.
 nhim ting n 45

Ngun gc
Giao thng
Qu trnh sn xut
Cc c s kinh doanh
Cc cng trng xy dng
 nhim ting n 46

Tc hi ca ting n
Quy ri gic ng
Tc ng n th lc, tinh thn v hiu qu lm
vic
Tc ng n c quan thnh gic
Tc ng n c quan khc
Gy xung t
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 47

Mt s khi nim lin quan n mi trng

Sc chu ti ca mi trng
S c mi trng
Suy thoi mi trng
Khng hong mi trng
Tai bin mi trng
o c mi trng
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 48

Sc chu ti ca mi trng
Kh nng chu ng ca mi trng hay sc chu
ti ca mi trng l gii hn cho php m mi
trng c th tip nhn v hp th cc cht gy
nhim.
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 49

Sc cha ca mi trng
Sc cha ca mi trng gm sc
cha sinh hc v sc cha vn ha:
Sc cha sinh hc l kh nng m
hnh tinh c th cha ng s ngi
nu cc ngun ti nguyn u c
dnh cho cuc sng ca con ngi;
Sc cha vn ha l s ngi m
hnh tinh c th cha ng theo cc
tiu chun ca cuc sng. Sc cha
vn ha s thay i theo tng vng
ph thuc vo tiu chun cuc sng;
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 50

Sc cha ca mi trng
Chng ta cn bao nhiu Tri t nu mi ngi u
sng nh:
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 51

S c mi trng
Theo Lut Bo v Mi trng Vit Nam:
"S c mi trng l tai bin hoc ri ro xy ra
trong qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi hoc bin
i tht thng ca t nhin, gy nhim, suy
thoi hoc bin i mi trng nghim trng".
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 52

S c mi trng xy ra khi
Bo, l lt, hn hn, nt t, ng t, trt t, st l
t, ni la phun, ma axit, ma , bin ng kh hu
v thin tai khc;
Ho hon, chy rng, s c k thut gy nguy hi v
mi trng ca c s sn xut, kinh doanh, cng trnh
kinh t, khoa hc, k thut, vn ho, x hi, an ninh,
quc phng;
S c trong tm kim, thm , khai thc v vn
chuyn khong sn, du kh, sp hm l, pht du, trn
du, v ng ng dn du, dn kh, m tu, s c ti
c s lc ho du v cc c s cng nghip khc;
S c trong l phn ng ht nhn, nh my in
nguyn t, nh my sn xut, ti ch nhin liu ht
nhn, kho cha cht phng x.
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 53

Suy thoi mi trng

"Suy thoi mi trng l s suy gim v cht
lng v s lng ca thnh phn mi trng,
gy nh hng xu i vi con ngi v sinh
vt".
Trong , thnh phn mi trng c hiu l cc
yu t to thnh mi trng: khng kh, nc, t,
m thanh, nh sng, lng t, ni, rng, sng, h
bin, sinh vt, cc h sinh thi, cc khu dn c, khu
sn xut, khu bo tn thin nhin, cnh quan thin
nhin, danh lam thng cnh, di tch lch s v cc
hnh thi vt cht khc.
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 54

Khng hong mi trng

"Khng hong mi trng l cc suy thoi v
cht lng mi trng sng trn quy m ton
cu, e da cuc sng ca loi ngi trn tri
t".
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 55

Biu hin ca khng hong mi trng

nhim khng kh (bi, SO2, CO2 v.v...) vt tiu
chun cho php ti cc th, khu cng nghip.
Hiu ng nh knh ang gia tng lm bin i kh
hu ton cu.
Tng ozon b ph hu.
Sa mc ho t ai do nhiu nguyn nhn nh bc
mu, mn ho, phn ho, kh hn.
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 56

Biu hin ca khng hong mi trng

Ngun nc b nhim.
nhim bin xy ra vi mc ngy cng tng.
Rng ang suy gim v s lng v suy thoi v
cht lng
S chng loi ng thc vt b tiu dit ang gia
tng.
Rc thi, cht thi ang gia tng v s lng v
mc c hi.
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 57

Tai bin mi trng

"Tai bin mi trng l qu trnh gy mt n nh
trong h thng mi trng".
Giai on nguy c (hay him ho): Cc yu t gy hi
tn ti trong h thng, nhng cha pht trin gy mt
n nh.
Giai on pht trin: Cc yu t tai bin tp trung li,
gia tng, to trng thi mt n nh nhng cha vt
qua ngng an ton ca h thng mi trng.
Giai on s c mi trng: Qu trnh vt qua
ngng an ton, gy thit hi cho con ngi v sc
kho, tnh mng, ti sn,... Nhng s c gy thit hi
ln c gi l tai ho, ln hn na c gi l thm
ho mi trng.
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 58

o c mi trng
Khi nim o c mi trng ra i l s tha
nhn rng khng ch c mi con ngi trn tri
t m con ngi cn phi chia s Tri t vi
cc hnh thc khc ca cuc sng.
1.3. Cc khi nim lin quan n mi trng 59

Cc nguyn l ca o c mi trng
1. S dng kin thc v k nng nng cao cht
lng v bo v mi trng
2. Xem sc khe, s an ton v mi trng sch l
quan trng nht.
3. Thc hin cc hot ng khi c kin ca gii
chuyn mn.
4. Thnh tht v minh bch
5. a ra cc bo co mt cch khch quan v trung
thc.
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 60

Pht trin bn vng

nh ngha
Thc o
Thc o v kinh t
Thc o v x hi
Thc o v mi trng
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 61

nh ngha
Pht trin bn vng l "s pht trin c th p ng
c nhng nhu cu hin ti m khng nh hng,
tn hi n nhng kh nng p ng nhu cu ca
cc th h tng lai" - 1987 - y ban Mi trng
v Pht trin Th gii - WCED (nay l y ban
Brundtland)
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 62

Thc o pht trin bn vng

1.4. Pht trin bn vng 63

Thc o bn vng v kinh t

Yu t kinh t ng mt vai tr khng th thiu
trong PTBV.
i hi s pht trin ca h thng kinh t trong
c hi tip xc v quyn s dng vi nhng ngun
tinguyn thin nhin cho cc hot ng kinh t
c chia s bnh ng.
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 64

Thc o bn vng v kinh t (tt)

To ra nhiu th trng mi pht trin
Gim chi ph bng cch nng cao hiu sut, gim
tiu hao nng lng v nguyn liu u vo
To ra gi tr thng d cho sn phm
Thc o ny c tnh trn gi tr GDP.
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 65

Thc o bn vng v kinh t (tt)

Phi tnh n s hn ch ti a nhu cu tiu th ti
nguyn v tng cng kh nng ti sinh cht thi.
Cn quan tm ti s thay i cc gi tr GDP cc
tng lp dn c khc nhau nhm hn ch s chnh
lch thu nhp.
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 66

Thc o bn vng v mi trng

Kha cnh mi trng trong PTBV i hi duy tr
s cn bng gia bo v mi trng t nhin vi s
khai thc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, nhm mc
ch duy tr mc khai thc mt gii hn nht
nh cho php mi trng tip tc h tr iu kin
sng cho con ngi v cc sinh vt sng trn tri
t.
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 67

Thc o bn vng v mi trng (tt)

Gim lng cht thi vo mi trng.
S dng cc nguyn liu thn thin vi mi trng
ng dng cc cng ngh thn thin vi mi trng
Khai thc cc ngun nng lng sch, c kh nng
ti to.
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 68

Thc o bn vng v mi trng (tt)

S quan tm n cc kha cnh mi trng trong
mt d n pht trin kinh t
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 69

Thc o bn vng v x hi
Ch trng vo s pht trin s cng bng, mi
ngi c hi pht trin tim nng bn thn v c
iu kin sng chp nhn c.
Sc khe cng ng c ci thin
Cht lng cuc sng c nng cao
Ch trng ti cc li ch ca ngi khuyt tt
1.4. Pht trin bn vng 70

Thc o bn vng v x hi