Binary and Decimal Number Systems

00000000 0
Decimal numbers
00000001 1
Use 10 digits 00000010 2
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 00000011 3
Addressing the Network 00000100 4
Base 10 numbers (or radix 10)
IPv4 00000101 5
Binary numbers 00000110 6
00000111 7
Use two digits (bits) 0,1 00001000 8
Network Fundamentals Chapter 6 Base 2 numbers (or radix 2) 00001001 9
Only concerned with 8-bit 00001010 10
00001011 11
numbers range 0 to 255
00001100 12
11111111 255 2
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1

What is 101011002 in decimal?

Place values: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Binary number: 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Add these: 128 32 8 4

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172

Theres a tool to practice Binary to Decimal

conversions on page 6.1.3 in the curriculum material.
3 4

What is 17210 in binary? An IPv4 Address is a 32-bit number:

110000001010100000000101000000001
Continuously subtract place values:
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000001
Place values: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
172
44 44 192 . 168 . 10 . 1
12 12
4

Binary number: 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Octet a group of 8 bits, e.g 11000000

Dotted decimal format: 4 decimal numbers

Theres a tool to practice Decimal to Binary
conversions on page 6.1.5 in the curriculum material.
5 6

Copyright 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr 1
 Three Types of IPv4 Addresses Host Address: 192.168.10.1 /24
An IP address has two parts An IPv4 address is 32-bits.
The Network Address portion high-order bits How many bits represent the network portion,
and how many the host portion?
The Host ID portion low-order bits
Determined by the Prefix length: /24
Network Address
24 high-order bits are Network bits (the prefix)
The Host ID bits are all zeros
Remaining 8 bits are host ID bits (32 24 = 8)
Host Address
Each host on the network has a unique Host ID Host IP: 11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000001
Network addr: 11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000000
Broadcast Address Broadcast addr: 11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 11111111
The Host ID bits are all ones Host IP: 192.168.10.1 /24
How do we know how many bits represent the Network addr: 192.168.10.0 /24
network portion? We add a prefix length. 7 Broadcast addr: 192.168.10.255 /24 8

Network Address: 192.168.10.0 /26 Network Address: 192.168.10.96 /27

What is the broadcast address on this network? What is the broadcast address on this network?
What is the range of valid host addresses on What is the range of valid host addresses on
this network? this network?
Network: 11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000000
First host: 11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000001 Network: 192.168.10. 01100000 .96
Last host: 11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00111110 First host: 192.168.10. .97
Broadcast: 11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00111111 Last host: 192.168.10. .126
Broadcast: 192.168.10. 01111111 .127
Network: 192.168.10.0 /26
Network: 192.168.10.96
First host: 192.168.10.1 /26 Host range: 192.168.10.97 to 192.168.10.126
Broadcast: 192.168.10.127
Last host: 192.168.10.62 /26
Theres an interactive tool to practice this on page 6.2.2.2 in
Broadcast: 192.168.10.63 /26 the curriculum material
9 10

Unicast Addresses Broadcast Addresses

Normal host-to-host communication
Directed Broadcast, e.g. 192.168.10.255 /24
Source and Destination IP addresses in packet
header Delivered to all hosts on a remote network

Unicast
addresses have Limited Broadcast
first octet in the
range 1 to 223 Destination address is
255.255.255.255
Most network
transmissions Limited to local network,
are unicast i.e. broadcast domain
Not passed by routers.
Packet Tracer activity 6.2.3 11 12

Copyright 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr 2
 Multicast Addresses IPv4 32-bit addresses
span 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
Allows a host to send a single packet to a
selected set of hosts 0.?.?.? Default route
Multicast clients use 1 . 0 . 0 . 0 to Host and RFC 790
services initiated by a network
223.255.255.255
client program to addresses
subscribe to the RFC1700
multicast group. 224 . 0 . 0 . 0 to Multicast
239.255.255.255 addresses
IP addresses 224.0.0.0
240. 0 . 0 . 0 to Experimental RFC1700
to 239.255.255.255 are
reserved for multicast 255.255.255.254 RFC3330

groups.
255.255.255.255 Limited
13 broadcast 14

Public IPv4 addresses Private Addresses

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
The range 1.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 are Public 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
addresses used for hosts and networks 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)
connected to the Internet
However, within this range, some addresses are
reserved as follows:
Loopback addresses: 127.0.0.0 /8
Private addresses: 10.0.0.0 /8
172.16.0.0 /12
192.168.0.0 /16
Link-Local addresses: 169.254.0.0/16
TEST-NET addresses: 192.0.2.0/24
15 16

Link-Local and TEST-NET Addresses

17 18

Copyright 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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