Tai Lieu Linux

He ieu hanh LINUX
Sinh vin: .........................................................................................................................
Lp: .................................................................................................................................
... Khng c vic g kh
Ch s lng khng bn
o ni v lp bin
Quyt ch t lm nn.
Lu hnh ni b - 2010
Ti liu tham kho H iu hnh Linux
MC LC
BI 1. CI T H IU HNH LINUX ........................................................................ 3

1. Ci t t CDROM................................................................................................... 3
2. Cu hnh thit b..................................................................................................... 11
BI 2. S DNG H THNG LINUX ........................................................................... 13
1. ng nhp vo ch X........................................................................................ 13
2. ng nhp vo ch TEXT................................................................................. 13
3. Cc bc khi ng ca h thng......................................................................... 15
4. Tt v khi ng li h thng................................................................................. 16
5. S dng runlevel.................................................................................................... 17
6. Phc hi mt khu cho ngi qun tr ................................................................... 17
BI 3. H THNG TP TIN TRN LINUX ................................................................... 19
1. c im ca Ext3 ................................................................................................. 19
2. Loi FileSystem...................................................................................................... 19
3. Cu trc th mc h thng .................................................................................... 21
4. Cc thao tc trn FileSystem ................................................................................. 22
5. nh dng filesystem.............................................................................................. 23
6. Qun l dung lng a ......................................................................................... 24
BI 4. CC THAO TC TRN TP TIN V TH MC LINUX ................................... 25
1. Thao tc trn th mc............................................................................................ 25
2. Thao tc trn tp tin ............................................................................................... 26
BI 5. QUN L PHN MM TRN LINUX ................................................................ 30
1. Gii thiu RPM....................................................................................................... 30
2. c im ca RPM ................................................................................................ 30
3. S dng RPM ........................................................................................................ 30
4. Ci t phn mm t file ngun............................................................................. 32
5. AVG Antivirus......................................................................................................... 32
BI 6. MT S TRNH TIN CH TRN LINUX........................................................... 38
1. Trnh son tho vn bn VIM................................................................................. 38
2. To a mm Boot.................................................................................................. 41
3. Tin ch Setup........................................................................................................ 41
ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 1

4. Tin ch fdisk.......................................................................................................... 42
5. Tin ch mc ............................................................................................................ 44
6. Phn tch a.......................................................................................................... 44
7. Theo di h thng .................................................................................................. 45
8. Qun l log............................................................................................................. 46
BI 7. QUN L NGI DNG V NHM................................................................. 47
1. Tp tin /etc/passwd ................................................................................................ 47
2. Tp tin /etc/shadow ................................................................................................ 48
3. Cc thao tc trn ngi dng ................................................................................ 49
4. Qun l nhm v cc thao tc trn nhm............................................................... 51
5. Qun l User v Group qua giao din X................................................................. 52
6. Quyn ca ngi dng trn FileSystem ................................................................ 55
7. Gn quyn cho ngi dng ................................................................................... 56
BI 8. QUN L QUOTA A V TIN TRNH TRN LINUX..................................... 60
1. Gii thiu Quota..................................................................................................... 60
2. Thit lp Quota....................................................................................................... 60
3. Gii thiu tin trnh................................................................................................. 63
BI THC HNH S 1................................................................................................. 67
BI THC HNH S 2................................................................................................. 68
BI THC HNH S 3................................................................................................. 69
BI THC HNH S 4................................................................................................. 70
BI THC HNH S 5................................................................................................. 71
BI THC HNH S 6................................................................................................. 72
BI THC HNH S 7................................................................................................. 76
BI THC HNH S 8................................................................................................. 77
BI THC HNH S 9................................................................................................. 79
BI THC HNH S 10............................................................................................... 87

BI 1
CI T H IU HNH LINUX
1. Ci t t CDROM
B a CDROM Fedora 11 vo a CDROM, sau chn menu ci t.
Install or upgrade an existing system
Install or upgrade an existing system
Rescue installed system
Boot from local drive
Chn Skip trong hp thoi Disk Found khng kim tra a CDROM trc khi ci t, sau
h thng s np chng trnh anaconda vo ch ho.

Chn Next qua bc k tip chn ngn ng English lm ngn ng hin th trong qu trnh ci
t.

Hp thoi cnh bo mt d liu trc khi tin hnh ci t. Chn Re-initialize drive tip tc.
t tn cho my tnh l congty.com. Chn Next tip tc bc k tip.
Ch nh mt khu cho ngi dng qun tr root, mt khu ny t nht l 6 k t, chn Next
tip tc.

Chn phng thc t chc Partition, chn Create custom layout nu mun t to phn vng.
Chn Next tip tc.

Chn New to phn vng mi, ta cn to 4 phn vng : phn vng /, phn vng /boot, phn
vng Swap, phn vng /home.
V d nu ta mun to phn vng /boot vi kch thc l 100MB ta chn Mount Point: /boot
to phn vng boot, chn File System File: l ext3, chn Size(MB) l 100, chn OK hon tt.
Tng t nh th ta to phn vng /, /home vi kch thc 8GB, 1GB cha d liu cho h
thng v d liu ngi dng. to phn vng swap ta chn File System Type: swap vi Size
khong 512MB. Sau khi to y cc phn vng cho Linux ta chn Next tip tc.

Chn ci t Install boot loader on /dev/sda qun l boot loader h thng, ta chn Next
tip tc.
Ch nh ci t phn mm cn thit hay thm cc phn mm khc, chn Next tip tc.

H thng bt u copy file v ci t. Chn Reboot khi ng li h thng.
Khi to thng tin ban u cho h thng trc khi s dng, trong giai on ny ta phi t mt s
thng s License, Date and Time, Hardware, Create User.

To ti khon ng nhp vo h thng v s dng, y l ti khon ngi dng thng, khng

phi ti khon c chc nng qun tr h thng, nu ta khng to th h thng mc nh cung cp
mt ti khon root, mt khu c thit lp trong qu trnh ci t. Chn Finish -> Continues
hon tt.
Nhp tn ngi dng (username) v mt khu (password) tng ng ng nhp vo h

thng, trong hp thoi ny ta cng chn c ngn ng hin th.

Giao din s dng h thng Fedora core 11. Giao din GNOME.
2. Cu hnh thit b
a. B nh: System RAM c BIOS nhn bit khi khi ng, Linux kernel c kh nng nhn
bit c tt c cc loi RAM (EDO, DRAM, SDRAM, DDRAM)
b. V tr lu tr ti nguyn:
cho php cc thit b phn cng trong my tnh c th giao tip trc tip vi ti nguyn h
thng, c bit l CPU th h thng s nh v di dng lines v channels cho mi thit b nh :
IRQ, DMA.
IRQ cho php thit b yu cu CPU time, IRQ c gi tr t 0 n 15
IO address ch nh a ch trong b nh, CPU s giao tip vi thit b bng cch c v
ghi b nh trn a ch ny.
DMA cho php thit b truy xut b nh h thng nh ghi v x l d liu m khng cn
truy xut CPU.

Kernel lu tr thng tin ti nguyn ny trong th mc /proc, cc tp tin ta cn quan tm

/proc/dma
/proc/interrupt
/proc/ioports
/proc/pci
Tuy nhin ta c th s dng cc cng c lspci, dmesg c th xem thng tin IRQ, IO, DMA.
Ta c th cu hnh cc thng tin trn bng cch thay i thng tin trong tp tin /etc/modules.conf
c. USB
Hu ht cc phin bn Linux sau ny c kh nng nhn bit (Detect) USB Device, mt khi
USB c cm vo USB port th n c USB controller iu khin, thit b USB c Linux
kernel nhn bit qua tp tin /dev/sda, hoc /dev/sda1
d. Card mng
Kernel ca Linux h tr hu ht NIC, xem thng tin hin ti ca card mng ta s dng cc
lnh sau y : dmesg, lspci, /proc/interrupts, /sbin/smod, /etc/modules.conf

BI 2
S DNG H THNG LINUX
1. ng nhp vo ch X
Ch X cn gi l Xwindow, s dng giao din GNOME, GNOME c h thng chn
mc nh. y l giao din s dng cho ngi dng mc qun l, khng thn thin vi ngi
dng cui (end user). Nhp username v mt khu ng nhp vo giao din GNOME.
2. ng nhp vo ch TEXT
Giao din TEXT ch yu cung cp cho ngi qun tr (Administrator). im mnh ca h
thng Linux l c im ny, giao din TEXT cho php ngi qun tr c ton quyn qun l
h thng, thc hin bt k tc v no, giao din TEXT cung cp nhiu thun li hn cho ngi
qun tr, gip qun l h thng hiu qu hn, nhanh hn, an ton hn.

ng nhp vo giao din text. Khi my ang Nhp username, sau nhn Enter, tip theo
boot ta nhn phm a chn h iu hnh, sau nhp mt khu, nhn Enter. Sau khi ng
nhp vo s 3 l ch lm vic dng text nhp h thng hin th.
nhn Enter. Mn hnh sau xut hin.
C hai dng du nhc lnh:

Du nhc # dng cho ngi dng qun tr (root)
Du nhc $ dng cho ngi dng thng
Cch s dng lnh trn giao din Text theo cu trc:

<command prompt>command <option> <parameter>
Trong :
Command prompt l du nhc lnh.
Command l tn lnh.
Option l ty chn ca lnh.
Parameter l tham s dng lnh.
Cc lnh c bn
Tn lnh C php ngha

date $date Hin th ngy gi h thng
who #who Hin th ngi dng ang ng nhp vo h thng

Tn lnh C php ngha

tty #tty Xc nh tp tin tty m mnh ang login vo
cal $cal Xem lch h thng
head $head <filename> Xem ni dung tp tin t u tp tin
tail $tail <filename> Xem ni dung tp tin t cui tp tin
hostname $hostname Xem, i tn my
passwd $passwd <username> i mt khu cho user
ls $ls <filename> Lit k thuc tnh ca file v th mc
cd $cd <directory> Di chuyn th mc
man $man <command> Tr gip lnh. Dng phm Space nu mun xem tng
trang. Thot khi nhn phm q
3. Cc bc khi ng ca h thng
Bc 1: Khi mt my PC bt u khi ng, b vi x l s tm n cui vng b nh h

thng ca BIOS v thc hin cc ch th .
Bc 2: BIOS s kim tra h thng, tm v kim tra cc thit b v tm kim a cha trnh
khi ng. Thng thng BIOS s kim tra a mm, hoc CDROM xem c th khi
ng t chng c khng ri n a cng. Th t ca vic kim tra cc a ph thuc
vo cc cu hnh trong BIOS.
Bc 3: Khi kim tra a cng, BIOS s tm n MBR v np vo vng nh hot ng v
chuyn quyn iu khin cho n.
Bc 4: MBR cha cc ch dn cho bit cch np trnh qun l khi ng GRUB/LILO cho
Linux hay NTLDR cho Windows. MBR, sau khi np trnh qun l khi ng, s chuyn
quyn iu khin cho trnh qun l khi ng.
Bc 5: Boot loader tm kim boot partition v c thng tin cu hnh trong file grub.conf
v hin th Operating Systems kernel c sn trong h thng cho php chng ta la chn
OS kernel boot.
Bc 6: Sau khi chn kernel boot trong file cu hnh ca boot loader, h thng t ng np
chng trnh /sbin/init s kim tra h thng tp tin (file system check) sau c file
/etc/inittab xc nh mc hot ng (runlevel).

Cc Linux runlevel
Runlevel Th mc lu script M t mode hot ng

0 /etc/rc.d.rc0.d Ch tt h thng
1 /etc/rc.d.rc1.d Ch n ngi dng, cho php hiu chnh s c h thng
2 /etc/rc.d.rc2.d Ch text cho a ngi dng khng h tr NFS
3 /etc/rc.d.rc3.d Ch text cho a ngi dng h tr y
4 /etc/rc.d.rc4.d Khng s dng
5 /etc/rc.d.rc5.d S dng cho nhiu ngi dng, cung cp giao tip ho
6 /etc/rc.d.rc6.d Reboot h thng
Bc 7: sau khi xc nh runlevel thng qua khai bo initdefault, chng trnh /sbin/init s
thc thi cc file startup script c t trong th mc con ca th mc /etc/rc.d. Script s
dng runlevel 0 6 xc nhn th mc cha file script ch nh cho tng runlevel.
Bc 8: Nu nh bc 4 runlevel 3 c chn la th h thng s chy chng trnh login
yu cu ng nhp cho tng user trc khi s dng h thng, nu runlevel 5 c chn la
th h thng s load X terminal GUI application yu cu ng nhp cho tng ngi dng
xem cc thng tin chi tit v qu trnh khi ng h thng ta dng lnh #dmesg | less
4. Tt v khi ng li h thng
shutdown h thng ta c th thc hin mt trong cc cch sau:
[root@localhost ~]# init 0
[root@localhost ~]# shutdown -hy t (shutdown h thng sau khong thi gian t giy)
[root@localhost ~]# halt
[root@localhost ~]# poweroff
reboot h thng ta c th thc hin mt trong cc cch sau:

[root@localhost ~]# init 6
[root@localhost ~]# reboot
[root@localhost ~]# shutdown -ry 10 (ch nh 10 pht sau h thng s reboot)

5. S dng runlevel
chuyn i ch hot ng ta dng lnh init <runlevel>, v d ta mun chuyn sang mc

ho ta dng init 5. Mc nh h thng la chn ch hot ng l ch ho, thng s ny
c lu trong file /etc/inittab.
id:X:initdefault
6. Phc hi mt khu cho ngi qun tr
phc hi mt khu cho ngi dng qun tr, ta thc hin theo cc bc sau
Khi ng li my Linux
Khi GRUB Screen hin th ta chn phm e thay i thng tin ca boot loader (nu
boot loader c mt khu th nhp mt khu vo)
Chn mc kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.29

Sau chn phm e thay i thng tin cho mc ny, thm t kha -s vo ch n
ngi dng (single user) sau nhn phm Enter.
Chn phm b tip tc khi ng, sau thc hin lnh passwd thay i mt khu
ca ngi dng root Dng lnh init 6 reboot h thng.

BI 3
H THNG TP TIN TRN LINUX
Mi h iu hnh c cch t chc lu tr d liu ring. mc vt l, a c nh dng t cc
thnh phn sector, track, cylinder. mc logic, mi h thng s dng cu trc ring, c th
dng ch mc hay phn cp c th xc nh c d liu t mc logic ti mc vt l. Cch t
chc nh vy gi l h thng tp tin (cn gi l filesystem).
Linux h tr rt nhiu loi h thng tp tin nh : ext2 (second extended filesystem), ext3 (third
extended filesystem), iso9660, NFS (Network File System). Hin ti rt nhiu h thng Linux s
dng ext3, trong c Fedora Core 8.
1. c im ca Ext3
c cng b vo thng 11 nm 2001

S nhn din partition l 0x83
Kch thc ti a t 16GB-2TB
Chiu di tn file t 255 k t
Kch thc ti a ca partition t 2TB n 32TB
H tr trn h thng Linux, BSD
2. Loi FileSystem
Trong Linux tp tin dng cho vic lu tr d liu. N bao gm c th mc v cc thit b lu

tr. Mt tp tin d liu hay mt th mc u c xem l tp tin. Khi nim tp tin cn m
rng dng cho cc thit b nh my in, a cng, ngay c b nh chnh cng c coi nh
l mt tp tin.
Cc tp tin trong Linux c chia lm ba loi chnh:
Tp tin cha d liu bnh thng
Tp tin th mc
Tp tin thit b
Tp tin d liu: y l tp tin theo nh ngha truyn thng, n lu tr d liu v d bn c th
lu on source chng trnh, tp tin vn bn hay tp tin thc thi dng m my,
Tp tin th mc: th mc khng cha d liu m ch cha cc thng tin ca nhng tp tin v th
mc con trong n. Th mc cha hai trng ca mt tp tin l tn tp tin v inode number.

Tp tin thit b: h thng Linux xem cc thit b nh l cc tp tin, vic xut nhp d liu cho
thit b tng ng vi vic xut nhp d liu trn file, tt c cc file thit b c h thng
Linux t trong th mc /dev. V d file thit b ca a mm l /dev/fd0, ca a cng l
/dev/sda, /dev/hda,
File lin kt : ging khi nim shortcut trn Windows. Trn Linux c hai dng file lin kt
o Hard link file: l hnh thc to mt hay nhiu file tm c cng ni dung vi file ngun, cc
file ny u tr v cng mt a ch lu tr ni dung hay ni cch khc chng c cng inode
number. Khi ta thay i trn bt k file no th ni dung trn nhng file cn li s thay i
theo. Khi to hard link th ch s lin kt cng s tng ln, do khi ta l xo mt file no
th d liu vn cn trn nhng file cn li. to hard link ta dng lnh theo c php sau:
ln <target> <link_name>
V d: to file hard link trn tp tin myfile
Gii thch: Trong v d trn ta to ra file lin kt hardlink_myfile tr v file myfile khi
myfile v hardlink_myfile c cng ch s inode. Khi thay i ni dung trn file
hardlink_myfile th file myfile cng thay i theo.
o Symbolic link file: l hnh thc to mt lin kt tm dng tr v file ngun, symbolic link
gip cho ngi qun tr c th n gin ho cc thao tc truy cp file h thng, bng cch to
ra lin kt file tr v file h thng. Khi thay v truy cp file h thng th ngi qun tr ch
cn truy cp file lin kt, vic thay i ni dung trn file lin kt tng ng vic thay i ni
dung ca file ngun. Thng thng ngi ta dng symbolic link file trong trng hp ng
dn ca file ngun qu phc tp nh, v vy to ra file lin kt d dng thao tc thay i
ni dung trn file ngun. to file lin kt symbolic link ta dng lnh theo c php sau
#ln -s <target> <link_name>

V d: to file symbolic link trn tp tin myfile
Gii thch: Trong v d trn ta to ra file lin kt slink_myfile tr v file myfile. Khi ta thay i
ni dung trn file slink_myfile th file myfile cng thay i theo.
im khc bit gia hard link v symbolic link
o Khi xo file ngun th file lin kt theo kiu symbolic link khng cn tc dng.
o Khi xo file ngun th file lin kt hard link vn cn ngha v ni dung vn nh c, ch c
s lin kt gim i mt n v.
3. Cu trc th mc h thng

H thng tp tin Linux c cu trc nh hnh v trn. Trong Linux khng c khi nim a
nh trong Windows, tt c cc tp tin th mc bt u t th mc gc (/). Khi mun truy cp vo
th mc con ta truy cp theo cu trc /<th mc con>/<th mc cn truy cp>.
V d: truy cp vo th mc src ta dng lnh $cd /usr/src
4. Cc thao tc trn FileSystem
a. Mount v Unmount FileSytem

Mount l hnh thc gn kt thit b vo mt th mc trong filesystem ca Linux ngi dng
s dng thit b, th mc trn filesystem cn gi l mount point. Sau khi mount hon tt vic sao
chp d liu gia h thng v mount point, tng ng vic sao chp d liu gia h thng v
thit b. Ta c th mount vo h thng cc loi thit b: hdax, sdax, CD-ROM, a mm, USB.
Lu : mun bit th mc hin hnh ang h thng tp tin no, bn dng lnh df. Lnh ny s
hin th h thng tp tin v khong trng cn li trn a
b. Mount th cng
mount mt h thng tp tin, bn dng lnh mount theo c php sau
#mount <device> <dir>
Trong
o device: l thit b vt l nh /dev/cdrom (CD-ROM), /dev/fd0 (a mm), a cng
/dev/hda1, /dev/sda,
o dir: l v tr th mc, trong cy th mc, m bn mun mount vo.
Tu chn ca mount:
o v : ch chi tit, cung cp thm thng tin v nhng g mount nh thc hin.
o w : mount h thng tp tin vi quyn c v ghi.
o r : mount h thng tp tin vi quyn c m thi.
o t loi : xc nh li h thng tp tin ang c mount. Nhng loi hp l l minux, ext2,
ext3, msdos, hpfs, proc, nfs, umsdos, iso9660, vfat.
o a : mount tt c nhng h thng tp tin c khai bo trong /etc/fstab
V d :
Gn kt cdrom: #mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
Gn kt mt h thng tp tin: #mount /dev/hda6 /mnt/source
c. Mount t ng
Tp tin /etc/fstab lit k cc h thng tp tin cn c mount t ng, mi dng mt h thng
tp tin tng ng vi mt gn kt. Nh vy khi mun mount cc h thng tp tin lc khi ng

bn nn s dng tp tin /etc/fstab thay v dng lnh mount th cng. Sau y l v d v tp tin
/etc/fstab:
d. Unmount FileSystem
Sau khi lm quen vi vic gn nhng h thng tp tin vo cy th mc Linux, bn c th loi b
mt filesystem bng lnh umount. Lnh umount c cc dng:
#umount <dir> <device> : loi b c th mt filesystem
#umount -a : loi b tt c filesystem ang mount
5. nh dng filesystem
nh dng mt h thng tp tin trn Linux ta s dng cc cng c sau:

#mkfs.ext2 : nh dng partition theo loi ext2
#mkfs.ext3 : nh dng partition theo loi ext3
C php lnh :
#mkfs -t <fstype> <filesystem>
V d:
#mkfs -t ext2 /dev/hda1
Lnh trn tng ng vi lnh mkfs.ext2 /dev/hda1

6. Qun l dung lng a

qun l v theo di dung lng a ta c th d dng nhiu cch khc nhau, thng thng
ta dng hai lnh df v fdisk
C php lnh
#df <option>
#fdisk <option> <parameters>
V d:
Lit k filesystem trong h thng
In theo dng MB, GB
Lit k cc partition trong h thng

BI 4
CC THAO TC TRN TP TIN V TH MC LINUX
1. Thao tc trn th mc
Lnh pwd
Xc nh v tr th mc hin hnh.
V d:
[phuongdq@localhost bin]$pwd
/usr/local/bin
Lnh cd
Chuyn th mc hin hnh.
C php:
$cd <dir>
V d:
[phuongdq@localhost bin]$cd /etc
[phuongdq@localhost etc]$
Lnh ls
Lit k ni dung th mc.
C php:
ls <option> <dir>
ls -x hin th trn nhiu ct
ls -l hin th chi tit cc thng tin ca tp tin
ls -a hin th tt c cc tp tin k c tp tin n
V d:

ngha cc ct t tri sang phi

o Ct 1 (k t u tin): - ch tp tin bnh thng, d ch th mc, l ch link v pha sau c
du -> ch ti tp tin tht. Cc k t cn li ch quyn truy xut.
o Ct 2: ch s lin kt n tp tin ny.
o Ct 3, 4: ngi s hu v nhm s hu.
o Ct 5: kch thc tp tin, th mc.
o Ct 6: ngy gi sa cha cui cng.
o Ct 7: tn tp tin, th mc.
Lnh mkdir
Dng to th mc.
C php:
$mkdir <option> <dir>
V d:
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$mkdir /home/web
Lnh rmdir
Cho php xo th mc rng.
C php:
$rmdir <option> <dir>
V d:
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$rmdir /home/web
2. Thao tc trn tp tin

Lnh cat
Dng hin th ni dung ca tp tin dng vn bn.
C php:
$cat <file>
V d:
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$cat myfile
Lnh cat cng c dng to v son tho vn bn dng text. Trong trng hp ny chng ta
s dng du > hay >> i theo sau. Nu tp tin cn to tn ti, du > s xa ni dung ca tp
tin v ghi ni dung mi vo, du >> s ghi ni dung mi vo sau ni dung c ca tp tin.
V d: mun to tp tin baitho ta lm nh sau
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$cat > baitho

Hom qua tat nuoc dau dinh

Bo quen chiec ao tren canh hoa sen
[Nhn Ctrl + D kt thc]
Lnh more
Cho php xem ni dung tp tin theo tng trang mn hnh.
C php:
$more <file>
Lnh cp
Cho php sao chp tp tin.
C php:
$cp <source_file> <dest_file>
V d:
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$cp /etc/passwd /home/phuongdq/passwd
Lnh mv
Dng di chuyn v tr lu tr ca tp tin, i khi ta c th s dng lnh mv i tn
tp tin.
C php:
$mv <source> <dest>
V d:
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$mv myfile /home/phuongdq/Music
Lnh rm
Cho php xo tp tin, th mc.
C php:
$rm <option> <file/dir>
Cc tu chn:
-r : xo th mc v tt c tp tin v th mc con
-i : xc nhn li trc khi xo
Lnh find
Cho php tm kim tp tin tho mn iu kin.
C php:
$find <path> <expression>
Trong :
path : l ng dn th mc tm kim
expression : tm kim cc tp tin

Ngoi ra bn c th s dng nhng k hiu sau

* : vit tt cho mt nhm k t
? : vit tt cho mt k t
Lnh grep
Cho php tm kim mt chui no trong ni dung tp tin
C php:
$grep <expression> <file>
V d :
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$grep abcde /home/phuongdq/myfile
Gii thch: Tm kim trong tp tin / home/phuongdq/myfile v hin th cc dng c xut hin
chui abcde.
Lnh touch
H tr vic to v thay i ni dung tp tin
C php:
$touch <option> <file>
V d :
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$touch file1.txt file2.txt (to hai tp tin file1.txt v file2.txt)
Lnh dd
Cho php thay i nh dng v sao chp file
V d:
dd if=/mnt/cdrom/images/boot.img of=/dev/fd0
(if l input file, of l output file)
Lnh gzip va gunzip
gzip dng nn tp tin cn gunzip dng gii nn cc tp tin. gzip to tp tin nn vi
phn m rng .gz
C php ca gzip v gunzip nh sau:
$gzip <option> <name>
$gunzip <option> <name>
Cc tu chn cho gunzip v gzip
-c : chuyn cc thng tin ra mn hnh
-d : gii nn, gzip -d tng ng gunzip
-h : hin th gip
Lnh tar
Lnh ny dng gom v bung nhng tp tin/th mc. N s to ra mt tp tin c phn
m rng .tar

C php:
$taz <option> <dest> <source>
Cc option c th l:
-cvf : gom tp tin/th mc
-xvf : bung tp tin/th mc
<dest> : tp tin ch .tar s c to ra
<source> : nhng tp tin v th mc ngun cn gom
V d:
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$tar -cvf /home/backup.tar /etc/passwd /etc/group
[phuongdq@localhost ~]$tar -xvf /home/backup.tar

BI 5
QUN L PHN MM TRN LINUX
1. Gii thiu RPM
RedHat Package Manager l h thng qun l phn mm c Linux h tr cho ngi dng.
Ngi dng c th ci t, xo hoc nng cp cc package trc tip bng lnh. Nu bn s dng
Xwindow c th dng chng trnh KDE-RPM hoc GNOME-RPM thay cho vic s dng lnh.
Trong qu trnh nng cp package, RPM thao tc trn tp tin cu hnh rt cn thn, do vy m bn
khng bao gi b mt cc la chn trc ca mnh.
2. c im ca RPM
Kh nng nng cp phn mm.

Truy vn thng tin hiu qu: bn c th tm kim thng tin cc package hoc cc tp tin
ci t trong ton b c s d liu. Bn cng c th hi tp tin c th thuc v package
no v n u.
Kim tra h thng: nu bn nghi ng mt tp tin no b xo hay b thay th trong
package, bn c th kim tra li rt d dng.
3. S dng RPM
a. Ci t phn mm bng RPM

Gi phn mm rpm thng thng c t chc theo cu trc
<tn package, phin bn, s hiu phin bn, kin trc s dng, nh dng>
ci t phn mm ta dng lnh

#rpm -i <package>
V d:
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm
S d ta thm ty chn vh kim tra phn mm trc khi ci t.
Mt s li thng xy ra khi ci t dng rpm:

Package c ci t trc , h thng bo li package is already installed, nu
mun ci ln package ci ny ta dng lnh rpm v thm ty chn --replacepkgs
V d:
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh --replacepkgs foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm
Xung t vi phn mm khc, khi bn ci package cha tn tp tin trng vi tp tin tn
ti ca package khc hoc ca package c s xy ra li c tn conflicts with the file
from, b qua li ny ta dng tu chn -replacefiles
V d:
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh --replacepkgs foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm
Li do packages khi cn ci ph thuc vo mt package phn mm khc, thng tin bo c
dng failed dependencied, khi ta phi ci package phn mm ny trc, sau
ta mi tip tc ci gi phn mm m ta cn sau.
b. Loi b phn mm
loi b phn mm ra khi h thng ta dng lnh rpm e
C php thc hin:
#rpm -e <package name>
Lu : <package name> l mt chui m t thng tin chi tit ca gi phn mm, do trc khi
loi b phn mm ta phi dng lnh rpm -qa package bit chi tit tn chnh xc ca phn mm
ny.
c. Nng cp phn mm
Nng cp phn mm cng tng t nh ci t mi nhng ta thay tu chn i bng tu chn U
#rpm -Uvh <package>
V d:
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh foo-2.0-1.i386.rpm
Khi RPM t ng nng cp vi tp tin cu hnh, bn thy h thng thng bo nh sau:
saving /etc/foo.conf as /etc/foo.conf.save
T thng tin trn cho ta hiu c khi nng cp ln phin bn mi h thng s lu li file cu
hnh ca phin bn c vi tn l foo.conf.save
d. Truy vn phn mm
Truy vn phn mm l hnh thc kim tra v tm kim xem thng tin cc phn mm ci t
trong h thng. Ta c th xem danh sch cc gi phn mm c ci t trong h thng bng
lnh rpm -qa hoc xem c th phn mm no c ci t trong h thng hay khng bng
lnh #rpm -qa <package>

V d:
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q sendmail
Sendmail-8.14.1-4.2.fc8
[root@localhost ~]#
e. Kim tra phn mm

Cc thng tin kim tra l; kch thc, MD5 checksum, quyn hn, loi tp tin, ngi s hu,
nhm s hu tp tin.
#rpm -V <package>: kim tra tt c tp tin trong package #rpm -vf <file>: kim tra tp tin file.
#rpm -Va: kim tra tt c cc package ci.
#rpm -Vp <file-RPM>: kim tra package.
4. Ci t phn mm t file ngun
Ngoi cc phn mm c ng gi dng file nh phn rpm cn c cc phn mm c cung

cp dng source code nh: *.tar hoc *.tgz,Thng thng ci t cc phn mm ny ta cn
phi da vo tr gip ca tng chng trnh thng qua cc file README hoc INSTALL, cc
file ny cha trong th mc sau khi gii nn phn mm. Cc bc thc hin ci t
Bc 1: Gii nn file tar
[root@localhost~]# tar -xvzf linux-software-1.3.1.tar.gz
Bc 2: Chuyn vo th mc con v tham kho cc file INSTALL, README
Bc 3: Da vo ch dn trong cc file trn ci t phn mm. bc ny thng thng ta
thc hin ba lnh sau:
#./configure
#make
#make install
5. AVG Antivirus
Tng quan phn mm AVG

AVG 7.5 free antivirus l mt trong nhng phn mm qut virus rt hiu qu trn h thng
Linux, AVG c cung cp min ph, cung cp nhiu mc bo v cho h thng chng li
nhiu loi virus.
Chng cc loi virus nh worms v Trojans
Chng Sypware, adware
Chng spam mail
Chng hacker thm nhp mng

AVG cung cp kh nng qun tr linh hot thng qua vic iu khin chng trnh dng
command line hoc dng ho.
Yu cu phn mm
Cc phn mm, th vin cn s dng cho AVG
Libc.so.6
Dazuko kernel module
Python languages interpreter
Python modules
Ci t
Ti package avg75flr-r49-a1130.i386.rpm t website http://free.grisoft.com sau dng lnh
rpm bt u ci t trn my.
Sau khi ta ci t hon tt, h thng thng bo version, loi phin bn ang s dng v cch chy
chng trnh thng qua lnh /opt/grisoft/avggui/bin/avggui_update_licinfo.sh
S dng AVG Antivirus trn giao din GUI

s dng chng trnh AVG ta chn Applications Accessories AVG for Linux
Workstation hoc ta c th np cng trnh thng qua lnh avggui

Tu chn Test cho php la chn cc th mc hoc filesystem cn qut virus

Tu chn Test Results xem kt qu sau khi qut virus
Tu chn Update cho php cp nht antivirus t website
Mn hnh chn th mc cn thit qut virus khi nhn nt Test

Chn Start test tin hnh qu trnh qut
Hiu chnh cc tu chn cho AVG bng cch chn Service Program settings
Cp nht database cho chung trnh qut virus thng qua tnh nng Update t mn hnh
chnh.

S dng AVG Antivirus trn giao din TEXT

Lnh avgscan c s dng qut virus trn giao din text, c php lnh
#avgscan [option] [path\paths]
Trong :
path\paths c th ch nh mt th mc hoc nhiu th mc, nu mun nhiu th mc ta
ch cn m t chng cch nhau bng khong trng
tu chn ca lnh avgscan c rt nhiu, sau y l bng m t chi tit mt s tu chn
thng dng
Tham s Gii thch

-scan Cho php scan cc i tng c ch nh trong [path\paths]
-heur Chuyn sang ch phn tch v qut thng minh
-exclude Loi tr mt s th mc c chn trong [path\paths]
-@ FILE Ch nh file c th cn qut
-ext <ext_mask> Ch nh cc phn m rng ca file qut (v d jpg *)
-repok Thng bo file khng b nhim trong cc th mc qut
-report FILE Thng bo kt qu sau khi qut
-arc Qut file theo nh dng GZIP, ZIP, BZIP2
-clean T ng xo cc file nhim khng lm nh hng n h thng

Mt s v d v lnh avgscan
Scan th mc lu tr ti nguyn ca ngi dng
#avgscan /home
Scan th mc lu tr ti nguyn ca ngi dng s dng phn tch thng minh.
#avgscan -huer /home
Scan c th file /etc/passwd
#avgscan /etc/passwd
Scan th mc /etc v th mc /usr, sau hin th kt qu sau khi qut hon tt
#avgscan -report /etc /usr
Scan th mc /soft c cha cc nh dng lu tr v report cc file khng b nhim
#avgscan -ext = * -rt -arc /soft
Lnh avgupdate cho php cp nht database cho chng trnh avg nhm tng kh nng pht hin
v dit virus. C php lnh
#avgupdate [options] [path | list]
Mt s v d v lnh avgupdate
Cp nht antivirus trc tip t Internet
#avgupdate -o
Cp nht chng trnh avg t file /tmp/avg/updfiles
#avgupdate /tmp/avg/updfiles
Cp nht trc tuyn avg cho file avg.conf
#avgupdate -o -c /home/usr/conf/avg/avgg.conf

BI 6
MT S TRNH TIN CH TRN LINUX
1. Trnh son tho vn bn VIM
VIM (cn gi l vi) l chng trnh son tho chun trn cc h iu hnh Linux. Vi l chng
trnh son tho trc quan, hot ng di hai ch : ch lnh v ch son tho. s
dng vi ta dng lnh
$vi <file>
Khi thc hin, u tin vi s vo ch lnh. ch lnh, ch c th s dng cc phm

thc hin cc thao tc nh: dch chuyn con tr, lu tr d liu, m tp tin mi. Do , bn
khng th son tho vn bn. Nu mun son tho vn bn, bn phi chuyn t ch lnh sang
ch son tho. Ch son tho gip bn s dng bn phm son ni dung vn bn. M
hnh m t tng tc gia ch lnh v ch son tho
Lnh c bn:
dd : xo dng
x : xo k t
yy : copy dng
p : paste dng
/<string> : tm chui
(n)
:x : thot v lu
:q : thot khng lu
Ch son tho vn bn
Di y l nhm lnh chuyn sang ch son tho. Tu theo yu cu m bn s dng:
i trc du con tr
l trc k t u tin trn dng
a sau du con tr
A sau k t u tin trn dng
o dui dng hin ti
O trn dng hin ti
r thay th mt k t hin hnh
R thay th cho n khi nhn <ESC>

Ch lnh
Dng phm ESC sau s dng cc nhm lnh thch hp thao tc trn command mode
a. Nhm lnh di chuyn con tr
h sang tri mt khong trng
e sang phi mt khong trng
w sang phi mt t
b sang tri mt t
k ln mt dng
j xung mt dng
) cui cu
( u cu
} cui on vn
{ u on vn
Ctrl-w n k t u tin chn vo
Ctrl-u cun ln mn hnh
Ctrl-d ko xung mn hnh
Ctrl-x ko xung mt mn hnh
Ctrl-b ko ln mt mn hnh
b. Nhm lnh xa
dw xa mt t
do xo k t t con tr n u dng
d$ xo k t t con tr n cui dng
3dw xo ba t
dd xo dng hin hnh
5dd xo nm dng
x xo mt k t
c. Nhm lnh thay th

cw thay th mt t
3cw thay th 3 t
cc thay th dng hin hnh
5cc thay th 5 dng
d. Nhm lnh tm kim

*/and tm t k tip ca and
*?and tm t kt thc l and
*/nThe tm dng k bt u bng The
N lp li ln d tm sau cng

e. Nhm lnh tm kim v thay th

:s/text1 /text2 /g thay text1 thnh text2
:g/one/s//1/g thay th one bng s 1
f. Copy and Paste

copy ta dng lnh y v paste dng lnh p
y$ copy t v tr hin ti ca cursor n cui dng
yy copy ton b dng ti v tr cursor
3yy copy ba dng lin tip
g. Undo
Thao tc undo cho php chng ta hy thao tc hin ti v quay v thao tc trc , trong vi thc
hin bng phm u.
h. Thao tc trn tp tin

:w ghi vo tp tin
:x lu v thot khi ch son tho
:wq lu v thot khi ch son tho
:w <file> lu vo tp tin mi
:q thot nu khng c thay i ni dung tp tin
:q! thot khng lu nu c thay i ni dung tp tin
:r m tp tin ch c
THC HNH
1. Dng chng trnh vi son tho tp tin vanban.txt
$vi vanban.doc
2. Sao chp vn bn
4dd: Ct 4 dng v a vo vng m
Ctrl+d: Chuyn xung cui vn bn
p: Sao t vng m vo sau dng hin hnh
3. t v b ch hin th s dng :
:set nu
:set nonu
4. Lu ni dung tp tin v thot khi vi:
:wq
5. Xem lai ni dung tp tin vanban.txt.

2. To a mm Boot
Ta c th s dng lnh mkbootdisk to a mm khi ng h thng. Cc bc thc hin:

ng nhp vo h thng bng user root
Xem phin bn kernel ca Linux dng lnh ls /lib/modules/ hoc lnh uname -r (trong v
d ny Linux kernel l 2.2.12-20)
S dng lnh /sbin/mkbootdisk 2.2.12-20 t du nhc shell
Insert a mm vo a khi c h thng yu cu (Insert a disk in /dev/fd0. Any
information on the disk will be lost)
3. Tin ch Setup
L trnh tin ch h tr ci t thit b, filesystem, thit lp cu hnh mng, dch v h thng,

s dng tin ch setup ta dng lnh #setup
- V d : ta c th dng chng trnh ny ci t thng s cu hnh TCP/IP cho h thng nh

sau: t giao din trn ta chn mc Network Configuration Run Tool
- Sau chn card mng cn cu hnh, eth0 l tn card mng th nht, eth1 l tn card mng th
hai, chn Enter tip tc thit lp cu hnh cho card mng.

- Nhp cc thng s cho card mng. Sau ta chn OK Exit. C th dng lnh service
network restart cp nht li cc thng s mng v dng lnh ipconfig |more kim tra
thng tin va thay i.
4. Tin ch fdisk
L trnh tin ch cho php qun l a cng nh: to mi, xem thng tin v xo cc partition
trong h thng. C php lnh:
#fdisk <device>
Trong <device> c th l /dev/hda hoc /dev/sda. Sau y l mt s lnh fdisk c bn

Lnh Gii thch

p Lit k danh sch cc partition table
n To mi partition
d Xo partition
q Thot khi trnh tin ch
w Lu qu trnh thay i
a Thit lp boot partition
t Thay i system partition ID
l Lit k loi partition
Sau y l mt s bc to mi mt partition vi dung lng 512MB
Bc thc hin Gii thch

#fdisk /dev/hdb Khi to tin ch fdisk thao
tc ln a hdb
Command (m for help): p Lit k danh sch cc partition
Disk /dev/hdb: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders trong h thng
Units = cylinders of 4031 * 512 bytes
Command (m for help): n To mi mt primary partition

Command action vi kch thc 512MB
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-621, default 1): <RETURN> Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-621, default 621): +512M
Command (m for help): p Xem thng tin partition mi va

Device Boot Star End Blocks Id to
/dev/hdb1 1 196 395104 83
Command (m for help): w Lu li v thot ra khi tin ch

Command (m for help): q
Lu : sau khi ta dng fdisk to mt paritition mi th ta phi reboot li h thng v dng

lnh mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 hoc lnh mkfs.ext3 /dev/hdb1 nh dng li partition, cui cng
ta mount /dev/hdb1 /mnt/newpart s dng.

5. Tin ch mc
GNU Midnight Commander (mc) l chng trnh qun l v thao tc trn file v th mc c
s dng trong Linux, s dng ta phi ci package mc, sau dng lnh mc kch hot
chng trnh
6. Phn tch a
- Fedora core cung cp tin ch Disk Usage Analyzer cho php ta c th theo di v qun l
filesystem, th mc, kim tra filesystem mt cch trc quan v hiu qu. s dng tin ch ny
ta chn Applications System Tools Disk Usage Analyzer

- Ta c th chn Scan Home xem thng tin chi tit trong home directory ca ngi dng.
Thng tin trong hp thoi cho ta thy kch thc ca /root, cng nh kch thc tng file v th
mc trong th mc /root, ca s bn phi ch nh thng tin lu tr trn a vt l, v v tr tng
file hoc th mc trn a vt l.
Ta c th chn Scan FileSystem h thng qut v thng k filesystem ca h thng
7. Theo di h thng
Linux cung cp tin ch System Monitor cho php theo di thng tin h thng bao gm
system, process, resource, filesystem. s dng tin ch ny ta chn Applications System
Tools System Monitor
- Thng tin System cho ta bit CPU, MEM, - Process cho php theo di cc tin trnh
dung lng a khng s dng trn filesystem. hoc chng trnh daemon ang hot ng
trong h thng.

- Resources cho ta theo di c thng tin - File Systems cho ta theo di c cc thit
CPU, MEM, SWAP, Network ang c s b cng cc mount point ang c s dng,
dng. loi filesystem v dung lng tng ng.
8. Qun l log
Linux cung cp tin ch System Log Viewer theo di v qun l log file cho h thng.
xem log file ta chn Applications System Log

BI 7
QUN L NGI DNG V NHM
Mi ngi dng mun ng nhp v s dng h thng Linux u cn c mt ti khon bao gm
hai thng tin c bn l tn ng nhp (username) v mt khu (password). Thng tin ca ngi
dng ch yu c lu trong tp tin /etc/passwd. Linux cng c ba loi ngi dng c bn:
super user, system user, regular user.
Super user: l ngi dng qun tr ca h thng Linux, ngi dng ny thng gi vi tn l
ngi dng root. Root c to mc nh khi ta ci t h thng v c ton quyn qun l h
thng. Ngi dng ny c h thng cung cp mt nh danh qun l UID c gi tr 0.
System user: l ngi dng c to ra khi ta ci t chng trnh, dch v h thng, cc ngi
dng ny khng c quyn ng nhp cc b vo h thng.
Regular user: tm gi l user thng, nhng user ny ch c quyn login vo h thng v s

dng ti nguyn, khng c thc hin bt k thao tc qun tr no, UID ca ngi dng ny
thng c gi tr >=500.
Ngoi ra Linux qun l nhm ngi dng dnh cho cc chng trnh, dch v h thng, ta tm
gi nhm ngi dng ny l service user, thng thng nhm ngi dng ch c quyn ti thiu
trong phm vi truy xut ca chng trnh, chng khng s dng cho mc ch ng nhp v s
dng h thng. UID ca ngi dng ny c gi tr trong khong 1 100.
1. Tp tin /etc/passwd
Tp tin /etc/passwd ng vai tr sng cn i vi mt h thng Linux. Mi ngi u c th c

c tp tin ny nhng ch c root mi c quyn thay i n. Tp tin /etc/passwd c lu
di dng vn bn nh hu ht cc tp tin cu hnh khc ca Linux.

Mi ti khon c lu trong mt dng gm 7 ct

Ct 1: tn ngi s dng.
Ct 2: m lin quan n mt khu ca ti khon v x i vi Linux. Linux lu m ny
trong mt tp tin khc /etc/shadow m ch c root mi c quyn c.
Ct 3,4: m nh danh ti khon (UID) v m nh danh nhm (GID).
Ct 5: tn y ca ngi s dng.
Ct 6: th mc c nhn (Home Directory).
Ct 7: chng trnh s chy u tin sau khi ng nhp vo h thng.
2. Tp tin /etc/shadow
Lu tr mt khu thc s ca ngi dng, mt khu ny c m ho.. Ngoi thng tin

mt khu, file ny cn lu tr cc ty chn ca ti khon. Mi dng lu tr thng tin cho tng
ngi dng, tng ng vi mi dng thng c khong tm ct c phn cch nhau bng du
:
Ni dung ca file /etc/shadow

Mi ti khon c lu trong mt dng gm 8 ct

Ct 1: ch username phi khp vi username trong file /etc/passwd
Ct 2: ch mt khu c m ho (* ti khon b v hiu ho).
Ct 3: s ngy tnh t 1/1/1970 n ngy thay i mt khu sau cng (the last password
change).
Ct 4: s ngy ti thiu yu cu thay i mt khu, nu gi tr ny bng 0 tc l khng ch
nh gii hn (tnh bng n v ngy).
Ct 5: s ngy ti a mt khu c s dng (tnh theo ngy) - 99999 khng thay i.
Ct 6: s ngy a ra cnh bo trc khi mt khu khng cn hp l.
Ct 7: s ngy quy nh account b v hiu khi mt khu ht hn s dng.
Ct 8: m t ngy v hiu ho ti khon tnh t ngy 1/1/1970.
3. Cc thao tc trn ngi dng

a. To ti khon ngi dng
to mt ti khon, bn c th s dng lnh useradd
C php:
#useradd [-c comment] [-d homedir] [-m] [-g GID] LOGIN
Lu : tham s -m c s dng to th mc c nhn nu n cha tn ti v ch c root
mi c s dng lnh ny.

Sau dng lnh passwd <username> t mt khu cho ti khon.

V d:
V vn an ninh cho my Linux v s an ton h thng mng, mt password gi l tt nu:

C di ti thiu 6 k t.
Phi hp gia ch thng, ch hoa, s v cc k t c bit.
Khng lin quan n tn tui, ngy sinh ca bn v ngi thn.
Trong v d trn, bn to ti khon ngi dng v khng quan tm ngi thuc nhm no. S
thun li nu bn mun nhm nhiu ngi dng c cng mt chc nng v cng chia s nhau d
liu vo chung mt nhm. Mc nh khi bn to mt ti khon, Linux s to cho mi ti khon
mt nhm trng tn vi tn ti khon. Xem tp tin /etc/passwd ta thy
nghihh c UID l 501 v thuc nhm 501. Xem tp tin /etc/group ta thy
Bn c th thm ti khon nghihh vo nhm users bng cch thay s 501 bng 100, 100 l GID
ca nhm users.
Lnh useradd -D xem cc thng s mc nh khi ta to ti khon ngi dng (cc thng tin
ny lu trong th mc /etc/default/useradd).

b. Thay i thng tin ca ti khon

Bn c th thay i li thng tin ti khon t tp tin /etc/passwd hoc dng lnh usermod.
C php:
#usermod [-c comment] [-d homedir] [-m] [-g GID] LOGIN
V d: a ti khon nghihh vo nhm admin
#usermod -g adm nghihh
c. Tm kho ti khon ngi dng

tm kho ti khon trong h thng ta c th dng nhiu cch
Kho (locking) M kho (unlock)
passwd -l <username> passwd -u <username>
usermod -L <username> usermod -U <username>
Ta c th tm kho ti khon bng cch chnh sa tp tin /etc/shadow v thay th t kho x

bng t kho *
d. Hu ti khon
Lnh userdel dng xo mt ti khon. Ngoi ra bn cng c th xo mt ti khon bng cch
xo i dng d liu tng ng vi ti khon trong tp tin /etc/passwd
C php:
#userdel [option] username
V d:
#userdel -r nghihh
4. Qun l nhm v cc thao tc trn nhm
Thng tin ca nhm

Mi nhm c mt tn ring v mt nh danh nhm, mt nhm c th c nhiu ngi dng v
ngi dng ch c th l thanh vin ca mt nhm. Thng tin v nhm lu ti tp tin /etc/group.
Mi dng nh ngha mt nhm, cc trng trn dng cch nhau bng du :. C php m t
thng tin nhm trong file /etc/group
<tn nhm>:<password ca nhm>:<nh danh nhm>:<cc user thuc nhm>
a. To nhm
Chng ta c th chnh sa trc tip trong tp tin /etc/group hoc dng lnh
#groupadd <tn nhm>

b. Thm ngi dng vo nhm

Chng ta c th sa t tp tin /etc/group, cc tn ti khon ngi dng cch nhau bng du ;.
Ta c th thm ngi dng vo nhm thng qua lnh:
#usermod -g <tn nhm> <tn ti khon>
Ta cng c th sa thng tin GID ca ti khon trc tip trong tp tin /etc/passwd
c. Hu nhm
Ta c th xa trc tip nhm trong tp tin /etc/group hay dng lnh
#groupdel <tn nhm>
d. Xem thng tin user v group

Ta c th dng lnh groups hoc id xem thng tin v mt ti khon hay mt nhm no
trong h thng
#id <option> <username>
V d:
Ta mun xem groupID ca mt user nghihh ta dng lnh
#id -g nghihh
Ta c th xem tn nhm ca mt user no ta dng lnh

#groups <username>
V d:
#groups nghihh
5. Qun l User v Group qua giao din X
Linux cung cp tin ch User Manager cho php ta c th qun l ngi dng v nhm linh hot
v hiu qu hn. Thng qua cng c ny ta c th to, thay i thng tin, t quyn v xo ti
khon cho ngi dng v nhm. Giao din qun l ngi dng trong Linux, ta nhn chn System
Administration Users and Groups.

a. Thao tc ti khon
To ti khon: chn nt chc nng Add User. Ch nh cc tham s: username,

fullname, password, shell login, home
directory, userID, groupID.
Thay i thng tin cho ti khon : bng cch nhp i vo biu tng tn account

User Data : thng tin ti khon. Account Info : ch nh thi hn s dng ti

khon, kho ti khon.
Password Info: ch nh thng s xc nh Groups: ch nh nhm cho ngi dng.

thi hn s dng mt khu.
b. Thao tc nhm
To nhm: chn nt Add Group ch nh Thay i thng tin cho nhm: double click
tn nhm OK. vo tn nhm chn Group Users tab bit
thm thng tin hoc loi b thnh vin trong
nhm. Group Data: ch nh tn nhm.

6. Quyn ca ngi dng trn FileSystem
Tt c cc tp tin v th mc ca Linux u c ngi s hu v quyn truy cp.

V d:
Cc k t -rw-rw-r-- biu th quyn truy cp ca tp tin myfile, loi tp tin c ch nh trong

k t u ca ct u tin. Linux cho php ngi s dng xc nh cc quyn c (read), vit
(write) v thc thi (execute) cho tng i tng. C 3 dng i tng
Ngi s hu (the owner)
Nhm s hu (the group owner)
Ngi khc (other users hay everyone else)
- Quyn c (read) cho php bn c ni dung ca tp tin. i vi th mc quyn c cho php
bn di chuyn vo th mc v xem ni dung ca th mc
- Quyn ghi (write) cho php bn thay i ni dung hay xo tp tin. i vi th mc, quyn vit
cho php bn to ra, xo hay thay i cc tp tin trong th mc khng ph thuc vo quyn c
th ca tp tin trong th mc. Nh vy, quyn vit ca th mc s v hiu ho cc quyn truy cp
ca tp tin trong th mc v bn phi n tnh cht ny
- Quyn thc thi (execute) cho php bn gi chng trnh ln b nh bng cch nhp t bn
phm tn ca tp tin. i vi th mc bn ch c th vo th mc bi lnh cd nu bn c quyn
thc thi vi th mc.
Song song vi cch k hiu miu t bng k t trn, quyn hn truy cp cn c th biu din
di dng s. Quyn hn cho tng loi ngi dng s dng mt s c 3 bit tng ng cho ba
quyn read, write v execute. Theo nu cp quyn th bit l 1, ngc li l 0. Gi tr nh
phn ca s 3 bit ny xc nh cc quyn cho nhm ngi
Bit2 Bit1 Bit0

Read Write Execute
User Group Other

Read Write Execute Read Write Execute Read Write Execute
V d:
Ch c quyn c : 100 c gi tr l 4
C quyn c v thc thi : 101 c gi tr l 5

Quyn Gi tr
Read permission 4
Write permission 2
Execute permission 1
V d:
Nu c quyn read v execute th s ca quyn l : 4 + 1 = 5
Read, write, execute : 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
T hp ca ba quyn c gi tr t 0 n 7
0 or --- : khng c quyn
1 or --x : execute
2 or -w- : write only
3 or -wr : write v execute
4 or r-- : read only
5 or r-x : read v execute
6 or rw- : read v write
7 or rwx : read, write v execute
Nh vy khi cp quyn trn mt tp tin/th mc, bn c th dng s thp phn gm ba con s. S
u tin miu t quyn s hu, s th hai cho nhm, s th ba cho nhng ngi cn li.
7. Gn quyn cho ngi dng
a. Lnh chmod
y l lnh c s dng rt ph bin, dng cp php quyn truy cp ca tp tin hay th mc.
Ch c ch s hu v superuser mi c quyn thc hin cc lnh ny
C php:
#chmod [nhm_ngi_dng] [thao_tc] [quyn_hn] [tn_tp_tin]
Nhm ngi dng Thao tc Quyn

u - user + : thm quyn r - read
g - group - : xo quyn w - write
o - others = : gn quyn bng x - execute
a - all
V d : gn quyn trn tp tin myfile

Gn thm quyn write cho group : #chmod g+w myfile
Xo quyn read trn group v others : #chmod go-w myfile

V d : cp quyn cho tp tin myfile

Quyn Lnh
-wrxr-xr-x #chmod 755 myfile
-r-xr--r-- #chmod 522 myfile
-rwxrwxrwx #chmod 777 myfile
Phng php thay i tuyt i ny c mt s u im v n l cch nh quyn tuyt i, kt

qu cui cng khng ph thuc vo quyn truy cp trc ca tp tin
b. Lnh chown
Lnh ny dng thay i ngi s hu trn tp tin, th mc.
C php:
$chown
$chown -R
Dng lnh cui cng vi tu chn -R (recursive) cho php thay i ngi s hu ca th mc
<directory> v tt c cc th mc con ca n. iu ny cng ng vi lnh chmod, chgrp
V d:
$chown huetv /bt/test.txt
Gii thch: Chuyn quyn s hu ca file test.txt cho ngi dng huetv
c. Lnh chgrp
Lnh ny dng thay i nhm s hu ca mt tp tin, th mc.
C php:
$chgrp [group] [file]
V d:
$chgrp users /tmp/test
Gii thch: Chuyn quyn s hu ca test cho nhm users
d. Lnh umask
L lnh cho php thit lp quyn mc nh ca ngi dng truy xut filesystem, mc nh
gi tr umask l 022, tc l mi tp tin khi to ra u c quyn gn mc nh l 644, c ngha l
ch s hu ca file c ton quyn truy cp, nhm s hu v ngi khc c quyn c.
Quyn mc nh ca file hoc th mc c xc nh l phn b ca umask xt trn 3 bit
quyn hn ca h thng dnh cho ngi dng.
i vi file quyn ti a m h thng t ng c th gn l rw, cn quyn thc thi ngi dng
phi t gn. Do quyn ti a ca file tnh theo h thp phn l 666 (xt trn ba i tng).

Nu umask = 022 th quyn hn ca file khi to ra s l phn b ca umask l 644.

i vi th mc th quyn ti a ca tng ngi dng l 777, khi quyn mc nh ca th
mc khi to ra vi umask l 022 s l 755.
C php lnh:
#unmask <value>
THC HNH
1. Thay i quyn trn tp tin
#cat > baitho.txt
#ls -lF baitho.txt
#chmod u+x,g+wx baitho.txt
#ls -lF baitho.txt
#chmod 644 baitho.txt
#ls -lF baitho.txt
#ls -lF baitho.txt
#ls -lF baitho.txt
2. To ti khon h thng
To nhm ketoan
#groupadd ketoan
Xem tp tin /etc/group
#cat /etc/group
To mt account user01 mi thuc nhm ketoan
#useradd - g ketoan -c Tai khoan user01 user01
#passwd user01
Xem tp tin /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow
#cat /etc/passwd
#cat /etc/shadow
Th ng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon l user01. To mt account user02
#useradd user02
#passwd user02

a user02 vo nhm ketoan

#usermod -g ketoan user02
Th ng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon l user02. Xa user02
#userdel user02
#cat /etc/passwd
3. Thay i quyn s dng cho cc i tng trn tp tin

a. To mt tp tin mi /home/baocao.txt
b. i ch s hu ca tp tin /home/baocao.txt l user01
#chown user01 /home/baocao.txt
c. Phn quyn rwxr--r-- cho cc i tng trn tp tin /home/baocao.txt.
#chmod 744 /home/baocao.txt
d. ng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon user01. Th thay i ni dung tp tin /home/baocao.txt.
e. ng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon khc. Th thay i ni dung tp tin /home/baocao.txt.
Nhn xt ?
4. Phn quyn s dng cho cc i tng

a. To nhm ngi s dng c tn hanhchinh.
b. B sung cc user01, user02 vo nhm hanhchinh.
#usermod -g hanhchinh user01
#usermod -g hanhchinh user02
c. To th mc /home/common
#mkdir /home/common
d. i nhm s hu ca th mc /home/common l nhm hanhchinh.
#chown hanhchinh /home/common
hoc
#chgrp hanhchinh /home/common
e. Phn quyn rwx cho i tng nhm hanhchinh trn th mc /home/common
#chmod g+rwx /home/common
#ls -lF /home
f. ng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon user01. To th mc mi trong /home/common.
g. ng nhp vo h thng vi mt ti khon khc khng thuc nhm hanhchinh. Th to th
mc mi trong /home/common. Nhn xt ?.

BI 8
QUN L QUOTA A V TIN TRNH TRN LINUX
1. Gii thiu Quota
Quota c dng thit lp hn ngch a cho ngi dng, mi ngi dng hoc nhm c
cp gii hn s dng hoc nhm c cp gii hn s dng dung lng a nht nh no . Ta
ch thit lp quota trn nhng file system lu tr thng tin cho ngi dng hoc nhm ngi
dng, trong Linux ta thng thit lp hn ngch a trn filesystem /home.
Mt s khi nim cn lu :
Gii hn cng: ch nh dung lng a cng ti a cho ngi dng s dng. Ngi
dng khng c lu tr ti nguyn vt qu gii hn ny.
Gii hn mm: ch nh dung lng tng i cn gii hn cho ngi dng, ngi dng
c th s dng vt qu gii hn ny trong khong thi gian gia hn no . Mc nh h
thng t thi gian gia hn l 7 ngy.
Thi gian gia hn: l thi gian cho php ngi dng vt qu dung lng a cng c
cp php trong gii hn mm.
2. Thit lp Quota
thit lp hn ngch a ta thc hin ba bc chnh sau

Thit lp ty chn quota trn file /etc/fstab
Kim tra hn ngch thng qua lnh quotacheck
Phn b hn ngch thng qua lnh edquota
a. Cu hnh file /etc/fstab
M tp tin /etc/fstab

Thm mt s thng s gii hn usrquota (cho user), grpquota (cho group)
Sau ta phi reboot li h thng remount li file system /home thng qua lnh init 6.
b. Kim tra Quota

Sau khi cp php quota v gn kt li h thng tp tin, h thng by gi c kh nng thit
lp quota, tuy nhin chng ta cn dng quotacheck kim tra h thng tp tin c cu hnh
quota v xy dng li bng s dng a hin hnh.
Nhng ty chn:
-a : kim tra tt c nhng h thng tp tin cu hnh quota
-v : hin th thng tin trng thi khi kim tra
-u : kim tra quota ca ngi dng
-g : kim tra quota ca nhm
Thng tin cu hnh quota ca ngi dng c lu trong file /home/aquota.user, cu hnh ca
nhm c lu trong file /home/aquota.group
c. Phn phi Quota

thit lp quota cho ngi dng ta dng lnh
#edquota <option> <username>
Bn c th iu khin lnh quota mt cch hiu qu vi nhng ty chn sau:
-g : chnh sa quota cho nhm
-p : sao chp quota cho ngi dng khc
-u : chnh sa quota cho ngi dng (mc nh ca lnh)
-t : chnh sa thi gian ca gii hn mm
V d:
#edquota -u phuongdq

Blocks : dung lng user ang s dng, dung lng ny tnh bng Kbyte.
Inodes: s lng file m user ang s dng.
Soft limit: dung lng gii hn mm, thng thng kch thc ny phi <= kch thc
gii hn cng. Nu user s dng qu dung lng ny th quota s cp mt khong thi
gian gia hn. Khi SoftLimit bng 0 c ngha gii hn ny khng s dng.
Hard limit: dung lng gii hn ti a trn a mm m ngi dng c th s dng.
Sau ta chn phm i thay i cc thng s trn cho ph hp, sau chn phm Esc
v chn :x
d. Kim tra v thng k Quota
Lnh quota dng hin th thng tin quota cho tng ngi dng
-g : hin th quota ca nhm m ngi dng ny l mt thnh vin
-q : ch hin th nhng h thng tp tin c thit lp quota
-u : hin th quota ca ngi dng
Lnh repquota dng thng k trng thi s dng quota ca ngi dng trn filesystem
#repquota <option> <filesystem>
Trong :
-a : hin th hn ngch cho tt c cc ngi dng c ch nh hn ngch tng ng vi
filesystem c m t trong file /etc/fstab
-g : hin th quota cho nhm.
-u : hin th quota cho ngi dng.
-v : cho php hin th thng tin chi tit cho kt xut.

V d:
3. Gii thiu tin trnh
Mt chng trnh hay lnh c th pht sinh ra nhiu tin trnh. C ba loi tin trnh chnh trn
Linux
Tin trnh tng tc (interactive processes): l tin trnh khi ng v qun l bi shell,
k c tin trnh tin cnh hoc tin trnh hu cnh.
Tin trnh thc hin theo l (batch processes) : tin trnh khng gn lin n bn iu
khin v c nm trong hng i ln lt thc hin.
Tin trnh n trn b nh (daemon processes) : l cc tin trnh chy n bn di h

thng, cn gi l tin trnh nn. Cc tin trnh ny thng c khi to mt cch t ng
sau khi h thng khi ng.
Mi tin trnh khi thc hin nu sinh ra nhiu tin trnh con c gi l tin trnh cha (Parent
Process). Khi tin trnh cha b dng th cc tin trnh con ca n cng khng cn hot ng.
Mi tin trnh mang mt nh danh gi l PID (Process Indentification). Process ID l mt s
ln hn 0 v l duy nht. H thng da vo cc PID ny qun l cc tin trnh. Khi khi
ng, Linux s thc hin mt tin trnh sn c trong h thng mang tn init (v l tin trnh u
tin c thc hin nn PID=1). Sau tin trnh ny mi sinh ra cc tin trnh khc, cc tin
trnh khc c th sinh ra cc tin trnh khc na v c tip tc nh th to thnh cy phn cp cc
tin trnh.

S trong du ( ) l PID ca tin trnh, v d tin trnh rsyslogd(1752) c m PID l 1752 v l

tin trnh con ca tin trnh init v l tin trnh cha ca tin trnh {rsyslogd} (1753)
a. Xem thng tin tin trnh

kim tra nhng tin trnh ang chy trong h thng ta c th s dng lnh ps (process
status). Lnh ps c nhiu ty chn v ph thuc mt cch mc nh vo ngi ng nhp vo h
thng. C php lnh ps:
#ps <option> <parameter>
Mt s tu chn ca lnh ps
Lnh v ty chn Gii thch
ps -ux Xem tt c cc tin trnh m user kch hot
ps t Xem nhng tin trnh c chy ti terminal
ps aux hin ti ca user Xem tt cc tin trnh trong h thng
ps -u username Xem tt cc tin trnh ca user no

V d:
b. Tin trnh tin cnh

Khi thc hin mt chng trnh t du nhc shell ($ hoc #), chng trnh s thc hin v
khng xut hin du nhc cho n khi thc hin xong chng trnh. Do chng ta khng th
thc hin cc cng vic khc trong khi chng trnh ny ang thc hin, tin trnh c pht sinh
trong ng cnh ny l tin trnh tin cnh. Chng ta th chy mt chng trnh c thi gian thc
hin lu kim tra, v d lit k tt c cc th mc c tn pro bng lnh
#find / -name pro -print
c. Tin trnh hu cnh

Tin trnh hu cnh l tin trnh c pht sinh khi ta chy chng trnh, tin trnh ny chy
nn trong h thng v khng chim dng shell khi thc hin. Khi chy mt chng trnh chim
thi gian lu chng ta c th cho php chng chy nn bn di v tip tc thc hin cc cng
vic khc. tin trnh chy di ch hu cnh chng ta thm du & vo sau lnh thc hin
chng trnh
V d: s dng lnh find tm tp tin pro v cho chy nn trong h thng
#find / -name pro -print > result.txt &
d. Tm dng v nh thc tin trnh

Trong mt s trng hp khi ang chy chng trnh nhng thi gian thc hin qu lu v
mun a n vo hu cnh, Linux cho php chng ta a n tm dng v cho vo hu cnh bng
phm Ctrl - Z. Khi tin trnh ang chy nhn c tn hiu Ctrl - Z th n tm dng v chuyn
vo hu cnh, tr du nhc li cho ngi dng. Chng ta c th xem tin trnh c trong hu cnh
bng lnh:
#jobs
Ngc li khi mun mt tin trnh ang chy hu cnh chuyn sang chy tin cnh chng ta
dng lnh fg theo c php nh sau :
#fg <s th t ca tin trnh>
V d:

e. Hu tin trnh
Trong nhiu trng hp, mt tin trnh c th b treo. Khi chng ta phi dng (kill) tin
trnh ang c vn . Linux c lnh kill thc hin cng vic ny. Trc tin, bn cn phi bit
PID ca tin trnh cn dng thng qua lnh ps. Sau ta s dng lnh:
#kill -9 <PID>
Tham s -9 l tn hiu dng tin trnh khng iu kin. Khng nn dng cc tin trnh m mnh
khng bit v c th lm treo my hoc nhng dch v khc. Mt tin trnh c th sinh ra cc tin
trnh con trong qu trnh hot ng ca mnh. Nu tin trnh cha b dng, cc tin trnh con s
khng cn hot ng. Trong mt s trng hp, tin trnh c li nng khng dng c, bin
php cui cng l khi ng li my.
Lu : ch c ngi dng root mi c quyn dng tt c cc tin trnh cn nhng ngi dng
khc ch c dng cc tin trnh do mnh to ra.

BI THC HNH S 1
Ni dung chnh l:
Ci t Fedora Core 11, v cc thng tin lin quan n qu trnh ci t.
ngh cc sinh vin:
+ c k cc phn lin quan trong ti liu hc tp
+ S dng VMWare thnh tho.
+ Tm hiu thm v bng phn vng a cng
+ VMWare, Fedora Core 11 (file iso) c th chp ti gio vin hng dn.
Phn 1: Lm quen vi Mi trng VMWare v To my o VMWare
+ Khi ng phn mm VMWare. Sau nhn F11 Maximize ca s ny

+ Thit lp c ch s dng phm tt l Ctrl+Alt. T hp Phm tt ny thng c s dng trong
cc trng hp sau:
- Gii phng chut, bn phm khi mi trng my o, tr v mi trng my tht.
- Kt hp vi Enter chuyn i gia hai ch ca s/ton mn hnh.
- Kt hp vi Insert truyn t hp phm Ctrl+Alt+Delete vo my o - tc l nhn cng 1 lc
+ To ra mt my o c cu hnh nh sau:
- Custom Configuration.
- Hardware compatibility: Workstation 6 - Guest OS: Linux -> "Other Linux 2.6.x kernel".
- RAM: 512M.
- Ethernet: Bridged.
- HDD: 8GB IDE (khng chn SCSI).
- CDROM: ISO image tr n file "/Fedora-11-i386-DVD.iso" - B FDD, Sound.
+ Bt my o, nhn chut vo ca s VMWare chuyn focus vo my o.
+ Nhn F2 khi c thng bo trn mn hnh vo BIOS ca my o.
+ Thit lp u tin khi ng ln lt l HDD, CDROM, Network, Removable Devices sau
ghi li v khi ng li my o.
Phn 2: Ci t h iu hnh Fedora Core 11 t CDROM (c ti liu phn ci t)
Phn 3: Lm quen vi Mi trng GNOME
+ ng nhp vo my o Linux bng ti khon root, hoc bng ti khon ca hc vin

+ Sinh vin cn lm quen vi mi trng ha GNOME trong khong 30 pht. Tp cc thao
tc nh chy ng dng, logout, restart, shutdown my.

Phn 4: Lm quen vi Mi trng Text Mode
+ ng nhp vo my o Linux bng ti khon root, hoc bng ti khon ca hc vin

+ Sinh vin cn lm quen vi mi trng TEXT trong khong 30 pht. Tp cc thao tc nh
chy ng dng, logout, restart, shutdown my.
BI THC HNH S 2
Bi thc hnh th hai c hai ni dung chnh l:
+ Lm quen vi ch dng lnh (text)
+ H thng file v cc thao tc trn th mc tp tin
ngh cc sinh vin:
+ c k cc phn lin quan trong ti liu hc tp
Phn 1: Lm quen vi cch dng lnh
+ Dng cc lnh ls, cd di chuyn v xem ni dung cc th mc trn my. C gng tp s dng
phmg TAB in nhanh tn cc file v th mc.
+ S dng lnh "cat > tn_file" to file mi v "cat tn_file" xem ni dung file mi to.
+ S dng cc b phn trang "more", "less" vi cat khi xem cc file c ni dung di.
+ T ngh ra cc v d v tn file c th nm vng c cc metacharacter v kt hp vi ls
kim chng.
+ S dng chng trnh mc thay th cc lnh cd, ls, cat v cc lnh qun tr file/th mc khc.
Phn 2: S dng man page
+ Tp s dng lnh man tra cu tr gip ca cc lnh
+ Lnh man vi tham s -k c s dng tm kim thng tin trong cc trang man. V d: "man
-k print" s lit k tt c cc trang man c lin quan n "print".
Phn 3: Tm hiu cc lnh lin quan n th mc tp tin
+ c v thc hnh cc v d trong phn Cc thao tc trn th mc tp tin
Phn 4: Lin kt
+ Ngi dng root c mt file thongbao.txt t trong th mc gc v mun rng sau khi thay i
ni dung ca file ny th ni dung ca cc lin kt tng ng trong cc th mc /home/may01,
/home/may02, /home/may03, /root cng thay i theo. Nu file thongbao.txt trn b xa, th ch
lin kt trong /root l vn s dng c. Hy to cc lin kt tha mn yu cu trn.
+ Sao chp lin kt ti /home/may01 thnh lin kt mi ti /home/may08 v ti /root thnh lin
kt mi ti /home/admin.

+ Trong th mc /data c file data.txt v th mc txt. Trong th mc txt c 1 symbolic link l

data.txt ch n file data.txt nm th mc trn.
+ Nu dng lnh cp -r copy ton b th mc txt vo trong th mc /root th c th xy ra
nhng trng hp no i vi symbolic link nu trn (li, copy soft link theo, copy file gc
theo...) hy m phng tt c cc trng hp trn.
Phn 5: Tm kim
+ Hy t to, sau tm v xa tt c cc file c ui .test trong ton b h thng file theo t nht
l 2 cch. (gi s bn ch c 10 pht tm v xa t nht 20000 file, hy c gng t ng ha
ton b qu trnh tm kim v xa)
BI THC HNH S 3
Bi thc hnh th ba c hai ni dung chnh l:
+ Lm quen vi ch dng lnh (text).
+ Qun l a cng, phn vng v mount cc thit b.
ngh cc sinh vin:
+ c k cc phn lin quan trong ti liu hc tp.
Phn 1: S dng mount
+ Mount thit b USB vo tp tin /mnt/usb v copy mt s tp tin trn my vo USB.
+ Mount thit b CD-ROM vo tp tin /mnt/cdrom v duyt xem ni dung ca a
Phn 2: Qun l a cng
+ Tt my o bng lnh "shutdown -h now".
+ Sa li cu hnh my o, thm vo mt cng IDE mi c dung lng 1GB. Sau khi ng
li my o v ng nhp vo h thng.
+ cng mi c tn l g trong th mc /dev? Lm th no xc nh c iu ?
+ Chia trn thnh 2 phn vng. Vng 1 c kch thc 600M nh dng FAT32 v nh x t
ng vo h thng mi khi khi ng. Th mc nh x l /vfat. Vng 2 c kch thc 400M nh
dng ext2 v nhn l THUCHANH. S dng nhn ny nh x phn vng ny vo th mc
/mnt.
Phn 3: Qun l a cng (nng cao)
+ Tt my o.
+ Sa li cu hnh my o, thm vo mt cng IDE mi v mt SCSI mi u c dung lng
4GB. Sau khi ng li my o v ng nhp vo h thng.
+ cng mi c tn l g trong th mc /dev? Lm th no xc nh c iu ?

+ Chia 2 trn mi thnh 2 phn vng: Phn vng chnh s 1 v phn vng logic s 5. Mi
phn vng u c kch thc 2GB. Thit lp ID cho mi phn vng l softRAID (fd).
+ S dng cng c qun l softRAID (mdadm) ni 4 phn vng mi to li thnh 1 phn
vng mi (/dev/md1) theo chun RAID 6.
+ nh dng phn vng mi theo chun ext3 v nh x vo th mc /raid.
+ Copy ton b th mc /usr vo /raid sau khai bo 1 phn vng tham gia vo /dev/md1 b
hng (gi v hng ) ri loi b n ra khi h thng softRAID.
+ Li cho phn vng va b ra vo trong h thng softRAID. Sau dng lnh watch "cat
/proc/mdstat" theo di qu trnh rebuild t ng ca h thng softRAID
BI THC HNH S 4
Bi thc hnh th t c hai ni dung chnh l:
+ Lm quen vi ch dng lnh (text).
+ Thc hnh tin ch son tho vn bn vi, qun l ngi dng, nhm
ngh cc sinh vin:
+ c k cc phn lin quan trong ti liu hc tp.
Phn 1: Thc hin bi thc hnh lin quan n trnh son tho vn bn vi
Phn 2: To mi
+ Dng lnh useradd to ngi dng test vi cc tham s mc nh.
+ Ngi dng ny c th ng nhp trc tip vo h thng khng? Ti sao?
+ Ngi dng ny c th dng lnh gin tip trn h thng khng? Ti sao?
Phn 3: Qun l
+ Lnh no cho php xem danh sch tt c cc ngi dng local ca h thng?
+ Lnh no cho php xem danh sch tt c cc ngi dng c th ng nhp h thng?
+ Hy thay i mi ngi dng to ra u c th mc c nhn t trong /var/www/html, ngy
ht hn mt khu l 14 v mi khi ng nhp th hin ra mn hnh li cho "Hi, username" trong
username thay bng tn ng nhp.
Phn 4: Quyn truy xut chun v ACL (Access Control List)
+ Nu umask c gi tr l 0035 th cc file v th mc khi to ra c quyn truy xut l bao nhiu?
+ Nu th mc mi to ra c quyn truy xut l 777 th umask l bao nhiu?
+ Nu file mi to ra c quyn truy xut l 236 th umask l bao nhiu?

+ Gi s /public l th mc dng chung cho mi ngi trong cng ty, hy thit lp sao cho bt
k ai thuc bt k nhm no cng c kh nng to v c file trong th mc ny nhng ch c
ngi dng trong nhm quantri mi c th ghi vo cc file trong th mc ny.
+ Gi s file mark.doc nm trong th mc /data c thit lp quyn truy xut chun nhng
ngi qun tr cn thm hai quyn ACL na cho file ny (ngi dng kimcuong c quyn c
ghi v nhm ketoan c quyn c). Hy thit lp chnh xc hai quyn trn cho file mark.doc.
Nu mun vic thit lp quyn ACL lun sn sng khi khi ng my trn phn vng /dev/hda1
th phi lm g?
BI THC HNH S 5
Phn 1: Hn ngch a
+ To mt phn vng mi
+ Bt ch h tr hn ngch ln phn vng mi to.
+ Thm hai ngi dng mi user1 v user2 bng lnh "adduser user1" v "adduser user2".
+ Thit lp hn ngch cho hai ngi dng trn bng 2 lnh (mi ngi dng 1 lnh) sao cho h
ch c th lu ti a 80MB v m ti a 40 file/th mc trn phn vng ny.
Phn 2: Tin trnh
+ Ti ca s lnh, g lnh cc lnh ps, pstree khng tham s. Sau s dng thm cc tham s
(theo man). Nu mun bit mt tin trnh c gi bi lnh no v tham s g th cn dng ps,
pstree nh th no?
+ Ln lt chy lnh ls / -R nm ln, sau u chuyn cc tin trnh mi to vo Background.
S dng cc lnh bg, fg, jobs tp chuyn i trng thi ca cc tin trnh.
+ Trc khi cc tin trnh trn kt thc, hy s dng kill sau l killall kt thc cc tin trnh
.

BI THC HNH S 6
Bi thc hnh th su c hai ni dung chnh l:
+ n li nhng kin thc c bn ng thi vn dng nhng kin thc vo cc bi tp thc t
0. Khi ng my o
1. Tin hnh login bng user "root" (password mc nh l "123456")
2. To mt cy th mc c cu trc nh sau:
/ (root directory)
---HDH
|--- Unix
| |--- Linux
| | |--- RedHat
| | |--- Mandrake
| | | |--- 9.1
| | | |--- 9.2
| | |--- Fedora
| |--- FreeBSD
| |--- OpenBSD
|
|--- Windows
|--- 98
| |--- Second_Edition
|--- Me
| |--- Documents
|--- 2000
| |--- Server
| |--- Advanced_Server
| |--- Professional
|--- Utilities
|--- Tool_Hack
|--- Scan_Port
|--- Sniffer
3. Thc hin vic to user {tenSV}, userA, userB, userC, userD (trong userC v userD c
th mc c nhn t ti /tmp, cn nhng user khc th s c Home Directory mc nh).
Lu : vic to{tenSV} phi theo v d sau:
V d: Nguyen Thi Minh Khai --> ntmkhai

4. t password mc nh cho cc user trn trnh vi tn user va to

5. To 2 nhm c tn l NHOM1 (cha userA, userC) v NHOM2 (cha userB, userD),
NHOM3 (cha {tenSV}).
6. S dng lnh cat xem li s tn ti ca cc user v nhm va to
Hng dn: s dng lnh man i vi lnh to user v group tm xem tp tin cha user v
group c t ti ng dn no trong h thng.
Ch : ch xem xt s tn ti khng c chnh sa cc tp tin cu hnh trn trn v nu sa
khng ng s khin cho cc file trn b hng v i lc dn n h thng b "CRASHED" ~
TREO MAY
7. Dng mt chng trnh vi son tho Text son tp tin c ni dung sau
***********************
Sao em khong hoi nhung ngay con khong
Bay gio em da lay chong
Nhu chim vao long nhu ca can cau
Ca can cau biet dau ma go
Chim vao long biet thuo nao ra
***********************
--> Lu tp tin trn vi tn l Thoca.txt trong th mc Documents
8. i tn tp tin Thoca.txt va to thnh Baitho.dat v chp vo th mc 9.2
9. Tm trn h thng xem ng dn cha tp tin tcpdump v sau chp tp tin trn vo th
mc Sniffer.
10. i tn tp tin tcpdump thnh sniffer nhng vn gi nguyn tp tin tcpdump.
11. Thc hin lnh lit k ra mn hnh nhn xt v cc quyn hin c ca 2 tp tin trong th
mc Sniffer. Ghi nhn li thng tin ny.
12. Cp quyn cho tp tin sniffer nh sau:
Owner: Read - Write - Excute
Group : Read - Excute
Other : Read
13. Thc hin li lnh lit k ni dung th mc Sniffer ra mn hnh v ghi li kt qu thay i.
14. Tin hnh ng nhp vi mt trong cc user trn v sau th thc thi tp tin trn (sniffer)
trong th mc (Sniffer) --> ghi nhn li kt qu. Gii thch hin tng (nu c).
15. ng nhp li vi quyn user root. Thc hin vic i mt khu cho user root l "654321".
Ti sao t user root chuyn sang cc user khc khng phi yu cu password cn nhng user
khc qua root li phi yu cu password (khc vi Windows NT/2K/XP/2K3).

16. Logout ra khi h thng v tin hnh login li vi username v password ca root.
17. Khi ng li my o (chy Linux) ch TEXT mode.
18. Login vi user l userA, th truy xut cc Home Directory ca cc user khc (k c root).
Ghi nhn li kt qu v gii thch da trn c ch thit lp quyn.
19. Chuyn sang user root bng c ch xa b cc thit lp bin mi trng hin c.
20. Thit lp li quyn mc nh cho tp tin sniffer trn (quyn ban u - ghi nhn li c
bc 11).
21. Tin hnh to tp tin dng lu tr cho tp tin Baitho.dat thanh Baitho_Arch.tar sau chp
tp tin ny vo th mc Utilities. Thc hin tng t vi th mc Sniffer vi tn l
Sniffer_Arch.tar sau chp vo th mc Utilities.
22. Sau tin hnh nn tp tin Baitho_Arch.tar thnh Baitho_Arch.tar.gz, tp tin
Sniffer_Arch.tar thnh Sniffer_Arch.tar.gz. Sau , chp hai tp tin nn trn vo th mc
Fedora.
23. Thc hin vic kt gn a CDROM chp mt s file (gcc.x.x.x.rpm;
lynx.x.x.x.rpm; anacona.x.x.x.rpm; abiword.x.x.x.rpm; mc.x.x.x.rpm) vo th mc Fedora.
24. Nn th mc Fedora li vi tn Fedora.gz.
25. Di chuyn tp tin tcpdump vo th mc /tmp.
26. Thc hin vic lit k thng tin v tp tin sniffer trong Sniffer_Arch.tar.
27. To mt tp tin c tn l test.html trong th mc Utilities vi ni dung tu .
28. i tn tp tin Sniffer_Arch.tar thnh Append_Arch.tar.
29. Thc hin vic b sung cho tp tin test.html vo tp tin Append_Arch.tar trn.
30. Lit k thng tin v cc tp tin trong Append_Arch.tar (kim tra li xem tp tin test.html c
hay khng).
31. Kim tra li tin thc hin v tin hnh xo ton b cy th mc to bc 2. Sau
thc hin vic khi ng li h thng (dng c ch dng lnh)
32. Thc hin lnh fdisk kim tra xem my tn ti bao nhiu phn vng. Ghi nhn li nhng
thng tin nhn c. Xem thm manpage ca FDISK bit cch thc s dng.
33. To thm mt s phn vng nh sau {Kim tra li xem a cng o ca mnh cn dung
lng >= 100MB hay khng} (thc hin di quyn user root)
/{MSSV} 20 MB
/Backup 30 MB
/Homepage 50 MB

34. Thc hin vic thay i phn vng SWAP (dung lng ty c th ln hoc nh hn dung
lng ban u bc 31 ghi nhn c)
35. Khi ng li my o v kim tra li nhng thay i va thit lp.
36. S dng lnh ifconfig kim tra a ch IP hin ti ca my. Cho bit ti sao cha thit lp
IP Address cho my o nhng my o li co IP Address? IP Address trn thuc lp mng no?
a ch IP ca Gateway l bao nhiu? Xem manpage bit thm mt s ty chn ca lnh ny.
37. Thc hin vic kim tra s tn ti ca Default Gateway vi a ch IP tm c bc 36.
Ghi nhn li kt qu trn.
38. Trn giao din ho, tm kim mc thit lp cu hnh mng (Network). So snh vi kt
qu nhn c khi thc hin lnh ifconfig ngoi ch TEXT
39. S dng trnh duyt Web Mozilla duyt Web. Tm kim v ti v mt s package (dng
.rpm hoc .tar.gz) ci t phn mm hoc game, v.v...
(Gi : Tm v download v package CHAT CLIENT ca Yahoo Messenger ti a
ch http://messenger.yahoo.com CHAT)
40. S dng Search Engine tm kim trn Internet thng tin ngoi dng file nn l .gz (hoc
.tar.gz) th cn dng file nn no khc trn mi trng Unix/Linux hay khng?
41. Thc hin lnh tm kim cc gi:
lynx.x.x.i386.rpm gcc.x.x.i386.rpm
mc.x.x.i386.rpm gimp.x.x.i386.rpm
anacona.x.x.i386.rpm tcl.x.x.i386.rpm
42. Nu nhng gi c tm kim cu 41 khng c trn h thng, thc hin vic ci c nhng
gi trn vo h thng {LU : c nhng gi khi ci t i hi phi ci nhng gi ph thuc ca
n trc gi cn ci t ~ DEPENDENCES!!!}
43. Lp li qu trnh tm kim nhng gi trn xem tn ti trn h thng cha ? Tm hiu cc
gi ci t nm u trong cc th mc?
44. G b gi anacona.x.x.i386.rpm. Kim tra li xem qu trnh g b c hon tt khng?
45. S dng manpage tm hiu xem ty chn no ca lnh rpm cho php b qua cc gi ph
thuc trong qu trnh ci t.
--------==========ooooOOOOOOoooo==========--------

Ch : thc hin cc bi tp sau trong giao din ho
BI THC HNH S 7
To cy th mc trn filesystem /home c cu trc nh sau:
Lu : Th mc SOMAY-HOTEN sinh vin phi i li l s my v h tn ca mnh.

V d : w527 Tran Thi Thu Trang
1. Sao chp th mc BT1 vo th mc CCA
2. Di chuyn th mc ACCESS1 vo th mc CCB
3. Di chuyn th mc IELTS vo th mc ENGLISH
4. Ln lt i tn cc th mc
Th mc BAITAP2 thnh ACCESS2
Th mc BT3 thnh ACCESS3
5. Xo th mc HINHANH trong th mc CCA
6. To tp tin baitho.txt vi ni dung tu v lu vo trong th mc CCA
7. To thm th mc BACKUP trong th mc SOMAY-HOTEN
8. Sao chp cc tp tin trong th mc CCA vo th mc BACKUP
9. Trong th mc BACKUP i tn tp tin baitho.txt thnh poem.txt.
10. Nn th mc BACKUP thnh tp tin nn backup.gz

BI THC HNH S 8
1) Khi ng chng trnh Mozila FireFox v truy cp vo website: www.vnexpress.net
2) Trong trang website va truy cp, thc hin thao tc duyt ni dung mt trang web khc bng
thao tc nhn chut vo nt Link. Sau s dng cc chc nng nh: Back, Forward tr
v hay di ti trang web trc
3) Thc hnh cc chc nng c bn trn Mozila FireFox
Lm ti d liu (Refresh)
Chn mt a ch web lm Home Address
Lu mt a ch website m chng ta thch (Favourite)
Dng mt trang web ang duyt (Stop)
Lu mt trang web xung my tnh (File -> Save As)
In mt trang Web (File -> Print)
M mt trang web lu trn my (File -> Open)
4) Thc hnh cc thao tc v ni dung trn trang web
Sao chp mt on vn bn vo ng dng khc
Sao chp mt hnh nh vo ng dng khc
Download mt tp tin Internet v my tnh ca mnh
5) Thc hnh tm kim thng tin trn mng Internet. Cc website tm kim thng dng
http://www.google.com
http://www.bing.com
6) Cc website v tin tc bng ting Vit
http://www.thanhnien.com.vn
http://www.tuoitre.com.vn
http://www.nld.com.vn
http://vnexpress.net
7) Thc tp gi v nhn Email trn mng Internet
8) Thc tp chat trn mng Internet


BI THC HNH S 9
CAC THAO TAC C BAN
Khi ng Open Office Writer va g vn bn vi ni dung nh sau, nh dng v lu vo
trong th mc /home
KHNG TN
Hm qua tt nc u nh
B qun chic o trn cnh hoa sen
Em c th cho anh xin
Hay l em lm tin trong nh
o anh st ch ng t
V anh cha c m gi cha khu
o anh st ch lu
Mai mn c y li khu cho gim
NH DANG KY T VA NH DANG OAN
LONG ME
Gai ln ai khong phai lay chong
Can g ma khoc, nn i khong
Nn i, mac ao ra chao ho
Ro qua con toi, cac ch trong!
ng ng d d qua i thoi
Co co con thng en chung toi
Th ng len nao! Lau nc mat
Mnh co lam ban may mi ngi
Nay ao ong lam, quan lanh ta
Nay gng nay lc nay hoa tai
Muon g toi sam cho co u
Nao a thua ai, a kem ai ?
Ruong toi cay cay, dau toi hai
Nuoi day em co toi am ng
Nha ca toi coi, n toi tra
Toi con manh chan, khien co thng !
a con ra en ca buong thoi
Me phai xa con kho may mi
Con a ! em nay mnh me khoc
em em mnh me lai a thoi
Nguyen Bnh 1936

NH DNG
FONT CH
- nh du khi vn bn.
- Chn Format > Character > xc nh chi tit cc thuc tnh (font ch, c, mu)
Hoc c th chn tng thuc tnh trn thanh cng c
TO CH CI U DNG
- nh du ch cn trang tr
- Chn Format > Paragraph > Drop Cap > xc nh kiu trang tr, font ch
CNG THC TON HC

f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
CNG THC HO HC
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
NH DANG BORDERS AND SHADING
Th Lu Trong L
P hong trao Th Mi nh mot vn hoa muon hong ngan ta, a tao nen ca mot thi ai thi ca rc
r trong lch s van hoc Viet Nam. Th mi bao gom nhieu trng phai, va hau nh moi nha th
eu co mot phong cach rieng biet.
Th Lu Trong L ngay t luc mi xuat hien a "cat c" mot goc cua vn th. o la th th
Tnh-Sau-Mong het sc nhe nhang, man mac, chi vi.
Lu Trong L co mot giong th va hon nhien, va la, trong o chung ta nh nghe thay cai nhac ieu
muon thu cua tam hon th mong:
Em khong nghe rng thu

La thu keu xao xac,
Con nai vang ng ngac
ap tren la vang kho ?
Hoac tieng ap cua mot trai tim ngan ng, nh ri rac trc mot cuoc i luc nao cung sau muon,
cung tan v ma ngi trong cuoc c nhn ngo vi oi mat m mang, chang he phan ng, gianh giat
hay nu keo:

Hoai Thanh (Tac gia Thi Nhan Viet Nam) phai thu nhan rang "dau co a th
cua ngi nay hay ngi khac, moi luc buon en , toi lai tr ve vi Lu Trong
L... Bi v th L nhieu bai thc khong phai la th, ngha la nhng cong trnh
nghe thuat, ma chnh la tieng long thon thc cung ho a theo tieng thon thc cua
long ta".
NH DANG TAB
Operating Expenses
Canh theo Tab gia ti 5 cm Canh theo Tab
1989 gia ti 10cm
Expence Fourth Third Total
Border
Quarter Quarter Canh theo Tab thp phn ti
5.5cm, ti 10.5 cm, ti 15.75 cm
_____________________________________________________________________________
Payroll ------------------330,485.00 289,800.00 620,285.00
Taxes -------------------- 35,500.00 12,075.00 47,575.00
Rent ---------------------- 29,600.00 29,600.00 59,200.00
Phone ----------------------6,200.00 2,173.50 8,373.50
Mail ------------------------4,980.00 8,780.00 13,760.00
Utilities --------------------9,060.00 2,500.00 11,560.00
Office Supplices ---------6,037.00 4,350.00 10,387.00
_____________________________________________________________________________
Totals -------------------421,862.00 349,278.50 771,140.50
Trung tam Tin hoc ng dung Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet Nam
So : /NH/200 oc Lap T Do Hanh Phuc
BIEN NHAN Canh theo Tab phi ti 16 cm

Ci t Leader 2. Dn dng 1.5 line
Ho ten hoc vien : ...............................................................................................................................
n v : ..............................................................................................................................................
So tien nhan :.....................................................................................................................................
So tien nhan (bang ch) :...................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Ly do nhan :.......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
TPHCM, ngay thang nam 200
Canh theo Tab gia ti 13 cm Ky ten
(ghi ro ho ten)

NH DANG BULLETS VA NUMBERING, CHEN KY HIEU
CPU 486 SLC2 50 (IBM) & Coprocessor

2 MB SIMM RAM (expandable to 16 MB)
Floppy disk drive 1.2 MB & 1.44 MB
Hard disk 120MB
Super VGA 512 KB
Super VGA monitor VISCAN 1024*768 (.28mm)
Multi I/O card
o Floppy controller
o IDE controller
o Parallel + Serial + Game ports
Keyboard 101 keys
Genius mouse
Software free + ATV (recent version)
GII THIEU PHAN CNG MAY TNH

A. KHAI NIEM PHAN CNG
B. CAC THANH PHAN CHNH CUA MAY TNH

1) n v x ly trung ng (CPU)
2) Bo nh (Memory)
3) Bo ieu khien nhap xuat
4) Kenh (Channel)
C. PHAN LOAI MAY TNH
D. CAC THIET B NGOAI VI

1) Khai niem ve thiet b ngoai vi
2) Cac loai thiet b ngoai vi

WORDART, CHEN HNH ANH, PHAN COT, DROPCAP, EQUATION
ELVIS PRESLEY STORY OF A SUPERSTAR
W
hen ELVIS PRESLEY died on 16th August, 1977, and Elvis Presley
radio and television programmes all over the world films were shown on
were interrupted to give the news of his television, and his
death. President CARTER was asked to records were played
declare a day of national mourning. Carter on the radio all day .
said: Elvis Presley changed the face In the year after his
of American popular culture He was death, 100 million
unique and irreplaceable. Eighty thousand Presley LPs were
people attended his funeral. The streets were jammed with cars, sold.
b
AB
S 3 fi C
2 a
tga tgb
tg ( a b)
1 tga . tgb
M i chng ta ai cng c nm gic quan : thnh gic, th gic, xc gic v v gic. Nhng t
ngi n hai gic
hnh nh khoa hc vn cha chp
quan rt quan trng khc, m
nhn chng, l cm gic v
s tri nghim. Nhng g xung quanh ta u c nhn bit
thng qua hai gic quan chnh l thnh gic v th gic, v
cng chnh l hai knh chnh m mt thng hiu c a n

khch hng mc tiu (thng qua bao b, qung co, c nghe
nhc n ). Tuy nhin ch vi hai yu t th khng th lm
nn mt thng hiu thnh cng. Nu cc nh tip th ch gii hn s sng to ca mnh tc
ng ln hai gic quan y th vic xy dng thng hiu mi ch da trn s nhn bit ch cha
th a n vo tm thc ca ngi tiu dng.

TEXTBOX VA S DUNG CONG CU DRAWING
TONG GIAM OC
G TAI CHNH G TMAI G SAN XUAT G N.S
PHONG TC PHONG KH PHONG KT PHONG HC
PHONG XNK
Ca hang : VIET SILK

CHUYEN BAN S & LE
LUA T TAM VIET NAM
THONG BAO
e co ieu kien phuc vu tot
hn cho quy khach, ke t nay
ca hang di sang a ch mi
21 ONG KHI QUAN 1

TP.HCM
291148 HOANG VIET
4 Nguyen Hue Q1
Knh mi quy khach hang va
cac ban co nhu cau lien he a
ch tren
Rat han hanh c phuc vu

THI BAO THE
Tao mau ch nghe thuat sau

1. 3.
2.

LAP BANG BIEU (TABLE)
GIAI THNG CUOC THI

Giai nhat 5.000.000 VND/giai
Giai nh 3.000.000 VND/giai
Giai ba 1.000.000 VND/giai
Giai khuyen khch 500.000 VND/giai
Ket qua c cong bo vao ngay 8/3/2005 tren thi
bao Thanh nien
CONG TY TNHH THNG MAI HOANG VIET

SAN PHAM MAY MAC
THONG TIN TUYEN DUNG

NHAN VIEN KE TOAN:
Co kinh nghiem va bang cap chuyen mon.
Tuoi: t 20 en 35.
Lam viec tai TPHCM.
NHAN VIEN TIEP TH :
Co kinh nghiem va bang cap chuyen mon.
Tuoi: t 20 en 27.
Lam viec tai TPHCM.
N, ky nang giao tiep tot.
Cac ng vien nop ho s ve :
Phong Hanh chnh Nhan s 51A Cao Thang Q3, TPHCM
Han chot nop ho s : 30/05/2004. Khong tiep qua ien thoai

BI THC HNH S 10
1. To bng tnh sau v ln lt thc hin cc yu cu sau:
a) Canh gia tiu bng tnh dng ch BNG BN HNG

b) Tnh THNH TIN = S LNG x N GI.
c) Chn thm mt ct trng trc ct S LNG v nhp vo ni dung nh sau:
N V
Bao
Kg
Vin
Khi
Kg
d) in ct STT.
2. Lu bng tnh vi tn Baitap1 vo trong th mc /home
3. ng bng tnh Baitap1.
4. M li bng tnh Baitap1.

To bng tnh sau:
1) Canh gia tiu bng tnh dng ch Chng t hng ho

2) K khung bng tnh
3) Tr gi = S lng x n gi
4) Thu = Tr gi x 10%
5) Cc chuyn ch (Cc CC) = S lng x 1.12
6) Cng = Tr gi + Thu + Cc chuyn ch
7) Tnh tng cng cc ct Tr gi, Thu, Cc CC, v Cng.
8) Lu bng tnh vi tn Baitap2
To bng tnh sau:

1) in ct STT
2) Tnh im TB = (TON x 3 + VN x 2 + N.NG)/6, lm trn 1 s l
3) in ct Kt qu : nu TB >=5 th u ngc li Khng u
4) Xp loi c tnh nh sau
Nu im TB < 5 l Yu.
Nu im TB >= 5 v < 7 l TB.
Nu im TB >= 7 v < 8 l Kh.
Nu im TB >= 8 v < 9 l Gii, cn li l XS.
5) Xp hng cho cc hc sinh
6) Sp xp theo ct xp hng tng dn
7) Canh gia tiu bng tnh dng ch BNG NHN XT HC TP
8) K khung nn cho bng tnh
To bng tnh sau v thc hin cc yu cu:
1) PCCV : Nu chc v l G ph cp 5000

Nu chc v l PG ph cp 4000
Nu chc v l TP ph cp 3000
Nu chc v l PP ph cp 2000
Cn li khng ph cp
2) Lng : = LCB * Ngy cng.
Nhng nu Ngy cng > 25 th tnh lng gp i cho nhng ngy tng thm
3) Tnh tng cng v bnh qun ct Ngy, PCCV, Lng
4) Tng thng : = Qu lng - Tng PCCV - Tng Lng
5) Thng : = (Tng thng / Tng Ngy) * Ngy
6) Cng lng : = Tng ca PCCV, Lng v Thng

To bng tnh sau v thc hin cc yu cu:
1) Lu bng tnh vi tn BTE v tnh Trung bnh

2) Kt qu : nu khng c mn no di 5 th ghi t. Ngc li ghi Thi Li
3) Xp loi : C mt mn di 5 th b trng
Ngc li nu TB>=9 ghi Gii
Nu TB>=7 ghi Kh
Nu TB>=5 ghi Trung Bnh
To bng tnh sau v thc hin cc yu cu
1) Thng A : thng 200000 cho nhn vin n c ngy cng t 24 ngy tr ln

2) Thng B : thng 100000 cho tt c nhn vin n
Hoc l nhn vin nam c ngy cng t 24 ngy tr ln

1) in ct STT
2) in ct TN PHNG tham kho trong bng DANH MC TN PHNG
3) Tnh S TUN, S NGY L
4) Tnh TIN TUN, TIN NGY da vo loi phng (LPH) v gi tin mi loi phng c
tnh theo bng DANH MC GI PHNG
5) Tnh TNG TIN = TIN TUN + TIN NGY
6) Tnh TNG CNG = Tng ca TNG TIN
7) nh dng cc ct tin theo dng #,##0
8) nh dng li ct TNG TIN, TNG CNG theo dng #,##0
9) K khung nn cho bng tnh theo mu

(Ghi ch: HH: H mua hng ho; TB: nhp thit b sn xut)
1) in d liu vo ct Loi H v M Q.Gia. Bit rng Loi H l 02 k t u ca hp ng
v 01 k t cui qui nh M Q.Gia
2) Da vo M Q.Gia, Loi H v Bng t l vay trung hn theo loi hp ng lm:
Lp cng thc in tn quc gia bn hng vo ct Tn Q.Gia
Tnh T l vay trung hn cho ct T l. (Lu c 2 loi hp ng khc nhau)
3) Thnh tin vay trung hn = Gi tr H* T l
4) Tin vay ngn hn = Gi tr H - Tin vay trung hn
5) Li phi tr = (Tin vay trung hn * Li sut Trung hn) + (Tin vay ngn hn * Li sut
ngn hn)
6) K khung v nh dng bng tnh theo mu

1) Tnh LNG = H S LNG * 310000

2) T BNG 1, tnh PCCV (Ph cp chc v) bit PCCV = T l PCCV * LNG
3) T BNG 1, tnh THNG
4) Tnh TNG CNG = LNG + PCCV + THNG
5) T BNG 2, tnh THU thu nhp phi np bit THU = T l THU *TNG CNG

1) Lp biu trn bng tnh biu din Gi tr ca qu 1 dng hnh trn khng gian ba chiu c:
+ Tiu ca biu
+ Ch thch
2) Lp biu trn bng tnh biu din Gi tr theo LOI, dng ct c:

+ Tiu ca biu
+ Tiu ca trc honh
+ Tiu ca trc tung
+ Ch thch
3) Lp biu trn bng tnh biu din Gi tr theo QU, dng khi khng gian ba chiu c:
+ Tiu ca biu
+ Tiu ca trc honh
+ Tiu ca trc tung
+ Ch thch

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He ieu hanh LINUX

Sinh vin: .........................................................................................................................

... Khng c vic g kh

BI 1. CI T H IU HNH LINUX ........................................................................ 3

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t tn cho my tnh l congty.com. Chn Next tip tc bc k tip.

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H thng bt u copy file v ci t. Chn Reboot khi ng li h thng.

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 9

To ti khon ng nhp vo h thng v s dng, y l ti khon ngi dng thng, khng

Nhp tn ngi dng (username) v mt khu (password) tng ng ng nhp vo h

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 10

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Kernel lu tr thng tin ti nguyn ny trong th mc /proc, cc tp tin ta cn quan tm

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C hai dng du nhc lnh:

Cch s dng lnh trn giao din Text theo cu trc:

Tn lnh C php ngha

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 14

Tn lnh C php ngha

Bc 1: Khi mt my PC bt u khi ng, b vi x l s tm n cui vng b nh h

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 15

Runlevel Th mc lu script M t mode hot ng

1 /etc/rc.d.rc1.d Ch n ngi dng, cho php hiu chnh s c h thng

2 /etc/rc.d.rc2.d Ch text cho a ngi dng khng h tr NFS

3 /etc/rc.d.rc3.d Ch text cho a ngi dng h tr y

4 /etc/rc.d.rc4.d Khng s dng

5 /etc/rc.d.rc5.d S dng cho nhiu ngi dng, cung cp giao tip ho

6 /etc/rc.d.rc6.d Reboot h thng

reboot h thng ta c th thc hin mt trong cc cch sau:

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 16

chuyn i ch hot ng ta dng lnh init <runlevel>, v d ta mun chuyn sang mc

6. Phc hi mt khu cho ngi qun tr

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c cng b vo thng 11 nm 2001

Trong Linux tp tin dng cho vic lu tr d liu. N bao gm c th mc v cc thit b lu

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 19

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V d: to file symbolic link trn tp tin myfile

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 21

4. Cc thao tc trn FileSystem

a. Mount v Unmount FileSytem

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 22

nh dng mt h thng tp tin trn Linux ta s dng cc cng c sau:

Lnh trn tng ng vi lnh mkfs.ext2 /dev/hda1

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 23

6. Qun l dung lng a

In theo dng MB, GB

Lit k cc partition trong h thng

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 24

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ngha cc ct t tri sang phi

2. Thao tc trn tp tin

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 26

Hom qua tat nuoc dau dinh

ThS. o Quc Phng Trang 27