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00efarmoges Plhroforikhs Ypologistwn-Biblio Mathiti PDF
00efarmoges Plhroforikhs Ypologistwn-Biblio Mathiti PDF
00efarmoges Plhroforikhs Ypologistwn-Biblio Mathiti PDF
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1.1.2 O 19
1.1.3 O 21
1.1.4 O 23
1.1.5 O
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1.1.6 25
1.1.7 O 27
1.1.8 O 27
1.1.9 O 29
1.2 30
1.2.1 30
1.2.2 H 31
1.2.3 H 34
1.2.4 To 35
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2.1 H 47
2.1.1 - 47
2.1.2 48
2.2 H 48
2.2.1 O - To
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2.3 H 49
2.3.1 H 50
2.4 50
2.4.1 To 51
2.4.2 To 51
2.4.3 To 52
2.4.4 To 52
2.5 53
2.5.1 BCD 53
2.5.2 54
2.6 59
2.6.1 ASCII 59
2.6.2 EBCDIC 61
2.6.3 Unicode 62
2.7 63
2.7.1 63
2.7.2 Boole 64
2.8 . 66
2.8.1 67
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3. TO TOY
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3.2 To . . 83
3.2.1 H (KME) . . . 83
3.2.2 H . 85
3.2.3 H / . 88
3.2.4 O . 88
3.3 To . . 89
3.3.1 . 89
3.3.2 . 90
3.3.3 . . 91
3.3.4 . 93
3.3.5 . 94
3.3.6 , . 98
3.3.7 . 99
3.3.8 . 99
3.3.9 . 100
3.3.10 100
3.4 100
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4.1 . 111
4.2 . . . 112
4.2.1 113
4.2.2 114
4.3 . 114
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4.3.2 117
4.3.3 118
4.3.4 . 121
4.4 . 122
4.4.1 . 122
4.4.2 on line . 122
4.5 . 122
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4.5.2 DOS 124
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5.3.3 141
142
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6.2 179
6.3 179
181
182
186
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188
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7.1 H 193
7.2 193
7.3 - 194
7.3.1 To 194
7.3.2 195
7.3.3 . 196
7.3.4 197
7.3.5 197
7.3.6 198
7.3.7 209
7.3.8 210
7.4 212
7.5 213
7.5.1 213
7.5.2 215
7.5.3 216
7.5.4 . 217
7.6 217
7.6.1 218
7.6.2 218
7.6.3 218
7.6.4 . 218
7.6.5 . . 219
7.6.6 219
7.6.7 219
7.7 . 221
7.8 223
7.8.1 223
7.8.2 . 223
7.8.3 .224
7.8.4 . 226
7.8.5 226
228
229
231
232
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8.
8.1 237
8.2 . 238
8.3 . 239
8.3.1 . 240
8.1.2 240
8.1.3 241
8.1.4 241
8.1.5 - 242
8.1.6 . 242
8.1.7 242
8.1.8 - - 243
8.1.9 . 243
8.4 . , 243
. . , 246
247
249
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9. !
9.1 , 255
9.2 255
9.2.1 - 256
9.2.2 256
9.2.3 257
9.2.4 & 258
9.2.5 259
9.2.6 259
9.2.7 260
9.3 - 261
9.3.1 - 262
9.3.2 262
9.3.3 264
9.4 266
9.5 O 266
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10.1.1 275
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10.1.5 278
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10.3 O 284
10.3.1 284
10.3.2 . 285
10.3.3 . . 285
10.4 O 286
10.4.1 . 286
10.4.2 287
10.4.3 . . 288
10.4.4 289
10.4.5 CAD, CAM, CAE 289
10.5 , 290
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10.5.2
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10.5.3 H 293
295
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299
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11.1.1 305
11.1.2 306
11.1.3 307
11.1.4 308
11.1.5 310
11.1.6 . 312
11.2 . . 312
11.2.1 312
11.2.2 . . 317
11.2.3 322
11.2.4 . 328
11.2.5 331
11.2.6 332
11.3 334
11.3.1 334
11.3.2 336
11.3.3 337
11.3.4 338
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12.2 358
12.2.1 359
12.2.2 360
12.2.3 . 361
12.2.4 361
12.2.5 362
12.3 362
12.3.1 . . 363
12.3.2 OSI 364
12.3.3 366
12.3.4 . 368
12.3.5 369
12.3.6 370
12.3.7 Ethernet, -802.3 TCP/IP 371
12.4 . 372
12.4.1 372
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12.4.3 . . 376
12.4.4 377
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12.4.6 IOS 377
12.4.7 EDI . 377
12.4.8 377
12.4.9 377
12.4.10 . 378
12.4.11 . 378
12.4.12 378
12.5 . . . . 379
12.5.1 379
12.5.2 , , . . . 381
12.5.3 382
12.5.4 383
12.5.5 To 396
12.6 . 396
12.6.1 HTML 397
12.6.2 399
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13.2.2 417
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13.2.5 , 418
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13.2.7 420
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-
1 , -
2, 2.
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8 bit
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H -
(fixed point number). -
.
5 bit
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.
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,
(floating point).
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numbers) -
.
, -
:
2345 8945,67
234,5x101 894,567x101
23,45x102 89,4567x102
2,345x103 8,94567x103
0,2345x104 0,894567x104
0,02345x105 0,0894567x105
:
,
- . -
.
, -
-
, (normalized). -
1 10
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0,2345 104 0,894567 104
10.
..
300.000 = 3x10 5 . :
25600000 = 2,56x10 7
0,0000006 = 6x10 -7
0,0000000123= 1,23x10-9
-
.
110011 :
:
0110011 (mantissa)
0110 (exponent).
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.
, :
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- - - -
- - .
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' , -
.
2.6
, -
.
H 0 1, -
-
. -
. H ,
, -
, (code value).
:
ASCII
8 bit
EBCDIC
16 bit Unicode
2.6.1 ASCII
ASCII 7 bit
bit, 8,
. bit (par-
ity bit).
128 (=2 7 ) , 128
0 1.
32 64 @ 96 '
33 ! 65 A 97 a
34 " 66 B 98 b
35 # 67 C 99 c
36 $ 68 D 100 d
37 % 69 E 101 e
38 & 70 F 102 f
39 ' 71 G 103 g
40 ( 72 H 104 h
41 ) 73 I 105 i
42 * 74 J 106 j
43 + 75 K 107 k
,
44 76 L 108 l
45 - 77 M 109 m
.
46 78 N 110 n
47 / 79 O 111 o
48 0 80 P 112 P
49 1 81 Q 113 q
50 2 82 R 114 r
51 3 83 S 115 s
52 4 84 T 116 t
53 5 85 U 117 u
54 6 86 V 118 v
55 7 87 W 119 w
56 8 88 X 120 x
57 9 89 Y 121 y
:
58 90 Z 122 z
;
59 91 [ 123 {
60 < 92 \ 124 II
62 = 93 ] 125 }
^ ~
62 > 94 126
63 ? 95 _ 127 _
ASCII
ASCII
:
,
.
0-31 X
32-47
48-57
58-64
65-90
91-96
97-122
122-127
, -
8 bit , -
256 (=2 8 ) . -
(128-255)
-
, , .. , -
, .. -
ASCII (Extended ASCII) ASCII - 8.
-
() 928
ASCII 8 bit. 128
ASCII, 128 -
(, , -
) .
2.6.2 EBCDIC
EBCDIC.
. . .
64 blank 129 a 193 A
.
75 130 b 194 B
76 < 131 C 195 C
77 ( 132 d 196 D
78 + 133 e 197 E
79 I
I 134 f 198 F
80 & 135 g 199 G
90 ! 136 h 200 H
91 $ 137 i 201 I
92 * 145 209 J
j
93 ) 146 k 210 K
94 ; 147 l 211 L
148 m 212 M
96 - 149 n 213 N
97 / 150 o 214 O
151 P 215 P
107 , 152 q 216 Q
108 % 153 r 217 R
_
109 162 s 226 S
110 > 163 t 227 T
111 ? 164 u 228 U
165 v 229 V
122 : 166 w 230 W
123 # 167 x 231 X
124 @ 168 y 232 Y
125 ' 169 z 233 Z
126 =
127 "
2.6.3 Unicode
Unicode
-
Unicode (Uni- . -
code) - ASCII -
- 8 bit - 256-,
-
:
) - - .
(Uni- Unicode, 16 bit
versal). - , 65.536
(=2 16 ) .
. -
) (Uni- -, , ,
que). -
, , ..-,
-
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) - , ,
(Uniform). , , .. -
.
(16 bit).
Unicode
Unicode 16
bit, (code value). H -
U + .
:
H U+0043 C.
- -
. :
-
U+0043 latin capital letter c - - -
c :
) -
H U+ 0000
BCD
U + FFFF. -
ASCII - 2
, , , -
-
, .
) -
Unicode ,
, : ASCII
EBCDIC
UNICODE.
, .. -
, .. .
Unicode 39.000 ,
18.000 . -
6.000 .
, ,
.
2.7 - Boole
, , -
, .
.
2.7.1
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. :
4 - .
- .
3 - .
,
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3 -
.
:
,
.
6 3 6 2.
.
,
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.
2.7.2 BooIe
, -
George Boole The Mathematical Analy-
sis of Logic - , 1847.
' -
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. Boole -
, .
. :
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, -
.
:
. - , , -
.
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6. -
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, x 0,1,2,3,4,5,6.
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. ,
-
. -
Boole.
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-
, 1 0 0 1. -
:
A NOT A
A NOT A
H
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,
,
. ..
A B A AND B
A B A AND B
12 - 4 12
6 4 -
6 8 8
H
A B.
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, -
,
. ..
A B A OR B
A B A OR B
12 - 1 2 - 12
6 12 -
6 5 5
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- XOR
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, ,
-
.
A B A XOR B
A B A XOR B
1 2 - 12 - 12 -
6 12 -
6 5 5
, ,
.
.
:
2.8
, Boole -
-
. 1938 C. Shannon Boole
-
, , . -
.
Boole .
-
.
.
.
, -
.
2.8.1
( )
-
:
- NOT
A .
. 1 0,
1 O 0 1, -
0 1
.
A B
1 1 1 - AND
1
0 0
.
0 0 . H 1, -
1
0 0 0
1.
A B +
1 1 1
- OR
0
1 1 .
0 1 1 . H 1, -
0 0 0 1.
A B
1 1
0 - XOR
1 0 1
.
0 . H 1, -
1 1
.
0 0 0
(NOT).
:
A B C ABC
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
- (NAND)
AND NOT - A B
. 0, - 1 1 0
1, 1. 1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
- (NOR) A B
OR NOT - 1 1 0
. H 1, - 1
0 0
0, 0. 0 0
1
0 0 1
NOR NAND.
,
,
-
NOR NAND.
-
:
. -
.
:
. -
-
. flip-flop. flip-flop -
, -
,
.
flip-flop Set / Reset. ' -
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, -
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-
.
-
.
(bit)
0 1.
-
:
.
:
(Binary
Coded Decimal - BCD)
-
1 2, -
.
-
:
8 bit, ASCII, EBCDIC
16 bit, Unicode.
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.
:
(NOT)
(AND)
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(XOR)
- (NAND)
- (NOR)
:
.
1. ;
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3. ;
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-
120 /
5. N ,
.
6. ;
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16. .
18. Unicode -
19. ;
ASCII
bit
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CAE
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ASCII
IMB
EBCDIC 16 bit
UNICODE
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)
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23. ;
24. -
.
25. ;
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, .
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-
.
.
- ,
.
.
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.
,
4 .
0 1.
ASCII 8 bit -
.
EBCDIC 8 bit -
.
Unicode 16 bit.
.
.
-
.
- . 1,
H .
H . 1,
1.
. 1,
1.
OXI - H OR NOT.
OXI , -
.
.
.
.
(Byte) 8 bit.
http://www.unicode.org/
H Unicode.
http://www.brookdale.cc.nj.us/fac/engtech/aandersen/elt242/binary.html
http://www2.echo.lu/oii/en/chars.html
http://www.asca.com/unicode.html.
Unicode.
http://webster.ucr.edu/Page_asm/ArtofAssembly/CH01/CH01-1.html
http://www.albany.edu/library/internet/boolean.html
Boole.
http://www.txdirect.net/users/uswatson/codemethods.htm
http://www.bbsinc.com/symbol.html
ASCII.
http://www.iscs.nus.sg/-sf100/c5ov.htm
, ,
, , ,
, ..
. , . ,
Boole, .
, , Nubis
H .
.. , , , , 1991
H , .
. . , , -
, 1994
..-.., , , 1994
, , -
, ..
;
;
3
N :
.
.
.
.
TO
3.1 81
3.2 To 83
3.2.1 H (KME) . 83
3.2.2 H . 85
3.2.3 H / . 88
3.2.4 O . 88
3.3 89
3.3.1 . 89
3.3.2 . 90
3.3.3 . 91
3.3.4 . 93
3.3.5 . 94
3.3.6 . 98
3.3.7 . 99
3.3.8 . 99
3.3.9 100
3.3.10 100
3.4 100
103
103
106
. . . . 107
107
. H
-
.
3.1 H
,
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) .
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(hardware) -
, ,
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H
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-
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.
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()
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-
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-
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/
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3.2.1 H ()
H :
) .
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Unit -ALU) -
.
, ,
,
, -
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,
-
10-7 sec.
)
H (Control Unit)
,
.
-
. ,
.
) (Registers)
KME
-
.
-
. -
:
(Memory Address Register - MAR).
, -
KME -
.
(Memory Data Register - MDR).
KME .
. -
:
O .
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.
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.
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(instruction set) .
H -
:
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) .
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.
1 nsec = 10-9sec
1MHz = 106Hz =
= 106sec-1
, . -
- . H
nsec
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. -
.
, ,
, A sec, -
B Hz, :
: C = AxB
IC , :
:
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) (word length) - (word)
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.
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( RISC), -
.
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.
3.2.2 H
. H -
-
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Von Neumann.
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. N
0, 1, 2,..., -2, -1. -
, ,
.
. To
. 8, 16, 32, 64 bit.
-
( )
3.2 H
( 3.2).
- H (storage capacity).
:
H . 8
O - (bit), 1 byte
KB MB
O
. O -
MB.
O (access time). -
. -
1 KB = 1024 byte =
= 8192 bit
1MB = 1024 KB
30 nsec.
1GB = 1024 MB
O (cycle time).
( ) . H
,
.
(memory bandwidth). O -
. H -
Mbit/sec.
:
(Random Access
Memory - RAM).
-
(read - write memory). To
.
. O -
.
H -
:
) (Volatile),
.
) (Erasable), .
) (Dynamic),
(refreshed) , .
) (Static),
.
O
,
.
O . , ,
.
, -
(cache memory). H
,
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.
3.2.3 H /
-
/. H -
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.
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. , k
(bit)
k . , ,
bit , ,
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.
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face unit), -
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H
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3.3 To
-
, ,
. O
. H
, . H
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.
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,
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.
3.3.1
-
. :
(F1, F2, ...),
-
HOME, END, PGUP, PGDN, TAB -
(ConTRoL /CTRL)
(ESCape /ESC)
(ALTeration /ALT)
(INS, DEL, BACKSPACE )
(SHIFT, CAPS LOCK, RETURN) -
( -
, , ).
-
- byte
(8 bit)- I/O -
RAM .
-
, -
-
.
3.3.2
To
-
. -
. H -
. ( )
, , -
, -
.
3.3.3
H -
. H -
-
-
pixel (picture element).
H -
. O -
(resolution)
. H
-
.
1024x768
1024 -
768
.
-
, -
.
-
, ' .
H -
(Cathode Ray Tube - CRT). H
.
,
.
, .
, -
.
.
,
(Liquid Crystal Display - LCD). O
-
, -
. -
, -
. 14'', 15''
21'' -
.
H -
. O
-
. To
-
,
. To -
-
.
-
,
(passive matrix)
(active matrix). -
-
, -
,
.
TFT (Thin Film Transistor).
H
,
(light pen). , -
,
(touch screens),
.
/.
.
,
().
.
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. ,
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, , -
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mation kiosks) ,
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.
3.3.4
Oi ,
, .
. Oi ,
laser.
(dot matrix) -
- . ,
,
,
. -
-
, -
.
.
-
.
( 9, 18 24 ) -
. -
( ) -
.
(inkjet)
-
, -
(), -
.
-
, -
-, -
.
(dots per inch - dpi) (pages per
minute-ppm).
laser . -
laser
-
laser . -
-
-
.
-
laser,
. -
.
(toner).
-
-
.
, .
-
.
laser, ,
. -
.
-
.
3.3.5
-
, -
.
,
. ,
. , -
ROM,
.
, ,
, , , .
-
, ,
,
.
(floppy disks)
, 5,25''
3,5'', -
. H
( 3.3)
(formatting). H
-
. H
, (tracks),
(sectors)
,
3.3
. ,
-
' (, , -
, ..). -
.
H -
(hard disk). -
,
3.4. -
-
-
. -
-
-
(tracks),
-
. -
(sectors),
3.3. -
-
. -
-
. ,
(seek time) -
(latency time)
, 3.5.
-
(transmission time) (transmission
rate). (con-
troller) .
3.5 -
. -
, / -
/ .
-
, .
9
(tracks) ( 3.6).
3.6
8 8 bit
9 (parity check), -
. H ,
() .
(blocks) (gap). -
/ -
.
H laser
(Compact Disk - CD) 12 cm
1,2 mm.
CD
laser -
. H -
-
-
. -
, -
.
( ) 1 0.
, -
.
CD :
CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory). CD -
( -
(pits) (lands),
, ). CD
.
H 640 MB.
CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable). CD
( -
) , . laser -
.
CD-RW. CD (rewritable), -
. H -
, ,
laser , -
,
.
0. -
laser
.
DVD - (Digital Versatile Disk). To -
,
4,7 17 GB.
. O -
DVD
DVD .
3.7 byte
.
, .
3.7 H
3.3.6
,
- 0 1- -
. -
(ITU) , -
-
- .
.
-
bit (bit
V.90. V.90 - per second-bps).
.
56
Kbps.
33,6 -
Kbps. H , -
-
, .
-
V.90,
V.34+.
3.3.7
O (scanner) -
,
, -
, , .. H -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
( - dots). -
, -
,
. . O
-
.
.
. -
(.. ASCII). -
(Optical Character Recognition - OCR).
(flatbed) (handheld).
( 3.3.8 )
O (plotter) -
, -
,
. -
() (inkjet).
,
-
, .
:
)
)
) ( )
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( 3.3.9 )
H (light pen)
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-
. H
-
.
( 3.3.10 )
H ,
-
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,
.
3.4
/. -
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/ ; H
. .
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(
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.
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, -
, , .
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. , -
, :
, .
,
.
,
, -
, ,
(Internet).
.
:
.
:
/
.
-
, :
( , , CD, )
.
:
.
1. ;
2. -
;
3. Von Neumann;
4. ;
5. ;
6. ;
7. ;
8. ;
9. ;
10. ;
11. ;
12. , ;
13. .
14. ;
15. ;
16. ;
17. ;
18. ;
19. ;
20. .
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)
)
22. ;
23. ; ;
24.
laser (dot matrix);
25. ; -
;
26. ;
27. ;
28. ;
29. .
RAM
EPROM
30. 8
9
(parity check), .
31. ;
32. .
33.
.
O
3 4 . .
35. ;
H
H
O
H -
36. .
H
H
laser
.
-
-
-
.
(EPROM)
.
, -
.
H
.
-
, ,
-
. , -
.
H -
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
http://www.scsise.wmin.ac.uk/~seamang/VHDL/memory.html
http://www.utexas.edu/world/lecture
http://www.zdnet.com/
(hardware) .
http://www.itu.ch
H .
http://www.networkmagazine.com
http://www.whatis.com/eprom.htm
EPROM.
. . ., ,
H, 1987
. , , EMO, , 1991
,
.
, .
, , , 1994
, , -
.
T ;
;
, ,
;
;
;
4
:
.
T .
.
4.1 111
4.2 112
4.2.1 113
4.2.2 114
4.3 114
4.3.1 115
4.3.2 117
4.3.3 118
4.3.4 121
4.4 122
4.4.1 122
4.4.2 on line 122
4.5 122
4.5.1 Unix 123
4.5.2 DOS 124
4.5.3 Windows Windows NT 124
4.5.4 125
126
127
129
130
131
.
.
, ,
,
. , -
.
4.1
, , -
,
.
:
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) .
(application software),
,
.
, -
. H -
-
.
, , ,
,
.
(system software), -
-
.
:
)
) .
-
.
(operating system) -
,
.
4.2
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
(resources) - - . -
, -
4.1,
.
. -
, ,
-
. -
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)
)
)
)
) .
4.1: To
To :
,
-
,
-
.
,
.
( 4.2.1 )
, -
.
1940 .
. ,
, .
(..)
1950, , -
.
:
) H (batch processing), 1950.
.
, , -
(job control language).
-
) (multiprogramming), 1960.
, . ..
, - -
. -
,
.
) (time sharing), 1970.
,
- 10 msec
- . -
.
) H (distributed processing),
1990. -
, -
.
(process), -
.
4.2.2
To -
.
:
) . O -
.
-
,
, KME -
.
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-
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, (Kernel)
.
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-
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.
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(task)
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H (memory management)
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. -
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,
real time
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,
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on line . on
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4.5
-
, , . -
-
.
.
Unix.
:
DOS
Windows Microsoft
Windows NT Microsoft
OS/2 IBM
MacOS Apple.
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.. Linux
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DOS Microsoft -
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. -
.
DOS :
) ,
.
) (kernel), -
.
) BIOS, -
.
(GUI-Graphical User Interface) ,
. -
DOS , Microsoft
Windows ( 3.11), -
DOS -
,
DOS.
, Windows 95/98, Windows Me,
Windows NT, Windows 2000.
Windows 98
4.5.4
-
:
) OS/2 IBM.
) VMS Digital.
) MVS IBM.
) Mac
Apple. To
-
Macintosh,
-
.
H Win-
dows
GUI
-
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Mac OS (Macintosh
Operating System).
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-
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,
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, -
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, ,
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DOS, Windows 9x, Windows Me, Windows , Windows 2000,
Mac OS/2.
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. ;
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;
4. -
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5. .
6. -
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7. .
8. ;
9. ;
10. (file)
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11.
;
(fonts)
12. , ;
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13. -
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14.
; -
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.
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.
(Real Time) .
-
.
O -
.
- O ,
- -
.
http://queue.berkeley.edu/labs/unix-ref.html
unix.
http://www.cit.ac.nz/smac/os100
http://www.myos.com/os.shtml
(links) .
http://www.computingcentral.msn.com/topics/os/questions.asp
http://www.computingcentral.msn.com/topics/os/glossary.asp
http://www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/classes/cs258/oscat/catalog.html
http://www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/classes/cs258/osbib/biblio.html
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lunix4
UNIX.
. , . , . , ,
, , (1986)
, .
-
.
. , , , , 1991
, .
;
;
;
;
5
:
.
,
.
.
5.1 135
5.2 136
5.2.1 - 137
5.2.2
137
5.3 139
5.3.1 140
5.3.2 140
5.3.3 141
142
143
145
146
147
-
. -
-
. , , -
, , -
, , ..
,
, , , -
. -
-
, -
.
5.1
-
,
.
-
,
-.
H (processing speed) : -
KME
( )
.
H
nsec, -
psec (picosecond = 10-12 ).
H -
megabyte, -
gigabyte. H (cache
memory) -
.
H -
(computing power) -
(MIPS / Millions of Instructions Per Sec-
ond). 20 100 MIPS,
MIPS.
-
, -
.
5.2
- , ,
: , -
-
,
.
- ) (Supercomputers): ,
- . H
, MIPS -
-
. .
) (Mainframes):
.
-
, . -
-
- gigabyte MIPS.
CRAY, Unisys, , , , ..
HITACHI, IBM, ..
) - (Mini-computers): -
. -
-
. -
.
H CRAY ORIGIN2000.
, -
. 128 .
-
35 1 .
,
1.000 .
5.2.1 -
,
. H -
. ' , -
. -
, -
.
H , , ,
, : CRAY
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, , ..
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.
. H ,
.
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'70,
Commodore, Atari, Apple,
Texas Instrument, .. H
,
IBM, .
,
.
.
KME VAX 3100
(chip), -
.
-
, -
:
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Power Apple . IN-
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-
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, :
, , , , -
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, -
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, -
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, -
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, (calculators).
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, , ., -
. , ,
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-
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http://www.cray.com
CRAY.
http://www.s390.ibm.com
S/390 IBM.
http://www.mfsp.com
(MFSP / MainFrames Service
Providers).
http ://www. digital.com
digital, .
http://www.microtec.net
PC Museum, '
.
http://www.workstation.digital.com/
COMPAQ.
, , Time-Life B o o k s
. , . , , . , 1995
, (PC), Time-Life B o o k s
. -
.
H. , , . , 1997
.
.
, , Time-Life B o o k s
.
.
.
;
;
;
; T ;
;
;
;
6
:
.
.
.
.
6.
6.1 151
6.1.1 152
6.1.2 157
6.1.3 173
6.1.4 , . . . . 174
6.2 179
6.3 179
181
182
186
. . . . 187
188
, -
, -
. , , -
.
, ,
.
,
(application software).
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. H , ,
-
.
:
(packed software),
,
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, - -
. -
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.
, -
. -
-
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.
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, , - -
, , , , .. ,
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.
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. , ,
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. , , -
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, Microsoft Word (
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. H -
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Computer Logic
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(MATHEMATICA,
..)
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H ,
.
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ENCARTA 99 MICROSOFT
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H
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COM (Component Object Model) CORBA (Common
Object Request Broker Architecture).
H
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, ,
.
-
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.
-
(/OLE -Object Linking and Embedding), -
COM, OpenDoc.
H COM Microsoft -
Windows
NT.
DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model).
CORBA , -
.
H CORBA Object Management Group, -
,
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,
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6.1.4 ,
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(certificate of au-
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, ,
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H Microsoft, , .
http://www.dmac.org/whatis/whatis.htm
http://www.umassd.edu/coursepages/SoftwareArchitecture/OLE-Tforcier/What_is_COM
COM.
http://www.omg.org
CORBA.
http://www.ibm.com
H IBM.
http://www.apple.com
H Apple.
http://www.lotus.com
Lotus.
http://www.tcp.ca/Dec94/OLE.html
OLE.
http://www.tucows.com
-
. .
http://webopaedia.com
. Software -
.
, , Time-Life B o o k s
, H , Time-Life B o o k s
,
, .
, O (PC), Time-Life B o o k s
, .
H. , O , . , 1997
.
.
, , Time-Life B o o k s
-
. .
. , , , H ,
1991
, .
. , . H, H , 1994
, .
, , , 1994
, -
. .
. , -
, . , 1996
ERASMUS INFOSEC.
.
;
T ;
T
;
7
:
.
.
.
.
7.1 193
7.2 193
7.3 - . 194
7.3.1 To 194
7.3.2 195
7.3.3 . 196
7.3.4 . 197
7.3.5 . 197
7.3.6 . 198
7.3.7 209
7.3.8 210
7.4 . 212
7.5 . 213
7.5.1 . 213
7.5.2 . 215
7.5.3 . 216
7.5.4 . 217
7.6 . 217
7.6.1 . 218
7.6.2 . 218
7.6.3 . 218
7.6.4 . 218
7.6.5 . 219
7.6.6 . 219
7.6.7 . 219
7.7 . 221
7.8 223
7.8.1 . 223
7.8.2 . 223
7.8.3 224
7.8.4 . 226
7.8.5 . 226
. 228
. 229
. 231
232
. 233
-
,
. H -
, ,
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-
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. (end
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,
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-
.
7.3 -
7.3.1 To
-
. ,
, -
. -
() .
,
-
Von Neumann
1940. H Von Neumann
-
,
. H KME
, -
(, , .) (AND, OR,
NOT, .)
Augusta Ada Byron, Lovelace
(1815 - 1852). .
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D.E Knuth, The art of computer Programming, vols 1,2,3, Addison-Wesley, 1969,73
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11
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11.1 305
11.1.1 . 305
11.1.2 306
11.1.3 307
11.1.4 308
11.1.5 310
11.1.6 312
11.2 312
11.2.1 312
11.2.2 317
11.2.3 322
11.2.4 328
11.2.5 331
11.2.6 332
11.3 334
11.3.1 334
11.3.2 336
11.3.3 337
11.3.4 338
344
346
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MPEG.
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H IMTC .
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http://www.w3.org/terms.html
http://www.yahoo.com/arts/humanities/literature /criticism_and_theory/hypertext_theory/
H yahoo .
http://www.yahoo.com/computers_and_internet/multimedia/
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http://www.yahoo.com/computers_and_internet/multimedia/hypermedia/
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http://www.monash.edu.informatics/techme/
.
Antre Persidsky, Director 6 for Windows Peachpit Press
Director.
Greg Baker, Tom Bowwen, First Byte. A practical byte to information technology, Oxford
Graphics & Multimedia,
.
Lida Tway,
Authorware.
, ,
Multimedia , , 1996
,
.
. , ,
,
.
, , 1994
, , Conceptum
Toolbook.
, , , , , , -
( - 2 ), , 2000
TEE .
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12.1 H 357
12.2 358
12.2.1 359
12.2.2 360
12.2.3 361
12.2.4 361
12.2.5 362
12.3 362
12.3.1 363
12.3.2 OSI 364
12.3.3 366
12.3.4 . . . 368
12.3.5 369
12.3.6 370
12.3.7 Ethernet, IEEE-802.3 TCP/IP 371
12.4 372
12.4.1 372
12.4.2 () 376
12.4.3 376
12.4.4 377
12.4.5 On Line 377
12.4.6 IOS 377
12.4.7 EDI 377
12.4.8 377
12.4.9 377
12.4.10 378
12.4.11 378
12.4.12 378
12.5 379
12.5.1 379
12.5.2 , , 381
12.5.3 382
12.5.4 383
12.5.5 396
12.6 396
12.6.1 HTML 397
12.6.2 399
401
403
405
407
409
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, ,
(on line) .
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12.4.7 EDI
12.4.8
(e-mails)
.
.
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-
. -
.
12.4.10
(Bulletin Board Services -
BBS).
. -
-
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, -
, .
, , .
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. -
-
(.. ISDN) .
12.4.12
12.5.1
-
, . 1969,
ARPANET
1972, -
-
ARPANET
1979, -
usenet
newsgroups,
Duke UNC
1982,
TCP/IP,
ARPANET
1988,
-
'60, ... 1989,
(Department of Defence - DoD) -
, - Timothy Berners -
- Lee
-
.
CERN
, 1990,
, ARPANET
, - Internet,
,
1991,
. -
1969, DoD ARPANET,
WAIS, Gopher
WWW
, , .
1992,
-
Internet Society
... , - (ISOC)
- 1993,
, , . -
MOSAIC
,
1995, -
. -
- -
. JAVA
SUN
1990 ARPANET, Internet (
Microsystems.
) , -
, .
-
,
Berkley , TCP IP,
.
. TCP IP -
ARPANET 1982.
,
, . -
,
, , .
-
, :
, , -
,
-
, , on line
. -
, - , , , -
. -
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. :
-
.
Intranet
H -
, , ,
, , -
. intranet,
, -
.
intranet
intranet
,
extranet. extranet,
-
on-line, - , -
. extranet
.
.
-
, .
OSI
OSI, ARPANET
.
.
,
.
intranet/extranet
TCP/IP . TCP
IP -
OSI.
12.5.2 , ,
,
, , IP
(IP address).
IP
IP , - .
IP - -
.
, .
-
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
IP -
(APNIC - Asia & Pacific Network (Intranets).
Information Centre), (RIPE - Reseau IP Europeens)
(ARIN - American Registry for Internet Numbers). -
, , .
IP -
. -, .-
IP -
, -
, -
,
.
com
IP - (COMercial)
.
org
(ORGanization)
H IP 32 bit
(4 byte). xxx.yyy.zzz.kkk - edu
(EDUcation)
byte .
gov
194.177.196.1 (GOVerment)
, 194.177.193.129
mil
. (MILitary)
-
.
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). gr
- de
, , , fr
, .
-
(Internet Service Provider - ISP)
(dial up). , ,
IP
. H ,
.
' (
-user name- -password), .
. IP -
, ( IP )
, -
. -
, -
domain
name. ypepth.gr . -
, -
domain name. , , -
Domain name
: dias.ypepth.gr.
.
IP -
, IP -
Domain Nme System - DNS. -
www.hms.gr , , IP -
194.177.196.1. -
.
12.5.3
-
. :
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.
.
-
.
.
, -
: (..
IP ) (.. TCP/IP,
FTP, HTTP, ..) IANA,
RIPE, ARIN, APNIC, IP -
. -
Internet Society,
W3 -
.
-
,
. ,
-
.
.
12.5.4
, OSI,
, . -
,
ARPANET, - (client-server)
.
-.
,
.
. ,
, -
, , -
. . H
, -
.
.
To (electronic
H
mail, e-mail), - -
, , -
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( -
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). -
-
- (mail server)
(mail server) -
.
. - ,
(mail box), - User_ID
. user1
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-
Messenger/Netscape Communications Co., Eudora/ QualComm, ..
aaa.bbbb.ccc,
- -
POP SMTP. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
. :
user1@aaa.bbbb.ccc.
- -
- .
POP (Post Office
Protocol) -
.
, -
.
,
.
, -
,
.
- -
, .
, :
,
,
(Carbon copy - Cc)
.
,
(Blind Carbon Copy - Bcc).
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, , . (attached files).
-
:
(New Message) (Send).
(Reply) .
/ (Forward) .
(signature),
-
.
-
,
:
(Sent).
(Received).
(Deleted).
(address book).
, -
smileys . , -
-
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.
-
(mailing list)
-
. ,
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, .
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,
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.
- - :
comp
misc
news news
rec
sci
soc
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talk
, :
alt ,
bio
biz
(usenet) , ,
, -
.
, -
.
(news groups)
--
.
.
, -
. , comp.lang.prolog
(comp),
(lang)
prolog.
(news servers). -
,
, -
, -
. ,
.
(news readers). -
, , -
.
-
. ,
-
. , -
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, ,
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(Call For Vote - CFV),
, 21 31
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,
100
2/3 , .
-
: comp, misc, news, rec, sci, soc talk.
alt.
-
.
-
news, .. news.announce.newgroups.
-
FAQ . -
, , -
FAQ - .
news.answers
(Frequently
Asked Questions -FAQ-)
news.answers.
FAQ , : -
. , ,
, , . FAQ,
,
:
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu, .
http://www.faqs.org
news.answers.
ftp -
-
-
,
( ARPANET) - , -
FTP (File -
Transfer Protocol).
.
-
,
(user name password) . ftp,
-
anonymous ftp, -
- -
, anonymous ftp. -
.
H (telnet) -
-
.
. -
, , -
.
Gopher
Gopher
. Gopher
-. ,
Gopher
.
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. -
-
,
anonymous ftp. ,
, ,
Gopher, . -
, Gopher .
:
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
HTML (HyperText Markup Language),
,
.
HTTP HTML -
.
-
-
-home page-
O , Gopher,
.
Gopher .
(web
- site). -
.
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,
, .. ftp. -
- URL (Uniform Resource Locator -
(Portal). - ).
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(, ) -
.
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-
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.
.
-
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http://www.ams.org
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-
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'
. URL -
(bookmarks), .
-
, -
. -
-
.
, -
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-
.
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yahoo.com,
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,
, , -
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, -
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.
to Microsoft
Chat
.
,
. -
.
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.
, , -
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, , :
,
(e-money) -
.
12.6
H HTML -
CERN
-
1980.
1994 W3C - World Wide Web Consortium-, -
-
.
,
:
HTTP
HTML.
H HTML -
.
-
.
-
, , . -
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. ,
,
.
, HTML
, -
.
-home page- , -
12.6.1 HTML
H HTML (tags)
, ,
.
, -
. -
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.
.
-
.
.
.
-
-image-
, -
, ..
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URL.
, -
.
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( ), -
:
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.
HTML
. -
.
HTML .
, -
.
H -
.
HTML .
-
. -
' Javascript, Vbscript
Java.
.
HTML -
( ) Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS).
(, , -
, .) (.. ).
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:
) (-
, , , , ..).
,
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H , :
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WYSIWYG, What
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Microsoft Word
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.
, OSI, -
.
,
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, .
,
.
Ethernet -
CSMA / CD TCP / IP -
.
, (teletext),
, on line , IOS, EDI,
, , -
, ,
.
, -
,
TCP/IP.
-
,
.
, -
, , Intranet.
O , , -
(IP-address).
, -
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(search engines) -
.
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INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE ( 167, 257,
258, 259, 261, 277, 287)
-
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7 1129 15/21
1946 ( 1946, 108, ).
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