8.

022 Lecture Notes Class 6 - 09/14/2006

1
Show that a2 > 0 implies (x2 a2 ) = 2|x| [(x a) + (x + a)]

(x2 a2 )d(x2 a2 ) = 1

where d(x2 a2 ) = 2xdx.

2x (x2 a2 )dx = 1

Let u = x2 a2
du = 2xdx

2 (u)du = 1
a2

2 (u)|
= 1

f (x)(x2 a2 )dx

0 2 2

2 2
= f (x)(x a )dx + 0 f (x)(x a )dx

= 0 f ( y)(y a2 ) 2dy +
y
2 dz
0 f ( z)(z a ) 2 z

1
= [f ( x) + f ( x)](x a2 )dx
0 2 x
1
= 2a [f (a) + f (a)]

(x2 a2 ) = A(x a) + B(x + a)

f (x)[A(x a) + B(x + a)]dx = A(a)f (a) + B(a)f (a)

 2

Since LHS must equal RHS, so

[f (a) + f (a)] = A(a)f (a) + B(a)f (a)

2a
1
A=B=
2|x|
Curvilinear Coordinates

Spherical Polar
Coordinates

x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z= r cos

= Ar r + A + A
A

r = sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z

= cos cos x + cos sin y sin z
= sin x + cos y

r = r(p) = (p) = (p)

dx = i dxi ei {ei are orthonormal}

 3

dx er = dr move one unit along r, total charge is dr.

dx e = d r move along , total change is d r
dx = (r sin )d
r sin } orthonormal basis ... set ..
{r, r,

dx = rdr + ( r)d + ( r sin )d