May Thi Cong Cong Trinh NGM PDF

B XY DNG
TRNG I HC KIN TRC H NI

KHOA XY DNG
ON NH IP (CH BIN)
VI VN NH
B MN: KINH T MY XD
MY V THIT B THI CNG

CNG TRNH NGM
H NI 2010
Li ni u
Ti liu My v thit b thi cng cng trnh ngm c bin son vi mc

ch trang b kin thc v my thi cng ngm cho sinh vin ngnh xy dng
cng trnh ngm th ni ring cng nh sinh vin cc ngnh c lin quan
nh: xy dng dn dng- cng nghip v cc chuyn ngnh k thut h tng
th trng i hc kin trc H Ni, gp phn nng cao trnh v nng lc
ca hc sinh vin trong vic la chn v qun l cc thit b , ang v s
c s dng Vit Nam cng nh trn th gii.
y l kt qu nghin cu cc ti liu ca cc hng sn xut thit b thi
cng tuyn ngm ni ting trn th gii nh: Herrenknecht, Wirth, Putzmeister
(CHLB. c), Hitachi Ltd. v Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Nht Bn), Lovat
(Canada), Robbins v Caterpillar (USA), Palmieri (Italia), v cc ti liu my thi
cng mng ng st ngm th Metro ca LB. Nga.
c Bit hng sn xut thit b thi cng tunnel Herrenknecht ca CHLB c
ng h chng ti bng cch gi nhng ti liu t chnh hng qua ng
chuyn pht nhanh chng ti tham kho v trong ti liu ny chng ti s
dng mt phn hnh nh t chnh ti liu ca hng.
Trong qu trnh bin son, tc gi tham kho mt s ti liu nh: cun
My xy dng do tc gi Nguyn Vn Hng ch bin, Lu B Thun v cun
Thi cng hm v cng trnh ngm ca tc gi Nguyn Xun Trng v.v. Tc gi
tm hiu v gii thiu b sung cc cng ngh xy dng tuyn ngm v
nguyn l lm vic ca cc thit b mi, hin i c cc hng ni ting trn
th gii sn xut m cc sch trong nc cha cp ti.
Ngoi ra ti liu l tp hp kinh nghim thc t trong nhiu nm cng tc
ca tc gi ti cc cng ty Lng L, LICOGI khi tham gia thi cng cc tuyn
tunnel thu lc cho cc nh my thy in A Vng; Bn Cht; Ngi Pht vv
v thc tin trong nhng nm cng tc ti cc cng ty xy dng m ca Tng
cng ty Than Vit Nam.
Ti liu My v thit b thi cng cng trnh ngm c bin son vi
phng chm bm st cc cng ngh thi cng, c chia thnh 8 chng theo
tng gii php cng ngh chnh, v mt s chng gii thiu nhng thit b c
cng dng chung cho mi cng ngh v trnh t sp xp nh sau:
Chng 1: Khi nim chung v cng ngh v my thi cng cng trnh
ngm.
Chng 2: My v thit b trong cc cng ngh o h.
PDF by http://www.ebook.edu.vn 1
Chng 3: My v thit b trong cc cng ngh o kn kt hp khoan
ph v khoan n mn
Chng 4: My thi cng tuyn ngm bng cng ngh khin v t hp
khin
Chng 5: My bc xc v vn chuyn t trong tuyn tunnel ngm.
Chng 6: My lm b tng trong cng trnh ngm
Chng 7: My v thit b ph tr.
Tc gi chn thnh cm n ng Florian Kulke v b Sarah Uhl phng
Marketing & corporate communication hng Herrenknecht AG gi v cho
php chng ti s dng mt phn ti liu ca hng.
Tc gi cng xin chn thnh cm n cc bn ng nghip, c bit cc
cn b ging dy b mn my xy dng Trng i hc Kin trc H Ni
c v gp kin cho bn tho trong qu trnh bin son sch
Trong qu trnh bin son khng th trnh khi sai st, rt mong bn c
v cc ng nghip ng gp ti liu ngy cng tt hn.
H Ni, ngy 10 thng 10 nm 2010

Cc tc gi
Chng I. Khi nim chung v cng ngh v my thi cng
cng trnh ngm.
1.1 Tng quan v cc cng ngh thi cng cng trnh ngm v phn loi
I. Cng tc t chc thi cng cng trnh ngm dng tuyn.

Cng tc thi cng tuyn ngm c t chc thi cng theo hai nguyn
tc:
- T chc thi cng theo dy chuyn;
- T chc thi cng theo chu k.
T chc thi cng theo dy chuyn trong tuyn ngm th hin ch, khi
gng o tin ln th tt c cc khu vc thi cng khc theo sau cng phi tin
ln vi cng tc hon thnh mt chu k cng tc. Khi y ton b cng
vic thi cng tuyn ngm c thc hin c th hiu nh mt dy chuyn xy
dng thng nht, m bo s ng b v tin nh: cng tc o t, cng
tc bc xc t, cng tc lp rp v tunnel cng tc vi tc tin ln ca
gng o. Nu mt trong cc cng on k trn chm tc s dn ti s
gin on ca c dy chuyn.Tc tin ln ca gng o trong tng khu
vc thi cng c th rt khc nhau ph thuc vo kh nng ca my ch v ph
thuc vo tng cng ngh.
T chc thi cng theo chu k th hin ch, sau mi mt khong thi
gian nht nh th mt khi lng cng tc xy lp c thc hin, cc cng
on xy lp c lp i lp li qua mi chu k. Thi gian thc hin mt chu k
phi c tnh ton sao cho mi mt ca hoc mi mt ngy, cng on cui
cng ca mt chu k phi c hon thnh trit v trn c s bn giao
cho ca tip theo. y l gii php cho php t chc thi cng theo t, i trc
ban v tng tinh thn trch nhim ca mi i trc ca v cht lng xy lp.
II. phn loi
Cc cng ngh thi cng tuyn ngm c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh l
o kn v o h. Trong o kn li c chia lm 3 nhm l m truyn thng;
o vi khin v t hp khin v cng ngh o l theo phng n o mi
(New Austrian Tunneling Method - NATM). o h chia ra lm cc nhm l:
o h kiu h mng, kiu phn on vi tng trong t, kiu o h kt hp
khin h, h dm v cui cng l phng php h dn.
Phn loi cc cng ngh thi cng cng trnh ngm c th hin cc
s sau:
1.2. Phn loi my thi cng cng trnh ngm
My thi cng cng trnh ngm l nhng my xy dng v thit b c tnh
chuyn dng cao phc v cho cng tc xy dng cng trnh ngm, tuyn tunnel
ngm giao thng ng st, ng b, tuyn ng ng ngm h tng k
thut th, thu inDo vy my v thit b thi cng cng trnh ngm c rt
nhiu chng loi v a dng. Ngi ta phn loi my v thit b thi cng cng
trnh ngm theo nhm my ch o ca tng cng ngh thi cng hoc theo
cng dng ca chng nh sau:
1. T hp my pht lc: T my pht lc c nhim v cung cp
ng nng cho cc c cu cng tc ca cc my thi cng ngm lm vic. T
my pht lc ca cc my thi cng cng trnh ngm c th l t hp ng c
izel - bm du thu lc, t hp ng c in bm du thu lc, t hp
ng c izel my nn kh hoc cc ng c hot ng c lp v.v
2. My bc xc v vn chuyn t hm l:
My bc xc: c nhim v bc xc t lm sch mt bng pha
trc gng o trc tip hoc gin tip vo cc my vn chuyn t
. Cc my ny c hai loi l loi lm vic theo chu k v loi bc xc lin tc.
My vn chuyn hm l gm c:
- Cc my vn chuyn lin tc nh: bng ti, gu ti, vt ti v.vc
nhim v vn chuyn t ra khi gng o v vn chuyn vt liu xy
dng v my mc t mt t ti ni thi cng. Hng vn ti l phng ngang
hoc phng nghing .
- Cc my vn chuyn khng lin tc nh: t ti hm l, vn ti ng
st xe gong hm lHng vn chuyn l phng ngang hoc phng
nghing.
* My nng chuyn: y l nhng my c hng vn chuyn gn nh
vung gc vi tuyn tunnel. Chng c b tr ging ng c nhim v a
t ln mt t v a vt liu, cu kin xy dng cng vi cng nhn
xung tuyn ngm. Ta phi phn bit cc my ny vi cc my nng chuyn
phc v thi cng cng trnh ngm nh cc tng hm nh cao tng, cc bi
xe ngm v tuyn ngm bng cng ngh o h.
3. My v thit b thi cng tuyn ngm v cng trnh ngm bng
cng ngh o h gm c:
- Cc my thi cng tng trong t;
- Cc my bc xc t trong cng ngh o h;
- Cc my nng chuyn trong cng ngh o h - cng trc.
4. My v thit b thi cng tuyn ngm bng phng php khoan n
mn:
- Cc dng c khoan: Mi khoan, ty khoan (cn khoan)
- Cc my khoan cm tay;
- My khoan ct;
- C my khoan hm l.
5. My v thit b thi cng tuyn ngm bng phng php khin v
t hp khin:
- Khin th cng;
- Khin bn th cng;
- T hp khin c gii ho hon ton loi thng dng cho t mm
Soft Ground Non Pressurized;
- T hp khin o l vi khoang cn bng p lc bng t EARTH
PRESSURE BALANCE;
- T hp khin o l vi khoang cn bng p lc bng dung dch
betonite cao p SLURRY PRESSURE BALANCE SPB;
- T hp khin o l vi khin n v khin i - SINGLE AND
DOUBLE SHIELD TBMS;
- T hp my o tuyn ngm mt cng dng trong nn cng
MAIN BEAM TBM.
6. My v thit b phc v cho cng tc b tng, b tng ct thp
cng trnh ngm gm:
- My v thit b gia c vch tunnel tm thi bng cng ngh phun kh;
- My v thit b gia c vch tunnel tm thi bng cng ngh phun kh;
- My trn b tng;
- Cc loi vn khun di ng;
- My vn chuyn b tng;
- My bm b tng;
- My lm cht b tng;
- My lp rp v l;
- My p va.
7. My v thit b ph tr thi cng tuyn ngm khc nh:
- My s l nn t cho tuyn ngm my v thit b s l nn t yu
bng cng ngh khoan pht va cao p.
- My v thit b thng gi tuyn ngm;
- My v thit b nh v hng o;
- Cc my tch t, my bm bn v.v
- Thit b an ton, chiu sng.
My v thit b thi cng cng trnh ngm c th l mt my n l, mt
c my phc v cho mt cng on trong cng ngh thi cng v nhiu khi
chng c coi nh mt dy chuyn (mt cng xng) thc hin trn vn ton
b cc cng on ca mt cng ngh thi cng t o t ti thi cng v hm
tunnel vnh cu.
8. Cu to chung ca my cng trnh ngm gm nhng b phn
chnh c bn sau:
a. Thit b ng lc: ng c t trong, in, bm du v my nn kh.
b. H thng truyn ng: C kh, thu lc, in, kh nn v hn hp
c. C cu cng tc.
d. C cu di chuyn.
e. H thng iu khin.
f. Cc thit b ph khc: thit b an ton, chiu sng, trn cc t hp
khin o l c trang b cc my tnh hin i cho php t ng ho nhiu
khu t o t, iu khin ti thi cng hon chnh mt tuyn ngm.
Tu theo yu cu v chc nng, mt s my c th c y cc b

phn trn hoc ch c mt vi b phn trn m thi. Trong chng ny chng
ta s i su vo nghin cu cc cm thit b c cng dng chung l: Thit b
ng lc v h thng truyn ng cc cm cn li ta nghin cu cng vi my
trong cc chng sau.
1.3. Thit b ng lc my cng trnh ngm
Thit b ng lc (cn gi l h thng pht lc) c th bao gm mt hoc
nhiu ng c.
ng c l mt c cu my dng bin i dng nng lng no
(nh in nng, nhit nng) thnh c nng cung cp cho cc c cu cng
tc. Trong my xy dng ni chung v my thi cng cng trnh ngm ni ring
c bn loi ng c di y thng c s dng l:
- ng c t trong;
- ng c in;
- My bm thu lc, cc ng c thu lc: M-tor, xi lanh thu lc
- Cc loi my nn kh.
I. ng c t trong
1. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c t trong
Hn hp nhin liu (xng hoc du izen vi khng kh) c t chy
trong bung kn s sinh ra kh v nhit cao lm gin n kh t dn ti tng
p sut, p sut ny tc ng ln b mt piston, lm piston di chuyn tnh tin
trong lng xi lanh, thng qua thanh truyn lm quay trc khuu v sinh cng.
2. Phn loi: ng c t trong c hai loi:
- ng c xng (2 k v 4 k): c b ch ho kh (carburator) v b phn
nh la (bugi).
- ng c diesel (2 k v 4 k): Khng c b ch ho kh v b phn
nh la, nhin liu c phun trc tip qua kim phun (di p sut p =
12,5100 MPa) vo bung t, du t bc chy khi b nn li di p sut cao
v nhit cao trong bung t.
Ngoi ra, cn c th phn loi ng c theo s lng xi lanh & cch t
xi lanh: t ng, t nghing v nm ngang, mt hng, hai hng v kiu ch
V. Cc my thi cng cng trnh ngm thng s dng ng c izel loi bn
k c nhiu xi lanh sp xp hai dy kiu theo ch V.
3. Cu to chung ca ng c t trong
ng c t trong bao gm mt s c cu v h thng chnh nh sau:
- C cu bin - tay quay:
C cu bin - tay quay hay c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn c tc dng

bin chuyn ng tnh tin ca pittng thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc khuu.
- C cu phi kh:
C cu phi kh c tc dng np y ha kh (ng c xng) hoc khng
kh ng c izen) vo xi lanh v x sch kh chy lm vic ra khi xi lanh.
- H thng cung cp nhin liu:
H thng cung cp nhin liu c tc dng cung cp nhin liu, ty theo

ph ti ca ng c, hn hp vi khng kh to thnh ha kh hoc hn hp
chy v x kh chy ra khi xi lanh.
- H thng bi trn:
H thng bi trn dng trong ng c c tc dng cung cp du nhn

n cc b mt lm vic ca chi tit gim ma st v hn ch tc ng mi
mn.
- H thng lm mt:
H thng lm mt c tc dng gi cho ng c lm vic mt nhit

nht nh ko di tui th ca ng c.
Ngoi ra, ng c cn c cc c cu v h thng khc: h thng iu

tc, khi ng v nh la (dng ng c xng).
4. Nhng thng s cu to c bn ca ng c t trong
a) Hnh trnh:
Hnh trnh (hay khong chy ca pittng) S (hnh 1.1) l khong cch t
v tr cao nht - im cht trn (CT) n v tr thp nht - im cht di (CD)
ca pittng, khi pittng dch chuyn tnh tin trong xi lanh:
S = 2r [1.1]
trong r - bn knh tay quay ca trc khuu.
b) Dung tch lm vic ca xi lanh:
Dung tch lm vic ca xi lanh (Vs) l dung tch ca xi lanh c gii hn

trong mt khong hnh trnh ca pittng:
D 2
Vs = .S [1.2]
4
trong D- ng knh ca xilanh;
S- hnh trnh ca pittng.
c) Dung tch lm vic ca ng c:
Dung tch lm vic ca ng c (Vh) l tng

dung tch lm vic ca cc xi lanh
Vh = Vs . I [1.3]
D 2
hay Vh = .S .i [1.4]
4
trong Vs - dung tch lm vic ca xi lanh; i-
s lng xilanh ca ng c; D- ng knh Hnh 1.1 Thng s cu to
c bn ca ng c t trong
ca xilanh; S- hnh trnh ca pittng.
d) Dung tch bung chy:
Dung tch bung chy hay bung nn (Vc) l dung tch phn khng gian
gia nh pittng v np xilanh khi pittng im cht trn (TC).
e) Dung tch ln nht ca xilanh v t s nn ca ng c:
Dung tch ln nht hay dung tch ton b (Vmax) l tng dung tch lm
vic ca xilanh (Vs) v dung tch bung chy (Vc):
Vmax = Vs + Vc [1.5]
T s nn ca ng c biu th ha kh (ng c xng) hoc khng kh

(ng c izen) b nn nh i bao nhiu khi pittng dch chuyn trong xilanh,
t im cht di ln im cht trn. T s nn c nh hng ln n cng
sut cng nh hiu sut ca ng c.
T s nn ca ng c c tnh theo cng thc:
Vs + Vc Vmax
= = [1.6]
Vc Vc
T s nn ny bng 69 cho ng c xng v 1520 cho ng c diesel.
5. u-nhc im v phm vi s dng ca ng c t trong
u im:
- Tng i gn nh (35 kg/kW);
- Khi ng nhanh, d dng thay i vn tc quay;
- Cng sut ln (n 2000 kW);
- Hiu sut kh cao;

- Tui th kh cao (60008000 h).
Nhc im:
- S dng nhin liu t tin: xng, du izen;
- Gy nhim mi trng tuyn ngm do kh thi, do khi s dng

ng c t trong phi c bin php thng gi tuyn ngm mt cch
ph hp;
- H s vt ti thp, v vy d b cht my.
Phm vi s dng: Rt rng ri, thng c s dng trong cc t vn

ti hm l, cc c my khoan v cung cp c nng cho cc my pht in, my
nn kh v cc bm du thu lc v.v...
II. ng c in
1. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c in
Dng in i qua stator gy ra cm ng in t lm cho rotor gn vi

trc c ca ng c lm cho trc ny quay cung cp c nng cho cc c cu
khc.
2. Phn loi ng c in
- ng c in xoay chiu 3 pha
- ng c in xoay chiu 1 pha
- ng c in 1 chiu
3. u-nhc im v phm vi s dng ca ng c in
u im:
- Gn nh (3 11kg/kW);
- Khi ng nhanh, d t ng ha;
- D o chiu quay;
- Hiu sut cao (ti 90%);
- Chu vt ti tng i tt;
- Sch s, t gy n v nhim mi trng.
Nhc im:
- Mmen khi ng nh;

- Kh thay i vn tc quay;
- Ph thuc vo ngun in.
Phm vi s dng: Thng dng trong cc my tnh ti v cc my hot

ng trong c ly ngn.
III. CC LOI MY BM DU THY LC
1. Nguyn l lm vic
Khc vi cc hot ng c k trn, cc bm du thu lc thuc loi

ng c th cp, tc l t bn thn khng sinh ra c nng m ch tip nhn c
nng ca cc ng c in hoc ng c t trong, bin c nng ny thnh th
nng di dng du c vn tc hoc p sut cao.
Cc bm du lm vic theo nguyn l thay i th tch: Khi th tch ca

bung ht tng, bm ht du, thc hin chu k ht; v khi th tch gim, bm
y du ra, thc hin chu k nn. Ph thuc vo tc thay i th tch ta s
c du u ra c tc khc nhau. Nu trn ng du b y ra ta t
mt vt cn (van tit lu), du s b chn, to ra mt p sut nht nh. p lc
ca du sau van tit lu ph thuc vo ln ca sc cn tc l th thuc vo
mc m ca van tit lu.
2. Phn loi bm thu lc:
Trong cng nghip ni chung v trong nghnh xy dng cng trnh ngm
ni ring ngi ta thng dng cc loi bm du sau:
a) Nhm bm du vi lu lng c nh gm: b) Nhm bm du vi lu
lng thay i gm:
Bm pittng hng trc Bm pittng hng tm
Bm bnh rng n khp Bm trc vt Bm pittng hng trc truyn

ngoi bng a nghing
Bm pittng hng trc truyn
bng khp cu
Bm bnh rng n khp Bm pittng dy
trong
Bm cnh gt lch tm
Bm rto
Bm cnh gt kp
K hiu K hiu
Hnh 1.2 Cc loi bm du thu lc
3. Cc thng s k thut v cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut khi chn bm

du thu lc
* Cc thng s k thut
a) Lu lng, k hiu Q (lt/pht);
b) Tc quay, k hiu n (vg/ph);
c) p sut (bar);
d) Hiu sut (%).
* Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut
- Gi c;
- Tui th;
- Lu lng c nh hay thay i c - nu thay i c th

kh nng thay i max - min;
- Ting n;
- Hiu sut.
4. u-nhc im v phm vi s dng
u im:
- Kt cu gn nh v tng i n gin;
- Cng sut ln;
- Cho php iu chnh v cp vn tc cng tc trong phm vi rng;
- D dng bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin v

ngc li.
- C th b tr bt k ni no trn my;
- Hiu sut cao (0,8 0,9).
Nhc im:
- i hi ch to v lp rp c chnh xc cao;
- c tnh k thut ca ng c ph thuc ng k vo nhit mi

trng xung quanh;
- Gi thnh cao.
Phm vi s dng: Rt rng ri trong cc my khoan to l n mn. T
my khoan cm tay c nh ti cc my khoan ct c trung v cc my c my
khoan vi u khoan nng v rt nng. Trong cc t ti t lt hm l cho ti
cc my bc xc hot ng theo chu k. L do l cng sut ca cc bm du
thu lc kh cao cho php t ng ho khu iu khin v dn ng cc c
cu cng tc.
IV. MY NN KH
1. Nguyn l hot ng
My nn kh l my bin i c nng c dn ng bi cc ng c
in, ng c t trong thnh th nng v ng nng kh nn. Trong my nn
kh sy ra qu trnh tng p khng kh v a khng kh t trng thi p sut
thp sang trng thi p sut cao trong bnh tch p.
Cng nh cc bm du thu lc, cc my nn kh thuc loi ng c
th cp, tc l t bn thn khng sinh ra c nng m ch tip nhn c nng
ca cc ng c in hoc ng c t trong, bin c nng ny thnh th nng
di dng khng kh c p sut cao ti bnh tch p cung cp cho cc my
v thit b qua h thng ng ng dn kh nn trong cng trnh ngm.
Trong xy dng cng trnh ngm my nn kh cung cp khng kh c p
sut cao, nng lng do kh cao p ny s dn ng cc thit b v cc c cu
cng tc dng kh nn.
2. Phn loi my nn kh:
Theo phng php nn kh ngi ta phn loi my nn kh thnh cc
nhm sau:
- Cc my nn th tch (my nn p khng kh), theo p sut ca
khng kh tng nh gim th tch bung cng tc, y l cc my pittng, kiu
vt, kiu rto.
- Cc my nn ng nng (cc my nn kiu cnh), theo , khng kh
b nn li trong qu trnh chuyn ng cng bc ca khng kh nh lc tc
dng ca cc cnh qut - kiu qut ly tm, kiu qut trc.
Theo nguyn l hot ng, my nn kh chia ra thnh:
- My nn kh kiu pittng tc dng mt chiu hoc hai chiu;
- My nn kh kiu rotor;
- My nn kh kiu vt.
Khng kh c ht t ngoi tri, c lc sch bng h thng lc, sau
c nn li ti p sut P = 0,8 MPa trong bung nn ca my nn kh
(chy nh ng c t trong hay ng c in) v cui cng c dn ti bnh
cha kh nn (bnh tch p).
Hnh 1.3. S cu to my nn kh kiu pittng:

My nn kh kiu pittng tc dng mt chiu ; b My nn kh kiu pittng tc dng hai
chiu ; 1 xi lanh; 2 pittng; 3,4- xupp ht v y; 5; 6 - trc khuu; 7 tay bin; 8 con
trt; 9 thanh truyn.
Hnh 1.4. S cuto my nn kh kiu vt:

1, 4 cc vng bi quay, 2- vng gng bt kn, 3 - v my, 5 bnh rng, 6 vt ch
ng; 7 vt b ng
u im:
- Khi ng nhanh, lm vic an ton;
- Khng cn cht lng cng tc t tin nh trong ng c thy lc;
- C th dn kh nn i xa, n nhng ni cht hp
Nhc im:
- Cng knh;
- Gy nhim khng kh v nhim ting n.
- Hiu sut thp (0,07 0,11) do ma st;
- Cng sut nh ( 30 Kw) do p sut kh nn thp hn du.
Phm vi s dng: Cung cp kh nn cho cc thit b dng kh nn nh

cc my khoan kh nn, cc my phun pht b tng, cung cp kh nn
khng ch ging ngm trong cng ngh ging chm v c bit l cung cp kh
nn cho cc t hp khin o tunnel c khoang gi gng o bng kh nn v
dung dch b t nt. Khi cn s cha mm dao cc t hp khin cn c kh nn
gi gng o khi ngi th tip cn mm dao. Tm li my nn kh l thit
b khng th thiu c trong cc cng ngh thi cng tunnel.
V. CC CH TIU HOT NG CA NG C
Ngoi cc ch tiu chnh nh cng sut danh ngha Ne (kW, CV), vn tc

quay mc cng sut danh ngha no (v/ph), mmen xon trn trc ng c ti
vn tc quay danh ngha Mo (N.m), ng c cn c nh gi theo cc ch
tiu sau:
1. H s vt ti:
Mmen xon ln nht ca ng c Mmax
__________________________________________________
H s vt ti vt = [1.7]
Mmen lm vic nh mc Mo
Nhng my d b vt ti trong khi lm vic nh my o, my i cn
c h s vt ti cao khng b cht my. Trong my xy dng thng yu
cu vt = 2,3 6. ng c in c vt 2,5; ng c t trong c vt = 1,08
1,15. khng b cht my, i km ng c t trong phi c ly hp ma st,
nu qu ti th s c s trt gia cc a ch ng v b ng ca ly hp.
2. H s thay i vn tc quay
n o 5 DCDT
v = = [1.8]
n min 1,3 DCD
trong no - vn tc quay ca trc ng c mc cng sut danh

ngha (v/ph);
nmin - vn tc quay thp nht ca trc ng c (v/ph).
Nhng my di ng cn c h s thay i vn tc v ln. H s v cng

ln th cng d iu chnh vn tc quay ca ng c.
3. Cng lm vic (ch p dng cho ng c in): c biu th

bng h s thi gian lm vic lin tc PV%, tnh nh sau:
PV% =
t 60 0
x 100% [1.9]
60
trong t 60 0
- tng s pht lm vic lin tc ca my trong mt gi m m
bo ng c khng nng qu 60oC.
V d: ng c in MT-31-6 (ca Nga) phi c ch s PV l 25%, 60%,

100% (15, 36 v 60 pht trong mt gi) tng ng vi lc hot ng m cng
sut ng c t l 11, 7, 5 Kw.
Cn c vo ch s PV m ngi ta duy tr ch lm vic lin tc ca

ng c cho thch hp.
1.4. H thng truyn ng trong my thi cng cng trnh ngm

I. Khi nim, phn loi v cc thng s k thut ca b truyn
1. Khi nim chung
H thng dn ng bao gm thit b ng lc to ra c nng v h

thng truyn ng, truyn c nng ti cc b phn cng tc. H thng truyn
ng c nhim v truyn c nng t trc c ca ng c ti trc chp hnh
ca cc c cu cng tc.
Truyn ng l phng php dng b truyn (c kh, thu lc, in hoc
kh nn), truyn nng lng c hc t trc ny sang trc khc, trong c
s thay i v tc i khi thay i c quy lut chuyn ng. Trc truyn
nng lng i gi l trc ch ng, trc nhn nng lng v gi l trc b ng
(trc chp hnh).
2. Phn loi cc dng truyn ng
Trong cc my mc ni chung v my thi cng cng trnh ngm ni ring
thng s dng cc kiu truyn ng sau:
- Truyn ng c kh;
- Truyn ng thu lc;
- Truyn ng in;
- Truyn ng hn hp: thu lc c kh; in c kh; c kh - in -

thu lc.
Truyn ng c kh l thnh phn khng th thiu trong tt c cc b

truyn ni chung.
3. Cc thng s ch yu ca b truyn
a) T s truyn:
n 1 1
i= = [1.10]
n 2 2
trong n1 v n2 - vn tc quay ca trc ch ng v trc b ng, v/ph;

1 ,2 - vn tc gc ca trc ch ng v trc b ng, rad/s.
Trc ch ng v trc b ng cn c gi l trc dn v trc b dn.
b) Hiu sut truyn ng:
2
= [1.11]
1
trong N1 v N2- cng sut trn trc ch ng v trc b ng, kW (CV).
c) Tng quan mmen xon:
Gi N l cng sut tnh bng kW, M l mmen xon tnh bng N.m v n
l vn tc quay ca trc, vg/ph, ta c cng thc gn kt 3 i lng ny vi
nhau:
N
M =9500 [1.12]
n
Cng thc phn nh mi tng quan m-men xon gia hai trc:
M2 =. i M1 [1.13]
II. Truyn ng c kh
1. nh ngha
Truyn ng c kh l phng php dng b truyn cu to t chi tit
my truyn c nng t trc ny sang trc khc, thng thng c thay i
vn tc quay v mmen, i khi thay i c quy lut lut chuyn ng.
Trc truyn nng lng i gi l trc ch ng, trc nhn nng lng gi
l trc b ng.
2. Phn loi
Theo nguyn l lm vic, truyn ng c kh c phn ra lm hai loi:
- Truyn ng ma st: trc tip gia cc bnh ma st hoc gin tip
nh ai truyn.
- Truyn ng n khp: trc tip (bnh rng, bnh vt) hoc gin tip
(xch).
3. Truyn ng ma st
Khi nim: L phng php truyn nng lng c hc trc tip gia
cc bnh ma st t trc ny sang trc kia nh lc ma st trt ti im tip xc
gia hai bnh ma st hoc gia cc bnh ma st v ai trung gian.
Phn loi: Truyn ng ma st c hai loi: Truyn ng ma st trc tip
v truyn ng ai.
4. Truyn ng bnh rng
Truyn ng bnh rng l phng php truyn nng lng c hc trc
tip t trc ny sang trc khc nh s n khp ca cc rng trn cc bnh
rng (hoc thanh rng).
a) Cc thng s hnh hc c bn:
Dng rng ch yu dng trong truyn ng bnh
rng l dng rng thn khai (hnh 1.5). S d rng thn
khai dng nhiu v d ch to hn, sc bn v tui th
cao, hiu sut ln. Nu gi z1 v z2 l s rng ca bnh
rng ch ng v bnh rng b ng; n1 v n2 l vn tc
quay tng ng (v/ph); pt bc rng trn vng trn chia
(mm); m1 v m2 l mun tng ng (mm); l gc m;
d1 v d2 l ng knh vng trn ln (mm); dc1 v dc2 l Hnh 1.5. Truyn
ng knh vng trn chia tng ng ca cp (mm); h l ng bnh rng
chiu cao rng (mm) th ta c:

- T s truyn: i = n1: n2 = z2 : z1.
- Gc n khp thng bng 20o;
- cc bnh rng n khp c vi nhau th chng phi cng mun,
c ngha l: m1 = m2 = m = pt / , trong pt l bc rng trn vng trn chia.
Tr s ca m t 0,05 n 100 mm;
- Chiu cao rng h = 2,25m;
- i vi cp bnh rng khng dch chnh (cp bnh rng tiu chun)
hoc dch chnh u, ng knh vng trn ln v vng trn chia trng nhau:
d1 = dct = mz1; d2 = dc2 = m.z2.
Ngoi dng rng thn khai cn c dng rng cung trn do Nvicv pht
minh nm 1954. Kh nng ti ca bnh rng Nvicv cao hn bnh rng thn
khai, nhng gia cng n rt phc tp.
b). Phn loi truyn ng bnh rng
* Theo v tr tng i gia cc trc: c cc loi truyn ng bnh rng sau:
- Trng hp hai trc song song: dng chuyn ng bnh rng tr rng
thng, rng nghing, rng V hoc rng cong (hnh 1.6):
- Trng hp hai trc ct nhau: dng chuyn ng bnh rng nn
(thng c rng thng hoc rng cong);
- Trng hp hai trc cho nhau: dng truyn ng bnh rng tr cho;
- Truyn ng bnh rng - thanh rng: dng bin i truyn ng
quay tnh tin hoc ngc li;
Hnh 1.6. Cc dng rng trong truyn ng bnh rng

* Theo kiu n khp: c hai loi l truyn ng n khp trong v truyn
ng n khp ngoi.
c) u-nhc im v phm vi s dng:
* u im:
- Kch thc nh gn, kh nng chu ti ln;
- Hiu sut truyn ng cao, t s truyn n nh ( = 0,95 0,99; i =
const);
- Tui th cao lm vic tin cy.
- Truyn ng tt trong phm vi cng sut, tc v t s truyn kh rng.
* Nhc im:
- i hi ch to v lp rp vi chnh xc cao;
- C nhiu ting n khi tc quay ln, phi bi trn thng xuyn;
- Ch truyn ng c khong cch tng i nh;
- Chu va p km, cc rng d hng khi qu ti;
* Phm vi s dng: rt rng, t nhng bnh rng rt b (trong ng h
eo tay) n nhng cp bnh rng c ng knh ti vi mt, nng vi tn v
truyn c cng sut vi vn kW. Truyn ng bnh rng c s dng trong
hu ht cc loi my mc, thit b v dng c o lng c kh.
5. Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt
L phng php truyn nng lng c hc t trc ny sang trc khc
nh s n khp trc tip ca cc rng ca bnh rng (bnh vt) vi ren trn
trc vt. Cc trc ct cho nhau trong khng gian (thng l 90o).
a) Nguyn l truyn ng: B truyn bao gm c trc vt v bnh vt
(hnh 1.7). Thng thng trc vt l trc ch ng, cn bnh vt l bnh rng b
ng. Khi trc vt quay mt vng th bnh vt quay c z1 rng (z1 = 1 4),
y z1 l s mi ren trc vt).
Ngoi trc vt c tit din rng khc nhau cn c trc vt lm. Trc vt lm
c kh nng chu ti ln hn v c s rng n khp ng thi ln hn, nn b
mt tip xc gia hai bnh rng nhiu hn. Tuy nhin khi ch to, lp rp v
iu chnh kh khn hn, c bit l khi bnh rng vt b mn.
Hnh 1.7. Truyn ng trc vt

b) u-nhc im v phm vi s dng:
* u im:
- T s truyn ln (ti 500 hoc hn th na);
- Lm vic m khng n;
- C kh nng t hm
* Nhc im:
- Hiu sut truyn ng thp;
- Cn dng vt liu gim ma st t tin (ng thanh) lm bnh vt;
- Sinh nhit kh ln khi lm vic
* Phm vi s dng: dng trong cc loi kch nng (nh kh nng t hm)
hoc cc b truyn c t s truyn ln nhng cng sut khng ln lm (di
50kW - nh cc loi my ct gt kim loi v.v).
6. Truyn ng xch
L phng php truyn ng n khp gin tip bng xch gia hai trc
song song cch xa nhau khi cn m bo t s truyn n nh.
a) Nguyn l v cc thng s ca b truyn ng:
B truyn xch gm c a ch ng, a b ng v xch (trn hnh 1.8 l
loi xch ng). Ngoi ra, ty trng hp c th c thm cc c cu ph nh
cng xch, bi trn v bao che. C khi dng mt xch truyn ng t mt a
dn sang nhiu a dn khc. ng 6 lp lng vi cht 4, do chng c th
xoay t do i vi nhau (to thnh bn l). Pha ngoi ng 6 lng con ln 8.
Con ln cng c th xoay t do. Lp xch vo a xch, con ln trc tip n
khp vo rng a.
Nh c con ln m mt phn ma st trt trn a rng c thay bng
ma st ln v ng t vo nhau, ti trng c phn b trn sut chiu di
ng.Cc thng s hnh hc ch yu ca bnh xch l bc xch t; ng knh
vng trn chia ca cc a xch d1 v d2. Sau y ta xt n cc thng s c
bn ca truyn ng xch.
- Bc xch t l thng s chnh ca b truyn ng xch. Bc xch cng
ln th kh nng ti cng ln, nhng ti trng va p v ting n cng tng, do
khi vn tc xch ln cn chn bc xch t nh (nu yu cu kh nng chu
ti ln th tng chiu rng xch hoc dng nhiu hng xch;
- ng knh vng trn chia di = t/ sin(; zj);
- T s truyn i = 1: n2 = z2 : z1;
- Khong cch A ti u A = (30
50)t. Trong Amin xc nh theo
iu kin gc m 120o.
- Lc vng cho php P =
[P0]. b0. d/ke, (N), trong [Po] l
p lc cho php bn l (14
35MPa); b0 v d(mm) c ch
dn trn hnh 1.8; ke = 1,2 3 l
h s k n iu kin bi trn,
iu chnh, tnh cht ti trng v
cc iu kin khc;
- Cng sut truyn ca xch N =
3,6. P.v (Kw); trong P l lc
vng ca xch v v (m/s) l tc
xch.
Hnh 1.8. Truyn ng xch
b) u-nhc im v phm vi s dng:
* u im:
- Khong cch truyn ng ln (Amax = 8m), khun kh kch thc nh
hn so vi truyn ng ai;
- Lc tc dng ln trc nh hn so vi truyn ng ai;
- T s truyn n nh;
- Hiu sut truyn ng cao ( = 0,96 0,98);
- C th ng thi truyn ng cho nhiu trc.
* Nhc im:
- Yu cu ch to, lp rp v chm sc phc tp hn so vi truyn ng ai;
- Xch v a xch chng mn, gy n khi lm vic;
- Vn tc tc thi ca xch v a b dn khng n nh do dy xch
khng th cng tuyt i.
* Phm vi s dng: truyn ng xch thng dng trong nhng trng
hp khi khong cch gia cc trc kh ln, yu cu kch thc b truyn phi
tng i nh gn v lm vic khng trt.
III. Truyn ng thu lc
1. Khi nim chung v phn loi
Truyn ng thu lc l phng php truyn c nng t ng c in
hoc ng c t trong ti trc chp hnh ca cc c cu cng tc nh du
thu lc c p sut cao (truyn ng thu tnh) hoc du c vn tc ln (truyn
ng thu ng), qua cc phn t truyn ng nh, ng dn, cc van tit lu,
van phn phi vv ti mot thu lc hoc xi lanh thu lc chuyn du c
p sut cao thnh c nng cung cp cho cc c cu cng tc.
Truyn ng thu lc c phn loi theo cc du hiu sau:
* Theo nguyn l lm vic truyn ng thu lc c chia lm hai nhm:
- Truyn ng th tch (truyn ng thu tnh) - du thu lc c p sut
cao nhng vn tc thp.
- Truyn ng thy ng - du thu lc c p sut thp nhng vn tc
cao.
* Theo quy lut chuyn ng ca c cu chp hnh chng c chia lm 3
nhm:
- Truyn ng thu lc th tch c c cu chp hnh chuyn ng tnh
tin xi lanh thu lc.
- Truyn ng thu lc th tch c c cu chp hnh chuyn ng quay
mt thu lc.
- Truyn ng thu lc th tch c c cu chp hnh chuyn ng xoay
vi gc xoay nh hn 3600.
* Theo kh nng iu chnh tc ca c cu cng tc chng c chia lm 2
nhm: Nhm c c cu iu chnh; Nhm khng iu chnh.
* Theo s tun hon ca du thu lc c 2 nhm: Nhm c s ng kn;
nhm c s tun hon h.
2. Cu to chung ca h thng
truyn ng thu lc
- C cu to du thu lc c p sut
hoc vn tc cao: cc bm du thu lc,
thng du, cc b lc du;
- Phn t x l v dn du: van
tit lu, van p sut;
- Cc phn t iu khin: van o
chiu, van an ton, van mt chiu
- Cc c cu chp hnh: xi lanh,
mt, khp ni thu lc
Hnh 1.9. S khi cu trc h S m t cu to tng qut ca
thng dn ng bng thu lc
h thng dn ng thu lc c m t
qua s hnh 1.9.
3. S hai dng truyn ng thu lc tiu biu thng gp trong
my thi cng cng trnh ngm
a) Truyn ng thu lc th tch c c cu
chp hnh chuyn ng tnh tin xi lanh
thu lc: Bin p sut du thu lc thnh c
nng y piston chuyn ng tnh tin trong
lng xi lanh.
Hnh 1.10. S nguyn l h thng truyn

ng thu lc mch h vi c cu cng tc
chuyn ng tnh tin xi lanh thu lc:
1- bm du thu lc; 2 xi lanh thu lc; 3 - ng dn
du; 4b van trn; 5 - van phn ph 4/3i; 6 van tit
lu (iu chnh lu lng); 7 van mt chiu; 8a
phin lc du; 9 thng du thu lc; 10 - b lm mt
du; 11- ng h p lc
b) Truyn ng thu lc th tch c c

cu chp hnh chuyn ng quay mt
thu lc:
Bin p sut du thu lc thnh c nng
quay r-tor ca m-t 2.
Hnh 1.11. S nguyn l h thng truyn

ng thu lc mch kn vi c cu cng tc
chuyn ng quay mt thu lc:
1- bm du thu lc; 1a bm b xung du 2 m-
tor thu lc; 3 - ng dn du; 4a van gii hn p
sut; 4b van trn; 5 - van phn ph 4/2; 6 van tit
lu (iu chnh lu lng); 7 van mt chiu; 8a
phin lc du; 9 thng du thu lc; 10 - b lm mt
du; 11- ng h p lc
4. Bng k hiu cc cm v cc c cu trong h thng dn ng

thu lc v dn ng kh nn
K hiu Tn gi
Bm thu lc khng iu chnh
Bm thu lc o chiu
Bm thu lc c iu chnh
M-t thu lc khng iu chnh
M-t thu lc o chiu
M-t thu lc c iu chnh
Xi lanh thu lc tc dng hai chiu vi mt cn pittng
Xi lanh thu lc tc dng hai chiu vi hai cn pittng
Xi lanh thu lc tc dngmtchiu
Xi lanh thu lc kiu ng lng
Xi lanh thu lc c c cu phanh gim chn cui hnh trnh
Van tit lu khng iu chnh
Van tit lu c iu chnh
Van gii hn p sut t iu chnh
Van gii hn p sut khng t iu chnh
Van mt chiu khng c dng phn hi

Kho thu lc
Bnh tch p thu lc
Bnh tch p kiu l xo
Bnh tch p kiu kh nn
Phin lc du
B tn nhit (lm mt du)
B bin tc thu lc
Thng du h
Thng du kn c p sut cao hn p sut khng kh
Van phn phi 4/2 iu khin bng cn gt
Van phn phi 4/3 iu khin bng tay, v ch O l v ngt

truyn ng
Van phn phi 4/3 iu khin bng in t, v ch O l v dng

du thu lc bm vng trn
Bng 1.1 K hiu cc cm v cc c cu trong h thng dn ng thu lc v

dn ng kh nn
5. u, nhc im v phm vi s dng ca truyn ng thu lc
a) u im:
- Truyn c cng sut cao v lc ln nh cc c cu tng i n
gin, hot ng vi tin cy cao, t i hi v chm sc v bo dng.
- iu chnh v cp vn tc trong phm vi rng v d dng thc hin cc
chuyn ng khc nhau nh chuyn ng quay v chuyn ng tnh tin ca
c cu chp hnh.
- D thc hin t ng ho theo cng ngh c lp trnh sn, k c cc
h cc k phc tp v h gi thnh nh s dng cc sn phm c tiu
chun ho v sn xut hng lot;
- Kt cu gn nh, v tr ca cc c cu ch ng v c cu b dn
khng l thuc vi nhau, cc ng ng dn du thu lc d ni v i ch;
- Truyn ng m v khng c ting n;
- D phng qu ti nh van an ton;
- D theo di v kim tra nh cc h thng p k v ng h o k c
cc h phc tp nhiu mch.
b) Nhc im:
- Tn tht cng sut qua cc ng ng dn do ma st, tn tht do b d
du trn ng ng dn cng nh ti cc khp ni;
- Vn tc ca c cu cng tc kh gi c n nh do tnh cht nn
c ca du thu lc v do n hi ca cc ng dn.
- Khi nhit ca du thu lc thay i (c bit khi khi ng) nht
ca du thay i dn ti thay i vn tc ca c cu cng tc;
- Yu cu v chnh xc khi ch to, sa cha v thay th;
c) Phm vi s dng:
H thng truyn ng thu lc c s dng rng ri trong cc my thi
cng cng trnh ngm do cc u im v kh nng truyn c cng sut cao,
d dng t ng ho.
Trong cc my khoan hm l ngy nay, h thng truyn ng khng ch
c s dng dn ng u khoan m n cn dn ng nhiu c cu cng
tc i hi chnh xc cao nh h thng nh v mi khoan v hng khoan.
Vi vic ngy nay cc phn t (chi tit v cm chi tit my) trong h
thng truyn ng thu lc c tiu chun ho sn xut hng lot nn
gi thnh ca cc my thu lc gim ng k. Mt khc vi s tin b ca
cng ngh ch to my vi chnh xc cao cho php chng ta mnh dn s
dng cc loi my ngm dn ng thu lc vo ng dng v chng ngy cng
khng nh c v tr cng nh hiu qu v mt kinh t cng nh k thut .
IV. Truyn ng in
Truyn ng in l mt tp hp cc thit b nh: Thit b in, thit b
in t, phc v cho cng tc bin i in c cng nh gia cng truyn tn
hiu thng tn hiu thng tin iu khin qu trnh bin i nng lng .
H truyn ng in c phn loi nh sau:
+ Truyn ng in khng iu chnh: thng ch c ng c ni trc
tip vi li in, quay my cng tc vi mt tc nht nh.
+ Truyn ng in c iu chnh: Trong loi ny tu thuc vo cng
ngh m ta c truyn ng iu chnh tc , truyn ng iu chnh mmen,
lc ko v truyn ng iu chnh v tr. Trong truyn ng in c iu chnh
c th c mt hoc nhiu ng c.
V. So snh cc dng truyn ng
Bng di y trnh by mt cch tng quan cc dng truyn ng trong
my mc ni chung v my cng trnh ngm ni ring:
Truyn ng Truyn ng Truyn ng Truyn ng Truyn ng
thu lc kh nn in c kh
Mang nng Du thu lc Kh nn Electron Cc chi tit my
lng
Truyn nng ng dn thu ng dn kh nn Cp in Cc chi tit my
lng lc, cc u ni
Thit b ng lc Bm du thu My nn kh My pht in ng c t
lc trong
Cc i lng - p sut P - p sut P, Pa - Hiu in th - Lc F;
c bn - Lu lng Q - Lu lng Q U; - M men xon
- Cng M;
dng in I. - Vn tc tip
tuyn;
- Vn tc quay
Cng sut truyn Cng sut truyn Khng ln lm Cng sut truyn Cng sut
rt ln v vi p lc kh rt ln v truyn ln.
khong cch nn khong di khong cch khong cch
truyn xa. 6 bar. khong truyn xa. truyn khng ln
cch truyn xa lm
chnh xc Rt tt Khng tt lm Tt, tr nh Rt tt khi dng
ca c cu chp truyn ng n
hnh khp
Hiu sut Cao Thp cao Tn tht ln
linh hot Rt tt tr ln Rt tt Km
trong iu khin
ng dng Rng ri Mt s t my Rng ri Khng th thiu
khoan kh nn, trong bt k cc
dy chuyn lp my thi cng xy
rp dng
Bng 1.2 so snh cc dng truyn ng trong my ngm
Chng II. My v thit b trong cc cng ngh o h
2.1. Tng quan cc cng ngh o h
Cng ngh thi cng tuyn ngm bng phng php h (cn gi l
phng php l thin) bao gm cc cng ngh sau:
- Thi cng h theo phng php h mng;
- o ho phn on kt hp vi tng trong t;
- o ho phn on kt hp vi khin o h;
- H dn cc kt cu tng on mt;
- H chm.
1. Phng php h mng:
Bn cht phng n l ngi ta s dng cc my o t thng thng
(my o mt gu v my o gu ngom) o h mng theo ton b chiu
rng ti su t mng tuyn ngm, vch h mng khng cn phi gia cng
m nghing mt gc ph hp vi gc trt t nhin ca t hoc c gia
cng bng c thp nu o thng ng. Kt cu b tng c thi cng trong
h mng bng cc phng n thi cng thng thng, sau th lp t.
Hnh 2.1 S b tr thit b thi cng tuyn ngm bng phng php h mng:
1 Phn t cn bc xc bng my o mt gu hoc gu ngom; 2 - vch h mng (sau khi
o) khng cn phi gia cng m nghing mt gc ph hp vi gc trt t nhin ca t ; 3
my xc mt gu hoc my xc gu ngom (khi chiu su ln hn 9 m); 4 t t ; 5
Cng trc (dng khi thi cng b tng lp ghp)
2. o ho phn on kt hp vi tng trong t

Ni dung ca cng ngh ny l thi cng tng trong t (tng b tng
ct thp hoc tng b tng t) gm hai on tng song song c khong
cch ln hn hoc bng chiu rng ca tuyn ngm tng lai. Dng my o
mt gu hoc my o gu ngom o t ti su y mng tuyn
ngm, sau thi cng kt cu b tng ct thp bng cc phng php thng
thng v cui cng l lp t ln tuyn ngm thi cng chuyn sang
on ho tip theo.
Hnh 2.2. Cng ngh o ho phn on kt hp vi tng trong t:

1 mng; 2 - tng trong t; 3 my xc mt gu hoc my xc gu ngom; 4 t t ;
5 cng trc (dng khi thi cng b tng lp ghp)
3. Phng php o ho phn on kt hp vi khin o h
Hnh 2.3. Cng ngh o ho phn on kt hp vi khin o h:

1 kt cu b tng tuyn ngm (lp ghp tng t hoc b tng ct thp lin khi); 2 khin
h hnh ch U tin v pha trc nh kch y vo v tunnel lp, 3 my xc mt gu hoc
my xc gu ngom; 4 t t ; 5 cng trc (dng khi thi cng b tng lp ghp)
Khin h c kt cu kh n gin: c dng hnh ch U vi hai thnh bn c
nhim v chng st l, sn y ch c nhim v nh mt sn vn khun y,
i khi trong lng khin hnh ch U ngi ta b tr cc thanh chng ngang v
xin c nhim v tng cng kh nng chng p lc st l ca t. Khin tin
ln pha trc nh kch thu lc mt u kch y vo b tng ct thp va thi
cng xong, mt u y vo g gia cng hnh ch U pha sau. Bn cht ca
khin o h ch U l kt cu thp c chiu su ng bng chiu su tuyn
ngm c cc vnh gia cng hnh ch U trc, sau thp gia cng dc v i
khi trong qu trnh thi cng ngi ta b tr thm thp gia cng ngang v cho.
Kt cu thp ny t di chuyn v pha trc nh cc kch thu lc.
Hnh 2.4.Khin h hnh ch U vi cc thanh chng ngang c nhim v tng
cng kh nng chng p lc ngang ca t v tin v pha trc nh kch y
vo v tunnel lp
4. Phng php h chm
Phng php ny thng c dng khi thi cng cc tuyn ngm vt
sng hoc m ly c nc. Kt cu ng hm c ch to sn thnh tng
on (tng t), v hm c bt kn tm thi v ko ni theo ng sng nh
cc x lan ti trng ph hp. h kt cu ng hm ngi ta cho nc vo
trong t hm vi khi lng nc ph hp sao cho trng lng ca t v
nc khng qu nng ri h chm vo v tr lp t. V tr lp t c th l ho
di lng sng (nu mc nc nng) hoc l lng (nu mc nc su) th t
trn mng c thi cng trc . Sau cc t hm c ghp ni vi nhau
ht ht nc ra to thnh ng hm hon chnh, cui cng l cho t
lp vo nc v sn ca hm.
5. Phng php h dn
Trong phng php h dn cc kt cu ng hm c ch to sn
thnh tng on (tng t) ngay trn b mt v c h dn xung ti ct nn
thit k nh ly dn khi t pha di y ca t hm. Phng php ny
thch hp thi cng cc tuyn tunnel i qua cc vng t mm ph sa khng
c m ci. Kt cu hm sau s nm n nh trn lp t cng hoc lp
mng c gia c t trc . Trn thc tin phng n ny thng c
dng thi cng cc ging ng hoc ging u v ging cui ca cc on
ng ngm.
Trn y l tng quan cc cng ngh thi cng cng trnh ngm
bng cc phng n o h, cc thit b chnh thi cng cc cng ngh
ny l my o mt gu, my thi cng tng trong t v cc my vn
chuyn ln cao m ch yu l cng trc. Di y xin gii thiu ln lt
cc my
2.2. My o mt gu
I. Cng dng v phn loi
1) Cng dng:
My xc mt gu hay cn gi l my o mt gu l mt trong nhng
loi my ch o trong cng tc o t trong xy dng ni chung v xy dng
tuyn ngm bng cc cng ngh o h ni ring. My xc mt gu lm nhim
v khai thc t to h mng v vo phng tin vn ti hoc thnh
ng cc my khc bc ln phng tin vn ti.
My xc mt gu lm vic theo chu k gm cc nguyn cng:
- Tin ti v tr bc xc t;
- o v tch t vo gu;
- Nng gu ln v quay ti v tr cn ;
- vo phng tin vn ti hoc thnh ng.
2) Phn loi: My xc mt gu c th phn loi theo cc du hiu sau:
- Theo c cu di chuyn;
- Theo kiu dn ng iu khin gu;
- Theo kiu treo gu.
a) Theo c cu di chuyn my xc mt gu c chia thnh nhng
nhm sau:
- Loi bnh lp: loi ny c ng ph hp vi cc cng trnh phn tn c
khi lng bc xc khng ln;
- Loi bnh xch: y l loi lm vic n nh, th tch gu bc c th tch
khc nhau ph hp vi cc cng trng c khi lng bc xc ln;
b) Theo c cu iu khin dn ng gu, my xc mt gu c th c
chia thnh 2 nhm sau:
- Loi iu khin dn ng gu kiu c kh, tc l bng puli, ti v cp
nh EO-3311G, EO-4111B, EO-5114, EO-6112B v.vca LB Nga.
- Loi my xc thu lc vi dn ng iu khin gu bng cc xi lanh
thu lc.
d) Theo kiu treo gu:
- My xc gu thun (cn gi l my xc gu nga);
- My xc gu nghch (cn gi l my xc gu sp);
- My xc gu qung (cn gi l my xc gu dy);
- My xc gu ngom.
Trong cc cng ngh thi cng cng trnh ngm bng phng php o
h ngi ta thng s dng hai loi my o mt gu l: My o gu
nghch dn ng thu lc dng o t h mng su 10 m v my
o gu ngom dn ng c kh dng o t h mng su > 10 m.
II. My xc gu nghch dn thu lc:
1) Cu to:
Kt cu ca my gm hai phn chnh: phn my c s (my ko xch)
v phn thit b cng tc (thit b lm vic).
Trn hnh 2.5 phn my c s gm: C cu di chuyn 1 ch yu my
di chuyn trong phm vi cng trng. Nu cn di chuyn my vi c ly ln phi
c thit b vn chuyn chuyn dng. C cu quay 2 dng thay i v tr ca
gu trong mt phng ngang trong qu trnh o v x t. Trn bn quay 3
ngi ta b tr ng c, cc b truyn ng cho cc c cuCa bin 10 ni tp
trung c cu iu khin ton b hot ng ca my. i trng 12 l b phn
cn bng bn quay v n nh ca my (mt s m hiu my c th khng c
b phn ny).
Hnh 2.5. S cu to my xc gu nghch dn ng thu lc:

1 c cu di chuyn; 2 c cu quay; 3 bn quay; 4 XLTL nng h cn (2 chic); 5
gu; 6 XLTL iu khin gu; 7 tay gu; 8 XLTL iu khin tay gu; 9 cn; 10 ca bin;
11 - ng c t trong; 12 - i trng.
Phn thit b cng tc: Cn 9 mt u c ghp khp bn l vi bn
quay, u kia c lp khp bn l vi tay gu. Cn c nng ln - h xung
nh xilanh 4. iu khin gu xc 5 nh xilanh 6. Gu thng c lp thm
cc rng gia cng t cng.
2) Nguyn l lm vic:
My xc gu nghch ch yu gia cng t v tr thp hn mt bng
ng ca my (cng c nhng trng hp my khai thc t ni cao hn,
nhng nn t mm v ch c xilanh quay gu ct t). t c x ()
qua ming gu. My lm vic theo chu k, mt chu k lm vic ca my bao
gm nhng nguyn cng sau:
My n v tr lm vic. a gu vn ra xa (xilanh 8 rt li) v h xung
(hai xilanh 4 rt li), rng gu tip xc vi nn t (v tr I, hnh 2.5). Gu tin
hnh ct t v tch t vo gu t v tr I n II nh xi lanh 8 v xilanh 4 cng
y ra.
Qu o chuyn ng ca rng gu trong qu trnh ct t l mt ng
cong. Chiu dy phoi ct thng thng thay i t b n ln. Ti v tr II gu
y t v c chiu dy phoi t ln nht. a gu ra khi tng o v nng
gu ln nh hai xilanh 4 y ra. Quay my v v tr x t nh c cu quay 2.
t c th x thnh ng hoc x vo phng tin vn chuyn. t c x ra
khi ming gu nh xilanh 6 rt li. Quay my v v tr xc ban u thc
hin chu k tip theo.
III. My o gu ngom dn ng c kh
1) Cng dng v v tr my trong s cng ngh:
My xc gu ngom dng xc t trong cc h mng c chiu su >
10. su ny nu dng my xc gu nghch dn ng thu lc th tay gu
s rt di, n nh ca my km v dung tch gu xc nh dn ti nng sut
thp.
Hnh 2.6. S b tr thit b thi cng cng trnh ngm vi my xc gu

ngom:
1 t ti t hnh; 2 my c s (cn trc c kh bnh xch); 3 - c cu cng tc (gu
ngom); 4 - thng cha t; 5 my xc loi nh gom t vo thng 4; 6 - ct chng v sn
cng tc; 7 - tng trong t; 8 - neo
S b tr my xc gu ngom c th hin trn hnh 2.6, s ny
khng ch dng thi cng tuyn ngm m cn c dng thi cng cc cng
trnh ngm ca cc to nh cao tng bng cng ngh top down. Trn hnh 2.6
my xc gu ngom 2 ng trn sn cng tc 6 s xc t t thng cha t
s 4. Mt my xc loi nh 5 c nhim v xc t t h mng vo thng 4
my xc gu ngom xc v vo xe ti s 1. Sn cng tc s 6 c cc ct
thp tm chng v mng ton b my ng trn sn.
2) Cu to: Cu to chung ca my xc gu ngom gm my c s l cn trc

bnh xch dn ng c kh sau khi c cu nng-h vt c thay bng c cu
cng tc gu ngom.Trn hnh 2.7 my c s l my ko bnh xch, trong
khoang my c cc ti nng-h cn v ti nng-h gu, ng-m gu. Cp 5 l
cp ng-m gu, khi th chng th gu m, cn khi ko cng th ng cc m
gu vo ngom t v khi t y gu th cp 6 ko gu ln khi ni o
t. Trn hai cp 5 v 6 c cc c cu chng xon cp cho php on trn v
on di ca cp quay trn t do chng hai cp qun vo nhau.
Hnh 2.7. Cu to chung ca my xc gu ngom:

1 my c s; 2 cp nng h cn; 3 cp nng h gu;4 cp ng m gu; 6 - gu
ngom; 7 - cn; 8 - ti ng m v nng gu; 9 - ti nng h cn; 10 khoang cha ng
c v cc ti iu khin.
3) Nguyn l lm vic: My n v tr lm vic. a gu 6/ n v tr bn trn

thng cha t bng cch nng hoc h cn 7 thng qua palng cp sau c
nh gc nghing cn nh thanh chng xin . Cp nng gu 6 c ni vi u
trn, cn cp ng-m gu 5 c ni vi u di thng qua h thng
palng ng-m gu.
C th chia chu k lm vic ca gu ngom thnh 4 giai on sau hnh 2.8:
Giai on a: H gu rng xung thng t. Trong giai on ny khi cp nng 6
i xung, cp ng m gu 5 chng, gu s t ng i xung v nh trng
lng cc m v lin h ng hc ca c cu ng-m gu nn hai m gu
trng thi m. Yu cu t ra cho qu trnh h gu l vn tc ca cp 6 h gu
v cp 5 ng-m gu phi bng nhau v cp 5 chng hn. Khi gu ri xung
nh trng lng ca mnh m c 2 m gu ln su vo ng t.
Hnh 2.8. Cc bc lm vic ca gu ngom:
6 Cp nng gu; 5 Cp ng m gu
Giai on b: Giai on xc (ngom) t.

Vic xc t c thc hin khi cp nng 6 chng, cn cp ng-m gu
5 cng. Nh c h palng, u trn ca gu s i ln v do 2 m gu
ng li, thc hin qu trnh ngom t vo trong gu.
Giai on c: Nng gu cha y t.
Vic nng gu c thc hin khi cp 6 c ko ln v cp ng-m gu
5 lun trng thi gi cng, tc ca cp 5 v cp 6 trong giai on ny
bng nhau.
Giai on d: Giai on x t vo xe ti.
Sau khi thc hin nng gu y ti, my c quay n v tr x t vo xe
ti . Qu trnh x t vo xe ti c thc hin khi cp ng-m gu 5 th
chng, cp nng 6 gi nguyn trng thi cng. Khi cm puly tt xung
pha di nh trng lng bn thn v hai m gu t m x x t vo xe
ti.
Giai on e: Th gu ri t do xung v tr xc t.
VI. Nng sut v cc bin php tng nng sut my xc mt gu
1) Nng sut thc t ca my xc mt gu c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Ns = q0.(K/Kt). nck. Ktg m3/h [2.1]
trong :
q0 dung tch hnh hc ca gu, m3
K - h s y gu, K = 0,8 - 1,25;
Kt - h s ti ca t = 1,08 1,45 ;
Ktg h s s dng thi gian lm vic ca my, Ktg = 0,8 0,9;
nck s chu k cng tc thc hin c trong 1 gi.
2) Cc bin php tng nng sut my xc mt gu:
m bo nng sut cao phi a ra gii php thi cng hp l, chn
ch lm vic v cc gii php k thut ti u cho my, ngoi ra th my cn
lu thm:
+ Chn ng cong khai thc t hp l;
+ Kt hp cc thao tc c th vn hnh ng thi;
+ B tr phng tin vn ti ng ni c gc quay nh nht;
+ Nu gc quay ln hn 1500 th cho toa my quay trn vng 3600 khi x
t.
2.3. My thi cng cc barrete v tng trong t

I. Cng ngh thi cng cc barrete v tng trong t
Nguyn l lm cc nhi v cc barrete l to nn nhng l cc trong nn
t, sau rt trc tip vt liu (b tng, b tng ct thp v.v) vo nhng l
to thnh cc. Nh vy, cc c ch to ti ch, khng mt cng vn
chuyn ni khc n, do tn km hn.
T phng php thi cng cc khoan nhi (cc trn) v cc Barrete (cc ch
nht) i vi cc tuyn ngm thi cng phn on v nh cao tng nhiu khi
phi xy dng tng hm ngi ta kt hp gia cc chu lc v tng tng hm
dn n tng lm mng tng trong t, trng hp ny tng trong t c
th c thit k v tnh ton nh mt loi mng su.
Quy trnh thi cng tng trong t kt hp cc barrete:
- Thi cng tng dn;
- o t;
- Gi vch h o bng dung dch bentonite;
- Thi ra h o bng phng php lun chuyn bentonite;
- t vn khun to khp v giong chng thm nc;
- Gia cng lp t ct thp, ng b tng v b tng theo phng
php rt ng.
Tng chn c thi cng thnh tng tm panel ring bit, gia chng
l khp ni v thng l mt giong cao su chn nc. C 3 loi tm panel
c dng l: panel khi u, panel tip v panel ng.
Hnh 2.9. Sn phm tng trong t:
1 - tm panel tng b tng ct thp trong t; 2 giong chng thm
II. Cng tc o t v my o t thi cng cc barrete (tng trong t)

1) Cng tc o t to h
o t dng gu ch nht do cu iu khin bng cp hoc thu lc. Trong
khi o dung dch bentonite c gi mc cch ct nh tng dn 0,4m,
thng ng ca h o c kim tra bng mt thng theo dy cp cu
khi h gu vo h o. My o t nn ng cch mp h o ti thiu l 4m.
Mi s di chuyn ca my phi ht sc thn trng trnh lm st vch h.
Hnh 2.10. Cc bc o t to l thi cng mt tm panel

2) Cc my o t thi cng cc barrete:
Cc my o t thi cng cc barrete c 4 loi thng c dng:
- My o dn ng c kh ct t bng phng n ri t do;
- My o dn ng thu lc nng h gu bng cp;
- My o dn ng thu lc nng h gu nh cp kt hp vi dn hng
cng;
- My o dn ng thu lc nng h gu bng cn dn hng cng kiu
ng lng.
Cc hng sn sut my ni ting trn th gii c th k n l:
- Liebherr - CHLB c
- Bauer - CHLB c
- Casagrande USA vv
3) My o dn ng c kh ct t bng phng n ri t do
Nguyn l hot ng:
Trong hnh 2.11.b a gu vo h o bng cp nng-h gu 3, khi gu
chuyn ng trong h o th h chng cp ng-m gu 4, hai m gu c
m ra nh dn hng 2 i xung do trng lng bn thn, xung ti y h
rng gu cm vo t nh trng lng v ng nng ca gu, sau ko
cp 4 ct t, ng gu. Sau khi ng gu th ko gu ln bng c hai cp
3 v 4, khi ln n ch th gi cp 3 v th chng cp 4, gu c m ra
nh trng lng ca khp trt 2 v t c ra ngoi. Chu k tip theo
lp li cc thao tc va nu.
b)
a)
Hnh 2.11. My o dn ng c kh ct t bng phng n ri t do:
a) cu to chung; b) cu to ca c cu cng tc
Phng n ny c nhng u v khuyt im sau:
a) u im:
- Phng n ny do dng cp ng-m gu nn d ch to, d thay
th v sa cha. Phng n ny cng kinh t do khng cn phi c thm
mt ng c thu lc, xilanh v cc thit b thu lc t tin v phc tp.
b) Nhc im: Phng n ng m gu bng cp thng lc ng gu

khng ln, lc m gu ph thuc vo trng lng ca u dn hng v
khng c lc ng gu cng bc nh cc my o dn ng thu lc.
4) My o dn ng thu lc nng h gu bng cp
khc phc nhc im ca gu ngom ng-m bng cp trong thi

cng cc barette hin nay thng dng gu ngom ng m bng xilanh thy
lc m thng thng mi m gu c ng m bng mt xilanh . Hnh 2.13
v hnh 2.14 trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca gu ngom ng-m m gu
bng mt v hai xilanh thu lc vi bm thy lc t phn my c s.
Nguyn l lm vic chung ca gu ngom loi ny l vic ng hoc m gu
nh cc xilanh cng tc . Xilanh (hoc cc xilanh) ny c dn ng nh bm
thu lc t my c s. Hnh trnh ng-m c truyn n con trt 8 (
gu mt xilanh) hoc trc tip n thanh ging. Nh gu c ng hoc
m. ng dn du thu lc 2 l ng mm chu p lc cao c cun quanh
tang 4. Khi gu i ln hoc xung (nng hoc h) n s c qun vo hoc
nh ra cng vi vn tc nng hoc h ca gu o.
D nhn thy rng v mt kt cu h thng ng-m gu bng xilanh thy

lc phc tp hn nhiu so vi gu ngom c ng-m bng cp, nht l
vic thc hin tc cun (hoc nh) ng dn thy lc bng vi vn tc nng
(hoc h) gu.
Ging nh my khoan cc nhi, thit b cng tc ca my thi cng cc

barrette (gu) ng-m bng xilanh thu lc cng c lp t trn mt my
c s c sn v thng l cn trc bnh xch. C nhiu phng php lin kt
gia b phn cng tc v my c s. Hnh 2.12 trnh by phng n treo thit
b cng tc bng cp nng h ca my c s.
Vi phng n treo nh trn khi lm vic gu c h xung tng o nh

cp 4. Khi gp tng o iu khin xilanh thu lc 9 thc hin qu trnh o.
Khi gu y t nh cp 4 gu c nng ln v quay n v tr . Trong qu
trnh h v nng gu tang cun ng du 5 nh hoc cun ng vi cng tc
h v nng nh lun m bo qu trnh lm vic bnh thng ca xy lanh
ng-m gu 9.
Hnh 2.12. Cu to chung my o dn ng thu lc ct t bng phng
n ri t do - thit b cng tc c treo bng cp:
1 h thu lc; 2 my c s; 3 cn; 4 cp treo; 5 tang cun ng dn du thu lc;
6 ng dn du; 7 khung gu( dn hng gu); 8 cm puli;
9 xilanh thu lc ng-m gu ; 10 thanh dn hng; 11 m gu
Hnh 2.13. : S nguyn l Hnh 2.14. S nguyn l dn ng

dn ng bng 1 xilanh thu lc: bng 2 xilanh thu lc:
1- thng du; 2- bm thu lc; 3- van 1- thng du; 2- bm thu lc; 3- van phn
phn phi; 4- tang cun ng dn du; 5- phi; 4- tang cun ng dn du; 5-ng c thu
ng c thu lc; 6- h treo; 7- xilanh lc; 6- h treo; 7- xilanh thu lc; 8- gu; 9-
thu lc; 8- con trt; 9- thanh ging; 10- khung dn hng;10- ng dn du thu lc
gu; 11- g dn hng; 12- ng dn du
thu lc
+ u im c bn ca my o dn ng thu lc nng-h gu bng
cp:
- C th iu chnh c mt cch d dng lc ng m gu, to c
lc ct t ln, khc phc c nhc im ca gu ng-m bng cp, t
gy lc ngang khi gu ct t v nh trnh c hin tng l thnh h
o.
- Trng lng gu nh hn so vi phng php ng-m bng cp.
- D vn chuyn, lp t.
+ Nhc im:
- Gu lm vic thng khng n nh (b rung ng, b lc) v do
kh iu khin, d gy va chm vo thnh h mng khi nng v h lm l,
thm ch sp h o.
- Yu cu trnh tay ngh ngi vn hnh my cao.
- Thi gian dng cho di chuyn my ln.
5) My o dn ng thu lc nng h gu nh cp kt hp vi dn hng

cng
Hnh 2.15. My o dn ng thu lc nng h gu nh cp kt hp vi dn

hng cng:
1 ngun thu lc; 2 my c s; 3 cn ca cu trc; 4 c cu quay thit b cng tc;
5 ,8 ,9 dn hng; 6 tang cun ng dn thu lc; 7 ng dn du; 10 con trt;
11 khung (m dn hng); 12 gu; 13 xilanh thu lc ng m gu
khc phc cc nhc im trn y c th dng phng php treo
kt hp vi hp dn hng nng gu (hnh 2.15).
Vi kt cu nu trn c th nhn thy rng khc vi phng php treo

thun tu bng cp, y ngoi cp treo th gu cn c nh hng theo
phng ng nh h thng trt 5, 8 v 9. Cc h ny s hn ch lc ngang
ca gu khi n lm vic. Mc khc nh c c cu quay 4 m ton b thit b
cng tc c th quay c khi gu cn trn mt t. Nh chuyn ng ny
m khi lm vic my c s t phi di chuyn khi c s i hng o. Khi gu
o c a xung t, t dn hng 9 tch khi t dn hng 8, gu
c treo hon ton bng cp nng gu, qu trnh lm vic ca gu hon ton
nh nu pha trn.
6) My o dn ng thu lc nng h gu bng cn dn hng cng kiu

ng lng
Hnh 2.15 l s cu to chung ca my o dn ng thu lc nng h gu

bng cn dn hng cng kiu ng lng
Trn hnh 2.16: 1 my c s
c dn ng bi ng c
diesel vi cc h thng dn
ng cp v dn ng thu lc.
Palng cp 2 thay i tm vi
ca gu thng qua gi 3
ghp vi khung my bng khp
tr, xi lanh thu lc 4 iu chnh
thng ng ca cn dn
hng ng lng 5. My o dn
ng thu lc nng- h gu
bng cn dn hng cng kiu
ng lng khc phc c cc
nhc im ca cc loi my
trnh by trc . My ny c
bit hiu qu khi thi cng tng
trong t vi su ln do m
Hnh 2.16. My o vi dn hng cng bo thng ng ca vch h
kiu ng lng o.
7) My o gu ngom dn ng thu lc trn c s my o mt gu
y l loi my o gu ngom trn c s my o mt gu vi c cu
cng tc l gu ngom dng thi cng tng trong t c su 10m.
S cu to my o gu ngom dn ng thu lc trn c s my
o mt gu th hin trn hnh 2.17. Thit b gu ngom gm: Cn 4 lp vi
bn quay 2 ca my c s 1 bng khp bn l O1 chn cn. Cn c nng
ln h xung nh xi lanh thu lc 3. Tay gu 6 c chiu di ln t
su ca tng v ghp vi cn 4 bng khp bn l O2 . Khi lm vic tay gu 6
quay quanh khp bn l O2 nh xi lanh thu lc 5. Gu 7 c hai m ngom t,
lin kt vi tay gu bng thanh ging v c ng m nh xi lanh thu lc 8.
im khc bit ca my o gu ngom dn ng thu lc trn c s my o
mt gu nghch nh xt bi 2.2 l cc xi lanh thu lc 3 v 5 c hnh
trnh rt ln gu 7 h su v nng ln cao vo phng tin vn
ti.
So vi cc my o gu ngom nghin cu trn, my o gu
ngom dn ng thu lc trn c s my o mt gu c kt cu gn nh hn,
iu khin nh nhng v m, ng thi m bo chnh xc.
My o gu ngom dn ng thu lc trn c s my o mt gu
dng thi cng cc h mng su, h mng cho tng trong t c su
10m.
Hnh 2.17. My o gu ngom dn ng thu lc trn c s my o mt gu
2.4. Cng trc

I. Cng dng v phn loi
Cng trc c s dng rng ri c gii ho cng tc vn chuyn
cc cu kin xy dng v thi cng lp rp trong hu ht cc cng ngh thi cng
tuyn ngm bng phng php o h. Cng trc c th phc v ton tuyn
thi cng bng cch lp ng ray di chuyn dc theo tuyn cng trnh, nh c
cng sn bn ngoi ng ray m n c th h ti cc cu kin t phng tin
vn ti v a xung h mng lp rp.
So vi cn trc kiu cn, cng trc c ti trng nng khng i trong
khong khng gian phc v ca n, n nh cao hn.
Cng trc c hai loi: Cng trc c cng dng chung v cng trc dng
lp rp. Cng trc c cng dng chung c ch to vi ti trng nh 5T
ch yu dng trong cng tc xp d. Cng trc dng lp rp c ti trng ti
500 tn. Trong lp rp tuyn ngm bng phng php h ngi ta s dng
cc cng trc c ti trng hng nghn tn. Cc thng s c bn cn lu tm khi
la chn cng trc:
- Ti trng nng;
- Chiu cao nng;
- Khu dm;
- Tc nng vt;
- Tc di chuyn xe con;
- Tc di chuyn dc ray ng st.
II. Cu to chung ca cng trc
Kt cu thp ca cng trc gm dm cu 2 v cc chn cng 7 (hnh
2.18). Xe con nng vt 3 chy dc theo dm cu nh cp ko. Cc chn cng
ta trn cc c cu di chuyn 8 cho php cng trc chy trn ray trn cc bnh
xe bng thp. Dm cu ca cng trc c ti trng nng n 5t thng l dm
hp hoc gin khng gian c tit din hnh tam gic vi ray treo hnh ch I
palng in chy dc theo dm cu. Dm cu ca cng trc c ti trng nng
va v ln thng c dng dn khng gian vi tit din hnh ch nht hoc
hnh thang. Xe con nng vt 3 vi mc treo chnh chy theo ray pha trn dm
cu, cn mc treo ph vi ti trng nng nh ca palng in 9 c th chy
theo ray treo pha di dm cu. Tu theo yu cu cng ngh m dm cu c
th khng c cngxon hoc c cngxon mt hay c hai u. Chiu di
cngxon c th t ti 25-30% chiu di ca khu dm (khong cch theo
phng ngang gia cc ng ray di chuyn cng trc). Nu khu dm
khng ln, cc chn cng c th lin kt cng vi dm cu. Trng hp cng
trc c khu dm ln, mt chn cng lin kt cng vi dm cn chn cng
kia c ni khp vi dm b tr x lch ca cng trc khi di chuyn,
trnh kh nng kt cc bnh xe di chuyn cng trc trn ray.
Xe con nng vt di chuyn dc theo dm cu nh cp ko v ti in o
chiu 1 (hnh 2.18, b). C cu nng chnh ca cn trc c hai palng nng vt 4
t i xng ti hai pha ca dm cu v ng thi nng dm 5 ca mc
treo. Cc cng trc c ti trng nng ln dng trong lp rp cc cu kin s
dng bn c cu nng vi cch mc cp nh hnh 2.18, c. Tc nng h
vt c th c iu khin bng cc cch sau: c bn ti cng lm vic theo
chiu nng hoc h; cc ti 10 v 13 lm vic theo chiu nng cn ti 11 v 12
lm vic theo chiu h hoc ngc li; cc ti 10 v 13 lm vic cn ti 11 v
12 dng hoc ngc li. gim ti trng tc dng ln dm cu, c cu nng
v di chuyn xe con c t trn cc chn cng hoc trn cc thanh ging
cng ca chn cng. iu khin cng trc t cabin 3. Trn cc xe con di
chuyn cng trc phi c thit b kp ray dn ng my. Khi tc gi vt
qu gii hn cho php, ng c ca thit b kp ray t ng lm vic do tc
ng ca thit b o gi trn cn trc.
S kt cu ca cng trc trn hnh 2.18 c s dng lp rp cc

cu kin btng v hm c trng lng ln trn cc cng trng xy dng
tuyn ngm theo cng ngh o h. Cn trc c ti trng nng ca mc treo
chnh >100t, ti trng nng ca mc treo ph 10 - 15t, khu dm 31m, chiu
cao nng 37,5m v trng lng bn thn cng trc 225t. Mi xe con di chuyn
cng trc chy trn hai ray t song song.
Hnh 2.18. Cng trc ti trng nng 100t:

a) s kt cu; b) s mc cp c cu di chuyn xe con; c) s mc cp c cu nng
Chng III.
My v thit b trong cc cng ngh o kn
kt hp khoan ph v khoan n mn
3.1. Tng quan cc cng ngh m truyn thng

I. Cc cng ngh o kn m truyn thng
Phng php m truyn thng l phng php pht trin ln trong thc
tin thi cng lu di ca con ngi. Phng php ny dng cu kin g hay
thp lm che chn tm thi, i n khi ng hm hnh thnh xong th
thay dn h che chn tm thi bng v xy dy ton khi c tnh vnh cu. o
tuyn ngm vi phng php m truyn thng c 3 s cng ngh.
1) M truyn thng kt hp vi my o lin hp: t c o bi my
o lin hp, dng cu kin g hay thp lm che chn tm thi sau xy v
tunnel vnh cu.
Hnh 3.1. S b tr thit b cng ngh m kt hp vi my o lin hp

combai:
1 - u ph t combai; 2 - b phn co v combai; 3 - cu kin g hay thp lm che chn tm
thi; 4 xch ti gt combai; 5 my vn ti hm l
2) M truyn thng kt hp khoan - n mn: t c a ra khi gng

o nh khoan - n mn, dng cu kin g hay thp lm che chn tm thi sau
xy v tunnel vnh cu. S b tr thit b th hin trn hnh 3.2. Phng
n ny ch dng cho o tuyn ngm trn ni, t c cng trung bnh c t
nc.
Hnh 3.2. S b tr thit b cng ngh m kt hp khoan - n mn:

1 gng o; 2 - c my khoan; 3 my co v; 4 - my vn ti hm l; 5 - cu kin g hay
thp lm che chn tm thi
3) M truyn thng kt hp
o th cng:
t c o bi sc ngi
bng dng c th cng, my
khoan cm tay hoc ba chn
hi v.v, dng cu kin g
hay thp lm che chn tm
thi, sau xy v tunnel
vnh cu. Phng n ny
c s dng khi o tunnel
qua vng c iu kin a
cht n nh, kh st l,
Hnh 3.3. S cng ngh m o th cng t nh ti trung bnh v

cng: t nc ngm.
1 o t bi sc ngi bng dng c th cng,
my khoan cm tay hoc ba chn hi v.v; 2 - cu
kin g hay thp lm che chn tm thi
3.2. Tng quan cng ngh khoan n mn trong t cng v

phng php mi ca o
I. Phng php mi ca o
Hnh 3.4. Trnh t v s cng ngh thi cng tunnel theo cng ngh mi ca
o NATM:
1 my khoan; 2 neo; 3 li thp; 4 lp b tng phun (kh hoc t) gia c tm thi;
5 t hp my bm pht va b tng; 6 xe di chuyn c lp cc thit b quan trc;
7 vn khun di ng, 8 v tunnel vnh cu
Phng php thi cng ng hm mi ca o (New Austrian Tunneling
Method - NATM) l do nh bc hc ngi o K.V Rabcewicz xut ra trc
tin. Phng php ny ly phun b tng v neo lm bin php che chng ch
yu, thng qua gim st o c khng ch bin dng. Phng php thi cng
NATM tn dng nng lc t chu ti ca t thng c thi cng trong nn
t c kh nng t n nh hnh 3.4.
Sau khi o h vch l ngi ta gia c tm ti bng khoan neo, bng
phun b tng ln b mt nc v vch l, ng thi quan trc mt cch tho
ng bin dng hm l v khn trng thi cng v l vnh cu.
Trong thc t ti Vit nam s dng cng ngh ny t lu, c th l o
hm qua ni bng cng ngh khoan n mn. Trn th gii cng ngh ny
c ng dng cho cc tunnel i qua t c kh nng t n nh v t c kh
nng t n nh km vi cng ngh tm gi l cng ngh o tunnel bng
phng php chng trc o sau .
Tm li cng ngh thi cng tunnel theo cng ngh mi ca o NATM c 2
loi vi 2 iu kin a cht hon ton khc nhau l:
1) Cng ngh chng trc o sau kt hp vi cng ngh NATM
Hnh 3.5 Chng trc bng gia c trc khi o trn mt t:

1 thit b KPVCA; 2 b tng t; 3 tunnel; 4 cc cc b tng t chng ln nhau to mt lp a
tng tt cho o tunnel.
Khi thi cng qua nn t c kh nng t n nh km, nu tip tc ng
dng cng ngh o mi th phi gia c nn t yu di su xung quanh hoc
xung quanh v ton b tit din tunnel bng b tng t trc khi o tunnel.
Gia c nn t c kh nng n nh km di su bng cng ngh trn su ti
ch Mix in situ m ni bt l cng ngh khoan pht va cao p (KPVCA) s
c cp k trong chng 7.
Hnh 3.6. Chng trc bng gia c t vt ln pha trc tunnel nm ngang:
1 lp t yu cn s l; 2 cc tr xi mng t c to ra bng cch khoan cho to ra lp t c
kh nng chu ti v chng thm nc tt; 3 khin th cng hoc t hp khin; 4 lp t tt; v l
Phng n chng trc vi hai gii php: Chng trc trn mt t (khi
mt bng cho php hnh 3.5) v chng trc bng cch gia c t vt ln
pha trc tunnel ngang hoc nghing hnh 3.6 kt hp khin hoc NATM.
Th t thi cng tunnel bng cng ngh chng trc o sau l:
- Bc 1: Gia c lp t yu di su;
- Bc 2: o tunnel (o kn hoc h);
- Bc 3: Lp li ct thp;
- bc 4: Khoan neo;
- Bc 5: Phun b tng gia c tm thi (c li thp hoc khng c li
thp);
- Bc 6: ng thi kim sot bin dng tho ng v chnh xc kp
thi s l nu c s c v nhanh chng thi cng tunnel vnh cu.
II. Cng ngh khoan n mn thi cng trong nn cng - NATM
Hin nay khi xy dng tuyn ngm i qua nhng vng t cng v
rt cng (cc tunnel dn nc trn ni cho cc cng trnh thu in chng hn)
ngi ta s dng rt nhiu phng php o ph t nh: khoan n mn,
my o mt cng (main beam machine), tuy nhin ti Vit nam phng
php ph bin nht vn l khoan n mn.
y l cng ngh thi cng tunnel m bn cht l theo cng ngh mi
ca o trong iu kin t cng v rt cng, kh nng t n nh rt ln.
Cng ngh ny c s dng Vit nam t kh lu, thng c dng
thi cng cc tunnel xuyn ni, tunnel dn nc cho cc nh my thu in.
Di y l s khi th t thi cng tunnel bng cng ngh khoan n
mn:
Khoan n a Dng li Neo li
mn vn ra ct thp thp vo l
p va nh, Thi cng Phun b Gia c

vm v sn v tunnel tng bng neo
S khi 3.1
Ni dung c bn ca phng php ny l dng thit b khoan to ra
cc l khoan nh ng knh 36-75mm c su ti 7m (theo mt s nht
nh gi l h chiu khoan) trong lng khi (gng khoan) ri np mt lng
thuc n vo trong l khoan. Sau khi np thuc n, khong trng cn li ca l
mn, k t khi thuc ti ming l mn c cht kn bng vt liu tr, l nt
l mn v khi n lng thuc. Tr y c ngha l khng c kh nng bt
chy di tc dng ca nhit cao trong qu trnh n mn. Nt l mn thng
l ct pha ln bt st. Nng lng pht sinh khi n ca lng thuc s ph v
khi , to ra khong trng theo yu cu trong lng khi , v vic tip theo
l bc xc vn chuyn lm sch n, gia c tm thi v thi cng v tunnel
vnh cu.
So vi cc phng php khc th phng php khoan n mn c nhiu
u im: vn u t t, hiu qu ph cao, phng php c th p dng cho
t c kin c cao, khng ph thuc vo din tch ca gng o v
chiu di ca cng trnh. Cng ngh thi cng tuyn ngm bng phng php
khoan n mn c th c ng dng cho cc tuyn tunnel i qua t c iu
kin a cht khc nhau, nhng cng ngh ny c bit hiu qu khi thi cng
tuyn tunnel qua nn t c cng t trung bnh n rt cng, v khi m cc
cng ngh khc khng t hiu qu cn thit.
Nhc im ca phng php n mn l nguy him cao trong qu
trnh thi cng, gy nhim mi trng bi cc sn phm n, gy chn ng
nh hng n n nh ca t , cc cng trnh lin k v ch nn p
dng cho cc cng trnh i qua nn cng t nc ni c t dn c.
Trn th gii cc khi nim v cng ngh khoan n mn vi ting Anh l
Drill and Blast, Drilling and Blasting, drill-and-shoot, hoc D&B, ngha l
khoan v n mn. mt gc no , n cn c mt phn ngha ca
Conventional Tunnelling - K thut lm hm thng thng (truyn thng), do
c ng dng rng ri v rt lu i t khi con ngi bt u thi cng cc
cng trnh ngm.
Tm li, phng php khoan v n mn l phng php ph v bng
cch khoan cc l ng knh nh theo mt s lp sn, nhi chng bng
thuc n v sau kch n theo mt chng trnh c nh ct khi thnh
mt hnh dng khng gian ngm mong mun.
C nhiu s b tr thit b trong thi cng khoan n mn nh lit k
trong chng 1. y ta chi nghin cu cng ngh v thit b khoan n mn
trong nn cng v ang c ng dng rng ri trong nghnh xy dng
thu in ca chng ta.
Cc cng on thi cng tuyn ngm bng phng php n mn trong
nn cng bao gm:
- Thit k h chiu khoan (v tr v hng ca tng l khoan trn gng
o);
- Khoan l n mn theo h chiu khoan;
- Np thuc mn, bt l mn bng nt tr ;
- N mn;
- Bc xc v vn chuyn t ra khi gng o;
- Khoan neo;
- Lp t li thp lm ct thp cho lp b tng gia c tm thi.
- Phun b tng (kh hoc t)
- Chng thm;
- Thi cng v tunnel b tng ct thp lin khi vnh cu ngay (nu kh
nng chu ti ca t khng ln lm) hoc sau nhiu chu k tun hon
khoan n c chiu di ln, sau thi cng v tunnel vnh cu
Thit b phc v thi cng tuyn tunnel ngm bng phng php khoan
n mn bao gm my khoan cm tay, my khoan ct, c my khoan, c my
khoan neo, thit b thng gi (xem chng 7), t hp thit b phun b tng (xem
chng 7), my bc xc v vn ti (xem chng 6). Trong chng ny
chng ta ch nghin cu cc thit b phc v cho cng tc khoan to l n mn.
3.3. Cng tc khoan v nhng c tnh tng qut ca cc
phng php khoan
I. Cng tc khoan v phn loi
1. Cng tc khoan
L khoan l nhng l c dng c khoan su vo trong t c
ng knh di 75 mm v chiu su khng qu 5 m. Nhng l khoan c
ng knh t 250 300mm c gi l ging khoan, v nu ging khoan y
c chiu su trn 5 m th c gi l ging khoan su.
Khoan l cng on u tin v quan trng nht trong cng ngh thi cng
tunnel bng phng php khoan n mn. Ni dung ca cng on ny l qu
trnh to l trn gng o bao gm vic ph v t gng l khoan bng
dng c khoan v a phoi t b ph v ln khi ming l khoan.
2. Phn loi cc phng php khoan
Tnh a dng ca phng tin v cc phng php khoan i hi phi
phn loi chng theo nhng c im khc nhau.
a) Theo bn cht ca ng sut ph v t cc phng php khoan
c chia thnh:
- Khoan c hc: t b ph v do pht trin ng sut c trong n
(khoan quay, khoan p-xoay, khoan p-quay, khoan quay-p);
- Khoan nhit: S ph v t xy ra do pht trin ng sut nhit trong
n (khoan nhit, khoan plazma, khoan in-nhit).
b) Theo s ph v gng l khoan cc phng php khoan gm c:
- Khoan ly mu: khoan vng quanh tit din gng l khoan, phn t
gia khng b ph v (gi l mu), mu c ly ln mt t nh thit b c
bit;
- Khoan ph ton b gng l khoan: dng c khoan ph v ton b tit
din gng l khoan.
c) Theo phng php ly sn phm ph v ra khi gng l khoan: c
cc phng php sau:
- Phng php khoan vi s lm sch gng l khoan theo chu k;
- Phng php khoan vi s lm sch l khoan lin tc.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn cc cch phn loi khc nh: theo phng php
truyn cht lm sch vo l khoan (c phng php khoan vi vic lm sch
thun vi nghch), theo cc dng nng lng s dng.
Xt mt cch tng qut, c th phn tt c cc phng php khoan ra
thnh 2 nhm:
- Nhm khoan c hc: c s dng ph bin.
- Nhm khoan vt l - c: cn ang trong giai on nghin cu.
i vi tt c cc phng php khoan, khi tin hnh khoan u phi thc
hin nhng khu ch yu nh: chun b v t my khoan, tin hnh khoan v
ly sn phm khoan ra khi l khoan, ni di cn (ty hoc chong) khoan
t c su cn thit, tho n ra khi kt thc khoan, thay u chong (mi
khoan) b mn, di chuyn my khoan n v tr l khoan mi.
II. Nhng c tnh tng qut ca cc phng php khoan c hc
Cc phng php khoan c hc c s dng ph bin bao gm:
khoan quay thun tu, khoan p-xoay, khoan p-quay, khoan quay-p v
khoan p. Tt c cc phng php khoan ny u c th c dn ng
bng in, kh nn v thu lc.
1. Khoan quay thun tu:
Dng c khoan quay xung quanh trc trng vi trc ca l khoan di mt
p lc dc trc tc dng ln gng l khoan. Gi tr ca lc dc trc (P) c
to ra phi ln hn gii hn bn nn ca t trn mt tip xc gia dng c
khoan vi t . t b ct theo tng lp xon vt do tc dng ca lc dc
trc P v m men xoay M. Sn phm ph v c a ra khi l khoan nh ty
xon, nc hoc kh nn. Phng php khoan quay bao gm: khoan bng li
ct dng tay v dng my, khoan bng dng c c gn kim cng, khoan bng
bi.
Bn cht ca phng php khoan quay l mi khoan di tc dng ca
lc nn n vo gng khoan ph l . Khi cng t tng ln th phi
tng tng lc nn p mi khoan vo gng o. V vy khoan quay ch dng
khoan c cng 6 8.
u im ca phng php khoan quay l qu trnh khoan lin tc, nng
sut cao, phoi khoan vi li ct ln lm gim bi v gim rung ng khi
khoan.
Nhc im: ch khoan c t c cng trung bnh. Cc my
khoan quay trn th trng gm c: my khoan in, my khoan in thu lc.
2. Khoan p kt hp vi quay v xoay
Khi khoan p, dng c khoan p ln gng l khoan gy ph hu t
. Sau mi ln p, dng c khoan nhc ln v quay i mt gc m bo
ph v ton b tit din gng l khoan v to thnh tit din trn.
Cn phn bit khoan pquay, quay-p v p-xoay:
a) Khoan pquay:
C th hiu l qu trnh p kt hp vi mi khoan quay lin tc. Khoan
p quay c s dng cho cc c my khoan dng khoan t c
cng ln v t c mi mn cao
b) Khoan quay-p:
L s kt hp ca hai phng php khoan quay thun tu v khoan
p, khi khoan th mi khoan b lc nn v m men xon ln ct t v kt
hp vi ti trng p. Dng khoan cc l khoan vi chiu su ln. im
khc nhau gia khoan quay-p vi khoan p-quay l ch mi khoan b lc
nn t ty khoan ln hn nhiu so vi khoan p-quay.
c) Khoan p-xoay:
Mi khoan c dng hnh nm c n su vo gng o nh ti trng
p dc trc (ch xut hin trong khong thi gian ngn). Sau mi ln p, mt
mt li khoan nhn vo gng o mt khc n xoay i mt gc t 10 200
p tip. Phoi t sau khoan b nc ra hoc kh nn thi ra ngoi.
u im: c th khoan t c cng khc nhau bt k t cng n
rt cng.
Nhc im: nng sut thp so vi khoan quay thun tu, bi, ting n
v rung ca my do qu trnh khoan to ra rt ln
3. Khoan phay
t ti gng khoan b ph v bi cc rng vu ct cho nhau (kiu
li phay) khi khoan cng vi m men xon phay ct t cc u ct kiu na
hnh cu t vo gng khoan vi mt lc t dc trc cc ln mi, phay to
ra l khoan (i khi kt hp vi p).
Hnh 3.7. Mi khoan chp phay
dng khoan cng v rt
cng:
1 ren ni cn ngoi; 2 thn cnh
phay; 3 rnh cp nc thi phoi; 4
trc cnh phay; 5 u ct kiu
bi bng hp kim cng; 6 cht kho;
7 chp phay; 8 vng bi; 9 rnh
cp nc trung tm thi phoi
3.4. u khoan, dng c khoan, cc loi my khoan nh v

trung bnh
I. u khoan (ba khoan)
u khoan l c cu my c nhim v nhn nng lng (in nng, th
nng ca kh nn hoc du thu lc) v bin cc nng lng ny thnh c
nng di dng m men xon hoc lc p xung kch, qua cm chong khoan
ti mi khoan, ct ph t .
u khoan c c phn loi theo cc du hiu sau:
1) Theo tn s p:
- Loi bnh thng (tn s p f 2000 ln/ph);
- Loi tn s cao (f > 2000 ln/ph).
2) Theo nguyn tc xoay chong khoan:
- Loi c c cu xoay ph thuc;
- Loi c c cu xoay c lp.
3) Theo phng php s dng:
- Loi khoan tay;
- Loi khoan ct;
- Loi khoan c gi .
4) Theo khi lng:
- Loi nh: khi lng m 18kg
- Loi trung bnh: khi lng m = 20kg
- Loi nng: khi lng m > 30kg.
5) Theo loi nng lng s dng dn ng:
- Ba khoan p kh nn.
- Ba khoan p thu lc.
- Ba khoan p chy in.
a s ba khoan s dng nng lng kh nn (p sut kh nn 0,5-0,6
MPa) dng khoan l khoan hng bt k, ng knh chong khoan 28
85 mm v chiu su khoan t 4 25 m trong t c cng khc nhau.
Khi khoan c th thu bi kh hoc kh bi bng cht lng (nc). Nc
vi lu lng < 4 lt/ph c truyn vo gng l khoan qua rnh trung tm
ca chong khoan vi p sut 0,5-0,6 MPa.
Ba khoan tay v khoan ct c u im l c th s dng khoan l
khoan nm ngang, nghing v t trn xung. Ba khoan c gi dng
khoan l t di ln.
khoan nhng l khoan ng knh 50-70 mm vi chiu su 5-20 m
thng t ba khoan trn cc xe khoan t hnh chy bng bnh lp hoc
xch, cc ba khoan ny c cng sut ln v c c cu xoay c lp. Gn y
ngi ta a vo s dng ba khoan p thu lc c nng sut cao hn
ba khoan p kh nn.
II. Dng c khoan
Dng c khoan cho cc my khoan tuyn tunnel ngm gm c chong
khoan v mi khoan.
1. Chong khoan
Chong khoan (cn c gi l ty khoan hoc cn khoan) c cng dng
truyn lc dc trc v mmen xon t my khoan ti mi khoan ct ph t
.
- Theo phng thc ch to, lp ghp gia chong v mi khoan th
chong khoan gm hai loi: loi lin v loi c u khoan tho lp c.
+ Chong khoan loi lin c ch to t thp c bit, mt u dng
ph v t gi l u khoan (mi khoan), cn u kia lp vi on chong
khc hoc trc tip vi ba khoan bng ren ngoi vi ba khoan gi l ui
chong.
Hnh 3.8. Chong khoan loi lin c ch to lin vi mi khoan

+ Chong khoan c mi khoan tho lp c bao gm: cn khoan c ui
lp vi on chong khc hoc trc tip vi ba khoan bng ren ngoi v lp
vi mi khoan bng ren trong .
- Theo ng knh: c loi < 85mm, 100-105mm; 155 - 160mm; 190 -
200mm;
- Chong khoan ri c ni vi mi khoan nh nh ren cn (gc cn
3030).
- B chong khoan gm t hp cc chong khoan dng khoan ht
su mt l khoan. Chong i tin phong c ghp ren trong vi mi khoan
thng l chong ngn nht trong t hp gi l chong t ph. Gia cc
chong khoan c ni vi nhau nh chi tit mng-xng ren trong.
- Chong khoan thng c ch to t thp 55C-2, 278 c tit
din trn hoc 6 cnh c l trung tm ng knh 6-8 mm cp nc thi
phoi khoan.
Hnh 3.9. Chong khoan loi ri (chong t ph) mt u c ren trong
ghp vi mi khoan, u cn li l ren ngoi ghp vi on chong khc
nh mng xng
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn lm gim tui th ca chong l
cht lng cc tm hp kim cng khng cao, cha hon thin cng ngh hn,
trnh phc hi dng c khoan cn km, c bit l vic mi li chong
khoan.
M v Thu in ngi ta sn xut mt s lng ln cc mu chong
c dk = 76 - 229mm khng c li vt trc c kch thc v trng lng
cao, c bit l hnh dng thay i trn tru trnh c tp trung ng sut, ci
thin c ch tiu truyn nng lng p t piston. Vic ni chong vi v
thng l bng mi ghp then hoa.
2. Mi khoan
Tu thuc vo cng v cu to ca t m ngi ta s dng cc
loi mi khoan c hnh dng khc nhau. Ph bin l mi khoan ch thp (+) v
ch nht (-). Loi ch nht m bo tc khoan ln nht trong c chc, t
nt n, loi ch thp dng khoan t nt n mnh.
Mi khoan c trc tip lp vo u cn khoan (loi tho lp), mi khoan
c hn li bng thp hp kim c cng v chu c mi mn cao.
Li khoan lin tc hnh phin ch nht d ch to v sa cha n gin,
nng lc thch ng vi rt tt, thch hp vi loi my khoan chy bng kh
nn cng sut nh, rt hp vi vic khoan l mn trong loi cng va tr
xung, song tc khoan rt chm v trong loi c nhiu vt nt th d b
kt khoan.
Li khoan hnh phin lin tc hnh ch thp (+) ch to v sa cha
tng i phc tp, thch hp vi cc my khoan ln chy bng sc gi hoc
thu lc cng sut v tn s tng i cao, dng khoan l mn trong cc loi
nham thch, nht l trong cc loi c cng cao, hoc nhiu khe nt, hiu
qu rt tt v tc cng nhanh.
ng knh ca mi khoan thng dng khoan l mn c: 8mm, 40mm,
42mm, 45mm, 48mm Mi khoan dng khoan l mn cn c loi ng
knh t n 102mm, thm ch cn ln hn. Mi khoan v chong khoan u
c ng cp phun nc, c p sut c th thng qua ti l trn mi khoan
dp bi khoan. Cu to mi khoan xem hnh 3.4.
Hnh 3.10. Mi khoan v li ct tho c dng cho khoan cm tay:

a - mi khoan mt li; b - mi khoan ch thp; c- mi khoan c li ct vt trc; d- mi
khoan c hnh ch T; e - li ct dng khoan xoay.
1 thn mi khoan; 2 thn li ct; 3 - tm hp kim cng
Hnh 3.11 Mi khoan:

a) dng cho t mm nh than, b) dng cho t cng. 1-thn, 2- chui, 3- li ct, 4 dao
ct cnh vi li lm bng hp kim cng quay v pha quay ca mi khoan, 5 - cnh sau
III. Cc loi my khoan nh v trung bnh

Cc my khoan nh c hai nhm: nhm my khoan cm tay v nhm
my khoan ct chng. Cc loi my khoan ny c dn ng bng in, kh
nn v thu lc hoc hn hp.
Cc my khoan quay cm tay thng khoan cc l khoan c ng
knh nh hn 50 mm, v dng khoan t mm c cng f < 6.
Hnh 3.12. My khoan cm tay TY24 Hand drill ca hng Sandvik loi
nh dn ng kh nn
Cc my khoan quay dng chn chng dng khoan cc l
khoan c ng knh nh hn 50 mm v dng khoan t c cng
trung bnh f < 8. Cc my ny c cng sut v trng lng ln hn so vi cc
my khoan quay cm tay v khi khoan c t trn chn chng c nh kp
vo sn v nc tunnel, i khi gia chn chng v my cn c mt tay my
iu khin.
Hnh 3.13. My khoan ct chng TY85 Leg drill ca hng Sandvik loi
nng trung bnh dn ng thu lc
Trn hnh 3.14 l s thu lc dn ng my khoan quay dng chn

chng dn ng in. ng c in 10 truyn m men xon ti cc cp
bnh rng 9, 4, 5 v 3 quay ng lng 2 i tip qua trc 1. Trc 1 c hai tc
quay, tc quay ny c thay i nh chuyn s n khp gia bnh rng 6
vi bnh rng 5 hoc 7. Cc xilanh thu lc 8 c nhim v m bo lc t mi
khoan v y n di chuyn vo su vi tc ph hp v hnh trnh ng
bng hnh trnh ca cc pistng. H thng cung cp du thu lc cao p gm:
Bm du thu lc 12 c dn ng bi ng c in s 10 qua cp bnh
rng 11 ht du t thng du thu lc 17 qua phin lc 16 ti van phn phi 14.
iu khin cn gt 15 ng hoc m van cho du vo bn tri hoc bn
phi ca xi anh thu lc 8 y hoc rt trc khoan quay s 1.
Hnh 3.14 : S nguyn l h thng dn ng hn hp my khoan quay dng

chn chng c
Khi iu khin cn 15 th l xo pistng ca van b nn hoc nh ra, cng

vi l s hiu chnh lc nn ca trc 1 ln gng khoan.
IV. Cc loi u khoan
C ba loi u khoan c phn loi theo h thng dn ng l: u
khoan kh nn, u khoan in v u khoan thy lc. Trong u khoan kh
nn v thy lc c s dng ph bin trong thi cng cc thuyn ngm.
1. u khoan kh nn
My khoan chy bng kh nn thng gi l my khoan gi. My chy
bng sc y ca kh nn. My c u im l kt cu n gin, ch to v sa
cha d dng, thao tc tin li, s dng an ton (xem hnh 3.15). Nhng bn
cnh vic cung ng kh nn tng i phc tp, hiu sut my thp, tiu
hao nng lng ln, ting n ln, tc chm hn so vi my chy bng thu
lc.
Hnh 3.15. My khoan dn ng bng kh nn

Cc loi my khoan chy bng kh nn thng ch dng khoan t
c cng trung bnh, thng l cc my khoan cm tay, my khoan ct
chng. Mt s u khoan kh nn c lp trn cc my t hnh nhng do
nng sut thp, tc khoan chm nn ngy nay t c dng m ngi ta
thng dng u khoan thu lc.
Hnh 3.16. Ba chn hi cm tay:

1- u ni cn; 2- ai c ni; 3 tay cm; 4 van; 5 - thit b khi ng; 6 qu p;
7 v ba; 8 chong khoan
Dng c bng tay chnh ph t l ba chn hi (hnh 3.16) qu

p pistng. Ba tay chn hi hot ng theo nguyn l bin th nng ca kh
nn thnh c nng p ca chong, di tc dng ca qu p ng nng ny
s ph t. Kh nn c dn ti qu p nh ng dn mm. Khi nn ln cn
th kh nn chy vo qu p lm cho n lm vic, khi dng n vo tay cm 3
th ng dn kh nn b chn li v ba ngng lm vic. C cu cng tc ca
ba chn hi l chong thp s 8. Tu thuc vo cng ca t m s
dng chong khoan thng, dng li xng, dng li c hoc dng ba
m. Cc c cu cng tc ny ghp vi hp ba bng vng chp hoc l xo
cn.
Ba ph hi cm tay cng hot ng theo nguyn l ca ba chn hi
cm tay, nhng c kch thc ln hn v nng hn nn mi ln p n truyn
vo t mt ng nng ln hn ph t. Ngi ta s dng ba ph hi cm
tay p ph t c cng trung bnh v dng khoan ct b tng v.v
Hnh 3.17. S cu tao my khoan xoay p kh nn:

1- u lp chong khoan; 2 xoay; 3 - trc xoay; 4 rnh then hoa; 5 hp bnh cc vi -
cu dng xon c; 6, 7 rnh then hoa trn thanh truyn pstng qu p;
8,9,10 ln lt l l xo, con cc (ly, cht) v
2. u khoan thu lc
u khoan thu lc bin p sut cao ca du thu lc thnh c nng
khin cho pistng vn ng qua li thc hin cc va p xung kch. Nguyn l
lm vic ca u khoan thu lc xem hnh 3.18.
So snh my khoan thu lc v my khoan gi th my khoan thu lc
c cc c im chnh nh sau:
- Tiu hao nng lng t, hiu sut cao. Tiu hao nng lng ca my
khoan thu lc ch bng 1/3 1/2 ca my khoan gi trong khi hiu sut c
th t 30 40% (my khoan gi ch t 15%).
- Tc khoan nhanh: my khoan chy bng thu lc c tc nhanh
hn 50 150% so vi my khoan bng sc gi. Trong hoa cng, tc
khoan su ca my khoan thu lc c th t 170 cm/pht.
- My khoan chy bng thu lc c h thng thu lc c thit k
ng b hp l, c th t ng iu tit tn sut xung kch, mn men xon, lc
y v tham s khc. Thch hp vi nham thch tnh cht khc nhau, c th
nng cao hiu sut cng tc, nh iu kin bi trn tt nn tui th cc linh
kin chnh kh cao.
Hnh 3.18 . Nguyn l lm vic ca my khoan thy lc:

1- chong khoan; 2- u cp nc; 3-b bnh rng quay; 4-l xo gim chn; 5-giong bt kn;
6-pstng xung kch; 7-b phn iu tit lu lng du; 8- inh c iu tit lu lng;
9-mt thu lc; 10- khp ni; 11-trc truyn ng; 12 - b phn tr nng lng;
13-bnh rng ch ng; 14- bi quay.
- Mi trng c bo v tt, ting n ca khoan thu lc so vi

khoan gi thp (khong 10dB15dB). Khoan thu lc khng dng kh nn nn
khng gy nhim khng kh. Hin nay khoan thu lc c dng rng ri
trong cng trnh ng hm.
- My khoan thu lc c cu to phc tp, gi thnh tng i cao,
trng lng ln, linh kin lp rp nhiu, phn ln phi lp trn xe ti s
dng.
ph t c cng cao v m ci gp phi trong qu trnh o l,
ngi ta s dng ba ph thu lc (hnh 3.19). Ba ph thu lc cm tay vi
chong khoan dng hnh ci nm c cu to gm:
xilanh thu lc tc dng hai chiu v b
phn cng tc l chong dng nm c th
tho c v c kp bi hai tm p
bng l xo (ma st p dng l xo) . t
gng l b ph bi tc dng ca lc kep
gia chong khoan hnh nm ln thnh l
khoan ph t. Khi nm tin su vo
Hnh 3.19: Ba ph thu lc cm t th m kp dong, m kp vo thnh l
tay: khoan v ph t. Sau nm khoan tt
1 xilanh thu lc tc dng hai chiu; 2 v ht c n v tr ban u bng cch
chong khoan thp hnh nm ng van iu khin.
3.4. C my khoan hm l t hnh

I. Khi nim v phn loi c my khoan hm l t hnh.
1. Gii thiu chung v c my khoan hm l t hnh
Nu lp nhiu my khoan ln mt my c s t hnh c chng cho
php nhiu my hot ng ng thi, iu khin tp trung v c gii ho gn
nh hon ton - l c my khoan hm l t hnh.
Hnh 3.20. My khoan hm l t hnh bnh lp

C my khoan hm l t hnh dng khoan cc l khoan cho cc
tuyn tunnel ngm c cng t khc nhau. Cc l khoan c khoan dc
theo trc ca tuyn ngm thi cng, i khi khoan nghing, thm ch khoan
ngang hng vo vch v nc tunnel. C my khoan hm l t hnh c c
gii ho hon ton t khu nh v l khoan, khoan to l v k c np thuc n
vo l khoan. C my khoan hm l t hnh cho php nng cao iu kin lm
vic cho cng nhn hm l, cc c my hin i cn thc hin cng tc khoan
neo v thc hin mt s cng on trong cng tc gia c vch tunnel tm thi
sau nh mn.
2. Phn loi c my khoan hm l t hnh
Cc c my khoan hm l t hnh c phn loi theo cc du hiu
di y:
- Theo c cu di chuyn chng c chia lm ba nhm: nhm di chuyn
trn ray, nhm bnh xch v nhm bnh lp.
- Theo kh nng c ng ca tay my chng c chia lm hai nhm:
nhm my khoan mt trc v nhm my khoan kt hp c mt trc v
khoan vung gc.
- Theo dng nng lng dn ng u khoan cng tc chng c chia
lm 3 nhm: nhm khoan kh nn, nhm khoan in v nhm my khoan thu
lc.
Hin nay cc my t hnh thng l my khoan di chuyn bnh lp,
bnh xch vi tay my nh mt cnh tay r-bt c th nh v mi khoan t
ng theo hng v v tr bt k. Ngoi ra chng cn c trang b ng thi
nhiu tay my khoan vi u khoan cng tc c th thay i cho ph hp vi
iu kin a cht t . Cc my khoan thi cng tuyn ngm ca cc hng
sn sut ni ting trn th gii c trang b h thng iu khin nh v t
ng c lp trnh sn cho mi mt h chiu khoan.
3. Gii thiu mt s loi my khoan hm l t hnh
Di y xin gii thiu s b mt s my khoan hm l t hnh v
ang c s dng thi cng cc tuyn tunnel ngm trn th gii cng nh ti
Vit nam trong thi gian gn y:
Trn hnh 3.21 l my khoan hm l t hnh bnh st. My ny c cu
to t 4 cm chnh l: c cu t y dn hng dng vt 1; u khoan p -
quay 2 chy theo dn hng ca c cu 1; tay my 3 v c cu di chuyn
bnh st 4. My ny c s dng khoan l n mn cho cc tunnel c mt ct
gng o t 6 - 20 2. My c th dng khoan l lp neo gia c vch v
nc tunnel vi c chiu cao khng nh hn 4,2 m. C cu t y dn hng
dng vt 1 va di chuyn mi khoan vo gng o va m bo lc p cn
thit. Nh c tay my 3, my khoan c th di chuyn trn ton b gng o
v c nh ti mt v tr khoan. Trn c cu di chuyn ca c my c trang b
thit b ngom bnh st vo ray v cc chn chng lm cho my khoan ng
vng chc khi khoan.
Hnh 3.21. My khoan hm l t hnh bnh st:
1 c cu t y dn hng dng vt; 2 u khoan; 3 tay my;
4 c cu di chuyn bnh st
Hnh 3.22. My khoan hm l t hnh bnh lp

vi ba tay my ba u khoan
My khoan hm l t hnh bnh lp (hnh 3.22) c cu to t nhng

cm chnh sau: u khoan 3 vi c cu t y dn hng 1, tay my 2, khung
v c cu di chuyn bnh lp 4, h thng dn ng 6, bng iu khin 5.
My di chuyn ti st gng o, ng v tr hp l, sau dng cc
chn chng thu lc chng xung sn tunnel tng n nh khi ng
khoan.
4. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca my khoan hm l t hnh:
- Chiu cao ti thiu ca tunnel;
- Din tch gng o tunnel trung bnh;
- M hiu u my khoan;
- M hiu cn v mi khoan ph hp;
- S tay my v loi tay my;
- Kch thc tng th (di, rng, cao) v tng trng lng;
- Bn knh quay max v min.
Hnh 3. 33. My khoan hm l t hnh bnh lp Rocket Boomer E3C ca hng

Atlas Copco Canada, iu khin thu lc vi ba tay my, ba u khoan p quay
thu lc loi COP 1838ME
II. Cc c cu cng tc chnh trong c my khoan hm l t hnh
1. C cu t y dn hng:
Vi c cu t y dn hng 1 c nhim v y, di chuyn u khoan
qua chong v mi khoan vo gng khoan v dn hng u khoan 3 trong
hnh trnh khoan v hnh trnh rt mi khoan ra khi l khoan v v tr ban u
theo tt c cc hng nh v trc khi khoan.
C hai loi c cu t y: loi c chiu di c nh v loi c chiu di
thay i. Loi c chiu di khng i c s dng trong cc tuyn ngm c
mt ct ngang v chiu di ln, loi c chiu di thay i thng c dng ng
lng, c dng cho cc tunnel c tit din mt ct ngang nh, cho php tng
tnh c ng khi rt ngn.
- V mt kt cu th c cu t y c chia thnh cc nhm sau: nhm
dng vt, xch, dng cp.
- Theo kiu dn ng th c cu t y c chia lm hai nhm: nhm
dn ng bi ng c v nhm dn ng bi c cu pstng-xilanh.
- Theo kiu dn ng c 3 nhm: nhm dn ng in, kh nn v thu
lc.
C cu t y dn hng c cc thng s k thut chnh sau: chiu di
hnh trnh thng nm trong khong 24,5 m; Lc y mi khoan nm trong
khong 1,520 N; khi lng nm trong khong 30850 kg (thng th
nng 350 kg). Tc dch chuyn trong hnh trnh cng tc nh hn 0,3 m/s,
cn khi rt ra t 0,2 n 0,4 m/s.
Hnh 3.34. C cu t y dn
hng u khoan:
a - dng vt chiu di khng i;
b - dng vt chiu di thay i
Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu t y dn hng u khoan (hnh 3.34,

a) nh sau: c cu t y dn hng u khoan dng vt chiu di khng i
gm khung 6, gi trt 5 u khoan 4, pha trong khung 6 c vt c trn
hai vng bi 2 quay c bi dn ng 1. Khi vt quay, cu (ai c) 10 hn c
nh vi gi trt 5 chuyn ng tnh tin v lun n khp vi vt, y u
khoan cng vi chong v mi khoan v pha trc, v chuyn ng ngc li
khi vt quay ngc li trong hnh trnh rt mi khoan. Khung 6 c dng kt cu
thp hn.
Gi chong khoan c nh 8 gi cho chong lun thng trong qu
trnh khoan. Mi t 9 pha u khung c nhim v nh v v c nh c cu t
y. Khi chiu di chong khoan ln hn 5m th ngi ta trang b thm gi
di ng 7 tng n nh ca chong khoan.
Trn hnh 3.34, b l s cu to c cu t y dn hng u khoan
dng vt chiu di thay i gm: khung di 5 vi vt 3 v khung trn 8 vi vt 7.
Vt 3 quay c nh dn ng 6, qua cc bnh rng 4 v 2 lm quay vt 7. Khi
vt 3 quay, c 2 kh nng lm vic ca bnh rng 4 xy ra: hoc ko khung 8
cng u khoan 1 di chuyn so vi khung 5, hoc qua bnh rng 2 quay vt 7
ti ai c 9 lm cho u khoan di chuyn theo dn hng ca khung trn 8.
2. Tay my:
Tay my l c cu rt quan trng trong my khoan hm l t hnh. Tay
my c nhim v di chuyn u khoan cng vi c cu t y dn hng trong
khng gian pha trc gng o c nh v tr v hng khoan trn mt
gng o ph hp vi h chiu khoan c ph duyt trc khi tin hnh
khoan.
Cc yu cu i vi tay my ca my khoan hm l t hnh: tc di
chuyn phi cao, i hi chnh xc khi nh v v n nh sau khi nh
v xong nh lc p y vo mi t, t ng gi hng song song ca c cu t
y di chuyn khi nh v ngoi ra tay my phi quay c cc gc nghing bt
k ph hp vi yu cu gc nghing ca l khoan.
Trn hnh 3.35 l cu to tay my quay ZR600, ZR650, ZR900 ca
hng Tamrock (Phn Lan) vo nhng nm 80 th k 20 cho php tay my quay
t do nhng vn gi c cu t y lun song song.
Hnh 3.35. Tay my:

1 b t vo khung my; 2 c cu quay tay my sang tri v sang phi; 3 tay my; 4 c
cu quay phn u ca tay my; 5 c cu nng h cm t y dn hng;
6 xilanh thu lc nng-h tay my
III. Cc bin php an ton khi vn hnh my khoan v nng sut my

khoan hm l t hnh
1. Cc bin php an ton khi khoan l khoan n mn
My khoan, cc thit b g, dng c khoan c la chn tu thuc
vo tnh cht c-l ca t khoan, kch thc mt ct ngang ca gng
o, dnh ca t , kh nng c kh gas gy chy n v.vTrong qu trnh
khoan l n mn cn lu :
- Trc khi khoan phi tin hnh lm sch gng l, sau di chuyn
mi khoan vo v tr l mi ph hp vi h chiu khoan thit k;
- Khi khoan, ty khoan phi c kp vo ui mt cch chc chn bng
thit b g kp c chng;
- Khng cho ngi vo di tay my khoan;
- La chn phng php khoan ph hp vi c tnh c l ca t v
phng php khoan.
- Khng nghing lch ty khoan so vi ng tm ca l khoan;
- Lun theo di cc mi ghp ca cc thit b trn my khoan;
- Th my lun lun phi theo di qu trnh khoan trnh khng cc
ng ng, dy cp in cng nh bt k vt no tip xc vi ty khoan ang
quay;
- Cm khoan m khng c cc bin php dp bi khoan bng nc;
- Khi khoan th my phi mc qun o bo h c chng. Cm di
chuyn thit b khoan khi cha ngt in.
2. Nng sut k thut ca my khoan hm l t hnh
Nng sut k thut ca my khoan hm l t hnh c xc nh bng
chiu di khoan su tnh bng m trong mt gi lm vic k c thi gian thc
hin cc cng tc ph tr v s l s c khi vn hnh my trong mt iu kin
c th.
m/h [3.1]
trong : Q nng sut k thut, m/h; - h s sn sng ca my; k0 h
s xt n hiu qu ca cc mi khoan ng thi; n s lng tay my c
trn c my; Vm tc khoan, m/ph; vox tc rt mi khoan, m/ph (xc
nh bng kh nng k thut ca c cu t y); 3 - thi gian thay mi khoan,
pht; chiu su khoan ca mi khoan sau mt ln thay (hoc mt ln mi
i + mi)-, m; thi gian chuyn mi khoan t l khoan ny sang l khoan
tip theo, pht; thi gian khoan mt l khoan, pht; L chiu su l
khoan theo thit k, .
Tc khoan Vm ph thuc ch yu vo cng ca t. cng ca
t cng l c s xc nh chn loi u khoan loi no (khoan quay
thun tu, khoan quay-p hay l khoan p quay). V d vi t mm c
cng f nh hn 8 th chn u khoan quay thun tu; khoan t c cng
trung bnh t f = 8 12 chn u khoan quay-p v vi t c cng f
ln hn 12 chn u khoan p-quay.
H s sn sng ca my - thay i tu thuc vo kt cu my v tui
i ca my v ly trong khong t 0,7 n 0,9.
H s k n hiu qu ca cc mi khoan ng o = 1; 0,8; 0,7 khi s tay
my tng ng l 1; 2; 6.
Chng IV. My thi cng tuyn ngm
bng cng ngh khin v t hp khin
4.1. Cng ngh o kn bng khin v t hp khin, thit b v phn loi
I. Cc cng ngh o kn kt hp khin
Lch s cng ngh thi cng o tuyn ngm ton tit din bng khin v
t hp khin (Shield method) bt u t nhng nm u th k trc. Trc
khin o l u tin c ch to bi k s Brunel (Php) l mt khin th
cng hnh ch nht c kch thc 6,8 x11,4 m c dng thi cng tuyn
tunnel ngm qua y sng Thames London vo th k XIX.
V bn cht khin o l (shield) l mt loi kt cu kim loi di ng
(nh kch), c nhim v m bo an ton cho cng tc xy dng ng hm t
o t ti lp t v tunnel trnh st l vch v gng o.
C th hiu s b cng ngh thi cng o kn bng khin nh sau:
ngi ta a vo lng t mt kt cu c hn t cc kt cu thp, c hnh
dng ging ht hnh dng mt ct ngang ca tuyn ngm cn o, trong lng
kt cu thp cc ngi th s tin hnh tt c cc cng on thi cng t
khu o t, bc xc v vn chuyn t ln trn b mt t, thi cng v tunnel
v sau bng kch vt hoc kch thu lc y kt cu thp m ta gi l khin
tin ln mt on ng bng chiu di on v tunnel thi cng xong
tip tc mt chu k thi cng tun hon tip v c nh vy lp li ta c mt
tuyn tunnel i ngm trong t vi v b tng ct thp vnh cu.
1) Khin th cng kt hp khoan - n mn: Phng n ny c s dng
khi o tunnel qua vng c iu kin a cht n nh, t nc ngm. Bn cht
ca cng ngh ny l khoan to l, n mn, bc xc t vn chuyn v cui
cng l thi cng v tunnel lin khi di s che chng ca khin. im khc
bit so vi cng ngh n mn trong nn t cng l c c cu khin th
cng che chng m khng cn khoan neo gia c vch v nc l tm thi.
2) Khin th cng kt hp my o lin hp (combai): Phng n ny
c s dng khi o tunnel qua vng c iu kin a cht n nh, t nc
ngm. t c o bi my o lin hp, dng khin th cng gi vch
v nc l v trong lng khin ny s xy v tunnel vnh cu. S b tr thit b
ging nh trn hnh 1.4, im khc bit chnh l cu kin g hay thp lm che
chn tm thi s 3 l kt cu khin th cng t di chuyn v pha trc nh
kch.
3) Khin th cng kt hp o th cng loi thng (non pressure
blance): Phng n ny c s dng khi o tunnel qua vng c iu kin
a cht n nh, t nc ngm v chiu di tunnel nh hn 750m. Di s che
chng ca khin th cng, t c o bi sc ngi bng dng c th cng,
my khoan cm tay hoc ba chn hi vv v tunnel c lp t nhng mnh
v ch to sn ngay trong khin, v khin di chuyn ln pha trc nh cc
kch thu lc y vo chnh phn v tunnel va thi cng xong.
4) Khin th cng ng dng kh nn: Phng n ny c p dng khi
t yu, ngm nc v chiu di tunnel nh hn 750m. Theo phng n ny
th di s che chng ca khin th cng t c o bi sc ngi kt
hp cuc xng, my khoan cm tay hoc ba chn hi vvtrong iu kin p
sut cao gi gng o khng b st l. Trong cng ngh ny ngi th
phi lm vic trong iu kin khng kh p sut cao d sinh bnh ging chm.
Trn hnh 4.1 ta c th thy vch ngn 6 ngn khoang thi cng 2 c p lc cao
vi khoang 8 p lc bnh thng. Kh nn c cp bi my nn kh 12 qua
ng ng dn kh nn 9. Ton b cng tc o t, lp rp c t chc
trong khoang 2 vi iu kin p sut cao, khi mt on tunnel di ngi ta
di chuyn vch 6 vo v tr mi tip tc mt chu k tip theo.
Hnh 4.1. S thi cng tunnel ng dng kh nn kt hp khin

th cng v bn th cng:
1 khin; 2 khoang thi cng; 3 my lp rp v tunnel; 4 camera an ton; 5 cu
thot him; 6 vch ngn chu p sut; 7 cabin ra vo; 8 khoang p lc khng kh bnh
thng; 9 ng dn kh nn; 10 cng trc; 11 - ging ng; 12 my nn kh
II. Cng ngh o kn bng t hp khin
Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc thit b thi cng tuyn ngm
th t nhng khin th cng s khai ban u nay c ci tin v hon thin
hn nhiu. Ngy nay khi ni n thi cng bng khin ta hiu l cng ngh m
thit b thi cng l mt t hp xy lp tuyn ngm c bo v bi khin
(shield) c kch thc ging ht mt ct ngoi ca tuyn tunnel cn xy dng,
khin ny ngoi nhim v che chng p lc a tng cn c th tin ln trong
a tng. Bn trong v khin ny l c mt t hp xy dng, on u khin c
mm dao ct ct t (mm dao trn phng nh ci mm trn b mt c
cc a ct nn i khi cn c dch l my thng hm tm phng), pha sau
mm dao l khoang che chng gng o, on gia ca khin c lp cc
kch y cho mm dao tin ln, ui ca khin lp cc ng b tng v hm c
sn hoc cc vnh thp b tng v hm vnh cu. Mi ln khin tin ln
c ly mt vng (mt t), th s lp t (hoc ti ch) mt vng v hm di
s che chng ca khin, ng thi ngi ta s p va xi mng c ph gia vo
khoang h pha sau lng v tunnel gi n nh tng t sau thi cng, trnh
cho mt t khng b ln xung. y khin tin v pha trc cc gi ta
u mt ca cc xi lanh thu lc c chng vo t v tunnel cui cng va
lp t xong y khin tin ln.
Khi thi cng trong nn cng ngi ta dng cc chn chng thu lc
(GRIPPER SHOES) t vo vch l y t hp khin tin ln. C hai loi t
hp o l trong cng: t hp my o cng khng cn khin bo v v
t hp my o cng vi khin bo v (loi n v loi i).
1. T hp khin thng (non pressure balance): Dng o tunnel trong
iu kin a cht tt t nc ngm, chiu di tunnel > 750m. Trong cng
ngh ny tt c mi cng on u c c gii ho hon ton, t
c o ra nh mm dao pha trc t hp khin.
2. T hp khin gi gng o bng t EPB: T hp ny c dng
o tunnel ti nhng vng t yu, t chy nhng t thm nc dng
t st v pha st. Trn th gii c dng thi cng cc tuyn Metro
ngm trong thnh ph, qua y sng, y bin ni c iu kin a cht
nh ni trn. Chi tit s cng ngh v b tr thit b xem trong
chng sau.
3. T hp khin gi gng o bng dung dch betonite SPB: T hp ny
c dng o tunnel ti nhng vng t yu, t chy rt nhiu
nc ngm. Dung dch betonite cng vi gi kh nn to ra p lc ln
khng ch p lc nc ngm, m bo cho gng o khng b st
l. Trn th gii c dng thi cng cc tuyn Metro ngm trong
thnh ph, qua y sng, y bin ni c iu kin a cht nh ni
trn.
4. T hp khin hn hp Mix shield: y l t hp khin hot ng trn
nguyn tc gi gng o ca c hai loi khin trn. T hp ny c
thit k theo modul, tc l theo tng cm c th thay th linh hot. Nh
phng n trn cc cm ca t hp c th thay i tu thuc vo yu
cu gi gng o tng ng vi tng iu kin a cht c th. S
cng ngh v b tr thit b theo c hai t hp SPB v SPB chng 4.
4.2. Khin v t hp khin

I. Phn loi khin v t hp khin
Khin c nhiu loi, song c th phn loi theo cc du hiu sau: theo
mc c gii ho; theo cng dng ca tunnel; theo phng php bo v
gng o, theo cng ngh o l v theo tit din mt ct ngang ca tunnel
o v.v
* Theo mc c gii ho o bc xc t , vn chuyn t v xy
lp v tunnel, cc t hp khin o hm l c chia thnh nhng nhm sau:
+ Khin o l th cng;
+ Khin o l bn th cng;
+ T hp khin o l c gii ho 100%.
Theo cng dng ca tunnel cc t hp khin o l c chia lm hai
nhm:
+ Nhm t hp khin o l chuyn dng o tunnel dnh cho giao
thng nh cc t hp o ng hm metro, ng hm t, ng hm
ng st v.v
+ Nhm t hp khin o l chuyn dng o tunnel cho h tng c s
th nh ng ng thot nc, ng ng lp t cc cp in, vin thng
v.v
* Theo phng n chng st l gng o cc t hp khin o l c
chia lm bn nhm sau:
+ Nhm t hp khin o l trong t c kh nng t n nh, khng c
khoang bo v gng o (non Pressure Balance Shields);
+ Nhm t hp khin o l bo v gng o bng khoang cha t
(Earth Pressure Balance Shields);
+ Nhm t hp khin o l bo v gng o bng khoang thu lc
(Bentonite-Slurry Supported Shields);
+ Nhm t hp khin o l bo v gng o hn hp (Mix Pressure
Balance Shields).
* Theo s khin trong mt t hp, cc t hp khin o l c chia lm cc
nhm sau:
+ Nhm t hp khin o l vi mt khin bo v - Single Shield TBM;
+ Nhm t hp khin o l vi hai khin bo v - Double Shields;
+ Nhm t hp khin o l vi guc chng vo thnh l - Gripper TBM.
* Ngoi ra khin o l cn c phn loi theo cc du hiu khc nh:
1. Theo din tch mt ct tunnel o: Khin loi nh (ng knh nh hn
3,2 m), khin loi trung bnh (ng knh nh hn 5,2 m) v loi ln
(ng knh ln hn 5,2 m). T hp khin o tunnel ln nht hin nay
c ng knh 19m do hng Herrenknech CHLB. c sn xut bn
cho mt cng ty h tng c s Moskva.
2. Theo lnh vc ng dng o l cc khin o l c chia thnh cc
nhm sau:
- Khin o l dng o tunnel trong t ngp nc;
- Khin o l dng o tunnel trong t th ht c m bnh
thng;
- Khin o l dng o tunnel trong t n nh km c m
bnh thng;
- Khin o l dng o tunnel trong t c cng t 0,5 5 theo
bng chia ca GS Prkbvsky.
- Khin o l dng o tunnel trong t c cng ln hn 5 theo
bng chia ca GS. Prkbvsky.
3. Da vo hnh dng mt ct ca khin, khin c chia thnh cc nhm
sau:
+ Khin trn;
+ Khin hnh elp;
+ khin hnh ch nht;
+ Khin hnh mng nga.
Tunnel ngm c mt ct tit din ngang hnh trn c th chng li p lc
t v p lc nc tng i tt, lp rp v hm tng i n gin, c th
dng cu kin thng dng, d thay th, v th c dng tng i rng ri nn
cc t hp khin thng c dng tr trn.
Trn thc t c cc loi khin v t hp khin sau:
Khin th cng;
Khin bn th cng;
T hp khin loi thng khng c khoang bo v gng o;
T hp khin vi khoang gi gng o bng t (earth pressure
balance shield);
T hp khin vi khoang gi gng o bng dung dch betonite
(Slurrypressure balance shield);
T hp my o hm l trong nn cng;
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi khin v t hp khin c bit vi khoang gi
gng o bng kh nn. Loi ny l s kt hp khin th cng vi
khoang kh nn, khin bn th cng vi khoang kh nn.
II. u-nhc im ca khin o l
1. u im
a. Di s che chng ca khin c th o v xy v mt cch an ton.
b. Tc thi cng nhanh. Ton b qu trnh hot ng ca khin nh:
o, a t ra, lp rp v hm v.v... c th c gii ho, t ng ho
gim cng lao ng.
c. Qu trnh thi cng khng nh hng n giao thng v cng trnh trn
mt t cng nh giao thng thu.
d. Trong thi cng khng b nh hng bi thi tit.
e. Trong thi cng khng gy ting n v chn ng, khng gy nhim
mi trng xung quanh.
f. Xy dng trong ng hm di trong vng t mm yu ngm nc,
hoc di su lun c tnh u vit v mt k thut v kinh t, v th phng
php thi cng bng khin thch hp nht l xy dng ng hm trong a tng
ri rc, mm yu v c nc ngm, xy dng ng hm di y sng, trong
thnh ph (xy dng metro) v cc loi cng trnh h tng th khc.
2. Nhc im
Phng php thi cng bng khin thch hp vi ng hm di (c mt
s ti liu cho bit thi cng cc ng hm ngn hn 750m th khng kinh t).
Bi v khin l mt t hp thit b c gii rt t, c tnh chuyn dng rt cao,
mi loi thch hp vi iu kin thu vn, a cht, kch thc mt kt cu ring
c thit k ch to c bit, khng th thay i s dng mt cch tu tin
cho cc cng trnh ngm khc. Ngoi ra, nu ng hm c bn knh cong qu
nh hoc lp t ph trn hm qu nng th gp rt nhiu kh khn. ng
hm di y nc nu gp lp ph qu nng thi cng s khng an ton. Khi
thi cng bng khin nu dng phng php kh p sut cao n nh gng
o, th ngi lao ng rt d b bnh ging chm, v ngoi ra cn rt nhiu
bnh khc lin quan nn yu cu bo h i vi lao ng phi rt cao. Khi thi
cng bng khin rt kh trnh ln trong lp t pha trn, nht l ch tng t
mm yu li c nc, khi lp v hm phi ch phun va vo sau lng v
hm. Nhng khuyt im ni trn trong thi cng bng khin ang c nghin
cu khc phc.
Vi nhng tuyn ngm c chiu su khng ln lm nn thi cng bng
phng php o h v vi lp t ph nh cng vi iu kin a cht khng
n nh s dn ti hin tng st l t b mt (hnh 4.1). Nu v l do c bit
bt buc phi thi cng bng khin th phi c gii php n nh a tng hp l
v c bit khng c thi cng bng t hp khin Air- pressure balance.
Tuy nhin, gi thnh mt t hp my TBM l khng r, theo tnh ton nu
chiu di ca tuyn ngm nh hn 750 m th s dng t hp khin o ngm
khng hiu qu v mt kinh t. Mt khc, mi mt t hp khin o ngm ch
c hnh dng v kch thc ph hp vi mt tuyn ngm tunnel nht nh nn
vic dng t hp ca tuyn ny sang thi cng cho tuyn c mt ct tit din
khc l khng ph hp v di chuyn my gia cc cng trnh gp nhiu kh
khn do phi tho ri v kch thc my qu ln.
III. Phm vi ng dng ca khin v t hp khin o l
Phng php thi cng kn bng khin c ng dng trong xy dng
cng trnh ngm h tng k thut cc th nh: ng ngm thot nc,
ng cp in lc, vin thngm khng cn phi o bi gy cn tr nhp
sng th. Cng ngh ny c gi l cng ngh thi cng tunnel mt ct nh
Microtunnelling (hnh 4.2).
Phng php thi cng bng khin v t hp khin dng o cc tuyn
ngm i qua cc vng ni thay cho phng php khoan n mn xy dng
tunnel dn nc cho cc nh my thu in, cc tuyn ngm giao thng ng
st, ng b v.v
c bit cc t hp khin o l vi khoang cn bng p lc bng t
v bng dung dch bentonite dng thi cng cc tuyn ngm giao thng
nhng ni c iu khin a cht phc tp. Cc t hp khin ny v ang
c s dng xy dng cc tuyn giao thng ng st th (metro), cc
tuyn giao thng ng b ng st xuyn qua sng, eo bin v c nhng
vng t snh ly
Hnh 4.1. Hin tng st l t khi thi cng bng khin c su khng ln:
1 - v khin;1, - khong khng gian pha sau mm dao ct; 2 - khong khng gian pha sau v
tunnel sau lp rp phi c p y va; 3 - v tunnel sau lp rp; 4 mm dao ct; 4/ - t
pha trc mm dao b st l; 5 kch thu lc (lc u l kch vt); 6 - Thit b lp rp cc on
v l; 7 bng ti t ; 8 gong ch t bnh st; 9 cc on v tunnel cha lp
Hnh 4.2. S b tr thit b trong cng ngh thi cng tunnel mt ct nh

Microtunnelling
Trong tng s ng hm ngm thi cng bng phng php khin cc
nc khong 70% c xy dng cho dn nc, 30% dng cho Mtr v
ng t. Hin nay ng hm ngm di y sng c xy dng bng
phng php khin trn th gii c hn 20 tuyn, v s nghip pht trin
giao thng ng b, ng hm ngm t di y sng c xy dng
bng phng php khin cc nc s ngy mt tng ln.
Ti Vit nam - c th l TP. H Ch Minh v H Ni - v ang xc tin
thc hin hng lot cc tuyn ng st cao tc th, trong c nhiu tuyn
bt buc phi i ngm trong lng t. Vi c im a cht ca c hai thnh
ph l nn t yu c nhiu nc ngm, nhiu a im tuyn phi i qua cc
ti bn v.v th vic phi s dng cc t hp khin o l vi khoang cn bng
p lc hn hp bng t v bng dung dch bentonite (Mix pressure balance
shields) hin i l bt buc mc d gi thnh s b y ln rt cao.
IV. Cc hng ch to t hp khin o ngm ni ting trn th gii hin
nay c bit n vi nhng tn tui sau y:
1. Herrenknech CHLB. c;
2. LOVAT - Canada;
3. Robin Hoa k;
4. Wirth - CHLB. c;
5. Palmieri ITALIA;
6. Mitsubishi Hevy Industries - Nht bn.
4.3.KHIN O L TH CNG V BN TH CNG
I. Khin o l th cng
Nhng khin o l u tin l nhng khin o l th cng, chng n
gin ch l nhng kt cu kim loi di ng c mt ct khc nhau vi nhim v
chnh l chng st l vch v gng o. t c o bng xng, chong
v.v, sau ny ngi ta dng cc ba chn o v a t ra ngoi qua
tunnel xy dng bng cc gong chy trn ray hoc y bng sc ngi.
Khin o bng th cng l hnh thc c bn nht v n gin nht ca
khin, phn ln chng c dng o cc tuyn ngm khng di lm v
trong tng t c bn c th t n nh c. Ch yu l 5 b phn gp li
gm: khin, c cu y, c cu lp rp v cc thit b ph thuc khc (hnh
4.4).
Khin thng l hnh trn do cc tm thp hn li do ba b phn to
thnh: vng ming ct, thn khin v ui khin (hnh 4.3).
Hnh 4.3. Kt cu v khin th cng:

1- vng ming ct ; 2- thn khin; 3- ui khin; 4- sn gia c dc; 5- Sn gia c hnh vng
- Vng ming ct: Vng ming ct l b phn pha trc ca khin c lp
li dao (hnh 4.4), khi thi cng th ct v tin vo trong t. Li dao lm bng
thp cng chu c mi mn c sn tng cng v c ch to hnh vt,
do gim c lc cn khi tin vo lng t. Trong a tng n nh chiu di
vng ming ct pha trn v pha di bng nhau, tc l vng ming ct dng
tr trn. Khi o tuyn ngm vi t t n nh km th b phn trn ca vng
ct di hn b phn di, b phn di trn c gi l mi che, che
chn cho cng nhn c an ton khi o t. C loi khin c trang b
phn trn dng tht-th c kch iu khin c th ua di ra ng trc,
tng thm mi che chn.
- Thn khin: Thn khin l b phn gia ca khin l b phn chu lc
ch yu ca khin. Thn khin c cu to gm v ngoi, sn gia c hnh vng
v sn gia c hng dc hn li vi nhau. Sn gia c hnh vng c hn
hai u vng che chng, sn gia c hng dc c hn gia cc sn
gia c hnh vng. Cc kch vt ca khin s c b tr trong khoang ny vi
mt u ghp vi sn gia c hnh vng u sau, u cn li chng vo t v
b tng ct thp thi cng giai on trc y v khin tin ln su vo
lng t. tng thm cng, trong khoang ny ngi ta hn cc tm ngn
ng v tm ngn ngang.Trn tm ngn ngang ngi ta b tr sn cng tc
cho cng nhn ng trn o t.
Hnh 4.4. S b tr thit b
thi cng o kn bng khin th
cng:
1 - li dao lm bng thp cng chu
c mi mn; 1/ - vng ming ct;
2 - Cc tm ngn ng; 3 - sn
gia c hnh vng pha trc; 4 thn
khin; 5 ui khin; 6 giong
chng thm (mu ); 7 - va chng
co ngt c p vo sau khi lp v l
8 (mu xanh l cy)/; 8 - tm ngn
ngang lm sn thi cng cho th lm
vic; 9 kch; 9/ - sn gia c hnh
vng sau
- ui khin :ui khin nm b phn sau ca khin, l s ko di ca

v ngoi ca vng che chng c trang b giong 6 (hnh 4.4) mt trong.
Giong ny lun p cht vo mt ngoi ca v tunnel 8/. Tc dng ca n l bt
kn chu vi v hm phng nc ngm v vt liu va lt vo trong hm. ui
khin ng thi cng l ni tin hnh lp rp v hm, bm va x l l hng
sau lng v hm sau lp rp. V ngoi ca ui khin c ch to bng cc
thp tm mng cng cao, nhm gim thiu khe h m khin li sau khi
tin ln pha trc.
y khin di chuyn v pha trc ngi ta dng cc kch vt c chn
t vo phn v tunnel mi lp dng 8/ v y khin di chuyn v pha trc
thng qua sn gia c hnh vng sau 9/. Hin nay ngi ta s dng kch thu
lc thay cho kch vt t hiu qu cao hn v vic s dng kch thu lc
trong cng ngh o hm bng khin to ra mt c hch ng k tng
nng sut o l. Kch thu lc cng sut ln n nay vn l nhng cm my
chnh trong cc t hp khin o tunnel hin i.
II. Khin o l bn th cng
Khin o l bn th cng c chia lm hai nhm chnh l khin o l
bn th cng loi thng v khin o l bn th cng dng o tunnel cho
vng t ct kh chy t nc ngm.
1. Khin o l bn th cng loi thng
Hnh 4.5. T hp khin o l bn th cng loi thng:

1 - v khin; 2 - khong khng gian pha sau v tunnel sau lp rp phi c p y va; 3 -
v tunnel sau lp rp; 4 gng o; 5 kch thu lc (lc u l kch vt); 6 - thit b lp rp
cc on v l; 7 bng ti t ; 8 toa gong ch t bnh st; 9 tm v tunnel cha lp
Khi nim: Trong t hp khin o l bn th cng t c th o

bng cuc, xng, chong kt hp vi cc loi my khoan cm tay (sau ny l
my khoan cm tay v my khoan c ct chng), cc cng tc cn li do my
mc thc hin (hnh 4.5) c gi l khin o l bn th cng loi thng.
Cu to: Trn hnh 4.5 khoang 4 dnh cho th l o t; t ri xung di
c my xc lt vo toa gong a ra ngoi. Trong dy chuyn c my
lp rp v tunnel, ngoi ra cn c cc thit b ph tr khc.
2. Khin o l bn th cng dng o tunnel cho vng t ct kh
d st v khng c nc ngm
Khin o l bn th cng loi thng khi o vo on t ct chy,
kh khng c nc ngm th ct s st l xung khng kim sot c. gii
quyt tnh trng ngi ta trang b cho phn u ca t hp khin o l bn
th cng vi vch chng st c cu to t nhng tm ngang v cho,
nghing v thng ng, hng cho ct st chy theo nh hng c kim sot.
Thit b loi ny c gi l khin o l bn th cng loi o t ct kh
khng nc ngm.
Hnh 4.6. Khin o l loi bn c gii dng o hm trong vng t ct kh

t nc:
1 vng ta; 2 vng ming ct; 3 - tm chn ng; 4 tm trt; 5 - tm chn ngang; 6 - h
thng thu lc; 7 - xilanh thu lc iu khin gi gng o; 8 - tm p; 9 - v khin;
10 xilanh thu lc khin; 11 ngng chng vo v btng
Trn hnh 4.6 trnh by cu to khin o l loi bn c gii dng o

tunnel trong vng ct kh khng c nc. Cu to v hot ng ca n nh
sau: vng ming ct 2, vng ta gia cng 1, v khin 9 vi tm p 8 tng kh
nng chu ti c hn to thanh mt kt cu thp c dng hnh tr trn vng
chc. Pha trong kt cu tr trn ny ngi ta lp rp cc on v tunnel hnh
tr trn p st vo v thp. Ton b kt cu ny tin v pha trc nh cc kch
thu lc 10 m ngng ta 11 trn cn ca n t vo vng v b tng cui cng
lp rp. Sau cn ca cc xilanh thu lc 10 c rt li v ngi ta li
lp tip mt on v b tng tunnel bn trong ng khin ngng ta 11 t vo
y khin i tip. Cc tm chn ngang, nghing v dc to thnh cc cho
ct chy v c iu khin bi cc xilanh thu lc 7.
Trn tm chn ngang 5 c cc tm trt 4 th ra - tht vo khng ch
ct chy tu thuc vo gc chy t nhin ca t m iu chnh, cc tm ny
trt ra - vo nh cc xi lanh thu lc.
Cng tc bc xc ct, vn chuyn, thi cng lp rp v l pha sau
thng l c c gii ho hon ton. Khi mt ct ngang ca tunnel nh th
phi s dng cc khin o l bn c gii loi nh v vic bc t ct vo
gong c thc hin theo cch th cng.
4.4.T hp khin o l c gii loi thng (khng c khoang cn bng

p lc - Soft Ground Non Pressurized)
T hp m trong cng tc thi cng t khu o t ti hon chnh

tuyn ngm c c gii ho hon ton c gi t hp khin o l c gii
c gii ho hon ton. T hp khin o l c gii c gii ho hon ton c rt
nhiu loi v mi loi ph hp vi tng iu kin a cht c th. Di y ta
xt loi t hp khin o l loi thng, tc l n ch dng cho t mm t c
kh nng t n nh v khng hoc rt t nc ngm.
Trn hnh 4.7 l s cu to v b tr thit b ca t hp khin o
tunnel khng c khoang gi gng o. Mm dao 1 quay ct t v tin ln
pha trc. Cc c cu dn ng nm trong khin 2. Thit b bc xc t ct l
vt ti 3 vo thit b vn ti 5. Mt my lp rp dng lp rp v l. My lp
rp v vt ti nm trong ui khin cn my vn ti th c ni di trong lng
tuyn tunnel.
Hnh 4.7. T hp khin o l c gii ho hon ton loi thng: 1 mm dao ; 2

khin; 3 - bng ti a t ra khi khin; 4 - thit b lt (lp rp) v tunnel; 5 - thit b vn
ti
Trong t hp khin o l c gii ho hon ton loi thng(hnh 4.8)
pha trc khin 1 l mm dao 4 quay o t, my bc xc t dng ti gt
7 a t ra khi khin vo gong bnh st. Pha sau ca khin c b
tr my rp v tunnel 6 v cc thit b khc.
Mt s t hp khin o l c gii ho hon ton c trang b cc my
co v co t ln ln mng co, sau vo cc toa gong bnh st.
Trong t hp khin o l c gii ho hon ton c cu bc xc t i khi
cn c trang b cc c cu ph thc hin mt s cc chc nng khc.
Hnh 4.8. S cu to v phng n b tr thit b trong t hp khin o l

c gii ho hon ton loi thng khng c khoang cn bng p lc:
1 - v khin; 1, - khong khng gian pha sau mm dao ct; 2 - khong khng gian pha
sau v tunnel sau lp rp phi c p y va; 3 - v tunnel sau lp rp; 4 mm dao ct;
5 kch thu lc (lc u l kch vt); 6 my lp rp v tunnel; 7 bng ti t ;
8 gong ch t bnh st; 9 cc cu kin v tunnel cha lp rp
4.5.T hp khin o l vi khoang cn bng p lc bng t- Earth
pressure balance EPB
I. Cu to chung ca t hp khin o tunnel EPB
a) b)
Hnh 4.9. S cu to v b tr thit b trong t hp khin o tunnel gi
gng o bng p lc t EPB:
a) 1 - khin; 1 - khoang cn bng p lc gng o bng t; 2 khe h pha sau v tuy-
nen sau lp rp phi c p y va; 3 - v tuy-nen sau lp rp; 4 mm dao ct; 5
kch thu lc; 5 ca bin sa cha; 6 - my lp rp ; 7 vt ti v bng ti t ; 8
gong ch t bnh st; 9 cc ming v tunnel cha lp
b) 1. t; 2. mm dao; 3 khoang cn bng p lc bng t; 4 vch ngn; 5 - kch thu
lc; 6 - vt ti; 7 - my lp rp v tunnel; 8 v tunnel bng b tng ct thp hoc gang
xm
Hnh 4.10. M hnh cu to bn trong t hp khin o vi khoang cn bng p

lc gng o bng t - EPB (Hng Herrenknecht, CH LB c):
1 mm dao; 2 - khoang cha mt thu lc ng thi l khoang kn p sut cao cn bng p
lc chng st gng o; 3 - vch ngn kn khng khng kh thm qua; 4- xi lanh thu lc
y khin; 5 vt ti; 6 - my lp rp v tunnel; 7 - v tunnel sau lp rp
Thit b cng tc ch o. Mm dao ct 4 (Hnh 4.9. a) c dn ng

bi 3 mt thu lc cng sut ln quay quanh ng tm ca t hp, cc
xilanh (kch) thu lc ta vo khung my kch y thay i hng di chuyn
ct t ca mm dao to thnh ng tunnel cong, cc xilanh thu lc 5 y
mm dao t vo gng o vi mt p lc nht nh ct t v y ton b
phn u ca t hp tin ln.
Khoang cn bng p lc bng t: cn bng p lc t gng o
trnh st l, ngi ta b tr pha sau mm dao mt vch ngn kn, vch ngn
ny cng vi v khin v mm dao s to thnh mt khoang kn. t c o
t mm dao s ri vo khoang kn ny v to ra s cn bng p lc gia t
o v t cha o, lm cho gng o n nh khng st l v nc b
vch ngn nn khng th chy vo tunnel. t trong khoang kn s c a
ra ngoi vo phng tin vn ti bng vt ti. Khoang c to thnh bi
vch ngn kn, v khin v mm dao c cha y t gi l khoang cn bng
p lc gng o bng t Earth Pressure Balance hay cn c gi l
gii php cn bng p lc bng t.
Thit b vn chuyn. Vt ti 7 cun t vo bng ti, sau tip vo
gong hoc bng ti a ra khi ng hm. Mt iu ng lu l lng
t m vt ti ly i bao nhiu th mm dao phi b sung vo khoang cn bng
p lc mt lng t tng ng. Mt rle p lc c b tr pha trong
khoang cn bng p lc 1/ (Hnh 4.9. a) c nhim v ngt hoc iu chnh lu
lng ca vt ti.
Khung my l kt cu thp chu lc, v khin v cc thit b u c lp
t trn khung my.
Thit b di chuyn my l h thng cc xilanh thu lc c ln. Khi my di
chuyn, cc chn my co vo, xilanh thu lc t vo t v hm pha sau
y ton b my tin v pha trc.
H thng dn ng bao gm nhiu ng c in c cng sut ln cung
cp c nng cho cc bm du thu lc. Du thu lc p sut cao i qua cc
ng dn du v van iu khin trong ca bin ti cc m-t v xilanh thu lc
dn ng cho cc c cu my.
My lp rp b tr pha sau h thng cc xilanh thu lc. Sau khi my
tin ln pha trc, xilanh thu lc co cn li, to ra mt khong trng bn di
khin v my ny s tin hnh lp v hm ngay sau . Khi on v l mi
c hon thnh th cc xilanh thu lc li t vo on v ny y my tin
ln.
Thit b iu khin t trong bung li trung tm ca my s iu khin
tt c cc chc nng bao gm c tc v hng o. Cc camera s cung
cp y cho ngi li tnh hnh hot ng ca my.
Thit b ph cung cp nc, kh nn, thng gi, chiu sng cho t hp
my TBM. Ngoi ra, do iu kin a cht thng thay i t ngt nn pha
trc u ct thng c mt thit b khoan d tin hnh khoan trc ngi
iu khin c y thng tin v iu kin a cht trc khi iu khin my
thng hm mt phng BTM lm vic.
II. Hot ng ca t hp khin vi khoang cn bng p lc gng o
bng t - EPB
Trn hnh 4.10 l s cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca t hp khin
vi khoang cn bng p lc gng o bng t - EPB (Hng Herrenknecht,
CHLB c). Khi t hp lm vic th mm dao 1 quay, t t gng o sau khi
c ct s ri vo khoang kn 2, t y t chuyn ng dc theo vt ti 5 ri
x vo bng ti a ra ngoi. Nng sut ca vt ti c tnh ton sao cho
p lc trong khoang cn bng n nh (thng th mm dao ct c bao
nhiu t th vt ti chuyn i by nhiu). Cc xilanh thu lc c ln 4 chng
vo v tunnel 7 y t hp di chuyn v phia trc. Hnh trnh pistng ca
cc xilanh thu lc ny ln hn chiu di ca mt on (mt t) v tunnel mt
cht khi cn ca cc xilanh thu lc ny co li th to ra mt khong trng
bn di khin va lp mt on v l mi v my lp v hm 6 s tin
hnh lp ngay sau bt u mt chu k tun hon tip theo. p lc ca
t trong khoang cn bng c theo di bi cc con chp c bit t trc tip
trong . Nh vy ta m bo gi cho gng l bng lc chng n nh khi
a khin v pha trc cng nh khi nh cc xilanh thu lc lp on v
tunnel mi, trnh c hin tng st gng o mt cch mt kim sot.
Cabin sa cha c nhim v a th my vo khoang cn bng p lc
sa cha bo dng khi cn thit. Trong trng hp ny khoang cn bng
p lc s c ht t ra v bm kh nn vo. Ca bin c hai ca m ra khng
ng thi, tc l khi m ca sau th th ca trc ng th my vo ca bin
v khi th my vo ca bin ri th m ca thng vi khoang cn bng (lc
ny ca sau ng). Khi th my i ra th ca c ng-m theo chiu ngc
li. Cabin sa cha ny cho php gi gng o n nh khng st l trong
sut qu trnh sa cha.
III. Phm vi ng dng ca t hp khin vi khoang cn bng p lc
gng o bng t - EPB
T hp khin vi khoang cn bng p lc gng o bng t EPB
c s dng thi cng cc tuyn ngm qua nhng vng t c iu kin a
cht phc tp, t mm, t st dnh, pha st dnh, ct ri pha ln st hm
lng cao v cc loi t c tnh thm km l nhng loi t rt ph hp cho
cc t hp khin vi khoan cn bng p lc t.
4.6.T hp khin o l vi khoang cn bng p lc bng dung dch

betonite Slurry pressure balance EPB
I. S cu to t khin SPB
Hnh 4.11. S cu to t khin o l vi khoang cn bng p lc bng

dung dch bentonite
Hnh 4.12. S b tr thit b bn trong t hp khin o l vi khoang cn

bng p lc gng o bng dung dch bentonite cao p (gi cn bng thu
lc) ca hng Herrenknecht (CHLB c):
1- mm dao; 2 khoang nh bn tri (khoang cha nc ngm + t); 3 vch ngn kn; 4 -
ng dn cung cp dung dch b t nt; 5 khoang nh bn phi tip nhn khng kh cao p
cn bng p lc, 6 vch ngn chm (vch ngn lin thng p lc nhng khng cho t trn
sang khoang bn phi); 7 - v tunnel vnh cu sau lp rp; 8 my lp rp v tunnel
Trn hnh 4.11 v hnh 4.12 l s cu to ca t hp khin o l vi

khoang cn bng p lc bng dung dch. Pha trc t hp khin l mm dao
(r to) 1 quay ct t. Pha sau mm dao l khoang cn bng p lc c
to bi vch ngn kn s 3, gia mm dao v ngn kn 3 l vch ngn chm
vch ny c l thng pha di thng hon ton vi nhau cho php phoi t
trn sang. Dung dch bentonite c bm vo khoan bn phi, kh nn bm ln
phn trn to gi p lc. Mt ng dn bm bn c a vo y ca khoang
ny bm nc ln t i ra ln my tch t. Lc t mm dao vo gng
o nh cc xilanh thu lc mu v cua sang tri v sang phi cng nh
cc xilanh thu lc ny. Mm dao quay c nh ba mt thu lc dn ng
mt vnh rng ln trn ca trc mm dao. Pha trn vch ngn kn 3 l cabin
sa cha, cc ng ng dn kh nn, dung dch bentonite, v ng dn bm
bn. My lp rp v l 8 c b tr sau cng lp rp v l t cc mnh ch
to sn 7. Khin di chuyn ln pha trc nh 32 hoc 48 xi lanh thu lc
chng y vo t tunnel thi cng.
II. Nguyn l gi gng o
Nhim v ca khoang cn bng p lc l to ra p lc ln y vo
gng o sao cho t v nc ch c o v a ra mt cch hp l, tc
l mm dao i n u th t c o n , trnh st l gng o.
C th ti khoang trc ca t hp khin ngi ta b tr pha sau mm
dao mt vch ngn kn, vch ngn ny cng vi v khin v mm dao to
thnh mt khoang kn. Dung dch bentonite c p sut bnh thng c bm
vo khoang ny qua mt ng ng dn. Ngoi ra cn c mt ng ng khc
dn kh nn vo khoang cng vi dung dch bentonite to cho khoang kn
mt p sut cao - ln cn bng vi p lc nc ngm. i khi p lc
bentonite trong khoang cn bng cn ln hn p lc nc ngm vi mc ch
y dung dch bentonite vo su trong tng t pha trc n nh a tng.
Khoang c to thnh bi vch ngn kn, v khin v mm dao c cha y
dung dch bentonite cao p gi l khoang cn bng p lc gng o thu lc
Slurry Pressure Balance (hay cn c gi l gii php bo v gng o
bng thu lc).
III. Cc c cu chnh trong t hp SPB.
Thit b cng tc ch o. Mm dao ct c dn ng bi 3 mt thu
lc cng sut ln dn ng mt vnh rng quay quanh ng tm ca t hp,
cc xilanh thu lc ta vo khung my kch y thay i hng di chuyn
ct t ca mm dao to thnh ng tunnel cong, cc xilanh thu lc y
mm dao t vo gng o vi mt p lc nht nh ct t v y ton b
phn u ca t hp tin ln.
Thit b vn chuyn. ng ng dn t thi c mt my bm bn
cng sut cao ht c nc v t ti ra khi gng o a ln mt t (nu
chiu di qu ln th b tr cc trm bm bn trung gian). Trn mt t ngi ta
b tr mt thit b tch t, t sau khi tch c vn chuyn ra ngoi bi
thi, cn nc sau khi tch c trn thm bentonite a li gng o.
Khung my l kt cu thp chu lc, v khin v tt c cc thit b u
c lp t trn khung my. Trc ca mm dao quay quanh cng vnh rng
trong mt bc c ln c bi khung my v quay c nh 3 mt thu
lc cng sut cao
Thit b di chuyn my l h thng cc xilanh thu lc c ln. Khi my di
chuyn th cc chn my co vo, xilanh thu lc t vo thnh v hm pha
sau y ton b my tin v pha trc theo kiu c cu t bc.
H thng dn ng bao gm nhiu ng c in c cng sut ln cung
cp c nng cho cc bm du thu lc. Du thu lc p sut cao i qua cc
ng dn du v van iu khin trong ca bin ti cc mt v xilanh thu lc
dn ng cho cc c cu cng tc ca t hp khin.
My lp rp b tr pha sau h thng cc xilanh thu lc c ln. Sau khi
my tin ln pha trc, xilanh thu lc co cn li h ra mt khong trng
bn di khin v my ny s tin hnh lp v hm ngay sau . Khi on v
l mi c hon thnh cc kch thu lc li t vo on v ny y my
tin ln.
Thit b iu khin t trong bung li trung tm ca my s iu khin
tt c cc chc nng bao gm c tc v hng o. Cc camera s cung
cp y cho ngi li tnh hnh hot ng ca my.
Thit b ph c chc nng cung cp nc, kh nn, thng gi, chiu
sng cho t hp my TBM. Ngoi ra, do iu kin a cht c th thay i
t ngt nn pha trc u ct thng c mt thit b khoan d. Thit b ny
tin hnh khoan trc ngi iu khin c y thng tin v iu kin a
cht trc khi iu khin my thng hm mt phng BTM lm vic. Mt my
khoan pht va cao p nhin cn khoan c treo c ng, dng s l t
yu xung quanh tunnel tng lai.
III. Hot ng ca t hp khin SPB v phm vi ng dng
Trn hnh 4.12 mm dao 1 quay ct t trn vi nc trong khoang 2,
bn vi nc c bm ra ngoi bng bm cng sut ln ln trn mt t
tch t. t sau khi tch c vo bi t thi, cn nc sau khi lc c
trn thm dung dch bentonite a ngc li khoang cn bng p lc. Mm
dao quay trn ta c ln v c dn ng bi mt mt thu lc cng
sut cao. Mm dao c th quay i mt gc nh cc xi lanh thu lc mu trn
hnh. Cc xilanh thu lc ny ta vo v tunnel vnh cu 7 y mm dao
vo gng o tin ln.
IV. T hp khin o SPB ng knh nh Slurryschild dng o ngm
ng thot nc th mt ct nh theo cng ngh microtunnelling
1) Gii thiu s b cng ngh microtunnelling (hnh 4.13.a)
Cng ngh thi cng tunnel mt ct nh vi t hp khin o Slurrychild ( SPB
c ng knh nh). L cng ngh lp t cc h thng ng ng ngm h
tng k thut th m khng cn thc hin o bi l thin nh cc cng
ngh truyn thng.
a)
b)
Hnh 4.13.a) Cng ngh thi cng tunnel mt ct nh bng t hp khin o
Slurryschild; b) S cu to Slurryschild:
1 vch khoang ct; 2 vch ngn chu p; 3 khoang ht; 4 khoang p lc; 5 - ng dn; 6 -
ng dn bn; 7 - ng ti vt; 8, 9 - ng cp betonite; 10, 11 - thit b t ng hiu chnh p lc
khng kh trnh gim p gy st vch o; 13 - khoang bn t ht i
Cng ngh ny ch cn hai ging ng: mt ging u khi ng v mt
ging cui tip nhn, c hai c su ng bng su ng ng cn phi
lp t. Trong ging u khi ng ngi ta lp t mt trm t hp kch thu
lc cng sut ln, trn cc kch b tr t hp khin ng knh nh c
ng knh bng ng knh ngoi ca ca t ng b tng tin ch cn lp
t. Nh lc y ca cc kch thu lc t hp khin o tin su vo lng t
vi chiu su bng ng chiu di t ng b tng tin ch, sau ton b t
hp kch thu lc rt cn li ra mt khong trng gia khin o v t hp
kch, trn khong trng ny ngi ta lp t mt t ng b tng tin ch c
chiu di tng ng v ngay sau t hp kch thu lc li y t hp khin
v pha trc thng qua t ng b tng va lp t - mt chu k khoan o l
li lp li c nh th ng ng c lp tng t mt v tin v pha trc
cho ti khi gp ging tip nhn.
V. Phm vi ng dng ca t hp khin SPB
T hp khin vi khoang cn bng p lc gng o dung dch betonite
SPB c s dng thi cng cc tuyn ngm qua nhng vng t c iu
kin a cht phc tp c nhiu nc ngm vi p lc nc ngm khc nhau,
thi cng cc tuyn tunnel i ngm qua sng, bin, m ly ni c rt nhiu
nc ngm. SPB c c s dng thi cng tunnel i qua cc nn t ct,
bn, ct pha st c thm cao. T hp khin SPB l nhng t hp dng
o ngm cc tuyn i qua cc vng t c cc lp a tng khc nhau, c
bit ph hp cho t ngm nc. Hin nay cc hng ch to my trn th gii
c xu hng ch to cc t hp ny theo dng mun, tc l chia thnh cc
cm cho php t hp khin SPB o ngm trong mi iu kin a cht.
Khoang chng gi gng o c th thay th cc loi khc nhau nh t EPB
SPB Air PB (gi gng o bng kh nn). y l tin vui i vi nhng k
s cng trnh ngm l iu ng lu tm khi chn v t mua cc t hp khin
thi cng cng trnh ngm.
VII T hp khin n v khin i
Hnh 4.14. Cu to ngoi ca t hp khin o l loi khin i ( Robbin USA):

1 mm dao; 2 a ct; 3 khin trc; 4 khin tht-th;
5 guc kp thu lc ; 6 khin sau; 7 - cabin
Hnh 4.15. S b tr thit khin o l loi khin i (hng Robbin USA):

1- xi lanh thu lc to lc t guc kp; 2- xi lanh thu lc to lc y mm dao;
3- my lp rp v tunnel;4- my khoan; 5- cc tm v tunnel sau lp rp; 6- vt ti
T hp khin n v khin i c c hai loi l SPB v EPB.
Cc khin n ta nghin cu trn. Khin i khc vi khin n
ch khin c cu thnh t 3 on khin kiu ng lng. Ton b my v thit
b c b tr kn trong cc on khin, khng gian hot ng thao tc rng
hn. Di y xin gii thiu cu to ca khin i ca hng Herrenknecht,
CHLB c.
Trn hnh 4.14 ta thy c hai on khin trc v khin sau, ni vi
nhau bng mt on ng lng gia. T hp c hai guc kp thu lc t vo
vch l y khin trc tin ln m khng nh hng ti cc cng on thi
cng khin sau. Thc cht y l my o c khin trong cng vi 2
khin bo v m ta s nghin cu phn sau. Hnh 4.15 l s cu to v
nguyn l lm vic ca t hp khin i.
Ngi ta s dng loi khin o kiu ny o tunnel trong nn c
nhiu on b phong ho v i khi gp cc on c iu kin a tng xu th
cc chn kp thu lc khng hot ng lc ny t hp lm vic nh cc t hp
khin EPB hoc SPB.
4.7. T hp my o mt cng dng thi cng trong nn cng - Main
beam TBM
I. Cu to c bn ca my o mui trn
My o mui trn c ch to hin nay trn th gii c bn c hai loi:

loi mt h chng v loi hai h chng.
My o mt h chng ngang c cu to nh th hin trn hnh 4.16.
Dm chnh v gi mm dao ln l gi kt cu ca my o, tt c cc cu
kin khc u c lp trn gi . B phn trc ca gi mm dao c
lp vng bi chnh v vnh rng ln bn trong, bn pha vnh rng lp khin
bo v mm dao, khin chng c th iu chnh c, khin bn v h chng
c t th chng h vo mt o ca hm, do bo m s n nh ca
mm dao chnh. Do dng mt cp h che chng nm ngang nn vic iu
chnh phng hng trong qu trnh o tin ln ca my c tin hnh kp
thi v qu tch ng i ca my l hnh vng trn, vng bi chnh ca my
o kiu mt h chng phn ln l t hp ba vng bi, thit b iu khin c
trc tip lp ti pha sau ca mm dao, cho nn u my kh nng, khin bo
v mm dao tng i di.
Hnh 4.16. S my o vi mt h chng nm ngang:

1- mm dao; 2- khin bo v trn u; 3- b phn iu khin; 4- dm chnh;
5- my a t ra; 6- h chng di pha sau; 7- chn chng; 8- kch y ln;
9- khin bo v bn; 10- h chng pha di; 11- h chng mm dao.
S cu to ca my o vi hai h chng nm ngang trnh by trn
hnh 4.17. pha gia my chnh c hai cp thanh chng nm ngang, h
chng ny c th chuyn ng tnh tin trc-sau theo gi my chnh (trn
c hn ming ng trt). Phn u ca gi my chnh lin kt vi mm
dao ln, bi, vng rng trong phn sau lin kt vi h chng di ui, kch
y da vo h chng nm ngang y gi my chnh v mm dao ln tin ln
pha trc, thit b iu khin c b tr pha sau h chng nm ngang thng
qua trc truyn ng truyn mmen xon n mm dao ln. Trong qu trnh
o hm hai cp thanh chng t cht vo vch hm, v th phng hng o
c nh v, ch c th o theo ng thng. Ch khi nh v li my mi
c th iu chnh phng hng, qu tch o ca my khi mi l ng
cong.
Hnh 4.17. S my o hai h chng nm ngang:

1- mm dao; 2- khin bo v trn u; 3- v ngoi ca vng bi; 4, 5- h chng nm ngang
(trc, sau); 6- hp bnh rng; 7- my a t ra; 8- my in khi ng;
9- hp bin tc hnh sao; 10- h chng di pha sau; 11- ng m men un; 12- kch y;
13- gi my chnh; 14- tm treo vm y (h chng di pha trc)
II. Quy trnh thao tc ca my o mui trn

a) Khi bt u tun hon o th h chng nm ngang di chuyn n
b phn trc ca gi my chnh, cc chn chng t cht vo vch hm, tm
treo vm y tip xc nh vo mt vm y, rt h chng di ng
sau ln. Khi mm dao ln c th chuyn ng, cc kch y thc mm dao
ang chuyn ng tin ln mt hnh trnh, l trng thi o ca my.
b) Khi my c y ln pha trc v t n im cui cng ca hnh
trnh y ca kch th kt thc o, mm dao ln ngng chuyn ng, h chng
di pha sau h xung, khi tm treo vm y s chng mm dao ln,
nh vy ton b trng lng ca my s do h chng trc v sau cng ng
thi chng .
c) Ni lng hai cp chn chng nm ngang, di chuyn h chng nm
ngang n on trc ca gi my chnh. iu chnh phng hng tin ln
ca my bng cch thng qua h chng di pha sau tin hnh iu chnh
hng ngang hay thng ng t yu cu mong mun.
Hnh 4.18. S tun hon o ca my o mui trn (mt h chng di)
d) Sau khi h chng ngang di n v tr on trc, ngi ta li xit
cht chn chng vo vch hm. Lc y, rt h chng di pha sau ln, tm
treo trn vm y li trng thi tip xc h vi vm y. Nh vy my o li
chun b tin hnh mt tun hon tip theo.
Hnh 4.19. S tun hon thao t c ca my mui trn
III. Mm dao ln
Hnh 4.20. S cu to mm dao ln: 1- gu xc phoi ; 2- a ct trung tm; 3- dao

cnh m rng l; 4- b phn gt vn t m rng l, 5- a ct b mt; 6- rng xc; 7- a
ct bin
Mm dao l mt b phn kt cu thp hn, pha trc ca mm c
gia c hai lp v ni vi tm ngn pha sau thng qua mng n vn t ,
tm ngn pha sau mm dao c ni cht vo vng bi mm dao bng mt h
thng bu lng. Trn mm c lp mt s hp li dao quay dp nt v ct
gt t , ng thi cn lp cc gu dy gt t vn theo hng ng
knh dng o t mm. lp dao l mt b phn ca mm dao c
ch to hnh lm cho mm dao th hn ra ngoi. Nh vy c th phng
c cc cc ln trong v ra lm kt mm dao. Mm dao ln c y
cng v cng . iu lm cho lc y trn mm dao c phn phi
ng u trn ton b cc dao quay hnh mm, lm cho chng lun lun ng
thi p dp vo t c su ng nht, v lm cho my o nm
trong trng thi quay vng vi hiu sut cao.
Hnh 4.21. S cu to ca my o mui trn (hng Robins, USA): 1 a ct;

2 mm dao; 3 mui chn; 4 - dm chnh; 5 cc xi lanh thu lc; 6 - guc kp; 7 chn
chng ui
IV. Phm vi ng dng ca my o mui trn
My o mui trn l loi my thng hm trn ni dng o cc tunnel
i qua cc ni ni c t hoc rt t nc ngm. My ny dng thay
phng n thi cng khoan n mn trong nn cng m ta cp phn
trn.
4.8. La chn t hp khin o tuyn ngm
I. Thng tin cn cn nhc khi la chn t hp khin o tunnel.

Trn t hp khin cho mt d n tuyn ngm l cng vic v cng quan
trng v c tnh mo him cao. T hp khin o phi c ch to ph hp
vi iu kin a cht ni tuyn ngm i qua v phi an ton trong cc iu
kin a cht bt thng c th sy ra trong sut qu trnh thi cng. T hp
khin o phi c thit k sao cho khng ch ph hp vi iu kin a cht,
m cn phi cn nhc ti nhng c tnh k thut ca cc cm my thnh phn
khc nh l: H thng iu khin, kt cu ca v khin, gii php gi gng
o, h thng thng gi, h thng khoan pht va s l t yu, my lp rp v
tunnel vv v nhng thit b m bo mi trng khc.
Di y xin lit k s b nhng iu cn cn nhc khi tm hiu cc c tnh k
thut ca t hp TBM cho mt d n tuyn ngm:
1. p lc gi gng o.
Nguyn nhn s ng dn ti st l gng o l my o o mt
lng t ln hn cn thit, TBM phi c thit k sao cho lu lng my
o c kim sot mt cch cht ch, mt khc khoang gi gng o phi
to ra mt p lc ln kim sot t o v p lc nc ngm. Mt s t
hp TBM c h thng kim sot lng t c o trn mt n v chiu di
tuyn ngm, iu ny gim thiu nguy c st l gng o do lng t o ra
vt mc tin lng. Nu trn mt dn v chiu di tuyn m lng t a ra
ln hn nh mc th my s t ng dng hoc c mt n tn hiu thng bo
ngi iu khin kim tra li iu kin a cht ni my ang lm vic c
gii php s l kp thi trc khi qu mun.
2. Cng sut v m men xon ca t hp khin.
Trong iu kin a cht phc tp t hp my TBM phi c mt cng sut
ln, mt m men xon ln thng lc cn ct t ca mm dao v a
t ct ra khi gng o. Mt khc cng sut v m men xon ca t hp
phi c phn d s l qu trnh o ct trong nhng trng hp iu kin
a cht bt thng. Mt khi t hp TBM c thit k v a ti cng
trng th ta kh m c th thay i mt cch r rng cc thng s k thut
nh cng sut v m men xon ca mm dao. Nhng yu t nh hng ti m
men xon gm:
- ng knh mm dao Mm dao cng ln cng i hi m men
xon cao;
- Vn tc gc ca mm dao rad/s vn tc gc tng, m men xon
gim;
- p lc gi gng o p lc gi gng o tng, m men xon
tng.
3. S ng b ca cc thit b trong t hp khin
Cc thit b chnh cn phi lu tm trong t hp TBM l: vt ti, my lp
rp v tunnel, cc a ct trn mm dao, my bm bn, my tch t v bm
dung dch betonite vv phi c bit ph hp vi iu kin a cht v cng
sut cng nh nng sut. Mt trong cc thit b ni trn khng ph hp s lm
cho t hp phi dng li lm chm tin xy lp.
trnh nhng s c do cc thit b ng b gy nn phi kho st iu
kin a cht ni tuyn ngm i qua mt cch ng b v ton din, cng sut,
m men xon, cc thit b ng b i theo phi c cng sut ln hn cng sut
trong trng hp kh khn nht. Ngy nay, cc t hp TBM c cc nh
sn sut ch to theo m un cho php thay i mt s c cu chnh khi iu
kin a cht thy vn thay i, tuy nhin chng ta ch thay i cc c cu ny
trong nhng trng hp tht cp thit v khng th thay i mt cch ty tin
v mt rt nhiu thi gian v i hi cc bin php an ton khi thay th dn ti
chm tin .
4. An ton cho t hp khi gp m ci
iu kin a cht thay i, cc thng s k thut ca t hp phi c
iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin c th, iu ny i hi cc thng s k
thut ca t hp phi c mt di iu chnh ph hp. Tuy nhin, khi o tunnel
m gp m ci th mm dao, bm bn, vt ti v cc thit b khc phi ng
s nh th no l iu m ngi lu chn TBM phi yu cu i vi nh sn
xut cung cp my. S ng b gia li ct, mm dao, vt ti, m men xon
khi gp m ci phi c cn nhc. Khi gp m ci th m men xon
phi ln ph c . Li ct phi cng p , vt ti phi
ph hp vi phoi m mm dao ph ra. Nu vt qu nh s lm tc nghn
vt ti hoc bm bn vv
5. La chon thit b ph hp khi gp ti bn
trnh gp ti bn th vic u tin cn lm l kho st a cht ton
tuyn ngm trnh cc ti bn, t yu nu c th. Tuy nhin khng phi lc
no cc tuyn ngm cng trnh c cc ti bn, mt khc c nhng ti bn
m s phn b ca chng l rt kh lng trc k c khi ta kho st mt
cch k lng. Vy phi lm chn my nh th no khi gp phi ti bn, cu
tr li l phi c cc thit b s l t yu bng dung dch xi mng, y l gii
php c cp trong chng 7. Ngy nay cc t hp TBM o tuyn ngm
trong iu kin t yu u c trang b thit b khoan pht vt trc gi
cho a tng n nh trc khi cho o tip. Vy khi trn t hp TBM phi la
chn cm thit b s l nn t yu vt ln trc ph hp vi iu kin a
cht ca d n.
II. Cc thng s k thut c bn khi chn t hp TBM gm:
1. Loi my TBM EPB, SPB, APB, MPB Phng n gi gng o
2. ng knh mm dao, m
3. My lp rp v tunnel phng n thi cng v tunnel vnh cu
4. Cng sut tiu thu ca mm dao, kW
5. M men xon mm dao, kN.m
Di y xin gii thiu mt s t hp my TBM c s dng trong cc
tuyn ngm trn th gii.
III. mt s t hp my TBM vi khoang cn bng p lc bng t- Earth
pressure balance EPB c s dng trong cc tuyn ngm trn th
gii.
1. Thng s k thut
Loi my TBM T hp khin o TBM vi khoan cn bng p lc
bng t Earth pressure balance EPB
Hng sn xut Herrenkecht AG. LB. c
ng knh mm 15.200
dao, mm
Cng sut tiu thu
14.000
ca mm dao, kW
M men xon mm
8.450
dao, kN.m
Thit b ng b i
My lp rp v tunnel
km
D n m my c s dng

Tn d n Tuyn ng st mi th (Metro) M-30 Ti Madrid,
Ty Ban Nha nm 2007
iu kin a cht v St, pha st v thch cao cng, ni c mt dn c
cc iu kin khc rt cao, c cc tuyn ngm hin hu lin k
Chiu di tuyn, m 3.526 m
2. Thng s k thut
Loi my TBM T hp khin o TBM vi khoan cn bng p lc
bng t Earth pressure balance EPB
ng knh mm 6.514
dao, mm
Cng sut tiu thu
945
ca mm dao, kW
M men xon mm
4.377
dao, kN.m
Thit b ng b i
My lp rp v tunnel
km
D n m my c s dng
Tn d n Tuyn ng st cao tc, ti Los Angeles, Hoa K
nm 2006
iu kin a cht v Ph sa v t bi
cc iu kin khc
3. Thng s k thut
Loi my TBM T hp khin o TBM vi khoan cn bng p
lc bng t Earth pressure balance EPB
ng knh mm dao, mm 11.120
Cng sut tiu thu ca
3.200
mm dao, kW
M men xon mm dao,
23.700
kN.m
Thit b ng b i km My lp rp v tunnel
D n m my c s dng
Tn d n Tuyn ng st cao tc, ti Los Katzenberg,
LB. c nm 2005
iu kin a cht v cc vi, sa thch, kt, macn
iu kin khc
3. Thng s k thut
Loi my TBM T hp khin o TBM vi khoan cn bng p
lc hn hp mixshield pressure balance MPB
ng knh mm dao, mm 15.430
Cng sut tiu thu ca
3.500
mm dao, kW
M men xon mm dao,
39.945
kN.m
Thit b ng b i km My lp rp v tunnel
D n m my c s dng
Tn d n Cng trnh tuyn ng st cao tc Thng
Hi, Trung quc
iu kin a cht v cc Ct, st, si v cui ct
iu kin khc
Trn y l mt s t hp TBM Shiel c s dng trong cc cng

trnh tunnel ng st cc nc trn th gii c a ra vi mc ch c
tnh gi cho cc k s khi la chn thit b. Vic la chn cng ngh cng
nh thit b ph hp cho tng d n l mt cng vic i hi ngi K s phi
tm hiu mt cch thu o cc yu t kinh t k thut, iu kin a k thut
ra bi ton cho cc nh sn xut my ngm chuyn nghip. Mt im ng
lu khi la chn cc t hp TBM l chng c tnh c th rt cao cho mi d
n v gi thnh ca mi t hp l v cng ln nn yu cu ch u t phi c
i ng k thut xng tm cng hng sn xut my ngm la chn thit b
ph hp.

Chng V. My bc xc v vn chuyn t trong tuyn
tunnel ngm.
5.1. Cng tc b xc t trong tuyn ngm

Mt trong nhng cng tc c bn ca thi cng ng hm l vn chuyn t
ra khi tuyn thi cng. Cng tc vn chuyn t ra ngoi chim 40 60%
thi gian mt chu k thi cng tun hon, v th nng lc a t ra ngoi
nh hng rt ln n tc thi cng.
Khi la chn phng thc vn chuyn t ra cn phn tch tng hp
cc yu t c lin quan n hm hoc mt ct ng hm: o to hay o nh,
iu kin a cht ca t , lng t sinh ra trong mt ln n mn, tc
o t ca my chnh, nng lc vn chuyn ca cc my mc trong dy
chuyn ng b, cc yu cu v tnh kinh t nh hiu qu u t, thi hn thi
cng v.v
Cng tc vn chuyn t ra khi tuyn thi cng c th phn chia thnh
ba khu: bc, vn chuyn, t .
Phng thc bc t
C hai phng thc bc t : c gii v th cng. Phng php th
cng i hi tn nhiu nhn lc v c nng sut thp nn ch dng trong cc
trng hp: a) ti cc hm ngn; b) thiu my mc chuyn dng; c) mt ct
nh khng cho php s dng my mc. Phng php c gii (dng my mc
bc t ) c nng sut cao, v vy c th y nhanh tin v rt ngn thi
gian thi cng. Hin nay phng php c gii c p dng rng ri trong thi
cng ng hm, tuy nhin vn cn b tr thm mt s nhn cng h tr.
5.2. My v thit b bc xc t trong tuyn ngm

c gii ho cng tc bc xc t sau khi nh mn v c o
xi bng cc phng php khc, ngi ta s dng cc loi my bc xc c
chng c kch thc khng ln lm nhm thch nghi vi iu kin lm vic cht
hp trong cc tuyn tunnel di t.
My mc bc t trong tuyn ngm rt a dng. Theo hnh thc c cu
bc c th chia lm: kiu gu xc, kiu cng cua, kiu vut ng, kiu gu o.
My bc kiu gu xc l loi my bc khng lin tc, c 3 loi: thng lt
sau, trc v bn. My bc t kiu cng cua, kiu vut ng v
kiu gu o l cc loi my bc t lin tc, thng kt hp vi bng ti.
I. Phn loi:
Cc my bc xc t hm l c phn loi theo cc du hiu di
y:
- Theo cng dng: My bc xc t c chia lm cc nhm: nhm
my dng cho cc tuyn tunnel ngang; nhm my dng cho cc tuyn tunnel
nghing; nhm my dng bc thi; nhm my dng bc khong vt
sau khai thc.
- Theo kiu (dng) ca c cu cng tc: My bc xc t c chia
lm cc nhm: nhm my c c cu cng tc dng gu o; nhm my c c
cu cng tc dng cn co v.
- Theo ch lm vic: My bc xc t c chia lm cc nhm:
nhm my lm vic theo chu k (my c c cu cng tc dng gu xc); nhm
my hot ng lin tc (c cu cng tc dng co v hot ng t ng v lin
tc);
- Theo c cu di chuyn: My bc xc t c chia lm 3 nhm:
nhm my di chuyn trn bnh lp; nhm my di chuyn trn bnh xch v
nhm my di chuyn trn bnh st - ng ray.
Hnh 5.1. My bc xc t di chuyn trn bnh st - ng ray

Cc my di chuyn trn bnh lp c kh nng c ng cao nhng kh
nng thng qua thp v nng sut khng cao. Cc my di chuyn trn ng
ray c nng sut kh cao nhng i hi phi c ng ray hot ng. Cc
my di chuyn trn bnh xch c tnh c ng thp nhng n nh ln cho
php tng th tch gu xc nn c nng sut cao.
- Theo tnh cht h thng dn ng: My bc xc t c chia thnh
cc nhm: nhm my dn ng c kh; nhm my dn ng c kh - thu lc;
nhm my dn ng in - thu lc, in c kh.
Cc my bc xc t hot ng theo chu k li c chia lm hai
nhm nh: nhm my bc xc v thng vo phng tin vn ti ( vo

gong, vo xe ti , vo xe t lt) v nhm thnh nhiu nc ( vo
cu bng ti sau mi vo phng tin vn ti).
i vi cc tunnel c mt ct nh ngi ta thng dng cc loi my bc
xc nhm thng vo phng tin vn ti. Trong cc my ny ch dng 2
dng dn ng l dn ng in v dn ng kh nn m bo khng gy
nhim khng kh do mt ct tunnel nh. Cc my ny c th bc c kch
thc ti a 200-350 mm.
My xc lt cng c th c phn loi theo dung tch gu hoc theo
cng sut ng c. Cc loi my xc lt ca hng Caterpillar c dung tch gu
xc ti 8-10 m3, trang b ng c ti 500-900 kW. c loi my xc lt c
dung tch gu xc 20 m3 vi cng sut ng c 1500 kW.
II. My bc t kiu gu lt sau
Loi my ny thng dng c cu di chuyn trn ray. My dng gu xc
t pha trc, sau li li v t ra pha sau vo trong xe vn ti
hoc vo xch ti, sau vo gong hoc bng ti (hnh 5.2) .
Hnh 5.2. s cu to my bc t kiu gu lt sau:

1 - gu; 2 - v my; 3- mc ghp vo my vn chuyn; 4- c cu di chuyn; 5- bng ti
My bc t kiu gu lt c cu to n gin, thao tc tin li, dng

kh nn hay in, khng gy nhim trong hm. Bn cnh my bc t
kiu gu lt c kh nhiu hn ch: b rng cng tc ch c 1,7 m 3,5 m, chiu
di cng tc ngn, yu cu ni di ng st n st ng t , tin ln v
li li bc t khng lin tc, dung tch gu nh, nng sut k thut kh thp
(30120 m3/h). Loi my ny ch thch hp vi loi ng hm mt ct nh
hoc quy m khng ln.
My bc xc t dn ng kh nn (hnh 5.2, ) c hai ng c (mt
ng c dn ng c cu bc xc, mt ng c dn ng c cu di chuyn
theo ng ray bng bnh st). My c gu xc 1, c cu lt gu xc qua
khung my c s 2 vo gong vn ti v c cu 3 dng mc cht vi cc
gong vn ti pha sau. Khung my c s c lp trn c cu quay, iu ny
cho php toa quay ca my xc cng vi gu xc quay quanh ng tm ray
di chuyn ti 300 v mi pha nhm tng khng gian x t . My ny c kt
cu n gin, lm vic n nh v d iu khin. Mt chu k lm vic ca my
xc t kt hp vi cc gong vn chuyn lin hon bao gm cc thao tc:
bc xc t vo gong, i v tr cc gong, di chuyn vn ti t sau bc
xc ti bi thi v cui cng l quay li hm l vo v tr bc xc.
My bc xc t dn ng in (hnh 5.2, b) di chuyn v lm vic
trn ray. Cu to ca my gm hai phn chnh: khung my c s vi bng ti
dc my v c cu gu xc c tay gu. Gu ca my cng vi tay gu 1 c th
quay trong mt phng thng ng v mt phng nm ngang. Pha di v sau
ui ca bng ti c cc gong ch t ghp vi khung my qua c cu
mc cht tht-th 3. ui bng ti c th nng h mt gc 250 cho php x ti
vo cc gong c chiu cao v kch thc khc nhau. x l bi trong qu
trnh bc xc t ngi ta trang b cho my h thng ti lm m t.
Mt chu k lm vic ca my bc xc t sau bao gm cc thao tc:
di chuyn v pha trc tip cn t , a gu xc su vo khi t , sau
nng gu ln v t v pha sau y l nhng my thng. Mt s
my khc t vo bun-ke (bunker), v t bunke t c a vo
phng tin vn ti nh bng chuyn ti y l nhng my bc xc t
gin tip.
C cu cng tc chnh ca my l gu xc bc xc t ri nh ct,
si v t cp I v II. Thng s ch yu ca my xc lt l sc nng ca
my: hng nh (0,6 - 2,0 t), hng trung bnh (2,0 - 4,0 t), hng nng (4,0 10 t
v hn na).
III. My xc lt, pha trc
y l my bc xc trong tuyn ngm hot ng theo chu k. N thng
dng bc xc t cng do nh mn trong cc tuyn tunnel c mt ct
gng o c 35 70 m2, tc l mt bng thi cng ln. Ngi ta dng my
xc lt trc thng vo phng tin vn ti - thng l t t .
Loi my ny ch cho php xc v vt liu pha trc my. Thit b
xc gn vi khung my 6 bng khp bn l (hnh 5.3) bao gm gu, cn, c
cu tay n v cc xilanh thu lc hot ng hai chiu. Gu 1 lp trn cn 4,
cc cp n gnh 3 v thanh quay 2 c iu khin bng hai xilanh thu lc
lt gu 5. Cc xilanh thy lc 7 thc hin thao tc nng-h cn. H thng dn
ng thu lc cho php thay i tc trong phm vi rng mt cch m du v
ngn nga qu ti. Quy trnh lm vic ca my xc lt gm cc nguyn cng
sau: di chuyn xe ti ni xc vt liu v ng thi h gu, nh lc y ca xe
(ti hng chc tn) gu n su vo ng vt liu, nng cn v gu, li v vn
chuyn vt liu ti ni v lt gu thc hin vt liu ln xe hay cht thnh
ng. Trn cc loi my xc lt hin i (v d nh my xc lt 992D ca hng
Caterpillar) thng b tr ng c c cng sut ln, khp ni thu lc, bnh xe
b tr hp thay i tc bng b truyn hnh tinh c th lm tng lc ko khi
cn thit v h thng phanh kiu nhiu a hot ng t ng v c th iu
khin bng tay.
Hnh 5.3. My xc lt pha trc:

a) s kt cu; b) s ng hc
Hnh 5.4. My xc lt pha trc bn bnh lp ch ng ca hng Caterpillar

Scooptram ST2G
Cc loi my xc lt hin nay thng c c cu di chuyn bnh lp m
bo tc v tnh c ng cao. My c s ca my xc lt l satxi bnh lp

chuyn dng gm hai bn khung ni vi nhau bng khp bn l nn rt linh
hot khi quay vng (c th quay 400 v hai pha). Cc loi my xc lt bnh
xch tuy c kh nng thng qua ln nhng km linh hot ngy cng t s dng.
Kiu truyn ng ca my xc lt thng l thu lc, hp s c nhiu s (3 s
tin + 3 s li) v my xc lt thay i hng lin tc trong khi lm vic. Hin
nay thng s dng cc loi my xc lt pha trc v quay bn vng.
IV. My xc lt quay na vng

My xc lt quay na vng c th d ti pha trc v c v hai bn
mt gc 900 nn cho php rt ngn thi gian quay vng v lm vic a bn
cht hp. Kt cu ca loi ny khc vi kiu nu trn ch thit b xc lp trn
b quay 1, b ny li t ln khung di chuyn 3 qua c cu -quay 2 (hnh
5.5,a). B quay hot ng nh cc xilanh nm ngang 4 c cn y ni vi nhau
bng xch 5 vng qua a xch 6 (hnh 5.5, b).
Hnh 5.5. My xc lt quay na vng:

a) s kt cu; b) s c cu quay b my
V. My bc t kiu cng cua

Loi my ny ch yu di chuyn bng bnh xch v iu khin bng in.
My kiu cng cua bc t lin tc, trn mm nhn vt liu nm
nghing trc mt ca my c lp mt i cng cua gom t . Khi lm vic
th mm nhn vt liu c cm vo ng t , ng thi hai cng cua gt
t vo mm, xch gt s a t vo bng ti c lp sn ng sau
x vo cc phng tin vn ti (hnh 5.6).
My bc xc t (hnh 5.6 v 5.7 ) l loi my hot ng lin tc t

trn c cu di chuyn t hnh bnh xch. My ny c h thng dn ng bng
in, c cu cng tc dng co v, my c c cu cht ti, mng co, cc
c cu in, thu lc v h thng dp bi bng ti nc.
Hnh 5.6. My bc t kiu cng cua:

1 - c cu di chuyn bnh xch ; 2 - bng ti gt (xch gt);
3 - cng cua gom t (co v); 4 - mm nhn vt liu nm nghing
Hnh 5.7. S cu to my bc t kiu cng cua:

1-cng cua; 2- mm nhn vt liu; 3-thn my; 4- xch gt; 5-bng ti
C cu cng tc ca my l hai tay co v, hai tay ny c lp trn hai
a lch tm, khi cc a lch tm quay th cc tay co ny thc hin chuyn
ng co v co t t mm nhn vt liu nm nghing ln bng ti kiu
mng co. My c cc h thng dn ng c lp cho c cu di chuyn bnh
xch, c cu co v, bng ti kiu mng co v bm nc. iu chnh chiu
cao x t , phn ui ca bng ti c th chuyn ng nng h trong mt
phng thng ng. Chiu cao x t ti thiu (min) m, chiu cao x t
ti a (max) m c ghi trong h chiu my. Phn ui ca bng ti c th
chuyn ng quay trong mt phng nm ngang ti 450 so vi ng tm ca
my v c hai pha. bc t nm thp hn mt bng ng ray di
chuyn, li ct u sn nghing c th h thp hn so vi mt bng di
chuyn ca my.
Do b cng cua gt t hn ch nn my ch dng ch c cc nh
hoc t ri, ch cc ln my khng hot ng c.
My c nng sut k thut trong khong 60 80 m3/h.
Hnh 5.8. S b tr cc thit b trong cng trng tuyn ngm vi my bc

xc t kiu co v hot ng lin tc:
1- my co v; 2- bng chuyn ti, 3 - ng ray di chuyn; 4 gong vn ti
VI. My bc t kiu vut ng
Hnh 5.9. My bc t kiu vut ng:

1- vut ng; 2,6- my bng ti; 3- thn my; 4- vut ng (v tr tri phi);
5- gi my; 7- vut ng (v tr pha trc)
Loi my ny c th di chuyn trn ray, bng bnh lp hay bnh xch.
Dng in khi ng, iu khin bng thy lc. Trc my ny c lp mt i

vut ng, c th gom t pha trc, bn tri, bn phi vo trong mm
nhn vt liu (hnh 5.9).
Kh nng gom t ca my ny tt hn nhiu so vi my kiu cng
cua, t cc to hay nh dng my ny u thch hp. Chiu rng cng tc
ca my c th n 3,8m, chiu di cng tc n 3,0m.
Nng sut k thut ca my bc t kiu vut ng: 120 180 m3/h.
VII. My bc xc t kiu gu ngom dnh cho cc tuyn ngm nm

nghing
c gii ho cng tc bc xc t trong cc tuyn tunnel nm
nghing trn my lp rp v l ngi ta lp thm my bc xc dng treo. My
bc xc t dng treo (hnh 5.10) c cu to l mt kt cu kim loi ghp c
nh trn my lp rp v l. cho khung di chuyn c th di chuyn trn
khung c nh ngi ta dng ti dn ng. Trn khung di ng c b tr gi
trt c dn ng cho php khung ny chuyn ng theo phng vung gc.
Phn trc ca gi trt c mt tay my dng ng lng tht th vi gu ngom
vi dn ng bng xilanh thu lc u tay my. Bn phi, khung hnh ch U
ca my lp rp c b tr ca bin cho th li my s 4. Gu ngom vi dn ng
bng xilanh thu lc nh tay my kiu ng lng c th tip cn ti nhng v tr
cao nht, xa nht xc t , sau tht li vi chiu di thch hp
t vo xe kp.
Hnh 5.10. S lp t my bc t kiu gu ngom trn my lp rp v

tunnel dng thi cng tuyn ngm nm nghing:
1 my lp rp; 2 khung c nh; 3 khung di ng vi gi trt; 4 ca bin; 5 tay my
kiu ng lng ; 6 xe gong; 7 gu ngom.

VIII. My bc t kiu gu o
y l loi my bc t trong ng hm vo loi tin tin nht hin
nay. C cu bc ca my l xc theo kiu o gu nghch, xoay trn xung
quanh v tr my bng cnh tay vn di; dng in khi ng v iu khin
hon ton bng thy lc, my chy trn ray hoc bng bnh xch. Khi ng mt
ch, b rng cng tc ca my c th t 3,5 m, chiu di cng tc c th t
7,11 m trc ng ray v cng c th o xung pha di 2,8 m v vi ln
chiu cao 8,34 m lm cng tc gt mt nh hm.
Nng sut k thut my bc t kiu gu o c th ti 250 m3/h.
5.3. My v thit b vn chuyn trong tuyn ngm
Cng tc vn chuyn (xut t ra v a vt liu vo) trong hm khi thi

cng tuyn ngm c th thc hin theo hai phng thc: vn chuyn bng
ng ray hay vn chuyn khng dng ray.
Khi vn chuyn bng ng ray ngi ta thng dng loi ray b cho
u my v thng xe xut t ra v a vt liu vo. u my lai dt l loi
chy bng bnh c qui hoc diesel, toa xe l loi thng thng dng trong cc
m. Loi xe gong ny thch hp vi ng hm c mt ct nh v tng i
di (3 km tr ln). Vn chuyn bng ng ray l phng thc vn chuyn rt
kinh t v c tnh thch nghi cao.
Xe vn chuyn khng dng ng ray c u im c ng, linh hot,
khng cn t ray, c th thch nghi vi vic t cc bi cch xa ca
hm v trng hp dc ng i tng i ln. Nhc im ca phng
thc khng dng ray l phn ln cc loi vn chuyn chy bng ng c diesel
gy nhim khng kh trong hm, do ch nn dng trong loi ng hm c
mt ct ln v chiu di trung bnh, c bit cn ch tng cng thng gi.
Khi la chn phng thc vn chuyn cn cn nhc y vic phi hp
vi my bc t v t chc vn chuyn, tc o v lng vn chuyn
rt ngn thi gian vn chuyn v t . Trong trng hp cng trnh c
quy m ln phi tin hnh phn tch, so snh cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut
tm ra phng n tt nht.
I. Vn chuyn bng ng ray
1. Toa xe vn chuyn
Toa xe vn chuyn gm c toa thng v toa xe m.
a) Toa thng: Toa thng kt cu n gin, s dng tin li, tnh thch
ng cao. Vn chuyn bng toa thng l phng thc vn chuyn tng i
kinh t. Theo dung lng ln hay nh c th chia ra lm hai loi: loi thng nh
(dung lng di 3 m3) v loi thng ln (ti 20 m3).
Loi thng nh c s dng rng ri nh cc u im: gn nh, linh
hot, hiu sut cao, iu thng tin li, c th dng sc ngi y v lt thng
t khi khng c my mc lai dt. Loi toa thng ln c th t n 20m3
(c c cu gip xe mt bn hoc lt t ), phi dng u my ko
kt hp vi my bc t loi ln mi bo m tc thi cng. ng st
vn chuyn loi toa thng ln t ra nhng yu cu cao hn v cht lng,
nhng khi dng toa thng ln c th gim thiu s ln thao tc iu xe, do
rt ngn c thi gian bc t .
b) Toa xe m: Toa xe m dng thn xe ton khi, pha di b tr hai gi
chuyn hng, y thng xe c b tr bn gt hoc c cu chuyn ti kiu xch,
tin cho vic bc y thng xe v chuyn ti hoc gip cho vic t ra
pha sau (hnh 5.11). Loi toa xe ny khng yu cu iu kin cao khi bc t
, c th bo m vn chuyn tc ln, nhng cu to phc tp, chi ph s
dng cao.
Toa xe m c dung lng 6 18 m3 c th s dng tng toa mt, cng c
th s dng kt hp 2-4 toa gim thiu s ln iu xe. C cu t ng
t nh vo bn mc, c th ra ng sau, cng c th lm cho gi
chuyn hng trc v sau ln lt t ln hai ng gn nhau, thc hin
t ra mt bn ca ng ray, s dng phm vi t . Kh ng ray
l 2,0 2,5 m.
Hnh 5.11. Toa xe m (kch thc bng mm):

1- b gim tc bnh xon; 2- thn xe ng trc; 3- gi my in v b phn chuyn ng
bng xch; 4- thn xe pha sau; 5- trc truyn ng vn hng; 6- thanh lai dt;
7- thanh ni lai dt
2. u my lai dt vn chuyn bng ray

u my lai dt chy trn ng ray c cc loi: u my chy bng c
qui, u my chy diesel, ch yu dng lai dt vn chuyn trong ng hm
vi dc khng ln lm. Khi dng toa xe loi nh v dc thoi, ng
hm ngn c th dng sc ngi y.
u my dng c quy tuy khng gy nhim song phi np c-quy, nng
lng c hn. Khi cn thit c th tng s c-quy ln bo m tc v
nng lng vn chuyn ca u my.
u my diesel c nng lc lai dt kh ln, nhng gy ting n v
nhim khng kh. Khi s dng u my diesel thng phi lp thit b lc kh v
tng cng thng gi.
3. Vn chuyn mt tuyn
Nng lc vn chuyn mt tuyn tng i thp, thng dng cho vng c
iu kin a cht tng i km hoc ti cc ng hm c mt ct nh.
Khi dng vn chuyn mt tuyn, iu xe thun li v nng cao nng
lc vn chuyn, trn ton b tuyn nn b tr hp l cc ga trnh. Khong cch
gia cc ga trnh cn cn c vo thi gian thao tc bc t v tc chy
tu tnh ton xc nh biu chy tu ti u nhm gim thiu thi gian ch
i trnh tu. Chiu di tuyn ga trnh phi m bo trnh nhau an ton v b
tr c c on tu (hnh 5.12).
Hnh 5.12. B tr ng ray vn chuyn mt tuyn:

1- my bc t kiu gu lt; 2- xe thng; 3- u my lai dt chy bng in c-quy;
4. Vn chuyn hai tuyn

Khi t chc vn chuyn hai tuyn th tu vo - ra u chy ng ring,
khng cn i trnh nhau, nng lc thng qua nng ln r rt so vi mt tuyn.
iu xe c tin li cn b tr ng ngang gia hai tuyn mt cch hp
l.
Khong cch ng ngang cn cn c vo vic sp t trt t thi cng v
nhu cu iu xe vn chuyn xc nh, ni chung khong cch l 100200 m
hoc di hn, v c cch 2 3 nhm ng ngang th b tr mt nhm ng
ngang ngc chiu.
5. Ko di ng ray n mt cng tc v bin php iu xe

Ko di ng ray n mt cng tc: cn tha mn kp thi yu cu i li
v thao tc khoan l, bc t , c gii vn chuyn v trnh lm cn tr nhau
gia vic ko di ng ray v cc cng tc khc, c khi cn ko di n tn
mt o. Bin php ko di l dng ray ngn lp ni, i khi mt o tin ln
pha trc xong s ni cc thanh ray ngn thnh ray di.
II. My vn chuyn lin tc
My vn chuyn lin tc thng dng vn chuyn vt liu ri, vt liu
c kch thc nh, trung bnh hoc dng khi, k c vt liu do nh b tng,
va. My vn chuyn lin tc c th chia ra thnh nhiu loi nh bng ti, gu
ti vt ti, xch ti tm, bng gt, my vn chuyn nh rung ng.
1. Bng ti
Bng ti c s dng rng ri vn chuyn lin tc vt liu theo
phng ngang hoc nghing. Chng cho nng sut cao (ti vi nghn t/h) v c
th vn chuyn i xa ti hng cy s. Trong xy dng thng dng loi bng
ti di ng v bng ti c nh.
Bng ti di ng vn chuyn vt liu c ly 10 15 m v d vt liu
cao 2 4 m.
Bng ti c nh c khung b lm thnh tng on 2 3 m lp rp vi
nhau. Bng ti ny thng di 50 100 m v c th tng-gim chiu di bng
cch thm-bt cc on khung theo tnh ton. Bng ti cn c s dng nh
mt c cu vn chuyn ca my o nhiu gu, my ri b tng...
Bng ti (hnh 5.13, a) gm bng 4 ta trn cc con ln 5 nhnh c
ti v 8 nhnh khng ti, vng qua tang dn ng 6 v tang cng 2. Chuyn
ng ca bng truyn t tang dn qua bng nh lc ma st. Trc tang dn
ng ni vi ng c 10 qua hp gim tc 9. Tng lc ko bng cch lp thm
tang 7 cnh tang dn lm tng gc m . bng khng b chng v tng lc
ko thng dng b cng bng kiu vt hay i trng 1.
Bng va l b phn mang vt liu va l b phn ko. Thng dng
nht l loi bng vi cao su hay dt bng si tng hp. Lp vi bn l loi
chuyn dng lm ai. Lp cao su pha trn dy hn pha di v chu mi mn
nhiu hn. S lp v chiu rng bng l nhng s liu c tiu chun ha
B = 0,4 1,6m.
Bng c chn theo lc ko ln nht Smax. Ti trng ko do cc lp vi
chu, do ti trng cng ln th phi chn bng c lp vi cng nhiu.
S lp vi c xc nh theo cng thc:
S max
i= [5.1]
B.K
trong B - chiu rng bng, m;
K - ti trng ph hng cho php ca mt lp vi c chiu rng 1m, N;
Smax - lc ko bng ln nht nhnh cun vo tang dn ng, N.
i vi phn ln bng ti K = 460 550 daN. Bng ti chuyn dng c ti
trng ph hng bng ln gp hai ln so vi bng ti thng. Con ln nhnh
c ti c th dng loi con ln thng hoc con ln hnh lng mng, cn
nhnh khng ti thng dng loi con ln thng (hnh 5.13, b). Nhnh c ti
thng dng loi lng mng v cha c nhiu vt liu lm tng nng sut
ca bng ti. Con ln hnh lng mng thng l tng hp ca hai hoc ba
con ln thng. i vi bng ti dng loi bng bnh thng (mt nhn), gc
nghing ti vn chuyn vt liu ri khng qu 18 - 290, vn chuyn gch khng
qu 25 - 300. tng nghing vn chuyn ca bng ti n 600, bng ti di
ng khng c con ln nhnh khng ti, c th dng bng chuyn dng
c g.
Khi lp rp bng ti, cn phi ni bng cch dn hai u li bng nha
cao su, p li ri t nng, ni bng khp thp, vng thp chuyn dng v cc
vng thp ni vi nhau bng cp thp (hnh 5.14).
Hnh 5.13. Bng ti:

a) S kt cu; b) Con ln ; c) S lc tang dn ng; d) Din tch mt ct vt liu
trn bng phng; e) Din tch mt ct vt liu trn bng lng mng

Hnh 5.14. Cc phng php ni u bng:
a) dn; b) ni bng khp bn l; c) ni bng cc vng thp
T hnh 5.13, c ta thy lc ko ca tang dn P c xc nh nh sau:

P=Tt [5.2]
trong T - lc cng bng trn nhnh cun, daN;
t - lc cng bng trn nhnh nh, daN.
Lc dn ng trong bng ti c truyn t tang dn qua bng nh ma
st. V vy bng khi b trt trn tang dn phi m bo tho mn cng
thc le:
T = t.ef, [5.3]
trong f - h s ma st gia bng v tang dn;
- gc m ca bng trn tang, .
T suy ra:
1
P = T 1 f . [5.4]
e
T cng thc trn ta thy lc ko P c th truyn t tang qua bng t l
thun vi h s ma st gia bng v tang dn f, vi gc m ca bng trn tang
, vi lc cng ca bng trn nhnh cun.
m bo cho bng ti lm vic bnh thng phi: thng xuyn theo
di, kim tra cc con ln bng v nh k tra du m cc ca con ln ,
kp thi thay cc con ln hng. Thng xuyn iu chnh cho bng chuyn
ng ng hng, theo di, kim tra trm cng bng, phu np liu, d liu v
cc thit b lm sch bng.
Cm khng c: c ra, sa cha bng ti khi bng ang lm vic, m
my m khng c tn hiu bo trc.
Nng sut ca bng ti xc nh theo cng thc:
Q = 3600F.v. (t/h) [5.5]
trong F - din tch mt ct ca vt liu trn bng, m2;
v - tc vn chuyn vt liu, m/s;
- khi lng ring ca vt liu, t/m6.
i vi bng phng, mt ct ca dng vt liu c hnh tam gic cn.
vt liu khng b ri vi ra khi bng, th y ca tam gic cn phi bng 0,8
chiu rng ca bng B v gc y 1 bng 35% gc trt t nhin ca vt liu
trng thi tnh 0. Vi vt liu xy dng vn th gc trt t nhin 0 450 v
khi 1 160.
Trong tnh ton ngi ta a thm h s c ph thuc vo gc nghing ca
bng ti.
Din tch mt ct dng vt liu trn bng phng (hnh 5.13, d):
b.h1 0,8 B.0,4 B.tg1
F1 = c = c = 0,45 B 2 .c [5.6]
2 2
i vi bng lng mng (h.5.13) din tch mt ct dng vt liu bng tng
din tch hnh thang F2 v tam gic F1. Khi tnh din tch F2 ta ly gc nghing
ca con ln theo tiu chun 200, chiu di con ln di a 0,39B.
b+a b+a ba 0 b2 a2
F1 = h2 = tg 20 = tg 20 0 ; [5.7]
2 2 2 2
0,8 2 B 2 0,39 2 B 2
F2 = tg 20 0 = 0,045B 2 . [5.8]
4
Do cng thc tnh nng sut ca bng ti lng mng l:
Q = 3,6(F1 + F2).v. = 0,16.B2.v..(c + 1) t/h. [5.9]
Tr s ca h s c tnh theo gc nghing ca bng ti nh sau:
= 0 100, c = 1; = 10 150, c = 0,95;
= 15 200, c = 0,9; > 200, c = 0,85.
T cng thc c th xc nh c chiu rng bng B, m khi cho trc
nng sut Q, t/h. Theo kinh nghim chiu rng bng tng ng vi kch thc
ca vt liu:
- Vi vt liu cha gia cng B 2DP + 0,2 m;
- Vt liu c chn lc B 2,3 DC + 0,2 m.
trong DP - kch thc cc vt liu ln nht, m;
DC - kch thc cc vt liu trung bnh, m.
Trong xy dng thng s dng bng ti c nng sut 60 - 140 t/h vi
chiu rng bng 0,4 - 0,5 m v vn tc 1 16 m/s.

i vi vt liu th khi th nng sut bng ti c tnh theo cng thc:
3600.v
Q= chic/h. [5.10]
l
trong l - khong cch gia cc khi, m.
2. Xch ti tm
Khi cn vn chuyn vt liu c cnh sc, th d khi chuyn cc ln sau
nh mn thng dng xch ti tm (hnh 5.15 a). Thit b ny c xch 3, bnh
dn ng 4 v xch ko 2. Trn xch ko lp cc tm kim loi 1 ph mp ln
nhau vt liu khng b ri. Xch ti tm cn vn chuyn cc chi tit v sn
phm t vt liu nng cc nh my kt cu xy dng.
3. Bng ti gt
Mt dng ca bng ti c xch ti ko l bng gt (hnh 5.15, b). N khc
vi xch ti tm l trn xch 3 lp cc tm gt 5, cn cc nhnh di khi lm
vic s gt vt liu di chuyn trong lng mng c nh.
Hnh 5.15. Bng ti gt c c cu ko bng xch:

a) xch ti tm; b) bng gt
4. Gu ti
Gu ti c s dng rng ri vn chuyn cc loi vt liu ti nh xi
mng, ct, , si Vt liu cha trong gu vn chuyn theo phng thng
ng hay phng nghing mt gc khng nh hn 600 so vi phng ngang.
Gu ti (hnh 5.16) gm tang hoc a xch dn ng 6, v a ko cng 1, b
phn ko thng l hai di xch, trn c gn gu 3 vi bc gu T. B phn
ko v gu c t trong v che bng kim loi 5. Cht ti vt liu qua ca np
2 v x qua ca ra 7.
Gu ti c tc cao (1,25 - 2,0 m/s) thng vn chuyn vt liu
dng bt, v cc nh, cn tc thp (0,4 - 1,0 m/s) khi vn chuyn vt liu
dng cc ln. Hnh dng gu cng tu thuc vo loi vt liu vn chuyn v
c lp trn c cu ko vi bc gu T = 300 600 mm.
Gu ti c u im l kch thc nh gn, c th nng vt liu ln cao
tng i ln (n 50 m). Nng sut cc loi gu ti nm trong khong rng (t
5 n 140m3/h). Nhc im ca gu ti l chu qu ti rt km, cn phi np
liu u trong qu trnh lm vic. Nng sut ca gu ti c tnh theo cng
thc:
q
Q = 3,6 v k , t/h [5.11]
T
trong q - dung tch gu, m3;
T - bc gu, m;
v - tc vn chuyn vt liu, m/s;
- khi lng ring ca vt liu, kg/m3;
k - h s y gu, k = 0,6 0,85.
Hnh 5.16. Gu ti:

a) s cu to; b) gu nng y trn cho vt liu ti km linh ng; c) gu su y trn cho
vt liu linh ng; d) gu y nhn cho vt liu dng cc
5. Vt ti
Vt ti dng vn chuyn t ct ri, ti, xp, do nh st, pha st, ct,
bt, theo phng ngang hoc nghing (ti 200) vi c ly vn chuyn ti 30
40 m v c nng sut n 20 40 m3/h. Vt ti c s dng nhiu trong cc t
hp my thng tunnel tm phng vi khoang cn bng p lc gng o bng
t. Vt ti(hnh 5.17, a) gm v thp 4, trc dn ng c gn vt vn chuyn 3,
cc 5, phu np 6 v ca d liu 7. Trc vt quay nh ng c in 1 qua
hp gim tc 2. Khi vt quay th vt liu b cun theo ng xon trn c v do
c chuyn ng tng i gia vt liu v vt ti. Khi vt liu coi nh v
tr ai c. Nh ma st v trng lng vt liu, vt liu c chuyn trong
ng ng theo chiu quay ca vt t ca np ti ca x.
Vt ti c u im l kt cu n gin, kch thc nh gn, vt liu c
che kn nn khng tht thot v gy nhim mi trng. Tu theo tnh cht v
kch thc ca vt liu m s dng cc loi cnh vt c hnh dng khc nhau.
Nng sut k thut ca vt ti c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q = 3600 F . v, m3/h [5.12]
trong v - vn tc chuyn vt liu, m/s;
F din tch mt ct dng vt liu, m2,
D 2 S .n
F= c, v = [5.13]
4 60
y D - ng knh vt, m;
S - bc vt, m;
n vn tc quay ca vt, vg/ph;
- h s lm y, thng ly khng ln hn 0,15 - 0,4 trnh vt liu
lp kn vo cc ;
c - h s k n nh hng ca nghing ca ng vn chuyn
0 5 10 15 20
c 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,65
Hnh 5.17. Vt ti:

a) cu to chung; b) vt lin vn chuyn vt liu ri; c,e) vt khng lin tc v vt cnh vn
chuyn vt liu m; d) vt c mt bng thp di vn chuyn vt liu cc nh

Chng VI. My lm b tng cng trnh ngm
6.1. Khi nim chung

My lm b tng l tn gi chung cho cc loi my mc v thit b
phc v cng tc lm b tng theo tng cng on nh: cn ong phi
liu; nho trn hn hp b tng; vn chuyn hn hp b tng ti ni thi
cng, bm b tng; b tng; m b tng v kim tra cht lng b
tng. Trong thi cng cng trnh ngm yu cu s phc v ca c cc my
lm b tng trn mt t v cc my lm b tng c chng trong cc
tuyn ngm, c th l cc nhm my sau:
1) My trn b tng.
2) My vn chuyn b tng trn mt t v my vn chuyn b tng t
ging ng ti ni b tng
3) Cc my bm b tng
4) Cc loi my m b tng
5) Thit b phc v cng tc phun b tng kh v t gia c vch l ln
u.
6.2 My trn b tng & thit b nh lng phi liu

I. Phn loi
My trn b tng c phn loi theo cc du hiu sau:
- Theo nguyn l trn;
- Theo ch lm vic;
- Theo kh nng di chuyn;
- Theo phng n b tng thnh phm ra.
1. Theo nguyn l trn: my trn b tng c chia lm 2 nhm:
a) Nhm trn t do (hnh 6.1, a):
My trn b tng ri t do gm c thng trn nghing quay chm, trn
thnh bn trong ca thng c gn cc li xng. Cc li xng ny khi
thng trn quay s xc phn hn hp vt liu di y thng v nng n
ln cao dn, sau khi qua v tr cao nht vt liu li c xung di v
do m xy ra qu trnh trn. Vn tc quay ca thng trn khng c
vt qu 30 vng/pht (v nu vn tc ln hn lc ly tm s nh hng

ti s ri t do ca phi liu) v ch trn c nhng loi b tng mc
thp M 300, tuy nhin ng knh phi liu cho php c th ti 150
mm.
Hnh 6.1.Nguyn l cu to my trn t do & cng bc:

a) trn t do; b) trn cng bc loi thng ng yn, trc quay nm ngang; c) trn cng bc,
trc ng v quay ngc chiu vi thng trn; d) trn cng bc vi hai trc nm ngang;
1 thng trn; 2 cnh trn.
b) Nhm trn cng bc (hnh 6.1.b): y cc cnh trn (xng) 2

c gn vi trc trn nm ngang, do vy phi liu c nho trn mnh
lit trong thng 3 theo cc qu o khc nhau. Hnh 6.1.c thng trn 1 c
th quay theo chiu ngc li hoc ng yn. Loi ny s dng trn
cc loi b tng t do, kh v b tng ht nh, tc l nhng loi hn hp
b tng m my trn b tng ri t do khng th m bo c mc
ng u ngay c khi ko di thi gian trn, tuy nhin ng knh phi
liu ch cho php d 70 mm.
2. Theo ch lm vic: my trn b tng c chia thnh 02 nhm
sau:
a) my trn b tng lm vic theo chu k : trn tng m mt. Qu trnh
trn b tng thc t ch chim 2/3 thi gian lm vic ca my, 1/3 thi
gian cn li dng cp phi liu v b tng thnh phm ra. Loi ny
lm vic vi nng sut thp ph hp vi cc cng trnh nh l.
b) My trn b tng lm vic lin tc: l loi my m vic cp phi liu
v ly b tng thnh phm ra c thc hin ng thi v lin tc. Loi
ny c cu to phc tp, cng knh nhng c nng sut cao, thng
c dng cho cc nh my, cc trm trn b tng .
3. Theo kh nng di chuyn: c 2 loi:
- loi tnh ti (c nh);
- loi di ng (t hnh hoc c th ko i c).
4. Theo phng php b tng ra: (hnh 6.2)

a. lt p (hnh 6.2,a).
b. bng mng (hnh 6.2,b).
c. bng cch nghing v quay (hnh 6.2,c).
Hnh 6.2. Cc phng php b tng ra:

a) lt p; b) bng mng; c) bng cch nghing v quay
II. Cc loi my trn b tng lm vic theo chu k

1. My trn t do lm vic theo chu k
Cc loi my my ny dng trn b tng c st 5 15 cm vi
dung tch mt m trn l 65, 165, 330, 500, 800, 1000, 1600, 2000, 3000
lt.
S cu to chung v h thng truyn ng ca loi my trn t do
kiu lt (hnh 6.3).
ng c s 6, qua hp gim tc 13 truyn m men xon ti bnh rng
hnh nn s 14 v truyn ng xch s 10. Bnh rng hnh nn s 14
quay n khp vi vnh rng 12 gn trn thng trn s 2 lm cho thng
trn quay quanh trc Y- Y ca n (nghing 450 so vi mt phng thng
ng trn b tng. Truyn ng xch quay lm cho na ch ng ca
li hp s 5 quay trn quanh trc 15..
Mun vt liu vo thng trn, ko tay n A, n s ni phanh hm 7
v ng ly hp 5 li, nh vy lc t b chuyn sang a lm trc 15 quay v
cun cp 8 ko gu 3 trt theo gi dn 16 ln dn ti ming thng
trn. Khi gu ln ti nh gi dn th b chn li, gu b lt ngc v
vt liu vo thng trn.
Mun gi cho gu ng n nh trn cao trong thi gian phi liu
vo thng trn ta gt tay n A sao cho phanh 7 ng li, ly hp 5 m,
nh vy gu c gi n nh trn cao.

Khi cn h gu tip liu xung ta gt nh tay n A v tr sao cho
phanh 7 v ly hp 5 u m lc do tc dng ca trng lng bn
thn, gu t trt theo gi dn xung di.
Mun ly b tng trn ra, ta quay v lng B, nh truyn ng ca
cp bnh rng tr, gi lt 9 quay, lm thng lt p xung v b tng
trn ra ngoi.
Loi ny c u im l b tng ra rt nhanh v sch, tuy nhin
ng tc lt thng tn rt nhiu lc c bit l ng tc quay thng
ngc li v tr c, nn loi my ny ch c ch to vi dung tch m
trn nh.
Hnh 6.3. My trn t do kiu lt :

a) cu to chung; b) h thng truyn ng chung: 1- gi my; 2 thng trn; 3 gu tip liu;
4 thng ong nc; 5 ly hp; 6 - ng c in; 7 phanh; 8 cp ko gu; 9 gi lt;
10 truyn ng xch; 11 c cu tng xch; 12 vnh rng; 13 hp gim tc;
14 bnh rng nn; 15 trc dn ng gu np liu; 16 gi dn;
A - n iu khin ko gu; B v lng; C - n git nc; c) h thng truyn ng ring gm:
I cm dn ng gu np; II cm dn ng quay thng.

Trn hnh 6.3.c l loi my trn b tng rI t do kiu lt vi hai h
thng truyn ng ring (hai ng c ring bit, mt ng c gn lin vi
hp gim tc t gi lt mt ng c khc qua khp ni trc vt bnh
vt dn ng gu np liu). Loi my ny thng trn 2 c treo
console gi lt 9 v c quay qua cm hp gim tc bnh rng thng
v bnh rng cn hoc hp gim tc hnh tinh bt vo y thng trn.
Trn hnh 6.4 th hin loi my trn b tng c ct liu ti 120mm.
My gm gi 5, thng trn 2 trong c lp cc cnh trn, ng c in
3, xi lanh kh p nghing thng 4 v vnh 1. T ng c in qua khp
ni 14 (hnh 6.4.b) bnh rng 15, cc bnh rng 16, 17, 18 truyn m
men xon ti bnh rng 13 v vnh rng 11 ca thng trn. nghing
thng b tng thnh phm ra ngoi v a thng v v tr ban u
ngi ta dng h thng kh nn gm xi lanh 9, van phn phi 8, lc kh
bng du 7, kho 6 v b phn ng m 9. Thng trn khi quay t vo
cc con ln . Cc con ln ny quay trong 10 v 12.
Hnh 6.4. My trn t do kiu lt bng kh nn:

a) hnh tng th; b) s ng hc
2. My trn b tng cng bc lm vic theo chu k

Loi ny c ch to vi dung tch mt m trn l 65, 165, 330, 500,
800, 1000, 1600, 2000, 3000 lt vi sn phm l b tng cc loi mc

khc nhau, thng lp t ti cc xng b tng c sn v cc trm
trn b tng thng phm.
Trn hnh 6.5,a l s ng hc ca my trn b tng cng bc
hot ng theo chu k. My ny bao gm ng c in v hp gim tc
1, qua khp ni 2 lm quay rotor 7. Trn rotor 7 c lp cc tay v cnh
trn, b phn an ton trnh b kt khi trn. Vt liu c np qua ng
np np thng, x b tng qua ca y thng trn. ng m ca
y thng, dng kh p dn qua kho 5 v van phn phi 4 ti xi lanh kh
p 6. gim n c lp thm b tiu m 6.
Vic cht ti vo thng ch thc hin khi rotor ang quay. Ct liu, xi
mng v nc c a vo thng trn theo mt t l c xc nh.
Sau khi hn hp c nho trn ng nht ta cho x ra ngoi bng
cch m ca y.
b)
a)
Hnh 6.5: My trn b tng cng bc hot ng theo chu k
a) S ng hc ca my trn b tng cng bc lm vic theo chu k (dn ng in); b)
My trn b tng cng bc lm vic theo chu k (dn ng kh nn): 1 cnh trn c 3 ci
c th thay i c gc nghing; 2 thng trn va;
3 h thng truyn ng kh nn cho cm cnh trn.
Trn hnh 6.5, b l s cu to ca my trn b tng v va dn

ng kh nn thng c dng trn va trong thi cng cc tuyn
ngm.
III. My trn b tng lm vic lin tc

My trn b tng lm vic lin tc thng c nguyn l trn cng
bc v dng lp t cho cc trm hay nh my sn xut b tng ti
vi sn lng cao.
Trn hnh 6.6 l cu to chung ca my trn b tng hot ng lin
tc. My gm h dn ng, thng trn v b phn cng tc gm hai trc
c mang cc cnh trn.
H dn ng gm ng c 1, b truyn ai 2, hp gim tc 3, khp
ni b tr 4 v b truyn bnh rng 5.
Hnh 6.6. My trn b tng cng bc hot ng lin tc thng trn nm

ngang c hnh lng mng.
B phn cng tc gm hai trc 10 c gn cc cnh trn 7. Phn cui
cnh trn c lp cc tm o 8 c th thay th c. Cc cnh trn c
t lch mt gc 450 so vi trc trn. Gia cc b cnh c ng chn 9.
Cc trc c quay trong 11 v 12. Nh c b truyn bnh rng 5
cc trc quay ng b ngc chiu nhau. Vt liu c a lin tc qua
ca 6, c cc cnh nho trn v y dc theo thng trn ti ca x.
Cc cnh trn c b tr sao cho cc dng vt liu c nho trn
mnh lit theo phng ngang, cn theo chiu dc trc li di chuyn
tng i chm, do vy vt liu c trn u.
Cc loi my trn ny c dng sn xut b tng linh ng c ct
liu ti 40 mm.
Ngoi my trn b tng cng bc hot ng lin tc cn c my trn
b tng t do hot ng lin tc, trong vt liu trn t do trong thng
trn quay t trn cc con ln . Vt liu c a lin tc vo mt u,
cn b tng thnh phm cng cho ra lin tc u kia.
Truyn ng ai 2 c tc dng chng qu ti khi cc cnh b kt.

IV. Thit b nh lng phi liu
Khu u tin trong quy trnh cng ngh ch to hn hp b tng l
giai on cn ong cc thnh phn ca chng.
nh lng phi liu ngi ta lm bng hai cch:
- nh lng phi liu theo th tch: chnh xc thp v khi lng
ring ca ct, ximng thng ph thuc ng k vo m v nn
cht. Tuy nhin nh lng bng th tch li n gin nn c s dng
rng ri cho cc my trn hot ng theo chu k ti cc cng trng.
- nh lng phi liu theo trng lng: c chnh xc cao (m bo
c cht lng v mc cho btng) nn c s dng nhiu cho cc
trm v nh my sn xut b tng.
Di y ta nghin cu s cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca
thit b nh lng phi liu theo trng lng dng cho cc loi my trn
btng lm vic lin tc (hnh 6.7).
Hnh 6.7. S thit b nh lng phi liu (loi hot ng lin tc):
1 - phu cha phi liu; 2 mng rung; 3 - b phn gy rung; 4 bng ti cn vt liu; bng ti
chung cho cc lai phi liu dn vo thng trn; 6 n by; 7 - i trng di ng;
8 - mc chun v trng lng phi liu trn bng ti cn;
9 - b cm bin in t; 10 - b iu chnh t ng
Bng cch x dch i trng 7 c th chnh sao cho kim gn u
n by 6 ch ng mc chun 8 trn cn v thit b nh lng bt u
hot ng. Qua phu 1 phi liu c cp vo mng rung 2 ( y
cng rung ca mng iu chnh lu lng chy ca phi liu t
mng 1 xung) qua bng ti cn phi liu 4 xung bng ti chung v
chy vo ca np phi liu ca trm trn b tng lin tc. Gi s v l do
no phi liu ri xung bng ti cn 4 ln hn nh mc s lm cho
bng ny nng hn v y hai im B B xung pha di khin cho hai
im C & D b y ln pha trn, ko theo c n by 6 & li b cm bin
9 gy ra hin tng st in p trong hp iu chnh t ng 10, kt qu
l b rung 3 s rung vi bin nh hn (va ng mc cn thit) ni
cch khc l my t ng gim tc cp phi liu.
Nu phi liu ri xung bng ti cn 4 t hn nh mc s gy ra hin
tng ngc li.
Sai s ca thit b nh lng loi ny l 2% i vi ct si, cn i
vi dm l 3% cn nh lng nc ta dng ng h o lu
lng nc.
V. Nng sut my trn btng

1. My trn b tng theo chu k
Ns= Vxl.nck.Ktg, (m3/h) [6.1]
trong : Vxl - th tch xut liu ca thng trn (th tch b tng thnh
phm trn c trong mt m trn), m3 v c xc nh theo cng thc
sau:
Vxl = Vsx.Kxl = (0,3 0,4)Vhh.Kxl, (m3)
Vsx - th tch sn xut ca thng trn, m3
Vhh - th tch hnh hc ca thng trn, m3
Kxl - h s xut liu, Kxl = 0,65 0,7 i vi b tng v Kxl =
0,8 i vi va;
nck - s m b tng trn c trong 01 gi nck = 3600/tck
tck - thi gian mt m trn, s:
tck = t phi liu vo+ ttrn + t b tng ra
Ktg - h s s dng thi gian lm vic ca my trong mt ca,
Ktg = 0,8 0,9.
2. My trn lin tc
Ns = 60n.S.t.K1.K2.Kxl, (m3/h) [6.2]
trong : n vn tc quay ca trc trn (v/ph);
S - tit din dng vt liu di chuyn trong thng trn (m2),
S = (0,28 0,34)d2/4
d - ng knh qu o hnh trn ca cnh trn, m;
t l khong cch gia cc cnh trn theo chiu dc trc, m;

K1 v K2 cc h s c xt n tc ng ngn cn chuyn
ng ca dng vt liu trong thng trn do tnh khng lin
tc ca cc cnh trn v do ma st gia vt liu v cc chi
tit tip xc vi vt liu K1.K2 = 0,5.
6.3. My bm b tng
My bm b tng vn chuyn b tng linh ng (thng c
st trn 12 cm) theo ng ng dn c th i xa ti 800 m hoc ln cao
ti 400 m. Nu mun bm i xa hn na trong tuyn ngm cn phi lp
cc bm ni tip nhau. Bm b tng cn dng c th c dng bm
va xy dng.
I. Phn loi
1. Theo nguyn l lm vic: C hai kiu l lm vic lin tc (kiu rto
ng mm) v theo chu k (kiu piston).
2. Theo kiu dn ng: C hai kiu l c kh v thu lc.
II. Cc loi my bm b tng
Sau y ta xt n nhng loi thng dng thng dng trong xy
dng dn dng, cng nghip v trong cng trnh ngm.
1. My bm b tng kiu piston dn ng thu lc loi van ch S
hoc van ch C
Loi ny c nng sut k thut t 5 65 m3/h; c ly bm ti Lmax =
600m; cao bm Hmax = 80m. Ph bin hin nay dng bm hai piston
thu lc c ca van hnh ch S (hnh 6.8).
Van ng hnh ch S c nguyn l hot ng nh sau. Van ch S
c b tr ngay trong khoang np 1 ca bm, tm quay ca van trng
vi tm ng dn b tng 4. Ti mi chu k lm vic van c lc mt gc
nht nh v che kn ng ra ca mt trong hai xilanh bm v c
piston ca xilanh y hn hp b tng vo trong ng dn, lc ny
xilanh cn li c ni vi khoang np 1 ht b tng. u im chnh
ca loi van ny l s thay i hng chuyn ng ca hn hp b tng
khi ht v y l t nht. Tuy nhin mi chu k lm vic van phi o v
ti theo mt khi lng rt ln (gm khi hn hp b tng c trong van
v bn thn khi lng van), phi thng lc ma st vng lm kn (vng
ni) gia ming xi lanh bm v ti ch van ni vi ng ng dn.
B tng sau khi c bm vo ng c chuyn theo ng dn
bng thp v c ghp t nhng on ng bng loi kho c bit.
c)
Hnh 6.8. S cu to my bm hai piston thu lc:

a) S cu to; b) Nguyn l lm vic ca van ch S;
c) Bm btng dng xilanh hng Putzmeister (c).
2. My bm b tng kiu rotor - ng mm

c)
Hnh 6.9. S bm b tng kiu rotor - ng mm:

a) s nguyn l; b) s cu to; c) Bm b tng dng rotor ng mm
hng Putzmeister (c)
Loi ny c nng sut k thut t 30 70 m3/h; c ly bm ti Lmax

= 300m; cao bm Hmax = 70m. Trn hnh 6.9 l s hot ng ca
bm kiu rotor-ng mm. Nguyn l hot ng: rotor 4 quay theo
chiu mi tn nh c ni vo trc dn ng bi motor thu lc. Trong
khi quay cc con ln 2 ln lt thay phin nhau bp on ng sau ng
6, n hn hp b tng sang ng 1. Khi con ln 2 chy qua on ng
pha sau n n to ra nh c, gy p sut m ht btng t phu 7 vo

on ng ny ch con ln kia ln ti, c nh vy hai con ln s 2 thay
nhau n b tng sang ng 1 i tip.
u im: cu to gn nh, tn t nng lng, dn ng n gin,
d bo dng sa cha
Nhc im:
- Ch bm c nhng loi b tng tng i mn;
- ng mm chng hng, phi thay sau 2000 3000 h bm.
V nhc im nn bm kiu rotor-ng mm t c s dng
bm b tng, tuy nhin c dng nhiu bm v nh lng ph
gia trong cng ngh pht b tng gia c vch l tm thi hoc vnh cu.
3. Thit b bm b tng bng kh nn
y l loi my bm c th dng cho cng tc b tng cho cc
cng trnh bng phng php nhi t trong lng b tng nh kh nn.
Loi ny c nng sut k thut t 5 20 m3/h; c ly bm ti Lmax = 100
m; cao bm Hmax = 40 m.
a) b)
Hnh 6.10:My bm b tng bng kh nn:

a) s nguyn l cu to my bm b tng dn ng kh nn: 1 my nn kh; 2 ng dn
kh nn; 3 bnh tch p; 4 van iu tit; 5 thng kn cha b tng cn bm; 6 ng dn b
tng; 7 thng cha b tng;
b) My bm b tng dn ng kh nn di chuyn trn bnh st dng cho cng trnh ngm: 1-
thng b tng; 2 ca b tng vo; 3 trc trn b tng trnh phn tng; 4 h thng
dn ng kh nn; 5 khung di chuyn bnh st;
6 ng dn y b tng ; 7 van iu khin ng m cho mi chu k bm.
Nguyn l hot ng nh sau: m np thng 5, b tng vo ri

y kn li (np ny c giong v b phn cht m bo y kn). Ta m
van 4 x kh nn vo thng 5. Di p sut ca kh nn khi b tng
s i theo ng ng 6 chy ti ni cn v nhi b tng. Tip li
m thng 5 v tip b tng vo thng bm ch k tip.
III. Nng sut cc loi bm b tng

1. Nng sut my bm b tng kiu piston bm
2 2
60n. . d . S .K day . K tg 15n. . d . S .K day . K tg
Ns = = m3/h, [6.3]
4
trong n - s ln piston bm trong 1 pht;

d - ng knh piston bm, m;
s hnh trnh ca piston bm , m;
Ky - h s y khoang xi lanh bm , Ky = 0,85 0,9;
Ktg - h s s dng thi gian lm vic ca my, Ktg = 0,8
0,9.
2. Nng sut my bm b tng kiu rotor - ng mm
d 2 D
Ns = 60n. . .Ky.Ktg, m3/h [6.4]
4 2
trong d - ng knh ng mm, m;
D - ng knh vng cong trung bnh ca ng mm, m;
n - s vng quay ca ng c trong 1 pht;
Ky - h s y trong ng mm , Ky = 0, 0,8;
0,9;
3. Nng sut my bm b tng dng kh nn
Vs = Vsx.nck.Ktg, m3/h [6.5]
Trong : Vsx - th tch sn xut (th tch hu ch) ca thng 5, m3 ;
Vsx = 0,25 1 m3
nck - s ln bm trong 1 gi, nck = 10 20;
0,9.
6.4. My vn chuyn b tng trn mt t v dc theo tunnel ti v

tr thi cng
Cc loi my ny l cc t ch btng t nh my sn xut btng
ti ging ng bao gm t t , t ch btng. Tip btng c
vn chuyn ti v tr btng nh cc loi thit b sau: t ch btng
hm l bnh lp hoc bnh st, i khi btng vn chuyn ti ni

bng toa gng bnh st (trong trng hp ny cn c c cu ngom lt
gng b tng vo bunke) v nu khong cch khng ln lm c th
dng cc my bm piston lp ni tip bm btng dc theo tuyn
tunnel.
S vn chuyn b tng t nh my ti vn khun nh sau:
Nh my sn t ch b tng t - t ch trn
Ging
xut b tng t ch trn b tng bnh lp hm l;
ng
- My ch v trn
b tng di chuyn
trn ray;
- bng toa gng
bnh st;
Bm vo vn My bm b Bunke cha - dng cc my
khun tunnel tng kh nn b tng bm piston lp
ni tip
S khi 6.1 Vn chuyn b tng t nh my ti vn khun tunnel

Lu : cc phng tin trn c s dng ch b tng ti
trong trng hp khong cch vn chuyn khng ln lm, nu khong
cch ln lo ngi v cht lng b tng ti sau vn chuyn th
phi vn chuyn b tng kh v thay v vo bunke th phi vo my
trn trn b tng kh vi nc v ph gia
I. t trn-ch b tng trn mt t
t trn-ch b tng dng trn v vn chuyn b tng trn mt
t vi c ly t vi km ti vi chc km t trm trn b tng thng phm
ti ni tiu th. Khi vn chuyn b tng c ly ngn, ngi ta b tng
trn vo thng (75 80% dung tch thng) v cho quay vi vn tc
chm (3 4 vng/pht) m bo b tng vn chuyn khng b phn
tng v ng kt. Trong trng hp ny t ch lm nhim v vn
chuyn. Khi cn cung cp i xa th ngi ta ct liu kh vo thng (60
70% dung tch thng) trong khi vn chuyn my trn trn xe s quay
trn u ct liu trn xe vi nc thnh b tng ng nht (tc quay
10 12 vng/pht) , ti ni lm vic ch cn ra s dng ngay. Trong
trng hp ny t va lm nhim v vn chuyn va lm nhim v
trn b tng.
t trn-ch b tng (hnh 6.11) gm sat-xi t 7, gi thng
trn 4, thng trn 1, thit b np v x liu 2, h thng cung cp nc 3
v b truyn ng cho thng trn 5 cng c cu iu chnh 6. Tt c cc

thit b ny c t trn khung v bt cht vo sat-xi t. Trn khung
nghing 150 t thng trn t trn 3 im: pha trc v vnh t trn
2 con ln pha sau.. Trong thng trn t hai cnh trn kiu vt trn
b tng khi thng quay theo chiu kim ng h v x khi thng quay
ngc chiu kim ng h nh c cu o chiu quay b tng theo mng
chy ra ngoi.
Dung tch thng trn ca cc t trn-ch b tng hin nay
thng l 2,6; 3,2; 4,0; 7,u v 8m3 tu theo loi t c s.
Hnh 6.12. S cu to t ch b
Hnh 6.11. S cu to t trn, ch b tng
tng
II. t ch b tng thng phm kiu ben trn mt t

L loi xe chuyn dng ch b tng c ly khng qu 10 km
tnh t nh my b tng thng phm ti ging ng .B tng thnh
phm c cha trong thng cha b tng, c hnh dng c th nh
mt ci mng su, phn trc to hn v thp hn, phn sau nh hn v
cao hn. Ming b tng t th nm ngang ca thng cao hn c
mc b tng trong thng, do m bo b tng khng ri vi dc
ng. Pha trn thng c np y kn b tng khng nh hng ca
nng, gi hoc ma. V thng c 02 lp, trong trng hp khng kh
di 00 C th kh thi ca ng c s chy qua khe h gia hai lp v
trc khi ti ng x si m b tng.
Thng ch b tng ta trn mt im gia xe v 2 khp bn l
trn khung chu lc. Hai xi lanh thu lc kiu ng lng c th nng thng
ti 800 b tng ra (trong thng c c cu g mnh vo v thng
b tng cho ht sch). Cu to v hot ng ca xe ny cng tng
t nh t t , ch khc l thng ch b tng c cu to c bit
chuyn ch b tng. Th tch hu ch ca thng Vhu ch = 1,6 4m6.

III. My ch v trn b tng cng trnh ngm di chuyn trn ray
My ch v trn b tng di chuyn trn ray dng trn v vn chuyn
b tng ti v b tng kh t ging ng ti ni b tng. My c s
dng trong cng tc vn chuyn b tng cho cc cng trnh tu in ngm,
tuyn vn ti ngm, cng nh cc cng trnh ngm trong khai khong hm l
khi c nhu cu thi cng b tng ct thp lin khi.
My ch v trn b tng di chuyn trn ray c nhiu loi khc nhau vi
h thng dn ng khc nhau. H thng dn ng c cu trn thng l c
cu dn ng hn hp: in - thu lc v dn ng kh nn. Pha trong thng
trn c thit k cc cnh trn dng vt xon c nhim v trn khi thng trn
quay theo chiu kim ng h v x b tng sau trn khi thng trn quay theo
chiu ngc li. Tc x ca my c th thay i nh vic thay i vn tc
quay ca thng trn.
Hnh 6.13. S cu to my ch v trn b tng di chuyn trn ray

(hng Putzmeister, c) :
1 - ca x; 2 - cnh trn kiu vt; 3 c cu di chuyn bnh st; 4 mc ko;
5 - u cn pha sau; 6 van cp nc.
Cc my ch trn b tng kiu ny thng c mc ni tip nh mc

4 khi di chuyn v c ko bi mt u ko c-quy hoc u ko dizel. Vic
x b tng ra ca 1 theo th t toa n trc x trc v toa tip theo c x
vo toa trc bng cch tho u cn 5 ca toa trc ra v x b tng vo
my trc, lc ny my trc lm nhim v nh mt vt ti trn a b tng
n ca x 1. H thng x b tng kiu ny c gi l kiu h thng x ni,
kiu x ny cho php ng thi nhiu my ch-trn b tng i cng trn mt
ng ray ti cng mt im x b tng.
My ch-trn b tng c ch to lin khi vi gi di chuyn bnh st, vi
cc c cu:
- C cu di chuyn bng cp bnh st di chuyn trn ray;
- C cu dn ng;

- C cu mc, cht ko v mc ko kiu ng lng,
- Cc con ln thng trn;
- H thng iu khin v t cng tc iu khin in.
IV. t ch trn b tng bnh lp hm l
t trn ch b tng bnh lp hm l c nguyn l cu to hon
ton ging vi t ch trn b tng trn mt t (hnh 6.14) gm sat-xi
loi c chng, gi thng trn, thng trn 3, phu np 4 v x liu 5,
h thng cung cp nc v b truyn ng cho thng trn 3 cng c
cu iu khin trong ca bi h 1. Trn khung nghing 150 t thng trn t
trn 3 im: pha trc v vnh t trn 2 con ln pha sau. Trong
thng trn hn c nh vo vch thng hai cnh trn kiu vt trn b
tng khi thng quay theo chiu kim ng h v x khi thng quay ngc
chiu kim ng h nh o chiu quaym t thy lc dn ng, b tng
theo mng chy ra ngoi.
Hnh 6.14. t ch-trn b tng bnh lp hm l (hng Putzmeister,

c) :
1 ca bin; 2 c cu di chuyn bnh lp; 3 thng trn; 4 - phu rt;
5 mng x; 6 - khoang cha ng c izel

Thit b ng lc ca my thng l ng c izel 4 th dn ng
cc bm du thy lc. Du thy lc thng qua motor thy lc lm quay
thng trn
Hnh 6.15. Thng trn c dn ng thy lc ( t trn-ch b tng

bnh lp hm l, hng Putzmeister, c)
6.5. My m b tng cng trnh ngm

I. Khi nim chung v phn loi:
m b tng, ngi ta dng cc my gy chn ng vi tn s
cao (f = 3000 20000 phut-1) v bin (A = 0,1 7,5mm) lm cho cc
ht ct, si, dm v xi mng dn dn sp cht li vo vi nhau, y
khng kh ra ngoi lm cho khi lng ring ca b tng tng ln; ng
thi lc ma st gia cc ht phi liu gim i, b tng lng ra ng nht
hn v chng ng kt hn. Bin php m b tng lm tng kh nng
chu lc ln 10 20%, tng ng vi vic tit kim 10 15% xi mng
(khong 25 35 kg xi mng/1m3 b tng) so vi khng m .
Tt c cc my m b tng u hot dng da trn nguyn l
rung. B phn gy rung c th l vt nng quay lch tm hoc vt nng
dao ng qua li. Trn thc t khi m b tng cho cc cng trnh tunnel
ngm ngi ta s dng c ba loi m l: My m trong trc mm;
my m mt v my m cnh (hnh 6.16), tuy nhin my m mt rt t
khi c s dng.

Hnh 6.16. Cc loi my m b tng cng trnh ngm:
a - My m trong; b - My m mt; c - My m cnh: 1 ng c in;
2 - trc mm; 3 c cu gy rung.
Khi m b tng bng my m trong trc mm, u m (b phn

gy rung) c a nhanh vo lp b tng (thng ng hoc hi
nghing) vi su khong 10 15 cm, sau rt t ra khi khi b
tng khi ng c vn hot ng. B tng c coi l m xong khi s st
ln ca b tng chm dt, xut hin nc xi mng v ni cc bt kh trn
b mt.
My m cnh c treo cnh ngoi ca vn khun, loi ny rt hu
dng khi thi cng b tng ct thp lin khi vi ct thp trong tunnel
thng kh dy. Chng truyn dao ng qua khung ca vn khun - ni
chng c treo ti b tng cn m. Ngoi ra my m cnh c s
dng m cc cu kin b tng dng tng mng thng ng, cc
dm, cc cu kin qu nhiu ct thp v cc gc ca vn khun, nhng
ni m vic m bng my m trong trc mm khng th thc hin
hoc qu kh. Ngoi ra my m cnh cn c phi hp vi my m
trong tng cht lng m b tng cho cc cu kin ni trn.
II. Cc loi my m b tng thng dng trong cc cng trnh
ngm.
1. My m trong trc mm (m di trc mm): c chia ra thnh
hai nhm: m di lc trong v dm di lc ngoi (hnh 6.17.a, b). Trc 1
qua khp 2 truyn chuyn ng ti quay ti trc 3 c khi lch tm 5 tc
ng ln b mt chi tit 6 lp trong v m 4. Khi lch tm 5 gy ra dao
ng trn v gy trn ng cho qu m.
u im ni bt ca m di trc mm l kt cu n gin, gn
nh nhng cng c nhc im mt mt cng sut do ma st trong trc
mm, bn klnh hiu dng v nng sut thp (R = 20 40 cm; Ns = 3 6

m3/h), truyn dao ng khng uc xa. Qu m ca m di trc mm
nng t 1,2 8,7 kg.
2. My m cnh: My m cnh c treo cnh ngoi ca vn
khun, loi ny rt hu dng khi thi cng b tng ct thp lin khi vi
ct thp trong tunnel thng kh dy. Chng truyn dao ng qua khung
ca vn khun ni chng c treo ti b tng cn m.
My m cnh c nguyn l cu to gm mt ng c in c
ghp vo vn khun nh cc bu lng v cu, c cu gy rung c lp
trc tip ln trc quay rotor ca ng c in nh cc qu lch tm. Lc
ly tm do cc qu lch tm gy ra qua vn khun lm cho vn khun
rung ng truyn vo hn hp b tng lm cho b tng linh ng
chuyn sang trng thi gi lng y khng kh v nc ra ngoi.
Hnh 6.17. Hnh dng ngoi & s cu to m di trc mm:

a) lc trong; b) lc ngoi; c) nguyn l gy dao ng
III. Nng sut my m trong:

3600
, m3/h
2
Ns = 2 Re .h.Ktg. [6.6]
t1 + t 2
Trong h - chiu dy lp b tng c m, m;
Re bn knh hiu dng ca m, m;
t1 - thi gian m mt ch ( 30s);
t2 - thi gian chuyn ch m ( 10s);

Ktg - h s s dng thi gian trong mt ca (Ktg = 0,8
0,9).
6.6. Vn khun di ng dng thi cng b tng ct thp lin khi

trong tuyn ngm
I. Cng ngh thi cng b tng lin khi trong tuyn ngm
S cng ngh t chc v thi cng b tng ct thp lin khi
trong tuyn ngm c la chn ph thuc vo cng ca t , bin
php o l, chiu su tuyn ngm, mt ct ngang ca tuyn, cng nh
thit b c gii c ng dng thi cng.Vic la chn s cng ngh
thi cng phi p ng c cc tiu ch kinh t - k thut trn c s
nhng yu t c nh hng khc.
Hnh 6.18. Hai s b tr thit b cng ngh khi b tng lin khi
trong tunnel:
s ni tip; b s song song ; 1 gng o hoc my o tunnel;
2 vn khun di ng; 3 my bm b tng bng kh nn
C hai s cng ngh thi cng b tng ct thp lin khi cho v
tuyn tunnel ngm hnh 6.18 l:
- S song song thi cng ngay sau khi vn ti ht t v gia
c tm thi vch l;

- S ni tip Cho php gi vch l trng thi gia c tm thi
ln u mt khong thi gian tng ng mt vi chu k tun hon o
l, sau mi tin hnh thi cng v b tng lin khi.
B tng c t hai pha ca tunnel t chn ln nh v ti nh
th kha vm ti tm tp ca vn khun.
T hp thit b b tng trong tuyn ngm bao gm: Vn khun
kim loi, my trn b tng, my bm b tng tng, ng dn b tng v
my m b tng. Trong cc thit b k trn ta i su tm hiu v vn
khun kim loi.
II. Vn khun di ng thi cng b tng lin khi trong truyn ngm
Trong thi cng tunnel ngi ta thng s dng vn khun di ng
c mt ct ngang vi hnh dng ph hp vi v tunnel lin khi c
thit k. Vn khun tunnel c lp trn khung c bnh di chuyn dc
theo tuyn thi cng. Cc loi vn khun di ng ny c th s dng thi
cng trong cc cng ngh o kn.
Thc cht cc vn khun di ng ny l b khung trn c vn
khun c ghp vi khung di chuyn bng khp bn l, cc vn khun
ny c iu khin bi cc tay n v kch thy lc. Nh cc kch thy
lc m khi cc kch ny y ra vn khun s v tr lm vic, cn khi co
li th vn khun t th di chuyn trn ray n v tr thi cng mi sau
khi on v tunnel trc c kt v c th tho c vn khun.
Di y l cu to ca mt s loi vn khun di ng thng gp
khi xy dng tuyn ngm.
Hnh 6.19. Vn khun di ng dng cho tunnel tit din trn:

I Vn khun trng thi lm vic, II Vn khun trng thi di chuyn, trong : 1 ct
thp; 2 - lp chng thm; 3, 4 - vn khun; 5 XLTL iu khin vn khun; 6 khung di
chuyn
Hnh 6.20. Vn khun di ng tit din hnh ch nht vi
ct chng trung tm v tm tp:
1 - mnh vn khun hnh ch L ngc, 2 - tr trung tm, 3 - tm tp; 4 thanh chng vi cc
khp bn l; 5 - trc; 6 - c cu di chuyn; 7 cc kch di chuyn; 8 - khung c nh
Hnh 6.21. Vn khun xp gp kiu bn l nhiu mnh:

loi di ng; b dnh cho v l p d ng lc lin khi: 1 vn khun trn (mnh
trn); 2 c cu gp bn l; 3 cc xi lanh thu lc di chuyn vn khun;
4 Cc vt ta; 5 cc gi ; 6 mnh di vn khun di;
7 dm b; 8 Bng ti; 9 sn cng ngh.

Mt loi vn khun di ng c cu to kh n gin l b vn
khun lp ghp to hnh bng kim loi, di ng, xp gp bng bn l v
tho ri c (hnh 6.21).
Vn khun xp gp kiu bn l nhiu tm: (hnh 6.21, ) c cu to
t cc mnh vn khun nh l:cc mnh trn s 1 v mnh di s 6,
c cu gp bn l 2 ng v m cc mnh vn khun trn. C cu
ng m cc mnh vn khun di c hai gi 5 vi vt ta 4, ta
ln dm b di ng 7. Vn khun xp gp kiu bn l di chuyn dc theo
ng l nh cc xi lanh thu lc 5.
6.7 My v thit b lp rp v tuyn ngm
I. Tuyn ngm vi vch tunnel l cc tm lp ghp
Khc vi b tng ct thp lin khi thng c ng dng xy
dng cc tuyn ngm trong nn t cng bng s cng ngh ni
tip hoc song song nh ni trn. Tuyn ngm th thng gp
cc lp t c iu kin a cht phc tp phi dng cc tm v l c
ch to sn lp rp v hon thin ngay trong lng khin v t hp
khin. Cc tm v l ny c hai loi l: Bng gang v bng b tng ct
thp d ng lc trc.
Hnh 6.22 Cc dng
tm v l sau lp ghp:
a - Tm v l bng gang; b -
Tm v l bng b tng ct
thp d ng lc trc: 1 -
phn thn; 2 - rnh lp giong
chng thm sau trm mch
a) b) bng va cng cao; 3 - l
ch p va
Mt tuyn Metro vi v hm bng gang Mt tuyn Metro vi v hm bng b tng ct

thp d ng lc trc
Hnh 6.23. Cc tuyn ngm metro c thi cng bng v lp ghp

Thc t trn th gii s dng cc dng kt cu tunnel lp ghp
v cho kt qu rt tt so vi b tng lin khi sau nhiu nm s dng.
II. My mc v thit b dng lp rp v tunnel
Lp rp hon thin v tunnel bao gm cc bc:
- Bc 1: Lp rp;
- Bc 2: Xm mch (bt kn mi ni gia cc tm v l);
- Bc 3: p va phun va vo sau lng v hm
1. Cc my v thit b lp rp
c gii ho qu trnh lp rp cc vnh v tunnel ngi ta s
dng cc my lp rp v. a s cc my lt v tunnel l khung kim loi
c kt cu dng cng ch hoc cung trn, c trang b cc c cu
di chuyn dc theo tunnel v lp rp cc vnh v. Cc my lp rp ny
c th hot ng c lp, cng c th hot ng nh mt b phn trong
t hp my khin o l. Cc my lt v l dng lp rp cc tm cu
kin v dng b tng ct thp c trang b cc tay c ng cc
tm v b tng ct thp trong qu trnh lp rp ti ni cc vnh v vi
nhau.
Hnh 6.24. My lp v tunnel dn ng bng tay n thu lc hot ng

c lp trong cng ngh khoan n mn:
1 c cu bc; 2 khung kt cu kim loi; 3 tay n lp rp; dn ng thu lc n by; 5
dy mc buc; 6 - thit b in; 7 bm thu lc; 8 - li bo v; 9 - u kp.

lp rp cc tm v cho cc ng hm c o bng phng
php khoan n mn ngi ta s dng my lp rp vi dn ng bng n
by thu lc hnh 6.24, thit b c cu to gm: khung 2 c lp c cu di
chuyn 1, dy mc buc 5, tay n lp rp 3 vi u kp 9 kp cc
cu kin v tunnel v dn ng in thu lc 4 quay tay 6. V pha
gng l ngi ta lp t li an ton s 8 c nhim v ngn cc cc
, t bay do n mn, p my mc pha sau n. Tay lp rp 3 c kt
cu dng ng lng (tht th) ging nh ng ten TV. C th thc hin cc
chuyn ng lc v hai pha v tin v pha trc.
My lp rp v tunnel hnh 6.25 dng lp rp v tunnel c dng

vng ct ri thnh tng ming nh v chiu di ca ng hm cn thi
cng khng di lm nh hn 50m.Loi my lp ny l loi tay n, di
chuyn trn ray, c trang b tay 1 vi c cu quay 2, cn 4 v cc tm
phng cng tc. Cc kt cu v l c a ti trn cc xe gong, vic
lp rp nh vo hai ti nng v ti ko ging.
Khi lm vic my lp rp ngom v kp vo ray di chuyn. Sau khi
khoan v np thuc n vo l khoan n mn, my lp rp phi di chuyn
ra xa gng l trnh t n bay, p vo my lm h hi. My lp
rp di chuyn bng 4 con ln nh hai xi lanh thu lc
Hnh 6.25. My lp rp v tunnel dng cho cc ng l ngn:

1 tay lp; 2- c cu quay tay 1; 3 thanh ko; 4 - cn; 5 gi; 6 khung; 7 ngm kp ray;
8 - bng iu khin.
Trn hnh 6.26 l my lp rp v tuyn ngm thi cng cng t hp
khin o. Tay my 3 vi kp 1 kp cc cu kin b tng ct thp,
dn ng quay tay my, tm phng cng tc c th ko y tm phng

2 nm v tr gia hoc nh ca tunnel.Ngoi ra cn c cc c cu thu
lc in, my nn va 6 , palng in 5 v bng iu khin.
Cc tm trt c nhim v lm b cho my, phi hp vi c cu di
chuyn vi dn ng thu lc. Pha trn ca my c tm che c th ko
y, che vch l trn.
Hnh 6.26. My lp rp v tuyn Metro thi cng cng t hp khin o l:

1 - kp; 2 - tm phng cng tc c th ko y; 3 - tay my ; 4 - tm che c th ko y; 5
palng in; 6 my nn va.
2. My v thit b xm mch:
Ngay trong khi lp rp th gia cc ming v hm dc theo rnh
phi c giong chng thm, cc ming v l phi c ch to chnh xc
cc giong c cng v cc mi ni phi bm st vo nhau
khng pht sinh khe h ln ban u. Tip theo l cng tc xm mi ni
(bm y va hoc keo c bit vo gia cc mi ni), vt liu xm mi
ni phi c tnh cht dnh kt, tnh bn, tnh khng thm nc, tnh n
hi v tnh chng lo ho tt.
Cng tc xm mi ni ch c tin hnh sau khi lp rp v l xong
v ra khi s che chng ca khin vi mc ch trnh ti trng rung v
y ca t hp khin gy h hi cho cc mi xm. My xm mi ni c
nhiu loi, di y xin gii thiu my xm kiu n by loi n gin
Hnh 5.26/
Nh xi lanh kh nn c iu khin bi nt 6
cnh p 3 y va t khoang 2 v pha ng y
1, qua l n va 9 p va vo rnh ri ln
mi ni gia cc tm v tunnel. Trong khoang
kh nn 8 va lun c p nh p lc ca kh
nn kt hp vi lc y ca cnh 3 va c p
vo mi ni lin tc v kn.
thc hin cng tc p va xm mch ni
gia cc tm v tunnel ngi ta s dng gi
cng ngh di ng.
xm khe gia cc tm v tunnel ngi ta i
Hnh 5.26/ my xm khi cn s dng my s dng ba ph kh nn
mi ni dn ng kh
nn: 1 - ng y va vo cm tay kt hp vi u cng tc xm mch.
mi ni; 2 khoang cha Di tc dng ca kh nn qu p ca ba
va xi mng hoc keo c
chng ; 3 cnh p; 4 xi thc hin chuyn ng tnh tin qua li trong
lanh kh nn; 5 gi ; 6
Nt iu khin; 7 - v my; 8 nng ca ba v p vo chui ca c cu cng
khoang cha kh nn y
va; 9 - l n va. tc, c cu cng tc ny c th thay i c v
ghp vo u cng tc xm mch bng cu. Kt
qu l va c y i nh lc y ca chui
ba.
3. My v thit b p va Phun va vo sau lng v hm:
ngn chn khi t xung quanh hm bin dng, phng t ln st
trong qu trnh thi cng lp rp v tunnel vnh cu, cng on hon thin
cui l p, phun va vo lng v hm. Vic p va vo lng v hm cn
tng kh nng chu ti, tng tnh n nh ca v hm gp v hm lm vic
cng mi trng t xung quanh trnh bin dng cc b.
My v thit b p va thng c dn ng kh nn vi u bm ging
u vi bm xng y va chon ht khong khng gian sau lng v l.
6.8. hit b phun b tng gia c vch l
I. Cng ngh phun b tng gia c vch tunnel, phn loi v u
nhc im ca tng cng ngh
1. Cng ngh phun b tng gia c vch tunnel
Cng ngh phun b tng l cng ngh y b tng trc tip vo
vch hm l bng kh nn sau khi o, b tng dnh vo vch l vi
mc ch gia c vch l tm thi c kt hp vi khoan neo, i khi c
li ct thp. Cng ngh ny c th s dng thi cng b tng ct thp
lin khi m khng phi m.
Khi nim v cng ngh phun b tng ni chung c hiu l cng ngh
vn chuyn b tng t thng cha ti u vi phun v s y b tng t vi
phun ti b mt vch l, ti y b tng bm vo mt vch l v cng vi li
ct thp gia c vch tunnel tm thi trc khi thi cng v tunnel vnh cu.
2. Phn loi
Ta bit rng c hai cng ngh phun l cng ngh phun t v cng
ngh phun kh vi b tng hoc va. Hai cng ngh ny l hon ton khc
nhau bi cc c tnh c l ca hn hp b tng kh khc hon ton vi cc
c tnh c l ca b tng t v bi vy, vic vn chuyn ti vi phun theo
cc nguyn l khc nhau.
Kiu phun - sn Phng php v thit Cng tc phun vi phun

phm phun b vn chuyn
-Phun kh b tng Truyn ng kh nn Trn trong vi phun hoc ngay
-Phun kh va kt hp bm rto pha trc vi phun gia hn
ALIVA hp b tng kh vi: Nc v
ph gia (c kt nhanh).
- Phun t - b tng Bm pittng dn ng Trn trong vi phun hoc ngay

thu lc loi van ch pha trc vi phun gia hn
C hoc van ch S hp b tng t vi ph gia (c
kt nhanh nh dng kh p sut
Truyn ng kh nn
- Phun t - va cao
(bm rto ng mm)
Bng 6.1 s khc bit gia cng ngh phun kh v cng ngh phun t
3. So snh cc u, nhc im v phm vi ng dng

C hai phng php phun b tng k trn u c nhng u v nhc
im ca mnh, nhng u im c th hin trong cc iu kin ng dng c

th. Di y ta lit k s lc so snh u, nhc im ca hai phng php
phun kh v phun t v phm vi ng dng ca chng.
Phun kh Phun t
Gy bi Cao Thp
S bt li ca vt liu
Cao Thp
phun:
Nng sut Thp Cao
Nng sut nh dng cho: Nng sut cao dng cho:

Cc tunnel c mt ct nh Cc tunnel c mt ct ln
Bng 6.2 u v nhc im ca cng ngh phun kh v cng ngh phun

t
II. Cng ngh phun t v thit b phc v cng tc phun b tng
t
1. S b tr thit b trong cng ngh phun t
Hnh 6.27. S b tr thit b bm b tng t trong cng ngh phun t

phun t thng ngi ta s dng cc bm pittng dn ng thu
lc loi van ch C hoc van ch S y b tng t phu cha ti vi phun
theo ng ng dn mm. Mt my nn kh cung cp kh nn qua ng dn ti
vi phun. Ph gia c ho vo kh nn nh my bm ph gia kiu r-to ng
mm. Kh nn gp b tng t ti vi phun s y b tng i tip ti b mt
vch l. Di y l s b tr thit b trong cng ngh phun t
2. Thit b cng ngh phun t bao gm:
+ Bm b tng dn ng thu lc loi van ch C hoc van ch
S c nhim v y b tng ti t phu tip nhn theo ng ng mm
ti vi phun (nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca cc bm ny xem
phn trn).
+ My bm ph gia kiu r-to ng mm (nguyn l cu to v hot
ng ca cc bm ny xem phn trn).
+ H thng ng dn b tng v ng dn kh nn ti vi phun.
hng vi phun va vo vch l c th c thc hin bng phng
php th cng (cng nhn cm vi phun hng vo vch l) v bng phng
php c gii (vi phun c t trn tay my phun hnh 6.29). Phng php
phun t c kh ho c nng sut cao, ph hp cho cc tunnel c gng o
ln. Cc my phun b tng t thng dng my bm b tng dn ng thu
lc dng van ch S vi hai xi lanh bm hnh 6.28. Vi loi my bm ny, mt
yu cu cn phi lu l phi bo m bm u vi mc ch lm cho lng
b tng ln mt phun u bng phng.
Hnh 6.28 Bm b tng loi hai xi lanh ca hng Putzmeister, c

Cng vi s pht trin nh v bo ca cc cng ngh thi cng xy
dng, cng ngh pht va cng ngy cng hon thin c bit trong thi cng
tunnel bng cng ngh NATM.
Gii thiu s b chc nng v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b nh
lng ph gia c kt nhanh trong my phun b tng nhn hiu Aliva.
Dung dch ph gia c kt nhanh c dn vo bm ca thit b nh
lng phi liu qua ng dn mm. Mt ng mm c chng c lp bn trong
mt vnh c nh ca my bm, hai con ln quay quanh trc ca mnh v quay
cng rtor trung tm p ln ng mm, nh chuyn ng ny ca con ln m
ph gia pha trong ng mm c p y vo ng dn i tip. Trong mt s
trng hp cn thit, ph gia c pha vi nc hoc cng khng kh bm
i. Mt r le (t chch) p sut c lp trong h thng phng nga ng
ng tc nghn gy qu ti cho my bm v h thng ng dn.
Hnh 6.29 Mt ct bm nh lng ph gia kiu rto ng mm hng

Putzmeister, c
Hnh 6.30. T hp my phun b tng c kh t hnh Sika-PM500

III. Cng ngh phun kh v thit b phc v cng tc phun b tng kh
1. S b tr thit b trong cng ngh phun kh
Khi s dng cng ngh phun kh th hn hp b tng kh c y i nh
kh nn (truyn ng kh nn). Thng th vic vn chuyn hn hp b tng
kh c thc hin vi my bm kiu rto kt hp kh nn. Hn hp b tng
kh c vo thng cha sau vo khoang cha ca rtor c kt cu
dng thng quay.T khoang cha ny nh khng kh c p sut v vn tc
cao, hn hp b tng kh c thi i qua cc ng mm hoc ng cng ti
vi phun.
Bm nh lng cht ph gia v nc cng a cht ph gia v nc ti vi
phun theo mt ng ng ring. Khi lng cht ph gia v nc do bm nh
lng cung cp lun lun t l thun vi khi lng b tng kh sao cho t l
ph gia/b tng khng i nh s lm vic ng b ca c hai bm. Hn hp
b tng, ph gia v nc c nho trn trong vi phun to ra b tng t
v c y i nh kh nn phun vo b mt gng l.

Hnh 6.31 Truyn ng kh nn vn chuyn hn hp b tng kh trong cng
ngh phun kh v s b tr thit b
3. Thit b dng trong cng ngh phun b tng kh bao gm:

+ My bm b tng dn ng thu lc dng rto
+ My bm ph gia kiu r-to ng mm (nguyn l cu to v hot
ng ca cc bm ny xem phn trn).
+ H thng ng dn b tng v ng dn kh nn ti vi phun.
Di y ta tm hiu s cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my
bm b tng dn ng thu lc dng rto hnh 6.32. Cc thit b khc
hon ton ging thit b ca cng ngh phun t nghin cu trn.
Hnh 6.32 S cu to my bm b
tng dn ng thu lc dng rto
Aliva:
1 thng cha hn hp b tng kh; 2 -
khoang cha quay; 3 rto; 4 khoang y;
5 - ng dn kh nn trn; 6 - ng dn b
tng kh cng kh nn; 7 - ng ng dn kh
nn di.
Nguyn l lm vic ca my bm rto Aliva:

B tng kh c vo thng cha 1, nh cnh o pha trong thng cha
hn hp b tng kh chy vo khoang quay 2. Nh rto 3 quay nn b tng
c a ti u ng dn 6 cng vi khng kh c p sut cao t ng 5 b
tng c y i ti khoang y 4 v c tip sc bi kh nn t ng 7
cun i vi vn tc cao theo ng ng dn 6 ti vi phun.
Hnh 6.33 Aliva-263 v Aliva-246.5
IV. ng dng cng ngh phun b tng, nhng u im ca cng ngh
phun b tng
Cng ngh phun b tng thng c ng dng trong cc trng hp sau:
Dng sa cha cc kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp (Thay
phn b tng b h hng bng b tng mi bng cng ngh
pht, gia cng cc kt cu b tng);
Chng vch l tm thi trong cng ngh thi cng tunnel theo
phng n o mi.
Phun vch tunnel trong cng ngh thi cng khoan - n mn.
C th ng dng cng ngh ny b tng ct thp lin khi
m khng cn m.
Thi cng lp b tng chng thm;
Thi cng cc lp b tng bo v c tnh cht chu mi mn cao;
Thi cng lp b tng bo v vch hm khi xy dng tuyn tunnel
(Bo v tng h mng, cc kho cha, chng st l, cu
ngvv.);
Thi cng cc kt cu b tng c bit.
Mc d cng ngh phun b tng n ngy nay khng cn l mt cng
ngh mi, tuy nhin n vn lun c hon thin v ci tin. Vic thay
i t l thnh phn b tng khi phun cho php thay i cng b
tng phun sau c kt cho php gii quyt hng lot cc bi ton ty thuc
vo yu cu c th ca tng cng trnh.

Hnh 6.34. Phun b tng bng tay khi thi cng cc cu kin b tng ct thp
lin khi
u im ca cng ngh phun b tng:
C th phun b tng ln b mt bt k, bt c v tr no nh vo
cc tnh cht bm dnh cao v kh nng chu ti ca b tng phun;
C th phun b tng ln cc b mt phng v khng phng (cc
kt cu b tng vi hnh dng bt k);
Nh lc vy vi vn tc ln di tc dng ca p lc cao lm cho
b tng phun c tnh cht t lm cht (khng phi m) v kh
nng bm dnh b mt cao;
Tu thuc yu cu ca thit k trong tng trng hp c th ta c
th thay i chiu dy ca lp b tng phun;
C th s dng cng ngh phun b tng trong cng tc thi cng b
tng c ct (nh b tng ct thp truyn thng, b tng ct si);
C th thi cng nhanh cc kt cu chu lc vi s tr gip ca cht
ph gia m khng cn s dng vn khun trnh phi ch i b
tng ninh kt.
Vi nhng u im k trn ta c th kt lun rng: Cng ngh phun
b tng (kh v t) l cng ngh hin i, cng ngh linh hot v l
cng ngh thi cng xy dng hiu qu c tnh kinh t cao.
V. An ton lao ng trong cng ngh phun b tng
An ton lao ng l cng tc c u tin hng u khi tin hnh thi cng
theo cng ngh pht b tng. Nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn ti mt an ton
trong thi cng phun b tng l:
Trong cng tc vn chuyn thit b ti ni thi cng: Vic vn
chuyn thit b ti ni thi cng trong hm l, ni c iu kin cht hp,
chiu sng km phi tng cng kim sot cc bin php bo m an
ton cho cng nhn nh: phi mc o bo h lao ng ph hp vi vi
c b mt phn quang, trn cc phng tin vn ti phi c cc n
chiu sng (lun c lm sch) cng nh cc ci bo hiu v chng
phi hot ng hiu qu khi di chuyn v ph trc v khi i li;
Trong cng tc chuyn ti b tng phun vo thit b phun: Bt buc
phi c li bo v trnh v trm vo cc cm chuyn ng, cng nhn
phi mc qun o bo h c chng ng quy nh;
Trong cng tc cung cp (vn chuyn) b tng phun, kh nn, cht
ph gia, ti v tr my phun lm vic: phi thng xuyn bo dng k
thut cho thit b theo ng k hoch bo dng, thng xuyn kim tra
cc ng ng dn v cc khp ni ca chng, thng xuyn hng
dn cng nhn cc bin php an ton khi vn hnh thit b, ch cho php
cng nhn c o to mi c vn hnh thit b v ng nhin
nhng cng nhn ny khi bt u lm vic phi mc qun o bo h c
chng c phn quang, v cui cng l m bo chiu sng ph hp
cho ni thi cng;
Cng nhn khi iu khin thit b phun b tng phi c cc thit b
an ton i km (eo knh chng va p hoc tm chn, mt n an ton,

gng tay bo h lao ng, my th, thit b gim m, ng bo v v qun
o bo h c chng). Cm ngi khng c nhim v i vo vng va
phun b tng. Cc vng ph cn phi treo bng cm i vo vng ang
phun b tng v cc bng ny phi c chiu sng mi ngi c
th nhn thy;
Trong trng hp bt kh khng nhng ngi khc phi vo v mt l do
no th ngi phi c trang b y b an ton nh nu
trn.

CHNG VII
My v thit b ph tr
7.1 My v thit b thng gi cng trng tuyn ngm

I. S cn thit ca cng tc thng gi cng trng tuyn ngm
Khc vi kh tri, khng kh trong cc cng trnh ngm ngoi cc cht kh
nh xy, nit, ccbonic, cn c cc cht kh gy c hi cho c th con ngi:
oxit ccbon (CO), xit nit (NO2), xit lu hunh (SO2), sulfua hir (H2S)
mt s vng cn c kh mtan (CH4), l loi kh rt d gy chy v n. Ngoi ra,
nhit v m trong cc cng trnh ngm cng thay i, khc vi kh tri,
mc nhim bi trong hm l cng rt cao.
Tp hp cc hin tng nu trn gy nh hng xu n iu kin lm
vic ca con ngi, cng nh n my mc, thit b trong qu trnh thi cng.
Thng gi cng trng tuyn ngm l cng tc khng th thiu c
trong hot ng xy dng cng trnh ngm ni chung v c bit l tuyn
ngm, nhm thng xuyn thay i khng kh trong ngm kn bng kh tri,
bo m iu kin lm vic an ton v sinh mi trng cho con ngi v cho
sn xut.
Trnh t thng gi cho cc tuyn ngm trong thi gian thi cng c xc
nh theo s thng gi, v c iu chnh thng xuyn ph hp vi
chiu di cng nh thc trng giai on thi cng. Tt c mi thay i v v tr
ca gng o, ca thng gi, tng chn, cu gi, cc qut thng gi cc b
u phi th hin trong bn v bnh thng gi trong mi phin giao ca.
II. Cc phng php thng gi cng trng tuyn ngm:
C 3 phng n thng gi cng trng tuyn ngm sau:
- Thng gi ht
- Thng gi y
- Thng gi lin hp
Thng gi kiu ht Thng gi kiu y Thng gi kiu lin hp c ht v y

Hnh 7.1 ba phng n thng gi cng trng tuyn ngm
1) Thng gi kiu y v s b tr thit b.

Qut gi phi t trn mt t vi khong cch ti thiu 10 m trnh
ht ngc kh bn vo cng trng hnh 7.2 . ng dn kh sch 7 c ng
knh ti thiu 0,3 m ni qut gi trung tm 10 a kh sch vo gng o qua
r le kim sot lu lng dng kh sch 5. R le kim sot lu lng dng kh
sch 5 c nhim v kim sot lu lng kh c y vo gng o c t
cch gng o ti thiu 15m ln hn s c s d d dn ti cc thng s kim
sot khng chnh xc. Ming ng 7 cch gng o khng qu 8 m, nu ln
hn s khng th y ht kh bn ti gng o. ng dn kh sch 7 thng
dng l ng gi mm c ng knh ti thiu 0,3 m c treo vo nc tunnel
v c treo v mt bn hng , cch hng v nc l 20cm
Hnh 7.2 S b tr thit b trong thng gi gng o tuyn tunnel:

1 dng kh sch; 2 gng o; 3 - khong cch ti a 15 m tnh t gng o ti v tr t
r le khim sot lu lng dng kh sch 5 ti gng o; 4 - khong cch ti a t ng dn
kh sch 8 m; 6 - dng kh bn; 7 - ng dn kh sch; 8 - ging ng; 9 - khong cch ti
thiu 10 m tnh t ging ng ti qut gi trung tm 10; 11 - tuyn tunnel ang thi cng
Kh sch c y vo cng bc nh qut trung tm 10, kh bn c

y ra theo ng ngm khng cn ng.
u im ca phng php:
- An ton i vi cc ng l ang o c kh n.
- Tc dng thng gi tt v nhanh.
- S r gi trn ng ng ph hp vi qu trnh lm gim s tng kh
c hi dc tunnel, khi lung gi bn t gng l tr ra theo ng l.

- Gng l, ni c ngi v thit b lm vic c thng gi bng lung
khng kh sch trc tip
2) Thng gi kiu ht v s b tr thit b.
L phng php thng gi m p sut khng kh mi im trong tunnel
c bit v tr gn gng o, khi qut lm vic u nh hn p sut kh tri.
Nh p sut kh tri s trn vo cc ng l, cn khng kh trong cc
ng tunnel s c qut ht ra y qua qut ra ngoi tri mt cch cng
bc.
a)
b)
Hnh 7.3 Thng gi tunnel khiu ht- Gim p ton tuyn khng kh sch
ngoi tri t ht vo nh s chnh lch p sut:
a)Thng gi tunnel kiu ht vi ng ht: 1 gng o; 2 - kh hn hp trc gng o b
ht vo ng cng bc nh qut cc b hoc qut trung tm; 3 - ng dn kh bn; 4 kh bn;
5 kh sch t ht vo dc theo tunnel.
b) ht kh cng bc v vch ngn: 1 kh sch; 2 vch ngn dc tunnel; 3 gng o ni
kh sch y v kh bn b ht cng i sang phia bn i din ca vch ngn dc; 4 kh thi;
5 - ging thng kh.
Phng n hnh 7.3.a qut gi c t trn mt t ht hoc t ti
ming so di ca ng dn kh thi s 3 ngay ti gng o hoc t nhiu
qut ni tip cho php s dng nhiu qut cng sut nh. Phng n hnh
7.3.b qut t trn ming ging thng kh 5 ht kh cng bc hoc dng
cc vch ngn kt hp vi ht gi cc b.
u im ca phng php thng gi ht
- Do p sut mi im trong cc ng l u nh hn p sut kh tri,
cho nn khi gp s c, qut ngng lm vic, p sut khng kh trong l dn dn

tng ln bng p sut kh tri nh dng kh sch vn tip tc i vo mc d
qut ngng hot ng. Cng vi vic dng cc my thi cng th khng kh
trong l vn sch nh kh sch chy vo.
- Khi s dng nhiu qut gi ht t cc cnh hoc cc on tunnel s
c tc dng nng cao cng v hiu qu thng gi. ng thi cho php s
dng qut c cng sut nh hn.
Nhc im ca phng php thng g ht:
- Cc qut gi ht gi bn cha nhiu bi v kh c hi s tp trung qua
rnh gi v qua qut nn qut lm vic nhanh b bn, phi thng xuyn lm
sch bi cc cnh qut gi.
- Khi s dng nhiu qut lm vic song song vi nhau th hiu sut ca
cc qut s b gim i, vic iu chnh lu lng gi s phc tp hn nhiu,
tiu th nng lng tng ln v mt s trong nhng qut s lm vic khng
kinh t, tnh n nh ca mng gi km.
Tm li, phng php thng gi ht nn c p dng tuyn ngm c
su khong t > 100 m, a cht n nh v khng c nhng khe nt thng
vi kh tri.
3) Thng gi kiu lin hp
Vi phng php ny, mt phn cc tuyn c p sut d (ln hn p sut
kh tri) do qut y to nn, cn mt phn khc do qut ht to nn p sut
chn khng (nh hn p sut kh tri). Mt khc trong ng l s c nhng
vng m p sut khng kh bng p sut kh tri, s r gi gia vng
v mt t s khng sy ra ngay c khi tuyn ngm c t khng su. S
b tr thit b hnh 7.4.
Hnh 7.4. S nguyn l phng php thng gi lin hp y ht:

1 - qut y; 2 - on tunnel p sut cao hn kh quyn; 3 - on tunnel p sut thp hn kh
quyn; 4 - qut ht
u im ca phng php thng gi lin hp:

- C th p dng loi tr s r gi gia mt t vi ng l qua vng
khai thc khong sn.
- H p chung ca m c phn chia thnh hai thnh phn tng ng
vi qut y v qut ht lm cho chnh p gia khng kh trong l v ngoi
tri gim i.
Ngoi ra cn c khi nim 2 s thng gi tuyn cng trnh ngm l:
Thng gi trung tm ton tuyn v thng gi cc b
a) b)
Hnh 7.4. Hai s thng gi tuyn cng trnh ngm:

a) thng gi trung tm ton tuyn; b) thng gi cc b theo theo nhnh tunnel
III. Cc thit b thng gi v cng dng ca chng

1) Qut thng gi tuyn ngm
- Qut gi l ngun ng lc duy nht thng gi cho cng trnh ngm.
- Qut gi l thit b duy nht to p sut dng hoc m cho tuyn ngm
to iu kin cho trao i kh
Phn loi qut
2) Phn loi qut theo cc du hiu sau:
a) Theo nguyn l hot ng: Qut chia lm hai nhm chnh l qut gi
hng trc v qut gi ly tm.
+ Qut gi hng trc : L loi qut c hng gi vo v hng gi ra
khi bnh cng tc ca qut ng phng vi trc ca qut.
Hnh 7.5. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng qut thng gi tuyn

ngm loi hng trc:
1 Dng kh ht; 2 kh c y i theo hng dc trc ti ng dn kh;3 cnh qut c th
iu chnh gc nghing so vi trc ca qut

- u im: Hiu sut cao, kch thc nh gn. C th iu chnh c lu
lng qut bng cch thay i gc nghing cnh cng tc.
- Nhc im: Ting n ln, cu to phc to, bo qun v sa cha kh
khn.
+ Qut gi ly tm: L loi qut c hng gi ra khi bnh cng tc vung
gc vi trc qut.
u, nhc im ngc vi qut hng trc.
Hnh 7.6. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng qut thng gi tuyn

ngm loi hng ly tm:
1 dng kh ht nh p sut m gia cc cnh qut; 2 cc cnh qut; 3 dng kh b y i
do lc ly tm.
b) Phn loi qut theo nhim v cng tc

C ba loi: qut chnh, qut ph v qut cc b.
1. Qut gi chnh: L qut gi lm nhim v thng gi cho ton b tuyn
hoc mt khu vc ln c tnh cht gn nh c lp. Qut gi chnh thng t
trn mt t, i khi trong iu kin c bit th t trong tuyn ngm. Qut gi
chnh thng l qut ln c cng sut t vi chc n hng ngn KW, c lu
lng t hng chc n vi trm m3/s, n h p sut bng my chc n vi
trm kg/m2.
2. Qut gi ph: Lm nhim v tng cng lu lng gi cho mt khu vc
no c thng gi bng qut chnh, ngha l qut gi ph c nhim v
iu chnh lu lng gi do qut gi chnh to ra cho ph hp vi yu cu sn
xut.
3. Qut gi cc b: Lm nhim v thng gi cc b cho cc ng tunnel
ct hay cc ng l chun b khi ang o.
C) Phn loi theo h p sut ca qut:
- Qut c h p nh : hq < 100kg/m2.
- Qut c h p trung bnh : hq = (100 - 300)kg/m2.

- Qut c h p ln : hq > 300kg/m2
2) Tng chn trong mng li thng gi tuyn ngm:
Tng chn trong mng li thng gi tuyn ngm c nhim v ngn
tng khoang khng gian tuyn ngm hoc mt on tuyn ngm ct to iu
kin cho vic thay i kh cc b nhanh v trit hn. Theo vt liu lm ra
tng chng c nhng loi sau: Tng chn bng b tng, bng g, bng thp
v i khi cn c xy bng gch.
Tng chn trong mng li thng gi tuyn ngm thng c lm
vi ca ra vo cng nhn ra hoc vo khoang khi cn thit.
a) b) c)
Hnh 7.7. Cc kiu kt cu tng chn phn on tunnel thng gi:

a) Tng chn bng bng g b) Tng chn bng xy bng gch c)Tng chn kiu c g c
ca s nh.
3) ng dn gi:
ng dn gi c treo trn vch v nc tunnel dn gi ngn cch
gia khng kh sch v khng kh bn. ng dn gi loi dng cho thng gi kiu
y c th dng ng dng bt c khu to thnh ng, pha trong l li thp
dng l xo treo ln vch l. Khi gi y vo s lm cho bt cng ra dn kh
ti gng o, mt phn d g theo ng ng dn l cho php.
ng dn gi dng cho phng n ht th phi dng ng c kt cu t
kim loi cng.
i khi ng dn gi c loi o chiu, loi ny ch c th l ng kim loi
cng.

7.2 My v thit b x l nn t yu
di su trong thi cng tuyn ngm
I. S cn thit phi gia c nn t yu di su

Tuyn ngm c thi cng theo cc cng ngh cc bin php khc nhau
nh nu phn tng quan, mt mt no mi cng ngh ph hp cho
mt loi a cht cng trnh v cc iu kin khc hp li cho php chng ta
gim thiu cc nguy c mt an ton trong qu trnh thi cng. Tuy nhin trn
thc t nhiu vng t c iu kin a cht v cng phc tp vi nhng ti
bn xen k gia cc lp t cng, i khi ti bn ln v linh ng n mc m
ngay c khi ta chn cc t hp khin gi gng o ph hp nh EPB,
SPB, MIX PB th cng o bao nhiu t ni khc li tip tc v by
nhiu, nu c tip tc o ta s phi ht ht c ti bn khng l . D n xy
dng tuyn ngm SMART TUNNEL Malayssia l mt v d in hnh khi o
qua ti bn ln lm cho c mt vng c tuyn ngm i qua b st su xung
k c ng cao tc trn b mt. Nu c tip tc o s tip tc lm st cc
vng ln cn. V mt l thuyt th qu trnh st ny ch dng li khi bn ht
ht ging ht nh ta bm cn c mt h nc (nc y chnh l bn) bao
gi thy h tuyn ngm ra th mi ht.
C rt nhiu gii php o t trong trng hp ny l:
- o t trong iu kin nhit m: Nc ngm s ng bng v t
n nh. Tuy nhin sau khi o v thi cng xong th tunnel s phi lm vic
trong iu kin tng tc gia kt cu b tng ct thp v mi trng ti bn
gi lng. kt cu ny lm vic c trong iu kin s kh phc tp.
y ta thi bn v kt cu.
- o t bng kh nn vi p sut cc ln, ln hn c p lc nc bn.
Phng n ny khng phi l khng kh thi nhng p lc kh phi l v cng
ln.
- H nc ngm bng bc thm kt hp ti trng tnh, phng n ny
mt thi gian v i hi mt bng trn mt t phi ln.
Ngoi ra cn mt vi gii php na, tuy nhin gii php v ang c
ng dng mt cch hiu qu l: X l nn t yu di su bng cng ngh
khoan pht va cao p.
II. Cng ngh s l nn t yu bng tia va cao p
1. Bn cht cng ngh:

Bn cht ca cng ngh gia c nn t yu di su bng khoan pht
va cao p (jet grouting) l s dng ng nng ca tia va c p sut cao (50
60 MPa) v vn tc cao (100m/s) ct v ng thi nho trn tia xi mng
vi t yu theo ch mix-in-place (trn ti ch). Hn hp dung dch xi
mng v t c trn s ninh kt li v to ra mt loi vt liu mi gi l b
tng t (hoc xi mng t), vi nhng c tnh bn, bin dng, chng thm v
kh nng chu ti tt hn hn so vi nn t yu nguyn th trc .
Hnh 7.8 Khoan pht va cao p (dng ng nng ca tia va ct & trn vi
t)
2. Cc cng ngh gia c nn t yu bng tia va cao p
Trn thc t c ba dng cng ngh khoan pht va cao p v ang
c ng dng x l nn t yu l: cng ngh n pha - cn c gi l
cng ngh S (Single); cng ngh hai pha -cn c gi l cng ngh D
(double) v cng ngh ba pha - cn c gi l cng ngh T (triple).
a. Cng ngh n pha (Cng ngh S):
Hnh 7.9 Cng ngh n pha (Cng ngh S)

Va pht ra vi vn tc 100m/s, va ct t va trn va vi t mt
cch ng thi, to ra mt ct t - xi mng ng u vi cng cao v hn
ch t tro ngc ln hoc tr li.
y ch c mt pha duy nht l va xi mng c p sut v vn tc cao
sau khi ra khi vi phun ct trn vi t xung quanh ty khoan to ra hn hp
t xi mng.
Cu to u khoan gm mt hoc nhiu l phun va. Cc l phun c th
c b tr ngang hng hoc lch hng, v c lch gc u nhau.
b. Cng ngh hai pha (Cng ngh D):
Hnh 7.9 Cng ngh hai pha (Cng ngh D)

y l h thng pht va kt hp va vi khng kh. Hn hp va xi
mng c bm p sut cao, tc 100m/s v c tr gip bi mt tia kh
nn bao bc quanh vi phun. Vng kh nn s lm gim ma st gia t v tia
va cho php va xm nhp su vo trong t, do vy to ra ct t - xi mng
c ng knh ln.
c. Cng ngh ba pha (cng ngh T):
Hnh 7.10. Cng ngh ba pha (cng ngh T)

Qu trnh pht c c va, khng kh v nc. Khng ging pht n pha
v pht hai pha, nc c bm di p sut cao v kt hp vi dng kh nn
xung quanh vi nc v iu ny cho php ui kh ra khi ct t gia c. Mt
vi phun va cao p c b tr ngay pha di vi phun nc phun va xi
mng c p sut cao trn vi t sau khi b xi ti bi nc v kh to
ra hn hp xi mng t v nc.
III. Quy trnh thi cng
Bc 1 Bc 2 Bc 3
Khoan xung ti Bm p sut cao hot ng thi thit b khoan
su thit k - giai ng, y dung dch (c quay theo chiu ngc li
on ny cn c p sut cao t 40 60 v nng ln vi vn tc
gi l khoan l khoan MPa) ti van phun v m quay chm, bt u xy ra
dn hng (hoa tiu), van ny ng thi ng qu trnh ct v trn. Khi
mi khoan ct t van phun nc ra phoi. ht lp t cn gia c th
bng phng php Van phun c ng knh bm p sut cao ngng
quay u mi khoan t 0,8 3mm, hng hot ng, ty khoan quay
c van phun nc ra phun vung gc vi trc l v nng ln ti mt t v
phi khoan p sut khoan hoa tiu ct v my khoan di chuyn
1MPa (van t ng). trn t vi dung dch XM. sang h khc.
Hnh 7.11: Ba bc thi cng cng ngh KPVCA
IV. Thit b khoan pht va cao p trong cng ngh gia c nn t yu
bng tia va cao p
Dy chuyn thit b KPVCA thng thng bao gm:

- My khoan ty khoan v mi khoan chuyn dng cho tng cng ngh S, D
v T;
- Trm trn, my nn kh, bm va v nc
cao p;
- ng dn va, khng kh v nc cao p;
- Thit b iu khin p lc, lu lng bm, tc xoay, tc rt, chiu su
khoan.
Cc ng ni chu p lc cao v ng cp iu khin ni my bm vi
my khoan. Cn khoan di t 1,5 n 3m. L khoan c ni vi rnh thu
a bn chy vo v tr my ht bn.
1. Thit b thi cng cng ngh n pha (cng ngh S)

a. S b tr thit b
Hnh 7.12: Thit b cng ngh n pha:

1 si l cha xi mng; 2 - thit b vn ti kt hp nh lng xi mng; 3 - trm
trn; 4 bm va cao p; 5 mi khoan v cc vi phun cao p; 6 - ng dn va; 7 ty khoan;
8 my khoan
Trn s hnh 7.12 bm va cao p vi p sut cao cung cp dung dch
va xi mng c p sut cao ti vi phun va t ngay pha trn mi khoan
thng qua ng ng cao p pha trong ty khoan.
b. Cu to ca ty khoan cng ngh S
im khc bit trong cng ngh n pha l phi s dng ty khoan v u
khoan vi kt cu khc bit. Di y xin gii thiu cu to cm ty khoan cng
ngh S:
Hnh 7.13: Cu to ty khoan cng ngh mt pha:

1 - khp bn l; 2 - cn ni van cu; 3 - cn ni; 4 - cn ni; 5 ty khoan; 6 kp vi phun;
7 bi cu; 8 van t ng; 9 - u ni mi khoan; 10 - mi khoan; 11- Vi phun

2. Thit b thi cng cng ngh hai pha (cng ngh D) - mt pha kh nn v
mt pha va xi mng cao p.
a. S b tr thit b
Hnh 7.14 l s b tr thit b , my nn kh 4 cung cp kh nn cng
c dn ti vi phun v khi nn c phun ra bao xung quoanh tia va cng
vi tia va ct trn t nh ng knh ca cc xi mng t tng ln so
vi cng ngh S t 0,8 1,8 m.
Hnh 7.14: S b tr thit b cng ngh hai pha (cng ngh D):
1 Silo cha xi mng; 2 - Thit b nh lng xi mng; 3 Bm cao p; 4 my nn kh (c p
lc 1,2MPa, lu lng 6000 l/ph); 5 my khoan vi h thng iu khin phun cao p hai pha.
b. Cu to ca ty khoan cng ngh D
Cng ngh hai pha D c ty khoan v u khoan vi kt cu khc vi hai
ng ng dn khng kh v va cao p. Di y xin gii thiu cu to cm
ty khoan cng ngh D:
Hnh 7.15: Cu to ca ty khoan cng ngh hai pha:

1 - khp bn l dnh cho ng dn dung dch va xi mng cao p; 2 - khp bn l dnh cho ng
dn kh nn; 3 - cn ni van cu; 4 - ty khoan; 5 - ng dn dung dch va xi mng cao p; 6
u lp kp vi phun; 7 kp vi phun; 8 l van cu/van t ng; 9 - u ni mi
khoan; 10 - Vi phun c kh v va; 11 - u lp ng dn kh nn; 12 - u lp ng dn va cao
p.
3. Thit b thi cng cng ngh ba pha (cng ngh T) - mt pha kh nn,
mt pha nc v mt pha va xi mng cao p.
a. S b tr thit b
Nguyn l lm vic ca cng ngh ba pha cng c cng nguyn l vi
cng ngh mt pha v hai pha. Ngoi bm va cao p trn s b tr thit b
cn c thm bm nc cao p 4 to thm mt pha mi l pha nc. Pha
nc c bc bi tia kh nn cng ct trn t lm cho t ti ra v sch hn.
Tia va cao p c t pha di s trn t ti thnh hn hp xi mng
t, ng knh cc b tng t nh vy tng ln ng k v c th t trn
2m.
Hnh 7.16: S b tr thit b cng ngh ba pha (cng ngh T) :

1 Silo cha xi mng; 2 - Thit b nh lng xi mng; 3 Bm nc cao p; 4 bm va cao
p; 5 -my nn kh (c p lc 1,2Mpa, lu lng 6000 l/ph); 6 my khoan vi h thng iu
khin phun cao p ba pha.
b. Cu to ca ty khoan cng ngh T
Cng ngh hai pha T c ty khoan v u khoan vi kt cu c ba ng
ng dn khng kh, nc v va cao p. Di y xin gii thiu cu to cm ty
khoan cng ngh T:
Hnh 7.17: Cu to ca ty khoan cng ngh ba pha:

1 ty khoan ng knh 90 mm; 2 cn ni; 3 - ng dn kh nn ng knh 48 mm; 4 cn
ni; 5 - ng dn nc ng knh 28 mm; 6 on ni di ng dn nc; 7 vi phun kh &
nc; 8 kp vi phun; 9 vi phun va xi mng; 10 van t ng; 11- u lp mi khoan;
12 - u lp ng dn va cao p; 13 - u lp ng dn kh nn; 14 - u lp ng dn nc cao
p.
V. Cc ng dng x l nn t yu di su trong thi cng tuyn
ngm:
1. X l t yu trong qu trnh o ging ng

Hnh 7.18: S b tr thit b x l t yu trc khi o ging ng:
1 lp t yu; 2 b tng xi mng t c to ra bng khoan pht va cao p; 3 vch
ging ; 4 ng ng dn dung dich xi mng cao p; 5 ng ng dn nc cao p; 6
bm va cao p: 7 - trm trn dung dch va cao p
2. X l t yu trong qu trnh o thi cng tuyn ngm ngang hoc nghing
Hnh 7.19 X l t yu trong qu trnh o tunnel nm ngang hoc nghing:

1 - lp t yu cn x l; 2 cc tr xi mng t c to ra bng cch khoan cho to ra
lp t c kh nng chu ti v chng thm nc tt; 3 khin th cng hoc t hp khin; 4 -
lp t tt; 5 - v l

Cc t hp khin o tunnel hin nay thng c b tr t hp thit b khoan
pht va cao p x l lp t yu ni cc tuyn ny i qua. Gii php l
dng cc my khoan khoan cc l khoan tin v pha trc trn t yu vi
dung dch xi mng c p sut cao to thnh lp t c kh nng chng thm
chu ti khi hn hp xi mng t ninh kt cng mi o tip, gim cc nguy
c st l c bit vi nhng tuyn ngm t su khng ln.
3. X l nn t yu di su trc khi thi cng tuyn ngm ngay trn mt t

Gii php ny ch c ng dng khi trn b mt cho php, tc l mt
bng rng b tr tht b khng b cn tr bi cc cng trnh hin hu hnh
7.20
Hnh 7.20 Thit b khoan pht va cao p x l t yu di su trc khi thi

cng tuyn ngm ngay trn mt t:
1 - t yu; 2 cc thit b thi cng KPVCA; 3 - lp b tng - t sau gia c; 4 khin th cng
hoc t hp khin; 5 - tuyn v tunnel b tng ct thp.

MC LC
Trang
Mc lc
Li ni u 1
Chng I. Khi nim chung v cng ngh v my thi cng cng trnh ngm. 3
1.1 Tng quan v cc cng ngh thi cng cng trnh ngm v phn loi 3
1.2 Phn loi my thi cng cng trnh ngm 5
1.3 Thit b ng lc my cng trnh ngm 7
1.4 H thng truyn ng trong my thi cng cng trnh ngm 17
Chng II. My v thit b trong cc cng ngh o h 30
2.1 Tng quan cc cng ngh o h 30
2.2 My o mt gu 33
2.3 My thi cng cc barrete v tng trong t 38
2.4. Cng trc 45
Chng III. My v thit b trong cc cng ngh o kn kt hp khoan 48

ph v khoan n mn
3.1 Tng quan cc cng ngh m truyn thng 48
3.2 Tng quan cng ngh khoan n mn trong t cng v phng 49

php mi ca o.
3.3 Cng tc khoan v nhng c tnh tng qut ca cc phng php khoan 53
3.4 u khoan, dng c khoan, cc loi my khoan nh v trung bnh 56
3.5 C my khoan hm l t hnh 65

Chng IV. My thi cng tuyn ngm bng cng ngh khin v t hp khin 72
4.1 Cng ngh o kn bng khin v t hp khin, thit b v phn 72

loi
4.2 Khin v t hp khin 75
4.3 Khin o l th cng v bn th cng 80
4.4 T hp khin o l c gii loi thng (khng c khoang cn 84

bng p lc - Soft Ground Non Pressurized)
4.5 T hp khin o l vi khoang cn bng p lc bng t- Earth 86

pressure balance EPB
4.6 T hp khin o l vi khoang cn bng p lc bng dung dch 89

betonite Slurry pressure balance EPB
4.7 T hp my o mt cng dng thi cng trong nn cng 94

Main beam TBM
4.8. La chn t hp khin o tuyn ngm 98
Chng V. My bc xc v vn chuyn t trong tuyn tunnel ngm. 103
5.1 Cng tc b xc t trong tuyn ngm 103
5.2 My v thit b bc xc t trong tuyn ngm 103
5.3 My v thit b vn chuyn trong tuyn ngm 112
Chng VI. My lm b tng cng trnh ngm 122
6.1 Khi nim chung 122
6.2 My trn b tng & thit b nh lng phi liu 122
6.3 My bm b tng 131
6.4 My vn chuyn b tng trn mt t v dc theo tunnel ti v tr 134

thi cng
6.5 My m b tng cng trnh ngm 139
6.6 Vn khun di ng dng thi cng b tng ct thp lin khi 142
trong tuyn ngm
6.7 My v thit b lp rp v tuyn ngm 145
6.8 hit b phun b tng gia c vch l 150
Chng VII. My v thit b ph tr 159
7.1 My v thit b thng gi cng trng tuyn ngm 159
7.2 My v thit b s l nn t yu di su trong thi cng tuyn ngm. 169
Ti liu tham kho 175

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B XY DNG

TRNG I HC KIN TRC H NI

MY V THIT B THI CNG

Ti liu My v thit b thi cng cng trnh ngm c bin son vi mc

H Ni, ngy 10 thng 10 nm 2010

I. Cng tc t chc thi cng cng trnh ngm dng tuyn.

Tu theo yu cu v chc nng, mt s my c th c y cc b

ng c t trong bao gm mt s c cu v h thng chnh nh sau:

- C cu bin - tay quay:

C cu bin - tay quay hay c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn c tc dng

- H thng cung cp nhin liu:

H thng cung cp nhin liu c tc dng cung cp nhin liu, ty theo

H thng bi trn dng trong ng c c tc dng cung cp du nhn

H thng lm mt c tc dng gi cho ng c lm vic mt nhit

Ngoi ra, ng c cn c cc c cu v h thng khc: h thng iu

4. Nhng thng s cu to c bn ca ng c t trong

trong r - bn knh tay quay ca trc khuu.

b) Dung tch lm vic ca xi lanh:

Dung tch lm vic ca xi lanh (Vs) l dung tch ca xi lanh c gii hn

S- hnh trnh ca pittng.

Dung tch lm vic ca ng c (Vh) l tng

d) Dung tch bung chy:

e) Dung tch ln nht ca xilanh v t s nn ca ng c:

T s nn ca ng c biu th ha kh (ng c xng) hoc khng kh

T s nn ca ng c c tnh theo cng thc:

T s nn ny bng 69 cho ng c xng v 1520 cho ng c diesel.

5. u-nhc im v phm vi s dng ca ng c t trong

- Tng i gn nh (35 kg/kW);

- Khi ng nhanh, d dng thay i vn tc quay;

- Cng sut ln (n 2000 kW);

- Hiu sut kh cao;

- S dng nhin liu t tin: xng, du izen;

- Gy nhim mi trng tuyn ngm do kh thi, do khi s dng

- H s vt ti thp, v vy d b cht my.

Phm vi s dng: Rt rng ri, thng c s dng trong cc t vn

Dng in i qua stator gy ra cm ng in t lm cho rotor gn vi

- ng c in xoay chiu 3 pha

- ng c in xoay chiu 1 pha

3. u-nhc im v phm vi s dng ca ng c in

- Khi ng nhanh, d t ng ha;

- Hiu sut cao (ti 90%);

- Chu vt ti tng i tt;

- Sch s, t gy n v nhim mi trng.

- Mmen khi ng nh;

- Ph thuc vo ngun in.

Phm vi s dng: Thng dng trong cc my tnh ti v cc my hot

III. CC LOI MY BM DU THY LC

Khc vi cc hot ng c k trn, cc bm du thu lc thuc loi

Cc bm du lm vic theo nguyn l thay i th tch: Khi th tch ca

2. Phn loi bm thu lc:

Bm pittng hng trc Bm pittng hng tm

Bm bnh rng n khp Bm trc vt Bm pittng hng trc truyn

3. Cc thng s k thut v cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut khi chn bm

a) Lu lng, k hiu Q (lt/pht);

b) Tc quay, k hiu n (vg/ph);

d) Hiu sut (%).

* Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut

- Lu lng c nh hay thay i c - nu thay i c th

4. u-nhc im v phm vi s dng

- Cng sut ln;

- Cho php iu chnh v cp vn tc cng tc trong phm vi rng;

- D dng bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin v

- Hiu sut cao (0,8 0,9).