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    Queer Studies

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    shatakshi podder
    queer studies

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    Corber nin Introducti theorerieatframewor’ for analyz ego post-structutatist eonecy paiwe o ing much queer scholarship; and the value paychoanalytic of subject formar which has bs humanities, To ra is stl emerging field, we briefly sketch these debate anal trace the diseiptinar ‘ se to them, Our goal & wo m: drawn fom 2 sarier Identity and 1 Discontents, In the wake of the gay it the early 1974, zav scholarsin the United State and Great Britain, many of whom had Folic 1 o Mary Mefnsosh whose p kon homosexual role" in the 1960s shifted the fou sass in which the stigmatized category of the between the normal and the ebnormal, thes studies, which incladed Jonathan Ned Kate's Gay American History (1975), Yeieey. Wecks's Coming Ox (1977), ana John D'Emilio's Ses Palivcs, Sexwal Commmuvivies (1983) challenged biological instingt existing outside of social titions, for granted that the meanings and across cultures, these studies asserted that lesbian and gay identities struéted, that they are pr specific evanomie, poll tions. Ironically, thes frabilty showed that the c they we seed user and eventual Social constructionist persp mo sent he is came to darn meu! and subeultere: According to ¢ hn simi ta 0 sed such ay Jews anel Atriean Americans have their own distinct history ans an be traced tw the ancient € sketching the historical and soci) pe which the minoritarian made! gradually heean shat that model wen ba gay was ahi Jewish ‘One of th Going this kind of resesrch often drew é by social historians nr reco sr the histories and coltures af racial and etn s. Such studies narrated she forrsav nlleetive leshian and gay identity with attendant processes of culture making that this identity was erucial to the struzzle « sand lesbians 10 gain political and approach that challengin binary 0 studies showed that lesbian and the houndari ook for granted tha Introduction ‘Queer studies emerged path against THY Uppraach, which despite is fin niots began to define Tesbiam and) gay: studies scholarshup in the 1980s! While queer studies deeply informed, by the socis! constructionist perspective developed by lesbian und gay stu ars in history and seciology, the most influential scholars in queer studies, soch as Judith Hutir, Eve Kesofsky Sedgwick, ‘Feresa de Lau David Halperin, and Michael Warner, the past-structuralist critigue of idk that © humanistic: inquiry in the 1980s, Influenced by the work of Louis Althusser, Jacques Derrid and Jacques Lacan, many scholars: working humanists who have abst . Michel Foucault ties be rejecting the notion of subject that had informed humanistic inquiry since the Re But sehola For them, the subject exist ay Social structures _but_is constituted” ahd through them, and thus itis neither autonomous "noi unified but contingent and split. Subjects iy is not 2 property of the self but originate’ side it and therefore is unstable Influenced by this critique, queer studies scholars claim desires, practices, and iden tities do not fine up a¥ Restly as lesbian and gay studies scholarship implies. For these schola lesbian and gay’ identities are provisional, and her than fixed and colierent. “The | homosexual” is no egory but a supplement that works to stabilize heterosexuality. by functioning as ats. binary upposite. Assuch, homosexuality enables hetero Sexuality to go unmarked, to function as 2 sovial norm from_ which _homosexvality In “Gifier words, heterosexuality depends on hhomasewuality for its coherence and. stability Queer studies jars also claim that the rminoritarian model that has determined the lesbian and gay movements strat has more disadvantages than advantages. For them, the assertion af a collet lon re unabte or unilfing to canforn) ty it and > fesbians and yas wet the ravi based sclindarsh sted de ‘opments outside the acalem In the Ibis, a the leshian and yay mervemen came te embrace the quasi-ethnic status ot people” and to institutionalize that star both a political community and & comamen subculture, various, canfliets and tension merged that reflected the biases and excl embedded in that status rensions centered om issues 0 well asthe policing of sesual practices sevles of embodiment, and politcal ideny ns. The This was partly because the AUIS criss f even miany les as the source of the epic ie therehy stzn tizing certain forms of gay identity as “prom sponsible.” Hi developments, AIDS activist organi : as ACT LP (AIDS Coalition re Linleash Pow argued that the focus needed t0 be on the ‘of practices that put people at risk of contra. HIV. the virus that causes AIDS, rather than pes of people considered most Tikely t cenigage in those practi the mien but who do n0t i pecially. because The theorist most responsible for the queer critique of identity-hased activism and sche ship is Judith Butler. In he book Gender Trouble extendel the femini frequently cited used in 1989, Hutle that gender that ide atler, rather than a is performative. For re ni and extol stormances. — dedires, pr ‘ a Tn shi a i r ot linnted their critigt he the work of Michel Foucault, hich society and a vehicle for relat ‘eiuiality in society, More probl litical, and sexi of modern constituted by mm of eter hon to disrupt then In highlighting the limitations of the identity-based approach thar has dominated the ved seme of the fo wi gay stuches, espetially thawe eon. distinct farm of personhood in the wineteenth century. As we saw above, beginning with the groundbreaking work of Rate, Weeks and "Emilio, 2 Wstoringraphie tradition. ba hat has deeply informed lesbian and gay studies scholarship. “This tradition has tended to recapitulate on a social and historia scale @ process that since the gay liberation ‘movement of the 1970s has been seen as to the formation of Fesbian and gay identities on a personal scale. This proves involves moving the closer to public visibility from isolati tw collective action, Asa result, lesbian an history has often taken the form ‘ has been co cast earl defined ho reversal, as Jesbian and gay identities in the making, Bur such forms have their own 46: being marginalized or displaced. Another unintended ologies and may have persisted, despit ct forms of homosexuality middle-class, urban effect is 10 const anand gay identities ¢ hegemonic aver the course of the twentieth ary as premodern and by implication culturally backward, These include homosexual demtities and practices involving eross-gender identification, especially in men, or persis wh crigage in same-sex relations but who donot Tesbian, or who do not center their lives on their sewuality because other if) as class figure more prominently ia their expe graphic tradi identities whose formati of their identities such as their Face oF “ence. Por this reason, this histor tion has tended to reinforce the b ery lesbian and ut to explain by queer studies schulars has shown th emergence of the heterasesaal he nary was sinever amd was mediated by Of factors including race, class, gender, regium J nation. Recent studies such as Jot Howard's Mew Like Thus That in sin towins and rural areas homesewas ity eomnrimued to be understood as 2 set of 4 rices as late as the 196M, and access ta lesbian anil gay webs of affihanon and desire depends nity, which has come 10 define the bn scholarship on lesbian and gar life, may distort for misrepresent the bistury of hesnesexuatits on modern sucicties* Such a ficus eannor acount for subjects of homosexual desire who exis relation i arhan lesbian an iti Queer historingraphy complicates this claim exploring he kesbian and gay identities h developed in rural areas and small towns th lack the institu lesb and gay fife The limitations of identits-based schol ve been hi most important and. exciting. developer the field, this turn has raised some of thes questions about idemtity-bas There ship in history, anthrapol ogy, and sociology that body of tion of people, commudities, sed discourses, and capital across national borders has transformed the sexual polities 3n < fof Western and non-Western nations alike. The mi of this scholarsiip ackninal edges that while its scale and intensity have increased dramatically in the last wo decades, the emergence of capitalism in the sixteenth never on equal terms, that same social farms tions have greater material resources than ethers and that this rekition of Jneguality profound affects whether and how the sevual practices, identities, and modes of embadiment How ross national borders are absoriwd, rans 4, ander J national level Scho: studies tous primarily on the emergence in pesteokunis and si-called underdeveloped mations of sev hased social mover and. strategies incorporate Western forms of sexual desire and identity. They show that even as these movements draw on Western notions of gay and lesbian identities and models of polit cal organizing, they call into question Western notions of sexuality, subject ship, rooted as they are ina concept of the inthis area of whuse politcal shetorie vity, and citizen na creasingly under pressure from the processes of globalization. ‘Th F stressed how snationsl m 4 renders problematic histories of exbian and identities and communities that are geographt cally bounded or that analyze and explain the development of those identities and communi ties by locating them solely in national histories Instead, what is needed is historical scholarship that takes into account the eoevitence of mult ple forms of homosexuality and that recognizes that these forms are never historically static or unchanging but shift over time as they interact with each other and compete for dominance. Sexing Gender: Quper Studies and Feminism ‘Queer studies’ relationship to women’s studies is even more complicated than its relationshup » lesbian and gay studies. Although it deeply indebted to the modes of feminist analy sis developed by women’s studies scholars in the hile — indeed, i emergence ava field would looking a vast body A Terminist schiobrship th has sought to Tinka progressive sexual politics feminism’s emancipatory project, many queer seliglars belies that wonren's studies has reine ° foroud the sevist storents pe that women are fess reba! put Phi is party be hh teoretical mode) tha cane w dominate m ‘ auies programs inthe late 1974 farm how some We studies scholars understand the relationship hhernecn ender and sexuality: Women's ste ats influcriced by this model tend onstitured along ax aus 1 ceive of sexuality as and te ininity 3 ion and subordination. ‘This claim pro he foundation for she anti-pornesrap of the Tate 197Us and “Mh ed by Catherine Mackinton adequaiely acknowledge w some women’s studies seh studies does not aluays acknowledge its deb 1 feminism: For tiese scholars, queer studies does not pay sufficient artention tn © sequences of inhabiting a female body in a pa archa} saciels. ane its focus on ne sexualities threatens to displace gender as primary category of fe rinse analysis ‘As-this discussion indicwes, agreement bercwen queer studies and women!’ primary di studies is over how to theorize the relationship between ses, gender, and sewualisy. Unlike queer scholars, whe as we will soe are careful to ma and sevwatity tended to conflate the three consisuets. ‘This tend I in wo scholarship of the 1970s that relied un suet Feminist concepts as “women’s oppression” ancl mnceptual distinction between sex, gender: women’s studies scholars. ha ve wn SER ou studies se consciousness” In ot influenced by this FF forse thet Her mare of “woman ation . imaleness, masculinity, and male privilege were of sexual desire. One of the must al inextrically linked mulations of this definition of fe a The limitations of his understand Sadrieane Rich's i her widely anshologt iiale privilege were pointed ost as carly as 197 en cited es mnpuslwory Hever po bs the Combahee River Collective, 2 anal Lesbian Easstencé” ed : an blah ferinists founded in 174. In Rich argued thar esbianism ide f “ Black Feminist Statement” in terms of the ext ff gondor and th ' ublished in 1977, the Collective argued that lesbian heir sexuality, had of power that could account for men, Indeed. gay men, insofar as they were me cently along the axes of race anil class. F the tion, ‘Their sevual y supp ceome to dominate the women’s m 1 conflate sevualits by arguing th Lnowledge chat the category of man is n een wae ron monolithic an that acvess to mal r ld be call 1 ime of the movernent’s most basic assuimp- z tins, the Collective asserted the need for blac nen s wom fate with black men: “Our situa of suc, stratifieaun u penple necessias e have basea! on seswuai solidarity around the fact uf race, We struggle ‘One of the earliest and most signiicant together with Black m inst racism, while tiques of this approach co sexua f 1s alsa struggle with Black men about sexism.” Rubin's groundbreaking essay “Phinki Thus in bhtck feminist thought such as the published in 1984. ‘Thoug ed Collective's, the relationship between maleness, a structuralist rather than a pd sll mrastalinity, and male priv cumplicited —_ eonceptinn of pave by race and ‘class. This theoretical stance not founding texts of q) nly anticipated but helped make possible analysis of women’s uppression advance pornograpl Dworkin, arguing that its cent necessary Tink ta maleness and the belief that namely does serves to legit studies’ central claims is thar masculinity has no snd ate patriarchal social women’s subordination was consulidare CF of women’s studies scholars gender. For Rubin, gender and sexuait perhaps mos nounced in scholarship intl sn feminism, which in the 1 redefined the category of les of social pract quired iis owe theory and politics. Feminis ccaukd not explain how sexuality opera gender, Buildin qualifying Miche Foucault's arg a The i Tishune One a 5 helow pr discursive wer J ponves Ri the history of the state regulation of sexual Great Britain and the Unites Stat in the nineteenth century, and in Qin shermed thi i a vee ippression in modern Western Rubin maintained that inc storie periods when sexuality is highly contested and ‘overtly potiticizes, sexual acts become burdened! with an excess of meaning, an " di accord erarchiesl at the top of the hierarchy; gays and le whethe aMous oF promiscuous, sre in 1 middle; and persans who engage in the must and cannot be reduced 1» them of understoo studies scholarship. For many women's studies is systemic, Sex is what Gayle Rubin and gender was fi phat for the field because it enabled women’s studies scholars Of whic Such nuanced nd gay studie Judith Halberstam, for of hutch." Son asculin ity ut ha others ma | i | | | | | alignment with their gendler: tl far their masculinity fs purely a ich as bars and gyms. Jf such forms masculinity have been stigmstized as freshish, tunatural, and deviant, that iy because the denionstrate that masculinity i not necessarily the property of male heterosexuals. The be that it is contributes to the consolidation an repriaduction of patriarchal sociat arrangement In highlighting of masculinity, thi scholarship Has made clear the value of the ‘queer project to feminism adies scholarship like Rubin's and Queer Hathersiam’s opens up nes ways of thinking about a wide range of subcultural practices and identities (butch lesbians who are bottoms, gay ps, female-t0- malequeens sho are ale trans Cowals who identify as lesbian, male-to-female transsesuals who identify as gay, ad so on) that previously were ilegible or may have seemed Incoherent insofar as they do not conform to the alignments of ses, gender, and sexuality that ar The nizes that there is ne Rat tionship between sex, gender that it must vigorously enforce the belief that there is, For example, in the case of interseaual genitals a ity pedi with a combinat particular genital status, depending ‘of male and femal assessment of whether the genitals can be sally altered to appear to be “normal” aginas.” The body of the imtersexed penises 3m 08 ally altered so that it conforms to the dominant un how sex, gender, and sexuality sho Activist groups such as the Tm North Ameri renamed it intersex genital mutilat standing of id Fine up, sex Society of have protested the surgery andi in leave deep psychological scars, jeal pain, and often a loss of erotic funetion as P an adult. As an alternative, they have proposed the spevially queer. Yet because the identity thes are in the process of forming directty chatlemgs dichotomous constructions Of sex, gender, and euality it decades Work on this and related topics represents dhe conting edge of queer studies. But even 2 this work complicites our understanding of the relationship betscun and the discursive and institutiomal powe Drought to bear on maintaining their pormatice ent, it raises important questions wit fthers th transgress the normative atignment of sex, gender, and sewuality and with what cose quences? Anothe snder, and Sex Asian-American example, does 2 middle-class jgay man’s butch mode of em thesame erotic parchase in gav sexual cultu class. African-American Tegible as butch’ Fi iny that secure, or undermine, racial an privilege? If so, what are they, and what are the stitulional and discursive arrangeme keep them in place In some ways, Wom ‘equipped than queer stad + scholar answer these questions. O) eloped by queer studies: seh ‘women’s studies has dessto partly Deause that framework depends an th . feminists 9 1 of whi Hagbara Smith, Audre Ldnde, Cherrie Mo peared in ace and Gloria Anzaldua the wom ti movement for deploying th of woman subject t jn wars thar elided important racial, clas, and : in the si eval differences among omen” “t - nce 1 that women sebordinated by «! ans (dar exainple, sexism and : ascribe autemoms anal intention bg empowered by another (for € avis 4, Fike Weeks, and D'Emi "ad hurmophubia). In reconeciving identity st social consiruetionist he interscetion of various, axes of difference ‘ental to lesbian and yay studies, Maca i ordizavion, Gs approach transfurmed! raced the transformation 01 =%8 ‘ica’ now routinely examines ft cs from a set of practi serge -cubordinating the intertwined cate relations governed by religions ang SAN ies of Tce, class, sexuality, and into a set of identities reeutated by Ps naifion. At ie time, howe en's Uinike 8 xd "Ean, he Contrary to what Fewcault th repressive hypothesis am political let during ¢ he his streng fo the stultifying or “repressive” effects of tion: ital, which supposedly needed to cum xs develop a mode of sexuality so that i did not interfere race, class, and other crosscutting axes 0 rhert Marcase in his book Luna difference Crvilisotion, published in 1982, which foundly influenced the strategies and i the gay bberation movement. Instead, the st cues” rence of Sexuality a8 a separate sphere a Tife and 2 distinct domain Atthoughh, as we have already pointed out, much integral to the enselidaton © Alnor ee ip on gender and sexuality in cineiis mocerm regime of Power, Fas Pouca Tavolves more than do hi al science, and anthr pology is written from a queer perspective, the repression it satel APS nities to adopt the theoretical framework tt 0 | lini, andthe ass eee | ioe er ros | Salt a = SS eet iemarira tiie Fscsoon tomartin a aoe nam coc pee a ea es ear oa | r in E - db rdw The History of Sex FE iE Fined ap neatly. F constructed 3 more complicated historiéal narrative, however. For nimi, the wy of the homosexual was 2 product of both the agents of social control Gurists, sexotogiss, and psychiatrists) “Why udined the category in the late nineteenth and ariy twentieth century and the sho “reversed” its deploymen + politically around it Atth Challenged many of the duminant meanings of tnomascnuality, it also contributed to the consol sation of the binary organization of sexuality bs raifving and further entrenching the category Foucault. Despit of the categs such as sexology in the coastructio lentities, they focus more on the mat ganization of sesuality. Foucault saccot for ex the discourses, «7 neaning by soci focicts, To cite just one example, the cul onomies partly responsible for the re depen solidation of the mu role Of the most powerful finns in madern society, Social sckentiis i sexuality, particularly by the state, has ty is organized and experienced, especial the exe of AIDS. Given this emphasis on the importa institutional analysis, 1 is not SUT social scientists have bees: mare reli humanists to take up the of quee Indeed, many social scientists have : despite its aspiration t transform lesbian 3 fons, the eancept of the socidh deplossy Introduction queer studies remains underdeveloped. As they point out, the primary goal af queer scholars in the humanities, whose scholarship continues 10 dominate the fied, is ty produce close readi of high and mass cultural texts, which is hardly surprising given these Scholars’ training in liter- ary studies.” While such readings compticate our understanding of how homosexual desire shapes and is shaped by texts, this approach has been criticized by social scientists far following Foucault and privileging the role of discourse in ‘construction of sexuality over that of inst tutions Because social scientific work on sex- uality is more attentive to the ensemble of social relations in which sexuality is embedded, it can broaden queer understandings of the social by encouraging queer scholars ta engage the ma- teriality of discourse. Sociology, for example, has long been con- cerned with the materialist basis of institutional power. It examines the unequal distribution of material resources among different social for- mations and analyzes how that unequal distr: ng bution affects the structure and functio peuple’ lives and experiences. This sociological the importance of taking into account the materialist basis of the discursive Formations most often invoked by queer schol- ars in the humanities to elucidate the construc tion of sexual subjectivity. In arguing for the need to locate these formations in their materi- alist and institutional contexts, social scientists do not deny the role of the symbolic realm in constituting the social subject; rather, they seel 10 identify the institutional sources of discursive power, as well as how institutions themselves are in pare discursively constructed. “A _ Destabilizing the Subject: Queer ~ Studies and Psychoanalysis Adopting an approach that is attentive to both institutional and discursive forms of power, as social scientists have proposed, promises to further one of the primary goals of queer studies, to elucidate the social processes whereby sexual subjectivity is constituted. By contrast, queer scholars in the humanities have tended to rely on psychoanalytic models of subject forma- tion that avoid institutional analysis. Through “careful rereadings of Freud, queer theorists Leo Bersani and ‘Teresa de Lauretis have shown in separate studies that psychoanalysis can make ignificant contribution to queer studies, de spite its normative tendencies and its role, espe cially in the US, in pathologizing nonnormative genders and sexualities." Psychoanalytic models ble queer scholars to fof subject formation 6 address the psychic processes influencing, the development of an individual's gender and se uuality, One of the most important insights of psychoanalysis is that dhe psychic realm has its ‘own history and logie, and that itis in this seal, in addition ¢o the social realm, that the body an ‘our experience of it assumes meaning. What js centeal to psychoanalysis is the role of the unconscious in shaping sexuality. As the repos jtory of fantasy and desire, the unconscious ‘often conflicts with our consciaus Construction yx of our sexual identities, and this conflict between the two different levels may affect the alignment of an individual's sex, gender, ond senuality in ways that cannot be neatly read off the social environment. This may explain win queer studies scholars have been drawn to ps choanalstic models af subject format tsed activism and scholrsbip that 3 guishes queer studies from lesbian and Studies, Because of the refractory ature of the Uneoncios, the social sebjet cannot be under Stood as unified, knowing, or coherent but Babys at risk of being destabilized By contrast, social scientists have shown little imeeres in the psychic component of sexuabs Instead, thet interests primarily He sn el dating the subcoltural elsboration of sexual idemaies or in the corstrction of individu! Sexual identities via “symbolic interaction,” an anpraach that examines how individuals acquire a faily stable set of roles, commitments, and ‘nderstanding of themselves 38 sexual subjects through interaction with thers and interpreta tion of a historically and culturally variable tystem of sexual meanings.” As even many social Scientists have recognized one of the problems Sith this focus is that it inadvertently normal- Joes heteiopealiy by treating homosexuality as @ deviation from the norm. that_must_be explained * Social scientists who adopt this Spproach do not adequately consider how the coherence and stability of heterosexuality depends on the eitegory of ehe homosexual Mut, as queer scholues ia the humanities have Poinsed out, there is another prablem with this approach, For these schalars, without an under standing of the refractory and contradictory nature of sexuality, the social scientific concept of the sexual seems as underdeveloped as the humanistic concept of the social. Social scien tists tend to add ss the scial processes associ ated with only one aspect of sexuality, sexual identity, and thus they do not fully take into account the messiness of sexuality, its potential to disrupt or unsettle identities. With their Understanding af the Foe of fantasy and desire il the consteuetion of sexual subjectivity, py choanalytieally oriented queer_stholars aie better equipped to understand this aspect of senility At che same time, however, the con- fbutions of psychoanalyticaly oriented queer studies scholarship ae limited. As socal sien tists have sugested, psychoanalytic models of subject formation tend 10 privilege the role of the nucear family in the construction of gender and sexual entity over that of other social insti tutions. For this reason, they not only indirectly affirm a normative underscanding of child eare and the distinction between public and private, but they also overlook the role of sexual subeul, tures in transforming sexual subjectivity. More over, it remains unclear how such models might lucid e the transnational flow of nonnorma- tive genders and sexualities. For example, ate the psychic processes queer studies scholars see as underlying the formation of gender and sexual identities universal? Or is the explanatory power ‘of psychoanalysis limited 10 Western organiz tions of gender and sexuality? Unsetiling Disciplinary knowledge: Organization ‘The primary goal of Queer Studies isto promote dialogue across the social sciences and the humanities, as well as women's studies and queer studies. As we have already stated, the debates we have been outlining were provoked by the ‘category of queer as it traveled across the Introduction plines and encountered the different ways the diseiplines approach the study of gender and sexuality. ‘The selections comprising the anthol- + ogy reflect this journey as well as suggest the distance that still needs to be traveled. As this ‘occurs, the terms of the debates. will surely change as weil asthe rubries the different dis plines use 1a organize and produce knowledge about gender an sexuafity. One purpose of the anthology, then, is to read the following selec tions in evitical dialogue with the core concepts and current tensions highlighted by aur intro uetory comments on the emergence and devel- ‘opment of queer studies. Our hope is that this 4ialogue will extend, revise, and further compli cate those concepts and in so doing resolve some of the intellectual and disciplinary tensions we have deseribed bur in the process create others equally asimportant and provocative. The inter disciplinary work represented in this volume suggests that even at this early stage in the field, the study of gender and sexuality is calling into question the usefulness uf narrovl dened Ahisciplinary boundaries and assumptions of the different disciplines chet serve to police those boundaries. The debates provoked by the queer raise the fllowing questions. How mizhi 2 broader conception of the social, one that cakes Into account the full range of social Io studied by social scientists, complicate. the approach 10 gender and sexuality taken by quect theory and the humanities more ge might queer theory's understanding of sexuality $a fluid, mobile, and permeable terrain deepen and enrich social scientific accounts of sexual idemites and subcultures? How might queer histories be written to capture the sometimes stable, sometimes kid relationships between sex, gender, and sexuality and to situate these relationships in both institutional and discursive formations? How might a broader conception of the social complicate the psychoanalytic model of subject formation underlying queer work in the humanities privileging the discursive con- seruction of sexuality? How might incorporating queer scholarship on nonnormative genders and sexualities help women’s studies formulate less stati conception of idensity? How might engag- ing intersectionality help queer studies scholars develop 4 mode of analysis that clarifies the role erally? How Introduction of race, cls, and nation in determining, nor ‘mative and nonnurmative configuratiuns of sex, gender, and sexuality? "These questions have guided our selection of the readings. Althoug ing snswers 10 them constitutes an enormous we realize that provid. undertaking requiring 0 among social scientists and humanists, as well as women’s studies and queer scholars, we have organized the anthology in such a way as to encourage scholars to begin addressin One way we have done this is by balan written Jrom a social scientific, hus queer theoretical, and/or women’s studies per spective. In this way, teachers and students with

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