1.

1 Main clauses and subordinate clauses

Main clauses
Questions using question phrases:
Declarative clauses:
Varifrn kommer Nathalie?
Lina och Oskar lser franska i Uppsala.
De pluggar ofta tillsammans.
Yes/no questions:
I kursen har de kontakt med studenter i
r hon frn Paris?
Frankrike.
D kommunicerar de p svenska och
Imperative clauses:
franska.
Ls svenska p ntet!

Subordinate clauses
Vi vet redan att Lina och Oskar pluggar franska i Uppsala.
Nathalie ska studera i Sverige om hon fr stipendium.
Nr Jonas kommer hem efter jobbet, vill hans dotter Klara g och gunga.

RULE: Main clauses and subordinate clauses

Swedish has a very definite word order. There is a difference between main and
subordinate clauses. Both types have slightly different word order:

Main clauses
Main clauses can be divided into four different groups:
1. Declarative clauses: Lina och Oskar lser franska i Uppsala.
2. Questions using question phrases: Varifrn kommer Nathalie?
3. Yes/no questions: r hon frn Paris?
4. Imperative clauses: Ls svenska p ntet!

In declarative clauses and questions using question phrases, the finite verb is always
in second position in the clause.
In a question using a question phrase, that phrase comes before the finite verb. In a
declarative clause, some other phrase comes before the finite verb.
The subject always stands together with the finite verb, either immediately before or
immediately after it.
In yes/no questions and imperative clauses, the finite verb takes the first place in
the clause.

Subordinate clauses
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Subordinate clauses almost always begin with a conjunction introducing the clause
(att that, nr when and om if are the most common). Then come the subject and the
finite verb.

Vi vet redan att Lina och Oskar lser franska i Uppsala.

Att Lina och Oskar lser franska i Uppsala vet vi redan.

1.2 Main clauses

1.2.1 Declarative clauses
Jag heter James och kommer frn USA. Jag r 25 r.
Jag bor p Flogstavgen 13 i Uppsala. Dr ska jag bo i ett r.
P Uppsala universitet lser mnga studenter frn andra lnder.

Non- Adverbial
Finite Sentence Direct
Topic Subject finite (manner,
verb adverbial object
verb place, time)

Jag heter Emilio.

Jag kommer frn Italien.

Jag kan inte tala svenska.

Nu bor jag i Uppsala.

Hr ska jag studera svenska i ett r.

Om Ana
fr ett ker hon till Sverige.
stipendium

RULE: Declarative clauses

The finite verb always takes second position in a declarative clause!
The first place in the clause can be occupied by almost anything. Usually the subject takes
that position.
The subject always stands together with the finite verb, either immediately before or
immediately after.
Adverbial phrases, if there are any, come after subject + finite verb (or after finite verb +
subject).
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 1.2.2 Questions with question words
Hur gammal r du? ( 22 r. )
Vad heter du i frnamn? ( Maria.)
Vilken kurs ska du lsa? ( Ekonomi, 30 pong.)
Var bor du? ( I Stockholm.)

Non
Question Finite Sentence Direct
Subject finite Adverbial
word verb adverbial object
verb

Hur mr du?

Vilken kurs ska du lsa?

RULE: Questions with question words

In first place there is a question word or a phrase using a question word.The finite verb
takes second position!
Immediately after the finite verb comes the subject.

Questions with question words always start with a question word (which can be an
interrogative pronoun or an adverb) or a phrase using a question word
(vilken kurs what course, hur gammal how old, hur lnge how long).

The most common question words are:

vem who varfr why
vad what vilken which
var where vilket which
varifrn where from vilka which (plural)
nr when vart where (or to where).
hur how

1.2.3 Yes/no questions

Pluggar de franska? Ja/Nej.

Bor de i studentrum? Ja/Nej.
Finns det mnga studenter i Linkping? Ja/Nej.
Ska du ocks studera franska? Ja/Nej.
Har du inte tit n? Jo/Nej.

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 Non
Question Finite Sentence Direct
Subject finite Adverbial
word verb adverbial object
verb

- Ska du ocks lsa franska?

- Fr man rka hr?

RULE: Yes/no questions

Yes/no questions always begin with the finite verb. After that comes the subject.
In this type of question, you answer either Ja (yes) or Nej (no). This is why they are called
Yes/no questions. You answer Jo (yes) or Nej (no) if the question is formed as a negative
question.

Kommer du inte frn Sverige?

Jo, jag kommer frn Sverige.
Nej, jag kommer inte frn Sverige.

1.2.4 Imperative clauses

Lyssna p dialogen!
Klicka p ordet!
Ls texten!
Kom in!

RULE: Imperative clauses

The verb (in its imperative form) always occupies first place in an imperative clause.

1.2.5 Main clause + main clause, co-ordination

Jag heter Jonas Persson och (jag) r trettiotre r gammal.

Jonas r svensk men (han) bor i Tyskland.

Arbetar du i dag eller r du hemma?

Jag vill inte plugga utan jag vill g p bio.

Klara vill grna g i skolan fr dr gr alla stora barn.

Klara r liten s hon gr inte i skolan.

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Look at the clauses that follow the conjunction. Pay particular attention to the word order!

RULE: Main clause + main clause, co-ordination

Coordinating conjunctions (linking words) connect clauses of the same sort. In these
examples: main clause + linking word + main clause.
The linking conjunctions (linking words) are: och and
men but
fr because
s so
eller or
utan instead
If the main clause following och (and), men (but), utan (instead), eller (or) begins with a
subject, you do not need to repeat it if the subject is the same in both clauses.
Jonas r svensk men han bor i Tyskland = Jonas r svensk men bor i Tyskland.

1.2.6 Sentence adverbial (e.g. negation)

De frstr inte varandra s bra.
De behver inte lna pengar frn staten.
Klara kan inte g i skolan.
P universitetet fr man inte rka.

Sentence
Finite Non-finite
Topic Subject adverbial Other ...
verb verb
(e.g. "inte")

De frstr inte varandra s bra.

De behver inte lna pengar av staten.

Klara kan inte g i skolan.

P
fr man inte rka.
universitetet

Varfr kommer du inte?

Varfr kan du inte komma?

Gillar du inte Bach?

Brukar du inte cykla till universitetet?

Rk inte!

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RULE: Sentence adverbial (e.g. negation)
In Swedish declarative clauses, inte (not) is usually positioned immediately after the
finite verb: De frstr inte varandra s bra.
If the finite verb comes before the subject, inte (not) follows immediately after the
subject: P universitetet fr man inte rka
NOTE! subject + verb or verb + subject they always stand together in a main clause.
Man fr inte rka p universitetet = P universitetet fr man inte rka.
Subject + finite verb + INTE + infinite verb
Finite verb + subject + INTE + infinite verb
Other adverbs can work in the same way as "inte" (not), such as:
alltid always ocks also
aldrig never kanske perhaps
ofta often tyvrr unfortunately
sllan seldom troligen probably
redan already ntligen finally.
grna willingly
De frstr alltid varandra s bra.

1.3 Subordinate clauses

1.3.1 Subordinate conjunctions att (that), nr (when) och om (if)
Nathalie sger att hon frstr.
Nu undrar du skert om jag har familj.
Nr jag kommer hem efter jobbet vill Klara g och gunga.

RULE: Subordinate conjunctions att (that), nr (when) och om (if)

Subordinate clauses start with a subordinating conjunction (subordinate clause opener),
for instance att (that), om (if), nr (when).
The subject follows immediately after, followed by the finite verb.
For subordinate clauses that start with som : Klara, som r fyra r, fr inte g i skolan.

1.3.2 Word order in subordinate clauses

Nathalie tycker att Stockholm r minst lika vackert som Paris.
Innan hon reste, lste hon om staden.
Nathalie vill kpa lite varma klder s att hon inte fryser i vinter.
Jag hoppas att du tycker om fisk.

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 Sentence Direct Adverbial (manner,
Subject Verb
adverbial object place, time)

...att du tycker om fisk.

...innan hon reste.

...s att hon inte fryser i vinter.

RULE: Word order in subordinate clauses

A subordinate clause opener, a subordinate conjunction, comes first in a
subordinate clause.
The subject comes after that.
And the finite verb.
If there is an adverbial phrase, e.g. inte (not), it goes before the finite verb in the
subordinate clause:
Negation in subordinate clauses: "The BIFF rule" = i Bisats str Inte Fre Finita verbet
Jag lovade att jag (subject) inte skulle (finite verb) bertta fr ngon om det.
subordinate clause opener + subject + adverbial phrase + finite verb

NOTE: Other adverbs can work in the same way as inte (not), such as
alltid always grna willingly
aldrig never ocks also
ofta often kanske perhaps
sllan seldom tyvrr unfortunately.
redan already
Jag lovade att jag (subject) aldrig skulle (finite verb) bertta fr ngon om det.

1.3.3 Other subordinating conjunctions

a) Common conjunctions:
att (that) fr att (because)
om (if/whether) drfr att (because)
nr (when) eftersom (since/because)
sedan (since - time) trots att (in spite)
medan (while) ven om (even though)
s att (so that)

att: Jag hoppas att du tycker om fisk.

om: Jag kommer om jag fr tid.
nr: Nr vi har tit ska vi titta p teve eller g p bio.

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sedan: Jag har inte lngtat hem alls sedan jag kom hit.
medan: Medan du diskar lgger jag barnen.
s att: Nathalie ska kpa lite varma klder s att hon inte fryser i vinter.
fr att: Hon kom till Sverige fr att hon ville lra sig mer svenska.
drfr att: Jag mste plugga drfr att jag har en tenta i morgon.
eftersom: Eftersom jag har en tenta i morgon, mste jag plugga.
trots att: Hon klarade tentan, trots att hon hade varit sjuk i flera dagar.
ven om: ven om hon inte hann lsa all kurslitteratur, klarade hon tentan.

b) Subordinating conjunctions in indirect speech:

Vad sger Hkan?

Han sger att han inte vet.
Urskta, men jag hrde inte. Vad sa han?
Jo, han frgade om vi ville g p bio.
Vad vill han veta?
Han vill veta vad jag tycker om politiken nu

Direct speech Indirect speech

(Adam: Det r kul med sprk!) Adam tycker att det r kul med sprk.

(Lisa: Jag frstr inte.) Lisa tror att hon inte frstr.

(Heidi: Har Jonas familj?) Heidi undrar om Jonas har familj.

(Erik: Vill ni g p bio?) Erik frgar om vi vill g p bio.

(Anna: Nr har ni tid?) Anna undrar nr vi har tid.

(Oskar: Vad sa du?) Oskar undrade vad jag sa.

(Eva: Hur mycket r

Eva vill veta hur mycket klockan r.
klockan?)

RULE: Other subordinating conjunctions

Subordinate clause openers used to report indirect speech are:
the common att (that)
the interrogative om (if)
and the question phrases vad (what), var (where), nr (when), hur mycket (how much)
etc.

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 Subordinate Adverbial Finite Non-finite "anything
Subject
clause opener clause verb verb else"

...att hon frstr

...om vi vill g p bio.

...hur mycket klockan r.

2.1 Personal pronouns

Subject form Object form Reflexive form

jag mig mig

du dig dig

han honom sig

hon henne sig

den den sig

det det sig

vi oss oss

ni er er

de dem sig

2.1.1 Subject, object and reflexive

Vad heter du? Jag heter Emilio.

Vad lser Nathalie? Hon lser svenska.
Var bor Oskar och Lina? De bor i Uppsala.
Varifrn kommer ni? Vi kommer frn Belgien.
Jag tycker om dig. Och jag tycker om dig!
Kalle rakar sig.
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RULE:Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns can appear in subject form: Jag heter Emilio.
or in object form: Jag tycker om dig.
There is also a reflexive form: Kalle rakar sig (= Kalle rakar Kalle).

2.1.2 Reflexive pronouns

I kursen lr de sig mer om svensk kultur.
Hon bestmde sig fr att kpa en svensk mssa.
Jag har svrt att anpassa mig i Sverige.
Vad har du lrt dig om Stockholm?
Stina har en liten pojke, Johan, som r tv r. Han kan inte tvtta sig sjlv, s Stina mste
tvtta honom.

RULE: Reflexive pronouns

Sometimes certain verbs have a reflexive pronoun, for instance:
tvttar sig (wash oneself) bestmmer sig (decide)
reser sig (get up) roar sig (have fun)
lgger sig (go to bed) stter sig (sit down)
knner sig (feel) skyndar sig (hurry up)
gifter sig (get married)

Jag lr mig svenska. Vi lr oss svenska.

Du lr dig svenska. Ni lr er svenska.
Ana lr sig svenska. Ana och Antonio lr sig svenska.
Antonio lr sig svenska.
The reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and the object in the clause refer to the
same person.
Johan (subject) kan inte tvtta sig sjlv (= same person - object) s Stina (subject) mste
tvtta honom (not the same person object)

2.2 Possessive pronouns

2.2.1 Min, mitt, mina
Look at the following examples:
Bor du hemma hos din mamma och pappa?
Jag hoppas att du kan frst mitt brev!
Om ett r r jag klar med min examen.
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Jag skulle vilja bertta om mina intressen.
Nathalie bor i korridor. Vet du, varifrn hennes korridorkompisar kommer?
Hur stort r ditt universitet?
Kalle pluggar etnologi i Uppsala. Hans studentrum r fullt med afrikanska mbler.
Kalle och Anders r svenskar, men flera av deras korridorkompisar kommer frn andra
lnder.

RULE: Min, mitt, mina

Possessive pronouns agree with the nouns that they belong to.

Singular Plural

(en-words) (ett-words)

ex: en mamma ett lexikon kompisar

(jag) min mamma mitt lexikon mina kompisar

(du) din mamma ditt lexikon dina kompisar

(han) hans mamma hans lexikon hans kompisar

(hon) hennes mamma hennes lexikon hennes kompisar

(den, det) (dess) (dess) (dess)

(vi) vr mamma vrt lexikon vra kompisar

(ni) er mamma ert lexikon era lexikon

(de) deras mamma deras lexikon deras lexikon

Note the reflexive form of the possessive pronouns:

Singular Plural

(en-words) (ett-words)

ex: en mamma ett lexikon kompisar

(han) sin mamma sitt lexikon sina kompisar

(hon) sin mamma sitt lexikon sina kompisar

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(den) sin sin sina

(det) sin sin sina

(de) sin sin sina

2.2.2 Sin, hans, hennes

Anna frgar varfr Eva inte vill dansa med sin pojkvn.
Anna frgar varfr Eva inte vill dansa med hennes pojkvn.

RULE: Sin, hans, hennes

A) The reflexive form of the possessive pronoun as object: In the third person singular
and plural, it is important if the owner of the object functions as the subject of the same
clause or not. In Swedish there is a difference:
Anna frgar varfr Eva inte vill dansa med sin pojkvn. (= Evas pojkvn)
(owner: Eva)
(= Anna asks why Eva (subject) doesnt want to dance with Evas (object) boyfriend.
Anna frgar varfr Eva inte vill dansa med hennes pojkvn. (=Annas pojkvn)
(owner: Anna)
(= Anna asks why Eva doesnt want to dance with Annas (object) boyfriend.

Lina och Fredrik berttar att Julia och Patrik ska flja med hem till deras mamma.
(owner: Lina and Fredrik)
(= Lina and Fredrik say that Julia and Patrik (subject) are going to go home to Linas and
Fredrikss (object) mother.

B) NOTE: Hans (his), hennes (her) and deras (their) are always used when referring to
the subject. The reflexive form (sin, sitt, sina) can never be used with the subject.
Eva och hennes nya pojkvn (subject) kommer till festen.
Jag knner honom lite. Hans bror (subject) trnar i samma judoklubb som jag.

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2.3 Relative pronouns som
Jonas har en dotter som r fyra r.
Jonas har en dotter som han lskar.

RULE: The relative pronoun som

The relative pronoun "som" (that, which) is used as a subordinate clause opener and can
refer to both people and things. "Som" (that, which) can act as both subject and object.
Jonas har en dotter. Hon r fyra r = Jonas har en dotter som r fyra r. ("som" = subject)
Jonas har en dotter. Han lskar henne = Jonas har en dotter som han lskar. ("som" =
object)

2.4 Demonstrative pronouns

Den hr/den dr, det hr/det dr, de hr/de dr
Den hr veckan stdar jag.
Den dr affischen r snygg!
Det dr tcket r fint!
De dr stolarna r verkligen bekvma!

RULE: Demonstrative pronouns

Singular Plural

en-words ett-words

den dr affischen det dr tcket de dr stolarna

den hr affischen det hr tcket de hr stolarna

Den hr/den dr (this/that), det hr/det dr (this/that) and de hr/de dr (these/those)

agree with the nouns that they belong to.
NOTE: They are always used with the definite form of the noun.
den hr/den dr + definite form den dr affischen

"Hr" (this) means that what you are talking about is close to the speaker, and "dr" (that)
that it is further away from the speaker.

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2.5 Other pronouns vilken, ingen, ngon
Singular Plural

en-words ett-words

en penna ett brev pengar

ingen penna inget brev inga pengar

ngon penna ngot brev ngra pengar

en sdan penna ett sdant brev sdana pengar

en annan penna ett annat brev andra pengar

vilken penna vilket brev vilka pengar

RULE: Other pronouns vilken, ingen, ngon

Ingen (no), ngon (any, some), sdan (such), annan (other), vilken (which) all agree with
the noun that they refer to.

NOTE: They are always used with the indefinite form of the noun.
ingen (no) + indefinite form ingen penna

In sentences with two verbs, particle verbs or in subordinate clauses, inte ngon, inte
ngot, inte ngra, inte ngonting must be used instead of ingen, inget, inga, ingenting.
This is true if ingen, etc. are objects in the clause.

Jag knner ingen hr.

Jag knner inte ngon hr.
Jag har inte trffat ngon hr.

Jag knner till ngot om de personerna.

Jag knner inte till ngot om de personerna.

Jag frstod ingenting.

Jag frstod inte ngonting.
Jag visste att jag inte frstod ngonting.

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3.1 Verbs
A. Regular verbs in Swedish are formed according to the following pattern:
INFINITIVE
PERFECT ska..., vill....,
IMPERATIVE PRETERITE
PRESENT PLUPERFECT mste..., fr...,
(= stem) (imperfect)
har..., hade... kan..., borde...,
brukar..., att...

lyssna! lyssnar lyssnade lyssnat lyssna

stng! stnger stngde stngt stnga

ls! lser lste lst lsa

tro! tror trodde trott tro

RULE
PERFECT
IMPERATIVE PRESENT PRETERITE INFINITIVE
PLUPERFECT

= stem +r + de (te) +t +a

B. Strong or irregular verbs:

INFINITIVE
PERFECT ska..., vill....,
IMPERATIVE PRETERITE
PRESENT PLUPERFECT mste..., fr...,
(= stem) (imperfect)
har..., hade.. kan..., borde...,
brukar..., att...

skriv! skriver skrev skrivit skriva

drick! dricker drack druckit dricka

sjung! sjunger sjng sjungit sjunga

g! gr gick gtt g

Some verbs do not follow the rules mentioned above, and are conjugated in different ways.
See the section on 3.3 Strong and irregular verbs or "3.3.2 Irregular verbs".

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3.2 Regular verbs
3.2.1 Imperative forms
Lyssna p dialogen!
Stng fnstret!
Ls texten!
Tro mig!

RULE: Imperative forms

The imperative is the stem, the basic form, of the verb! You use it when giving orders of
various sorts.
This is the form you start out from when you are going to make all other forms of the verb.
By adding the endings -r, -de, -t or -a to the stem you can create the other forms of the
verb, for instance: lyssna-r, lyssna-de, lyssna-t , lyssna

3.2.2 Present tense

Lina och Oskar pluggar franska i Uppsala.
De tycker att det r kul.
Har ni kontakt p Facebook?
Nathalie lr sig svenska p webben.
Jag ringer dig i kvll.
Vi bor i samma studentomrde.

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
(= stem)

plugga pluggar

tyck tycker

ha har

lr lr

ring ringer

bo bor

RULE: Present tense

Stem + r = present tense: plugga-r.
After a stem that ends in a consonant, the -r becomes -er, as in the example ring-er.
There is no extra -r after stems that end in -r: lr.

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NOTE! Swedish verbs only have one ending in the present tense. The ending is -r, no
matter who the subject is - jag, du, hon, han, han, vi, ni, de pluggar, ringer, tycker, lr

3.2.3 Infinitives
Frldrarna behver inte betala.
De ska mejla p svenska och franska.
Fr jag tala med Karl?
Nathalie tnker ringa till Lina.
Klara vill g i skolan, fr dr gr alla stora barn.
Kan du frst mitt brev?

INFINITIVE
IMPERATIVE
ska, vill, kan, tnker, behver, fr + infinitive,
(= stem)
att + infinitive

betala behver betala

ring tnker ringa

bo vill bo

RULE: Infinitives
Stem + a = infinitive: ring-a.
After stems ending in a vowel, there is no extra -a: tala, bo, frst

In Swedish the infinitive is often preceded by an auxiliary verb.

Directly in front of the infinitive, you will sometimes find the word "att": Jag gillar att
dansa.

The infinitive is also the nominal form of the verb: Att kommunicera via internet r roligt.

3.2.4 Auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary verbs are usually combined with the infinitive of the verb.

AUXILIARY VERBS EXAMPLES

brukar (to usually do something) Han brukar lsa tidningen varje morgon.

fr (be allowed to, may) Hr fr man inte rka.

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 kan (be able to, can) Jag kan tala lite svenska.

mste (have to, must) Jag mste absolut ta bussen till universitetet.

ska (shall) Nathalie ska ka till Sverige

vill (will, want) Klara vill g i skolan.

br (should, ought to) Man br ta mycket C-vitaminer.

borde (should, ought to) Du borde sluta rka!

Examples of other verbs that can be used as auxilary verbs:

behver (need to, have to)
behver inte (= slipper) (need not, not have to)
tnker (plan, intend)
brjar (begin, start)
slutar (stop)
orkar (manage to, be able to)

Jag behver inte stda i dag (= Jag slipper stda i dag). Min fru gr det.
Jag slutade rka den 31 december.
Jag orkar inte plugga mer i dag.

3.2.5 Preterite (imperfect) tense

Han stdade igr.
Jag pratade med Eva i morse.
r 1702 frstrde en brand nstan hela staden Uppsala.
Erik kpte en teve frra veckan.
Julia tyckte att filmen var rolig.
Nathalie trodde att klder var mycket dyra i Sverige.

IMPERATIVE
PRETERITE
(= stem)

stda stdade

stngde
stng
kpte
kp
(-te after p, k, s, t)

tro trodde

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RULE: Preterite (imperfect) tense
The preterite (or imperfect) is formed by the stem + -de: stda-de

If the imperative form ends in a voiceless consonant (-p, -k, -s, -t), the preterite (or
imperfect) form is -te: ls-te, kp-te, k-te, mt-te ( = "the Pakistan-rule").
If the stem ends in mm or nn: glm-de, kn-de

If the stem ends in nd: anvnd-e

If the stem ends in a vowel other than "a", the form is: -dde: tro-dde.

Some verbs do not follow these rules and are conjugated differently. These verbs are
called strong or irregular verbs.

3.2.6 Perfect tense (har), Pluperfect (hade)

Har du bott i en korridor tidigare?

Har du smakat p salladen?
Har du lrt dig ngonting nytt om Stockholm?
Vilka filmer har du lnat?
Har jag glmt ngot?
Lena sa att Mia hade ringt.
Hon hade tnkt kpa en rolig mssa.

PERFECT
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT PRETERITE PLUPERFECT
(= stem)
(har..., hade...)

smaka smakar smakade smakat

ring ringer ringde ringt

tnk tnker tnkte tnkt

bo bor bodde bott

RULE: Perfect tense (har), Pluperfect (hade)

Perfect tense
Stem + t = perfect participle: smaka-t, ring-t.
Har + perfect participle = PERFECT: har smakat, har ringt.

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Pluperfect
Stem + t = perfect participle: smaka-t, ring-t.
Hade + perfect participle = PLUPERFECT: hade smakat, hade ringt.

3.2.7 Use of preterite (imperfect) and perfect

Han kpte dem i frra veckan.

Vi flyttade hit fr fem r sedan.
Har du bott i en korridor tidigare?
Har jag glmt ngot?
Swedenborg var naturvetenskapsman och filosof. Han levde p 1700-talet.
1702 frstrde en brand hela stan.
Har du sett min plnbok?
Hon har gtt till affren.

RULE: Use of preterite (imperfect) and perfect

The preterite (imperfect) means that something happened THEN. We usually use the
preterite (imperfect) to say that something happened at or during a period of time that is
now over. Often, but not always, we specify this by using an expression of time: i
gr (yesterday), i frra veckan (last week), 1702 (in 1702), p 1600-talet (in the
seventeeth centuary). Occasionally the point in time is implied.

The perfect tense is used to describe something which has happened or which started
to happen before NOW. We often use the perfect tense without any expression of time
or together with an expression of time which does not refer to a specific time in the
past: redan (already), tidigare (earlier), nyss (recently). Or for a period of time which is
not yet over, e.g.: i dag (today), den hr veckan (this week), i r (this year). The perfect
tense is used when the timing of the event is less important.

Hon har gtt till affren. (the important thing is what has happened, not when it
happened)
Har du bott i en studentkorridor tidigare? (the point here is that the event occurred, not
when it occured)
Har du sett min plnbok? (no specific point in time)

3.2.8 Future sense

Nsta vecka har jag en stor tenta.
Vad gr du p lrdag?
Jag ska ringa till Lina.
Du kommer att gilla det!
Jag tnker lsa medicin.
20
Vi ska ka tunnelbana.
Nathalie tnker kpa varmare klder.

RULE: Future sense

The PRESENT tense is often used to express the future, usually together with an
expression of future time.
tnker (the intention of the subject) + INFINITIVE expresses the future as well
kommer att (prediction, prognosis) + INFINITIVE expresses the future as well
ska (the intention of the subject or someone else) + INFINITIVE expresses the future as
well

3.2.9 Passive verb forms

Universitetsbiblioteket kallas Carolina Rediviva.
r 1986 mrdades Olof Palme.
Datateknologin har utvecklats mycket snabbt.
Problemen kommer att lsas.

RULE: Passive verb forms

The passive form of the verb is constructed by adding -s to the different active tenses:
Present: (stem + s): ppna-s, stng-s, tro-s, skriv-s, gr-s. NOTE: -es (after -s): ls-es.
Preterite (imperfect): ppnade-s
Perfect: har ppnat-s
Pluperfect: hade ppnat-s
Infinitive: (ska) ppna-s

3.2.10 Verb + particles

Jag tycker om Mozart.
Kan du stta p teven, r du snll?
Jag ska ka och hlsa p mormor i jul.
Kommer du ihg Kerstin, min kompis?

RULE: Verb + particles

Many verbs can be combined with a particle (usually an adverb or a preposition),
e.g. om, p, in, ut, bort.

The particles modify or alter the original meaning of the verb.

The verb and particle form a single unit, which has ONE meaning. (If you translate the two
words, the verb and the particle, into another language you often only get one word.)

21
If there is an object in the sentence, the particle comes before the object.
Mjlken r sur. Du mste hlla ut den.

NOTE! Pronunciation of verbs with particles: the stress is on the particle, not the verb.

Compare these verbs:

tycker (= think), tycker om (= like)
stter (= put), stter p teven (= turn the television on)
hlsar (= greet), hlsar p (= visit)
kommer (= arrive), kommer ihg (= remember)

3.2.11 Perfect participle

Jag blev mycket frvnad.
Fnstret r stngt.
Lampan r slckt.
Vi var mycket irriterade.
n var obebodd, det vill sga ingen bodde dr.
Den mordhotade kvinnan var mycket rdd.
Jag kunde inte ppna den lsta drren.
Alla som bor i de hr husen vill ha snkta hyror.

DEFINITE FORM
SINGULAR, AND
IMPERATIVE INDEFINITE FORM INDEFINITE FORM
INDEFINITE AND
(= stem) SINGULAR SINGULAR
DEFINITE FORM
PLURAL

(en-word) (ett-word)

frvna frvnad frvnat frvnade

stng stngd stngt stngda

ls lst lst lsta

bebo bebodd bebott bebodda

RULE: Perfect participle

The perfect participle is formed with the basic form + -d, -t, -de.
If the basic form ends in a voiced consonant, it will be -d, -t, -da.
If the basic form ends in a voiceless consonant (p, k, s, t), it will be -t, -t, -ta.
If the basic form ends in a vowel other than -a, it will be -dd, -tt, -dda.
22
The perfect participle is formed from a verb, but functions as an adjective. In every place in
a sentence where you can have an adjective, you can have a perfect participle.

3.2.12 Present participle

Kalle sg mycket tvivlande ut.
G ej under hngande last!
Gunilla var djupt troende.
Peter r ensamstende med tv barn.

IMPERATIVE PRESENT
INFINITIVE
(= stem) PARTICIPLE

tvivla tvivla tvivlande

hng hnga hngande

tro tro troende

st st stende

RULE: Present participle

If the infinitive ends in -a, the present participle form will be -ande
tvivlande, hngande, arbetande.
If the infinitive ends in a vowel other than -a, the present participle form will be -ende,
troende, stende, gende, leende.

The present participle has no other forms.

The present participle is formed by a verb, but functions as an adjective. In every place in
a sentence where you can have an adjective, you can have a present participle. The
present participle can also be an adverb.

3.3 Strong and irregular verbs

3.3.1 Strong verbs
Linn skrev en bok om blommor.
Det blev sent i gr kvll.
Hkan drack l i gr kvll.
Han bjd p chips.

23
 INFINITIVE
PERFECT,
IMPERATIVE ska..., vill...,
PRESENT PRETERITE PLUPERFECT
(= stem) kan...,
har..., hade...
brukar..., fr...

skriv skriver skrev skrivit skriva

bit biter bet bitit bita

drick dricker drack druckit dricka

frsvinn frsvinner frsvann frsvunnit frsvinna

bjud bjuder bjd bjudit bjuda

flyg flyger flg flugit flyga

RULE: Strong verbs

There are three large groups (and several smaller ones) of these verbs.
skriver, skrev, skrivit: i e i (long vowels)
dricker, drack, druckit: i a u (short vowels)
sjunger, sjng, sjungit: u u / y u

3.3.2 Irregular verbs

Han kom igr kvll.
Nathalie frstod inte Hkan.
Swedenborg var naturvetenskapsman.
Han gjorde lnga resor.
Mia och jag skulle trffas utanfr universitetet.
Hon har gtt till affren.

PERFECT, INFINITIVE
IMPERATIVE ska..., vill...,
PRESENT PRETERITE PLUPERFECT
(= stem) kan..., br...,
har..., hade... brukar..., att....

frst frstr frstod frsttt frst

gr gr gjorde gjort gra

ge ger gav gett/givit ge/giva

ha har hade haft ha

24
 heter hette hetat heta

kan kunde kunnat kunna

kom kommer kom kommit komma

ligg ligger lg legat ligga

se ser sg sett se

st str stod sttt st

var r var varit vara

vet visste vetat veta

vill ville velat vilja

t ter t tit ta

3.3.3 List of strong and irregular verbs

IMPERATIVE PERFECT,
PRESENT PRETERITE INFINITIVE Translation
(= stem) PLUPERFECT

be ber bad bett be ask, request

bind binder band bundit binda bind

bjud bjuder bjd bjudit bjuda invite

bli blir blev blivit bli(va) become

brinn brinner brann brunnit brinna burn

bryt bryter brt brutit bryta break

br br bar burit bra carry

ought,
br borde bort
should

dra drar drog dragit dra pull

drick dricker drack druckit dricka drink

d dr dog dtt d dies

25
 hide,
dlj dljer dolde dolt dlja
conceal

fall faller fll fallit falla fall

far far for farit fara travel

finn finner fann funnit finna find

finns fanns funnits finnas be, exist

flyg flyger flg flugit flyga fly

flyt flyter flt flutit flyta flow

frys fryser frs frusit frysa freeze

get, be
f fr fick ftt f
allowed to

frsvinn frsvinner frsvann frsvunnit frsvinna disappear

ge ger gav gett/givit ge give

glid glider gled glidit glida glide

arrest,
grip griper grep gripit gripa
grab

grt grter grt grtit grta cry, weep

g gr gick gtt g go, walk

gr gr gjorde gjort gra do

ha har hade haft ha have

heter hette hetat heta be called

have time
hinn hinner hann hunnit hinna
to

hugg hugger hgg huggit hugga cut

hll hller hll hllit hlla hold

knyt knyter knt knutit knyta tie

kom kommer kom kommit komma come

26
 can, be
kan kunde kunnat kunna
able to

kryp kryper krp krupit krypa crawl

le ler log lett le smile

lid lider led lidit lida suffer

lie
ligg ligger lg legat ligga
(position)

lie (tell
ljug ljuger ljg ljugit ljuga
untruth)

let, leave
lt lter lt ltit lta (also: make
a sound)

put, set
lgg lgger la(de) lagt lgga
down

must, have
mste mste mst
to

njut njuter njt njutit njuta enjoy

nys nyser ns/nyste nys(i)t nysa sneeze

rid rider red ridit rida ride

rinn rinner rann runnit rinna run

riv river rev rivet riva tear

se ser sg sett se see

sitt sitter satt suttit sitta sit

sjung sjunger sjng sjungit sjunga sing

sjunk sjunker sjnk sjunkit sjunka sink

separate,
skilj skiljer skilde skilt skilja
divide

skin skiner sken skinit skina shine

skjut skjuter skt skjutit skjuta shoot

27
 ska(ll) skulle (skolat) shall

skrik skriker skrek skrikit skrika scream

skriv skriver skrev skrivit skriva write

skr skr skar skurit skra cut

do not have
slipp slipper slapp sluppit slippa
to, avoid

sl slr slog slagit sl hit

slss slss slogs slagits slss fight

smyg smyger smg smugit smyga sneak

sov sover sov sovit sova sleep

sprick spricker sprack spruckit spricka burst

spring springer sprang sprungit springa run

prick,
stick sticker stack stuckit sticka thrust, go
away

step (also:
stig stiger steg stigit stiga rise,
increase)

stjl stjl stal stulit stlja steal

strid strider stred stridit strida fight

stryk stryker strk strukit stryka iron

stand, be
st str stod sttt st
positioned

drink
sup super sp supit supa
alcohol

sting,
svid svider sved svidit svida
smart

fail, let
svik sviker svek svikit svika
down

svlj svljer svalde svalt svlja swallow

28
svr svr svor svurit svra swear

sg sger sa(de) sagt sga say

slj sljer slde slt slja sell

stt stter satte satt stta set, put

ta (tag) tar tog tagit ta take

tig tiger teg tigit tiga keep silent

var r var varit vara be

vet visste vetat veta know

vik viker vek vik(i)t vika fold

vill ville velat vilja want

vinn vinner vann vunnit vinna win

vlj vljer valde valt vlja choose

vx vxer vxte vxt/vuxit vxa grow

t ter t tit ta eat

3.3.4 Perfect participle

Boken r skriven av Astrid Lindgren.
Det r inte tilltet att rka hr.
Vi blev bjudna p middag p den vlknda restaurangen.
Den frsvunna ldre kvinnan terfanns vlbehllen under en gran i skogen.

Definite form singular,

Imperative Supine
Indefinite form singular and indefinite and
(= stem) form
definite form plural

en-words ett-words

skriv skrivit skriven skrivet skrivna

drick druckit drucken drucket druckna

bjud bjudit bjuden bjudet bjudna

29
 tillta tilltit tillten tilltet tilltna

frst frsttt frstdd frsttt frstdda

gr gjort gjord gjort gjorda

RULE: Perfect participle

When you form the perfect participle of strong and irregular verbs, you start with the supine
form.
If the supine ends in -it, the perfect participle ends in -en, -et, -na.
skrivit: skriven, skrivet, skrivna
druckit: drucken, drucket, druckna
bjudit: bjuden, bjudet, bjudna
If the supine ends in -t/-tt, the perfect participle ends in -d, -t, -da / -dd, -tt, -dda.
gjort: gjord, gjort, gjorda
frsttt: frstdd, frsttt, frstdda

4.1. Nouns
Singular

Indefinite form Definite form

en flicka flickan
en-words en cykel cykeln
kursen
en kurs

ett universitet universitetet

ett-words
ett pple pplet

Plural

Indefinite form Definite form

tv flickor flickorna
en-words tv cyklar cyklarna
tv kurser kurserna

tv universitet universiteten
ett-words
tv pplen pplena

30
4.2 Singular
4.2.1 Indefinite and definite forms
Urskta, finns det ett bibliotek hr i centrum? Ja, det ligger vid banken dr.
Lser du webbkursen p universitetet hr i Uppsala? Ja, men det r en kurs fr
studenter frn hela vrlden.

Singular

Indefinite form Definite form

en bank bank -en

en-words en penna penna -n
en cykel cykel -n

ett bibliotek bibliotek -et

ett-words ett frimrke frimrke -t
ett fnster
fnstr -et

RULE: Indefinite and definite forms

Singular, indefinite form
There are actually not many rules to determine whether a noun (in its indefinite form)
has en or ett as its indefinite article. When you learn a new word, you must remember to
learn whether it is an en-word or an ett-word!
Most nouns are en-words (e.g. almost all nouns relating to people and animals).

Singular, definite form:

Is marked after the stem of the noun by the endings.
-en (-n after vowel) for en-words: kurs-en, bank-en, penna-n
-et (-t after vowel) for ett-words: universitet-et, bibliotek-et, frimrke-t

NOTE:
En-words that end in -el and -er: en cykel, en vinter become cykel-n, vinter-n.
Ett-words that end in -el, -er and -en: ett exempel, ett fnster, ett vatten become
exempl-et, fnstr-et, vattn-et.

31
 4.2.2 Forms without any article
Hkan dricker l.
Hanna dricker kaffe.
Hon tar socker i kaffet.

RULE: Forms without any articles

Nouns which cannot be counted (such as subject names) have no indefinite article when in
the indefinite form: l, kaffe, socker, salt, mjlk, vatten.

In the definite form, they function like other nouns: Hon tar socker i kaffet.

4.3 Plurals, plural formation

Singular Plural

en flicka tv flickor
1. -or
en penna
tv pennor

en buss tv bussar
en stol tv stolar
2. -ar en pojke tv pojkar
en kille tv killar
en tidning tv tidningar

en balkong tv balkonger
3. -er/-r en student tv studenter
en ndelse tv ndelser

ett pple tv pplen

4. -n
ett suddgummi tv suddgummin

ett universitet tv universitet

5.
ett brev tv brev
(no ending)
en lrare tv lrare

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 4.3.1 Indefinite form
I mitt rum finns det mnga freml.
P skrivbordet vid fnstret finns en dator och ngra burkar med pennor och i fnstret str
det tv ljusstakar och en vas med blommor.
P bordet framfr soffan ligger det ngra tidningar och i en skl ligger mina nycklar.
Dr ligger ocks ngra resekataloger och ngra foton frn semestern frra ret.

RULE: Indefinite form

There are five ways to construct plurals in Swedish.
1. En-words that end in -a take the ending -or.
en penna, pennor
en blomma, blommor
en flicka, flickor

2. Many monosyllabic en-words (but not all) that end in a consonant take the
ending -ar.
en burk, burkar
a) en-words that end in e take the ending -ar.
en ljusstake, ljusstakar
b) en-words that end in el-, -er, -en also take the ending -ar.
en nyckel, nycklar
en syster, systrar
en ken, knar
c) en-words that end in -ing/-ning take the ending ar.
en tidning, tidningar
en kyckling, kycklingar

3. En-words with the stress at the end of the word take the ending -er.
en katalog, kataloger
en student, studenter
a) en-words that end in -nad, -het, -skap, -else
en mnad, mnader en vetenskap, vetenskaper
en lgenhet, lgenheter en hndelse, hndelser

b) ett-words that end in -eri, -ori, -eum, -ium also take the ending -er.
ett bageri, bagerier ett museum, museer
ett konditori, konditorier ett gymnasium, gymnasier

33
4. Ett-words that end in a vowel take the ending -n
ett foto, foton
ett pple, pplen

5. Ett-words that end in a consonant take no ending at all

ett freml, freml
ett barn, barn
ett universitet, universitet
a) en-words that end in -are and -ande
en lrare, lrare
en studerande, studerande

4.3.2 Definite form

Hstarna och vintrarna brukar vara kalla i Sverige.
Hon hittade inga mssor i affrerna.
Lmna tillbaka biblioteksbckerna!
Vattna blommorna!
Titta p de hr fotona!
Hstterminen p universiteten runt om i Sverige brjar i augusti.

RULE: Definite form

Indefinite plural Definite plural

forms forms

1. blommor blommorna

2. hstar hstarna

3. affrer affrerna

4. foton fotona

5. universitet universiteten

34
 4.3.3 Irregular plurals

Singular Singular Plural Plural

indefinite definite indefinite definite

en bok boken bcker bckerna

en bonde bonden bnder bnderna

en brand branden brnder brnderna

en bror brodern brder brderna

en dotter dottern dttrar dttrarna

en fot foten ftter ftterna

en hand handen hnder hnderna

ett land landet lnder lnderna

en man mannen mn mnnen

en mus musen mss mssen

ett museum museet museer museerna

en rot roten rtter rtterna

en sko skon skor skorna

en son sonen sner snerna

en stad staden stder stderna

en strand stranden strnder strnderna

en tand tanden tnder tnderna

ett ga gat gon gonen

ett ra rat ron ronen

35
4.4 Genitives
Stockholm r Sveriges huvudstad.
Vad heter Nathalies tandempartner?
Bokens titel r Svensk grammatik.
Jonas dotter vill grna g i skolan.

RULE: Genitives
The genitive case is formed by adding an -s to the noun or name in question:
Sveriges huvudstad Marias vska Astas kusin

If the word ends in -s, -x or -z, it takes no ending at all:

Mats dotter Marx ider Schweiz huvudstad.

NOTE: Genitive forms are always followed by the indefinite form of the noun:
Nathalies tandempartner

5.1 Adjectives and nouns, indefinite sense

Singular Plural

(en-words) (ett-words)

stor stort stora

trevliga
trevlig trevligt

A. Madrid r
Dr finns ett stort universitet och mnga stora parker.
en stor stad.

B. Festen
Partyt var trevligt. Kalasen var trevliga.
var trevlig.

5.1.1 Singular and plural

A.
Mt fyra nya personer.
Uppsala r en fin stad med ett gammalt och bermt universitet.
Niklas och Camilla bor i en internationell korridor.
Jag vill ha vitt vin till fisken.
36
B.
Hkan r snll.
Det r roligt att f brev.
Nathalie vill inte kpa klder i Sverige fr hon tror att de r dyra dr.

RULE: Singular and plural

When the adjective is attributive, it comes before the noun as in A. The form of the
adjective matches that of the noun.
The adjective in B comes after the noun (in predicative position) after e.g. r and blir
(becomes). These also agree with the noun.

SINGULAR
en-words (= stem) fin: en fin stad, Staden r fin.
ett-words fin-t: ett fint slott, Slottet r fint.

PLURAL
fin-a: fina stder, fina slott, Stderna/Slotten r fina.

Some adjectives deviate from these rules:

Singular Plural

(en-words) (ett-words)

ny nytt nya Adjectives ending in a vowel

bermd bermt bermda Adjectives ending in a consonant + -d

frustrerad frustrerat frustrerade Adjectives ending in -a + -d

intressant intressant intressanta Adjectives ending in a consonant + -t

rd rtt rda Adjectives ending in a vowel + -d

vaken vaket vakna Adjectives ending in -en

vacker, enkel vackert, enkelt vackra, enkla Adjectives ending in -er, -el

hgljudd hgljutt hgljudda Adjectives ending in -dd

dum dumt dumma Adjectives ending in vowel + m

tunn tunt tunna Adjectives ending in vowel + -nn

spnnande spnnande spnnande Adjectives ending in -ande, -ende

37
Some adjectives never change their form! Examples: bra, gratis, extra, kul, fel
en bra bok
ett bra program
tv bra bcker
The adjective liten (small) is irregular: liten, litet, sm
en liten flicka
ett litet barn
tv sm flickor

5.2 Adjectives and nouns, definite sense

Singular Plural

(en-words) (ett-words)

boken lexikonet bckerna, lexikonen

staden slottet stderna, slotten

den dyra boken det dyra lexikonet de dyra bckerna, de dyra lexikonen
den fina staden det fina slottet de fina stderna, de fina slotten

min bok mitt lexikon mina bcker, mina lexikon

Nathalies bok Nathalies lexikon Nathalies bcker, Nathalies lexikon

min dyra bok mitt dyra lexikon mina dyra bcker, mina dyra lexikon

Nathalies dyra bok Nathalies dyra lexikon Nathalies dyra bcker, Nathalies dyra lexikon

RULE: Adjectives and nouns, definite sense

The definite form of the adjective ends in -a: dyra, fina.
In group A: After den, det, de the noun must be in its definite form: den dyra boken
In group B: After min, din etc. Nathalies (= genitive noun), samma (the same), nsta
(next) the noun must be in its indefinite form: min dyra bok samma dyra bok

38
NOTE: The adjective liten (small) has the definite singular form lilla:
min lilla flicka mitt lilla barn den lilla flickan det lilla barnet.

The adjective gammal (old) has the definite singular form gamla (same as its plural form):
min gamla mamma den gamla historien Gamla stan.

5.3 Comparison, adjectives and adverbs

5.3.1 Regular comparisons

Positive (stem) Comparative Superlative

ltt lttare lttast

fin finare finast

e.g. Spanska r ltt. Svenska r lttare. Mitt sprk r lttast.

e.g. Per kr snabbt. Lena kr snabbare. Pia kr snabbast.

Nathalie tnker kpa lite varmare klder.

Vilken bil r dyrast, Volvo eller SAAB?
Hon vill gra rummet personligare.
Vitt vin r lite lttare n rtt.

RULE: Regular comparisons

POSITIVE (= stem) glad: Jag r glad.
COMPARATIVE glad-are: Du r gladare n jag
SUPERLATIVE glad-ast: Kalle r gladast av oss alla.

Adjectives ending in -isk and adjectives which are participles (the present or the perfect
participle) use mer(a) och mest to form comparisons. The adjecitve must be inflected
when using more/most.
Vilken film r mest spnnande? Vilket r mest typiskt? Vilka r mer stressade?

39
 Positive (stem) Comparative Superlative

typisk mer typisk mest typisk

stressad (perfect participle) mer stressad mest stressad

spnnande (present participle) mer spnnande mest spnnande

5.3.2 Irregular comparisons

Uppsala universitet r ldst i Norden.
Min man r yngre n jag. Han r bara 25 r. Jag r 32.
Fler och fler mnniskor anvnder internet.

Positive (stem) Comparative Superlative

stor strre strst

liten mindre minst

gammal ldre ldst

ung yngre yngst

tung tyngre tyngst

hg hgre hgst

lg lgre lgst

lng lngre lngst

bra bttre bst

dlig smre smst

dlig vrre vrst

mycket mer, mera mest

mnga fler flest

f frre

grna hellre helst

40
6.1 Formation of adverbs
Jenny sjunger vackert.
Johan pratar vnligt med den gamla damen.
Kr frsiktigt!
Ta det lugnt!

RULE: Formation of adverbs

Adverbs are formed by adding -t to the stem of the adjective: vacker-t, frsiktig-t.
Some adverbs deviate from the rule:

Adjective Adverb

hgljudd hgljutt Adjectives ending in -dd

regelbunden regelbundet Adjectives ending in -en

hrd hrt Adjectives ending in consonant + -d

noggrann noggrant Adjectives ending in -nn

6.2 Hem, hemma, hemifrn

Dr ligger slottet. Ska vi g dit? Drifrn kan vi sedan g och titta p Storkyrkan som
ligger nra.
Hit till Gamla Uppsala kommer mnga turistbussar. Hr finns det bland annat tre stora
hgar.
Nr vi kom hem stekte vi svampen.
Nathalie r sjuk. Hon vill absolut inte g hemifrn, hon vill bara ligga hemma i sin varma
sng.
De ska ut p stan.
Vad det snar! Det r alldeles vitt ute.
Solen gr upp klockan tre p sommaren.
Sedan kom vi fram till platsen dr svampen vxte.
Provrummet r dr borta.

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RULE: Hem, hemma, hemifrn

Rest
Direction

hem hemifrn hemma

hit hrifrn hr

dit drifrn dr

ut utifrn ute

in inifrn inne

fram framifrn framme

upp uppifrn uppe

ner nerifrn nere

bort bortifrn borta

7.1 Expressions of time

Common prepositions in time expressions are: p, i, om, fr sedan.
Jag kom till Sverige fr fem veckor sedan.
Jag har hrt att det r mrkt i Sverige p vintern.
Om tio mnader ska jag ka hem till Frankrike igen.

Past Present Future In General

Days of the week:

mndag
tisdag
onsdag p mndagarna
i mndags etc. p mndag etc.
torsdag etc.

fredag
lrdag
sndag

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 p morgonen/
Parts of days: p morgnarna
i morse i morgon bitti
morgon i frmiddag p frmiddagen
i frmiddags i frmiddag
frmiddag i eftermiddag p eftermiddagen
i eftermiddags i eftermiddag
eftermiddag i kvll p kvllen/
i gr kvll i kvll
kvll i natt p kvllarna
i natt i natt
natt p natten/
p ntterna

Holidays:
jul
psk i julas i jul i jul p julen/p jularna
pingst
midsommar

The year and i fjol

i r nsta r p vren/p
seasons: frra ret
i vr i vr vrarna
vr i vras
i sommar i sommar p somrarna
sommar i somras
i hst i hst p hstarna
hst i hstas
i vinter i vinter p vintrarna
vinter i vintras

Months of the
year:
januari
februari
mars
april i januari etc.
i januari etc.
maj i januari etc.
juni fr en mnad den hr mnaden
juli sedan
augusti
september
oktober
november
december

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