EE-211 Circuit Analysis

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460

hadeed@giki.edu.pk

October 31, 2017

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 1 / 22
 Overview

1 Some more circuit solving methods

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Example
Superposition theorem
Examples

2 Numerical

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 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Power transfer can be discussed in two aspects.

Eciency of power transfer [Power system]
Amount of power transfer [Data and communication system]
The main concern here is to explain the process of power transfer using
resistive loads.

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 3 / 22
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

What should be the value of Following are the steps

R to get maximum power
L Replace the resistive network with
transfer ? Thevenin equivalent.
Describe power dissipated in terms of
V , R and R .
th th L

Since V and R is xed therefore only

th th

R is part of power dissipation. Solve

L

for R for derivation of maximum power

L

transfer theorem.

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 4 / 22
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Following are the steps

Thevenin equivalent is placed.
What should be the value of  2
R to get maximum power
L
p=i R =
2
L
V th
RL +Rth
R L

transfer ?
Derivate the power P with reference to R L

dp (R + R ) 2R (R + R )
 2

= (Vth )2
th L L th L

dR L (Rth + RL )4
(1)
The derivative is zero for a maximum or
minimum, therefore,
(Rth + RL )2 = 2RL (Rth + RL ) (2)
Solving (2) R =R L th

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 5 / 22
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The maximum power is delivered when load resistance equals thevenin

resistance.
The power delivered cam be obtained by substituting R in step 2. L

V R2
V2

P = th L
= th
(3)
max
2R 2
L
4R L

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 6 / 22
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

This theorem deals with the maximum power transfer only. The eciency
in transferring the maximum power is 50% when R =R . th L

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 7 / 22
 Example 4.12 [Nilsson]

Find the resistance R that results in maximum power being transferred.

L

Calculate maximum power that can be transferred to load R . L

When R is adjusted for maximum power transfer, what percentage of

L

power is delivered by 360V source reaches R ? L

R =25, V =300V, therefore R =25. Maximum power delivered

th th L

P =900W.
max

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 8 / 22
 Assessment problem 4.21 [Nilsson]

Find the resistance R that results in maximum power being transferred.

Calculate maximum power that can be transferred to load R.

R=3. Maximum power delivered P max =1.2kW.

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 9 / 22
 Problem 5.16

Find the resistance R that results in maximum power being transferred.

Calculate maximum power that can be transferred to load R.

R=6k. Maximum power delivered P max =4.16mW.

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 10 / 22
 Example 5.6-2 [Dorf ]

Find the resistance R that results in maximum power being transferred.

L

Calculate maximum power that can be transferred to load R .L

R=12. Maximum power delivered P max =3W.

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 11 / 22
 Superposition theorem

1
In a linear circuit the total response is sum of individual responses of
independent sources connected.

2
Only one source at a time while all other sources are deactivated.
Voltage source short circuited
Current source open circuited

3
Individual contribution is added to get the cumulative result.

4
Applied only if the sources are fundamentally dierent.

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 12 / 22
 Example 1 [M. Patel, IIT Bombay]

Find the current I in the circuit

1

shown.

First consider the response of 18V.

32
i = = 1A (5)
3A
6
i
total = i18v + i = 3 + 1 = 4A (6)
3A

18
i = = 3A (4)
18v
6

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 13 / 22
 Example 2 [M. Patel, IIT Bombay]
Find the voltage v in the circuit
shown.

Considering current source only

Considering voltage source only

32
i = = 1A (9)
3A
6
itotal = i18v + i = 3 + 1 = 4A (10)
3A

12 = 3i + 2i + i = i = 2A (7)
v 12v = 6V (8)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 14 / 22
 Example 3

Find the voltage v in the circuit shown.

Answer= V =6V o

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 15 / 22
 Example 4

Find the voltage v in the circuit shown.

o

Answer= V = V o
48
7

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 16 / 22
 Example 5

Find the voltage v in the circuit shown.

o

Answer= V =5.6Vo

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 17 / 22
 Quiz question

Find the thevenin equivalent for

following circuit across terminal a
and b.

Answer= V =5.6V o

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 18 / 22
 Assignment 2 Question 1

Determine the node voltage

corresponding to nodes a and b.

Answer= V =0V , V =-10V

a b

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 19 / 22
 Question 2

Determine the node voltage

corresponding to nodes a and b.

Answer= V =0V , V =4.5V

a b

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 20 / 22
 Question 3

Find the node voltage corresponding

to nodes a and b.

Answer= V =-2V, V =-8V

a b

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources October 31, 2017 21 / 22
 Question 4

Find the output voltage using

superposition theorem.

Answer= V =-0.25V, V =0.51V

01 02

,V =-0.25+0.51=0.26V
total

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