Michael Laitman

Unlocking The Zohar

Copyright # by Laitman Kabbalah Publishers
1057 Steeles Avenue West, Suite 532
Toronto, ON M2R 3X1, Canada
All rights reserved

www.kab.co.il

:OKMZGT \GGX
,KRGPEB .P ,QGCR .R ,WZ .I ,QGPZM .[ ,ZGD .N ,ZVGS .B ,KRGZFB .E ,QGPE[ .D ,KGN .B
NHKG .P ,BKIK .J ,QGPKP .[ ,NBR\R EGFK .V ,KZFR .E ,QGKIGB .B

:"OTN ZFGH" \GGX

,BNGP .B ,QI SNV .N ,ZGEDKG .N ,ZSGGRHGZ .I ,ZFVK .\ ,KYSCBKRZX .B ,QFM .P ,WZKD .C
,ZNYRKS .P ,ENVPGBC .D ,QPVNGG .K ,CKKGE .R ,QPZYB .E ,BKIK .P ,SIRV=TP[ .N
,ZSGGRHGZ .B ,EKSI .R ,KGN .R ,KNBVZ .J ,KBCD .M ,CGYIXK .D ,KGN .I ,KRBCI .[
[CE .G ,ZC .P ,QGDZV .C ,ZCGZD .K

ZND .Z :\KRG[N FMKZT

QKKJ[GZC .P :NGFKR

FRKXGY .H :FYKVZD

KCFH .D :EGPKT

CKRK GKEGJS :CGXKT

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  # 2010
I.S.B.N: 978-965-7065-85-3 :"

760-25 
 

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZVSF NT
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \G[TN \T
21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCJFG GRIRB
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTN ZHGI ZFGHF
43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZFGHF NB ONGS
47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTN ZFGH
53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \K\KPBF \GBKXPF
63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGTF BZCR KNKC[C
73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EIB CNC EIB [KBM
79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 
81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZGCF GPM \GKFN
89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "QGTP[ KCZ" \MZTP
93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF
99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZFGHC FBKZYF \KKGGI
117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  
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,UIGS BGF .ON[GPF CGJF NB GR\GB BKCFN NDGSPF EIGKP IGM QGPJ ZFGHF ZVSC
KP ZGCT .CG[G CG[ GKNB ZCI\FNG ZGHIN OKXGZ OK[RB[ LM KEM ET ,JRDPP ,Y\ZP
IG\VN NMGR ZFGHF \ZHTC .OKKI IGM ,FKDZRB N[ ZGYP \GKFN ZFGHF LVGF ,GC YSGT[
.DRGTNG CGJN ZCI\FNG OK[EI OKKI GRPXTN

FZ E SF . " OTN Z FG H " O K Z VSF \Z ES N FY K P TP G FVK Y P F PE YF QK T P B GF FH Z V S

YKV FN KEM L B , ZFG HF ZVS N[ \K\G E KEKG FN Y FZG EF P BZG YN FT KXP "OT N ZF G H"
BZ G YF \ B QK M FN G \Z J P [ ,FH F Z V SF \B FN K I \ BG Z YN W NP G P C J K PF \ B F R PP
. ZFG H C F RG M R FBKZY N
GYNIC .GC ZGPBF \B QKCFN KEM OKEYP TEK NM [ZER BNG ,KPXT EGPKNN ZVS GFH
L[PC \Z\SR F\GKFN \GCKSF QFP QKCR ,ZFGHF \PMI N[ F\GFP NB TEGG\R QG[BZF
FC[ LZEF KFP EPNR KR[F YNIC .OGKF OKKIN GRN \\N FNGMK BKF FPG OKR[ KVNB
\B I\VR UGSCNG .FBKZCF N[ \GI\V\FF \KRM\ \B ZKMRG \GBKXPF \B OKSVG\ GRIRB
.GEGS \B IRTVN FSRR EIKG ZFGHF ZVS
3 IVSRC ,ZFGHFP EGT OGTJN OKXGZG O\GRZYS FZCD EGPKNF OG\C[ FNB NMNG
\TM OM\G[ZC[ TEKF ."OTN ZFGH" LG\P OKZICR OKZPBP OMZGCT EIGKPC GRJYKN
.G\TV[F GKHP \GRFKNG ZFGHF N[ G\PXGT \B [KDZFN NKI\FN OMN Z[VBK

 

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KEM OGKM FND\P BGF .\PBF \PMI ,FNCYF \PMI N[ "OKZVSF ZVS" BGF ZFGHF
\GCKSF QFP ?FNCYCG ZFGHC LM NM EIGKP FP .Z\GK QGKNT EPP NB ,FPKEY GR\GB EKTXFN
?BK[ CXYC \I\V\PG ,\K[GRBF FKGGFF HMZP NB FPMIF \XZGV OGKF BYGGE[ LMN
= EGBP OKKSKSC OEBF N[ \GRGXZF GKF FPGEYF FVGY\C .QPHF NM \I\V\P \G[GRBF
.KPGKY LZGX OF[ OKKTCJ \GRGXZ ,FPGEMG FSIPN ,FIV[PN ,QKPN ,QGHPN \GRGXZ
.TEKNG EGCMN ,FJKN[N ,Z[GTN \GRGXZ = Z\GK OKNGED \GRGXZ GRC GI\V\F L[PFC
, G R C G Z Z GT \ F [ \ GR G X Z F N M \ B B N PN G R KS K R , Z GE Z I B Z G E , F K ZG J S K F F NM L[ P C
F X KZ F [ O K B G Z GR I RB O G K F . O K C G J O K K I G F C F B , Z [ GB GH F \ GI \ V \ F F N MC B G X P N
. Z \ G K N C G S O D LB , \ K ZP G I F RK I C P Z\ GK I \ G V P O R P B Z GE NM . O RK I N J T P M F \ K K F
N [ O K R PP S O F , F B N F Q MG Q G B MK E ED R \ GV GZ \ C , J NV P M O K P SC I GG Z F [ GP K [ F
. \ K PK R V \ GR YK Z
EGTG EGT GRC OKZKEIP GR\GB OKCCGSFG OGSZVF KTXPB ,\ZG[Y\F QG\R TDZ NMC
,FZKE ,\KRGMP ,[EI EDC \GKFN NGMK FH .O\GB BNPN OKZFPP GREXP GRIRBG ,\GRGXZ

11 |  
NCB .FCGJ FETSPC FIGZB GNKVB GB N"GIN NGKJ ,K\ZYGK ZBG\ ,Z\GK \ECGMP FZ[P
FPG .DDGV\P DGRT\F LGZB BN QPH ZGCTM ,ZIB GB FHM GF[P OKDK[P GRB[ OTV NMC
...[EI\P UEZPFG ,[EI QGXZ GRC ZZGT\P CG[ ?GK[MT
Z\GKG Z\GK OKCZ OK[RB N[ OCNC ZZGT\FN FNKI\P[ FNB[F YGKEC GH ?K\P ET
NM GRIRB FPN ?LM BYGGE OKNFR\P OKKIF FPN ,FPN OD BNB ,K\P ET YZ BNG .GRZGEC
ZCE NM FPN ?"FNIRFG FIGRPF" NB OKTKDP \PBC BN OTV UBG ,OKXZG OKXZ QPHF
FP GRN QKBG OKKIF OF LM OB ,NNMCG ?G\GB GRD[F[ ZIBN OTJ ZSIG OPT[PN LVGF
?FHF "ZGVKS"F NM GRN FPN ,QKKRTC \G[TN
\GTP[P NT \GNB[ OKCZ OK[RBC \GZZGT\P GC[ ,FHM CXP OKKY FKF BN ONGTP
[K[ QM\KK OBF ?GR\GB NKCGP FH QBN ?OKKI GRIRB OXTC FP NKC[C .O\KNM\G OKKIF
?OKDDGV\P ORKB[ FNBM ,ZIB DGSP OKDGRT\ OD
FNBM \GNB[ ,GRZGEC NCB "...OKKI[ KRVP ,OKKI" .GRNB[ BN JG[V ZCTC
\GVIGE FNBF \GNB[F .IGRP GRN \GR\GR BN ,OGK N[ GVGSC ,CNC OGB\V \GZZGT\P[
FPMIF = FNCYF \PMI NB OKTKDP GRIRB OKRG[ OK[GVKI KZIBG ,FPKEY GR\GB
F\KKF BKF QMNG ,FC LZGX GRN FKF BN OEGY .Z\GK FCZF OKKIFP NCYN LKB \EPNP[
.GRZGEC FNCYF \PMI \GND\FN FRG[BZF FCKSF KFGH .\Z\SR
KTXPBG FKDGNGRMJF \GI\V\F .OKBXPR GRB GC[ EIGKPF CXPF BKF FKKR[F FCKSF
EIK LB .EGBP FYHI \KEEFF \GN\F GC[ ,QJY EIB ZVMN ONGTF \B FMVF \ZG[Y\F
.FHN FH FBR[F OD GPTG NED GR\KBP EIBG EIB NM N[ GDBF \BH OT
FXGZ EIB NM = Z\GKC \K[KBF FPZC NKI\P FH .OKZIBF \B NGCSN EGBP GRN F[Y
\GKDGHC \GKIN OK[Y\P OK[RB .GN[ \KRGMPC ,GN[ FZKEC ,GN[ ZEIC ,ECN \GKFN
FHG .YZV\P JTPM K\IV[PF B\F ,OKYI[N FTKYZP OK[ZD\PF \GDGHF \GPM ,\K\KPB
.\KPGBNRKCF FPZN ET TKDP
ZE\SFN LKB OKTEGK BNG FH \B FH OKBRG[ ,QJY EIB ZGEM KRV NT EIK OKKI GRIRB
.Z\GKC QMGSP CXPN GR\GB FBKCP ONGTC FZCJXF[ \KRGPF FEP[FN Y[RF \GPM .EIK
NFRN \NGMKF \B GRECKB[ ZPGN JNIFC Z[VB .EGBP OKKBPG KGVX K\NC GRCKCS NGMF
.ONGTF \B
.NNMC OKKY\R LKB ZGZC BN ,OKETGX GRIRB GC[ QGGKMC LK[PR OB ,FPKEY JCPC
CG[IN GYKSVF OK[RB GC[ QG[BZF ZGEF FH ?GRKENK \B OKEKNGP GRIRB ONGT FHKBN
Z\K NMG ZFGHF ZVS OKND\P FHF TYZF NT .Z\GK OKCGJ OKKI OFN[ OKENKN OKVXP[
.[BZP TGEK FKF GRTNYR GKNB CXPF[ OKZKCSP OF .FNCYF \PMI N[ \GZGYPF
.FYK\TF NCCC OKR[ KVNB KRVN F\KKF FHM CXP OKKY\F FC[ FRG[BZF OTVF
GXZG EIB OGYPC EIK OKSRGMP GKF[ OK[RB ZB\P NCC NEDP \KKRC NT KBZYPF ZGVKSF

   | 12
\CNG[PF FBR[ .OFKRKC ZZGT\F[ NGEDF GDBN KGJKC GFH ...OKP[C G[BZ[ NEDP \GRCN
.FNCYF \PMI F\ND\F FHF CXPCG FHF OGYPC BYGGE = \KEEF \GN\C
GRIRB F\GB[ \GBKXPFP WGI[ \ZPGB BKF .JG[V ZCE ?GHF FPMIF FTKXP FP
\GBKXPFP .FRGKNT \GBKXP = Z\GK FNGEDG FCIZ ,\VSGR \GBKXP [K ,\TM OK[KDZP
L[PC GRZCT[ \GI\V\FF .G\GB OKNFRPG GRN[ ONGTN \GIGM OKTKDP GHF FRGKNTF
.GR\GB OKNFRPG GRKNT OKNTGV[ \GIGMF \ZMFN GR\GB UGIEN FETGR ,\GZGEF
YZ F[IZ\F OKR[F KVNB \C \GI\V\FF NM[ QKCR ,FRGKNTF \GBKXPF \B FNDR[M
CXPC ZB[KR BN[ ;\GBKXPF N[ Z\GK FCIZ F[DZFNG FTKEKN GR\GB BKCFN KEM
,\KIXRF O\ZGXC OKKIF \B ZKMR BNB ,OK\PG OKKI ,OK\PG OKKI GRIRB GC[ FHF "QJY"F
.\NCDGP K\NCFG FCIZF



  
    

\KRM\ KM FNKD[ ZYGI ,OKE[M ZGB C[G\ ,GRKCB OFZCB FH FKF .FYK\TF NCCN ZGHIR
SV\ OFZCB .F[EIF \GBKXPF KGNKD \BZYN F\GB \PEYP \G[GRBF N[ \GI\V\FF
,FKGGZN TKD\ WZBF ZGEM KRV NT OEBF N[ \KZPGI=\KXZBF G\GI\V\F ZCE N[ GVGSC[
KNT OKKIF \ZIB ,OKKP[DF \GRGXZF YGVKSN ZCTP GF[P \GKFN LKZX[ FNDK OEBFG
.\GTP[PG \NTG\ KZSI OF \GPEB
BGF[ ZIBN .\KRIGZF \GI\V\FF FNKI\P \KZPGIF \GI\V\FF UGSC[ BXP OFZCB
QKCFN [EI QGXZ GC ZZGT\F ,GRNGMN OKZMGPFG OKPEGYF \GRGXZF NM \B FXKP GPXT
.K I B G F F P O [ N
OKKIF \GTP[P KGNKDN QGXZF GNKBG ,OEBF CNN FNCYC OKNG[P OKKXZBF \GRGXZF NM
GR\GB \M[GPG GRCNC \ZZGT\P[ FRJY FEGYR QKTP KFGH ;"CNC[ FEGYR"N NG[P
,FPN[F \GBKXPF N[ FKGNKD \NKI\N OFZCB \B NKCGF FHF [EIF QGXZF ."FNTPN"
.\KRIGZF \GBKXPF

13 |  
 1 OK[Z\

\BG TCJF \GIGM \[Z \B \ZB\P BKF ."FNCYF \PMI" \BZYR OFZCB N[ G\PMI
\GIGMC ,OKYGIC ZCGEP .GRKNT OKNTGV OF FKV NT[ FRMG\F \B EGPNN LZEF
.OKRGKNT \GPNGTC ,FNGTV \GBISGRCG
OEB \GPNGT LZE ,UGS=QKB ONGTP J[V\FN \GBKXPF FNKI\F LKB FZKCSP FNCYF
\GP[RF \GEZGK EXKM \ZVSP BKF .FHF ONGTN ET ,FK[TG FZKXK ,FBKZC ,\GNKXB ,QGPEY
ET ,FZHI \GNTN GRN[ FP[RN OGZDN NMGR QBMP LKBG ,FHF ONGTC OKVGDC "\G[CN\P"G
.UGS=QKB ONGTN

2 OK[Z\

   | 14
FC [KDZFNG FP[RF \B \GNDN LKB OK[RB EPKN[ QG[BZF NCGYPF FKF OFZCB
[PI OFP EIB NMC ,OKRGKNT \GPNGT F[KPI OKPKKY .Z\GKG Z\GK QGKNT ONGT FDZEFC
125 NCYR 5x5 x5 NKVMR OB .\GVSGR \GDZEP [PIN \YNIR QFP \IB NM[ ,\GDZEP
.FNGM \GBKXPF \B OKNDP[ ET ,FD[FCG FRCFC ,F[DZFC QFC OKNGT GRIRB[ \GDZEP
\K[TR \GBKXPF .FHF ONGTC ,QBM ,GRVGDC OKBXPR GRIRB[ QPHC [IZ\P FHF LKNF\F
GRIRB GC[ ONGTF NT OKNTGVF \GIGMF \B OK[KDZP GRIRBG ,Z\GKG Z\GK FCIZ HB
N[PN ,GF[NM ZGKX OKBGZ GRIRB KPEYF EXFP .FPYZ \RGP\N FPGE ZCEF .OKBXPR
FRGP\F \B GZXK[ OKJGI O\GB NM QKC OKZ[YF \B OKBGZ KZGIBF EXFPG ,OKIZV
.GRKRKTN F\ND\F[
FRGP\F \B OKBGZ GRIRB ,GC FZGY[ FP NTG GRN[ ONGTF NT OKNM\SP GRIRB[M
GRIRB LM .FRGP\F N[ KZGIBF EXF \B \GBZN GRN \ZHGT FNCYF \PMI .\KRGXKIF
TKV[FN NMGR EXKMG ,FZY[ FP FZY TGEP :OKZCEF QKC Z[YF \B QKCFN OKNKI\P
.ZIB JZV NT EIB JZV \GTXPBC
YZ .FNTVFF \MZTP \B OD ,FHF ONGTF \RGP\P WGI \GBZN OKNKI\P GRIRB ,ZPGNM
.ON[GPF CXPN TKDFNG ,GRNZGDC ,GRKKIC JGN[N OKNGMK GRIRB HB

3 OK[Z\

\GRG[ \GKTC GRKRVC \GXX[ LM FRGGMC OKKGRC ,FNCYF \PMI FZKCSP ,GRN[ OKKIF
EPPN BXR[ KNC .FNTVFF \MZTP \B ZKMFN BNB FZKZC GRN FKF\ BN[ KEM ,\GRG[PG

15 |  
FKFR BN = GRKKI \B OMZE NFRN NKI\RG ,GRKNT OKNTGV[ \GIGMF \B ZKMR ,QGKNTF
\B ZKMFN \GZ[VB GRN \R\GRG \BHF FPMIF FND\P QMN .OKKIC EGT ZE\SFN OKNDGSP
.OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF
LM B Y G GE G RI \ V \ F T G EP , \ K[ G R B F F K Z GJ S K F C F Z Y [ F P N M \ B F Z K C S P F N C Y F
NB O D \ S IK K \ P B K F . GR Z C T [ O KK G R K[ F N MG \ GP I NP F NM G[ I Z \ F F P N , \ Z I B B NG
G RK R V C \ G EP G T . LN K B G Q B MP I\ V \ F N O K N GM K G R IR B GC [ Q V G B F \ B \ Z B \ P G E K\ T F
: O K M ZE K \ [
FM ET GRK[T[ KVM ,ZGIBP GR\GB UIGE[ KNKN[ IGM KEK NT I\V\FN = TZP FIKZC
\BXN BNB FZKZC GRN QKBG ,ZESC BN GF[P[ ,ZSI GF[P[ GRKNKD .FKZGJSKFF LZGBN
.KGRK[ \G[TNG WIGNF CXPFP
GRN FTKXP[ FP FH .FPKEY GR\GB L[GP[ KCGKI IGM KEK NT I\V\FN = CGJN FMK[P
N[ LZEC OFKNB TKDFN LKB QKCFNG OKCGJF OKKIF KGNKD LG\P I\V\FN ;FNCYF
.FPGSY FY\VZF
GTKCXF OF .EGZ[N NMGR BN FNCYF BNN[ GTEKG [BZP GRCXP \B GVX FNCYF KPMI
ZGCTR BN OB ,OFKZCEN .OKCZC FPMIF FND\\ GC[ QPHF NTM OKZ[TF FBPF UGS NT
*
.EGBP \KZHMB FZGXC LMN UIEKR ,\KCGKI \GPEY\FN \KNKN[ \GPEY\FP
KZF \GXZV\F :KDGNGYBF ZG[KPC OD BNB ,\GKTC GRN \GVXP K\ZCIF ZG[KPC YZ BNG
NM .EIGKPC OKHT ZGYG OGI KND ,\GVKZ[ ,QYKZGF \GVGS ,KPBRGX KND ,FPEB \GEKTZ ,[TD
,KNKN[ IGM KEK NT GR\GB ZTRP TCJF .I\V\FN LK[PFN GR\GB CKKIN KEM YZ GBGCK FNB
.KCGKIF IGMF \B GRKEKC IYKR[ KEM
LKB EGPNNG ,GRKNT OKNTGVG OKEZGK[ \GIGMF \B FNKI\ \GNDN GRKNT OEY\FN KEM
I\VN OKRKKRGTP GRIRB[M OD .O\GB NFRN KEM TCJF N[ FRGKNTF FPZN SRMKFN
OKYGI GNKB OKNDPG TCJF \B OKZYGI NGM OEGY GRIRB ,GRKKI \B GCKJKK[ \GKDGNGRMJ
\GIGMC ,Z\GK OKRGKNT \GIGMC ZCGEP FNCYC[ KRVP LB .NFR\P BGF EXKMG GC OKPKKY
,NKDZ K\NC QVGBC Y\ZP QKKRT GFH .Z\GK CMZGP OFN[ KGNKDF LKNF\ OD[ KZF ,OKZ\SR
.BCF YZVC CKIZR GKNT

\BH ZKCSP "QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M"C .OKZGSKKF LZEG (ZGBF LZE) FZG\F LZE O[C OKMZEF K\[ \GBZYR OKNCGYPF QG[NC *
KRCN FYKRMJF \B Q\RG F"CYF CCKS LMKVNG ,OKZGSKK LZE GB FZG\ LZE GB ,\GPN[F KGNKDN OKMZE C [K" :ONGSF NTC
GMIK ,ONGTN BKCFN OKEK\T OF[ KNNMF QCZGIF ONGTN ZGZC BN EGT OB[ ,QPKP N[G OGJB N[ FXXVF GBXP[ ET OEB
FKFK BN ,QCZGIF ZIB GZB[K[ \KZB[FG ,QFN[ \B \GXXVF G[TK HBG ,OGN[G SI \KTKCZ GB \K[KN[ ONGT \GPINPN ET
LZEC GMN\ GBN OBG ,CJGP ,QKNC\F GNCY\G FZG\ LZEC GMN\ OBG ...GHF FEGCT OPXT NT \IYN BNB \ZIB FXT OFN
FPEYF" ,(HJ \GB) "ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" :ONGSF NTC N[ OKVSGR OKC\MC OD QKKTN WNPGP B[GRC FCIZFN ."OKZGSKK
."OGN[F" ZPBPG (H \GB) "\GZKCSPG \GZKBP OKRV ZVSN

   | 16
 
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FTGEK FNCYF \PMI F\KKF FR[ OKKVNBM KRVN ETG ,FR[ 3,800=M KRVN ,OFZCB N[ GRPHP
FZ\SGF ,GRZGEN ETG FR[ OKKVNB KRVN [EYPF \KC QCZGIP .NBZ[K OT KRC CZYC YZ
.ECNC OKEEGC OKNCGYP CZYC ,KB[IC ZGEN ZGEP FZCTGFG OTF QGPFP FNCYF
,FYKJSKP BKF[ GZPB .\GPDKJS KRKP NM FC GYCE ,FPMIF FZ\SGF FC[ FVGY\C
QBMPG ,\YSGT \PBC BKF FPC TEK BN EIB UB .EGTG FKDBPC ,OKVG[KMC \YSGT BKF[
KYGGK[ [GPK[ F[GTG GRZGEC \IZGV[ \D[D[PF FKK[T\F OD .\GKGD[F \GTGP[F NM
FPGBPC FZG[Y FRKB ,OKZIBG FNBM OKZXGPG OK\GZK[ ZGMPN KEM FNCYF O[C
.FPMIF N[ \Z\SRF F\GFPN
,ONGMN .[EIP \KZGYPF FNCYF \PMI FND\P OGKF .FPKK\SF FZ\SFF \VGY\ NCB
.QGKNT TEP BKF FNCYF .THD GB \E ,OGBN ,NKD ,QKP NECF BNN ,OF Z[BC OEBF KRC NMN
.OF[NM OKBR\ GB \GNCDP OEBF KRVC FCKXP FRKBG ,FRGPBN GB \EN \MKK[ FRKB BKF
GNZGD GFP \TEN ,FP[RF \B ZKMFN ,KI BGF GC[ ONGTF \B QKCFN FXGZ[ OEB NM
.QPHGP = G\GB NFRN EXKM EGPNNG
NCGYPF ZPB 5,"ZFGHF ZVS OKR[ T[\ QC YGRK\ OT OKEPGN GKF ...KN TPG[ KPT GN"
OKVSGR OKNCGYP GXKNPF GKZIB .FZ[T T[\F FBPC ZCM FRZPGYP YKHKKB YIXK KCZ
NT ,G\GB CCGSF ONGTF NT ZCSF GN \\N ,ZKTX NKDP ENKN FHF TEKF \B \GRYFN
BNP OEB NED FHM LGRKI \GTXPBC .GKNT OKNTGV[ \GIGMF NTG GKYNI QKC OKZ[YF
[P\[FN TEGK BGF .GKRVC SGZV ONGTF[ [KDZPG TV[F ZGYP NB ZCGIP ,QGIJKC
.OKNCDGP ORKB OKKIF[ QKCPG FNBF \GIGMF NMC FCGJN

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FC[ QPHF \EGYRC YGKEC C\MR BGF .FNCYF \PMIC KHMZPF ZVSF BGF ZFGHF ZVS
YYEHK ONGTF[ [BZP GTEK ZFGHF KNTC .\Z\SGP FPMIN FKGND FPMIP FNCYF FMVF
.HRDR ZVSF G\CK\M OG\C EKP QMN ,OKR[ KVNB ZGCTM YZ FHF ZVSN

17 |  
CXP = "\KRIGZ \GND" N[ CXPP GR\GB BKXGFN KEM ,GRZGCT OXTC C\MR ZFGHF ZVS
GRKNT ,GRCXP \B CKJKFN GRRGXZC OB .FCIZF \GBKXPFG QGKNTF IGMF \[GI\P YG\KRF
BGF ZFGHF ,ZVS O\S BN BGF ZFGHF .ONGTF N[ KHMZPF ZVSN ZFGHF ZVS \B LGVFN
.QGKNTF IGMF QKCN GRKRKC Z[YF KTXPB
G\ZHTC LKB FBZRG TV[ \JKNYN KTXPB BGF[ FNDR ,ZFGHC QGMR BGZYN LKB EPNR[M
,USGR IGM[ [KDZFN NKI\R FDZEFC .F[DZFC ,FSKV\C ,NM[C ,[DZC .FR\[P NGMF
...LKPS F[TR ZKGGBF[ ,GF[P QBM NTGV[ .GR\GB UJGTG QBM BXPR ,CGJG QGKNT IGM
FDZEP KRVN TDZ ,\K[GRBF \GI\V\FC EIGKP OGYPN OGKM GR\GB BKCF TCJF ,OGMKSN
LM OG[PG ,\KRIGZF FDZEPF NB \K\GMKB FXKVY KRVC OKEPGT GRB .OGKY N[ F[EI
.ZFGHF ZVS FC]NCG FNCYF \PMI = FXVYPF OD GRN FND\P

 

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GB "TCJF" \BZYR[ FNGED \IB \MZTPC OKBXPR GRIRB[ GR\GB EPNP ZFGHF ZVS
.FHF ONGTF BZYR[ YNI ,GHF \MZTPF LG\P QJY YNI YZ OK[KDZP GRIRB[ BNB ,"OKY NB"
\MZTP NM \B [KDZFNG FHF ONGTF \GNGCD NTP \GNT\FN BKF GRN[ OGKYF \ZJP
,OKKVGSRKB ZGBG DGRT\ ,TV[C BNP\R ,GHF FDZEPN TKDR[M .QGKNTF IGMF \B ,TCJF
FNB GPM FKRGPZF N[G \GPN[ N[ ,QGHKB N[ \G[GI\C ,\KBNKT F[DZFCG FRCFC
.NNGMF TCJC \GPKKYF
ZFGHF GRN WKNPP ,FHF CGJF NM NB TKDFN NKC[C \G[TN GRKNT FP QKCFN KEM
.NKDZFP FCIZ Z\GK \XY FZGXC TCJF \GNFR\FC QRGC\FN
FKYNI NM[ \IB \KNNM \MZTPC OKBXPR GRIRB .ZGDS ONGT BGF GRN[ ONGTF
\G[TN OKNGMKG ,TCJF NTP ,NGMN NTP GRIRB[ CG[IN OKNGMK GRRKB .FHN FH OKZG[Y
TCJF QP IGZCN OD OKNGMK GRRKB .KPXT SZFN IGJC QGM\P GFH .GRN Y[I\P[ FP NM
,TCJF N[ KNNMF YGIF \B EGPNN GRKNT QMN .GRPP EZVR K\NC YNI GRIRB[ OG[P
.G\KB EIK \MNNG

21 |  

Z[Y N[ QGGKMN ,FRGMRF LZEC \BH \G[TN GRKNT NCB ,ZEFR BGF I\V\FN GRN[ UIEF
GFH .KNNMF QGHKBF \BG FKRGPZFF \B ZV\ BN[ FZGXC ,TCJF KYNI NM QKCN GRKRKC BKZC
.FNCYF \PMI N[ EGSKF F[TPN
FDBE N[ QGZYKT KV NT OKKGRC OKKIF OKVGDF NM[ GR\GB \EPNP TCJC \GRRGC\F
.GNGM UGDF N[ \eKIF QTPN \KEEF FRK\R KEK NT FHN FH OKZCI\P KI UGDC OKB\ .\NGHN
BN[ B\ .UGDF \eNNMN DBGE GK\GIGM Z\K NMCG ,GPGKYN [GZEF \B NCYP UGDC B\ NM
\KJSKBGDB \GNKTV .KRJZS B\ BGF GPXT \CGJN F\GB ECT[PG GN[ FCKCSC C[I\P
.GNGM UGDF N[ G\GPN ZCE N[ GVGSC FBKCP GHM
.G\GPN[ \B BXGP BGF LMCG ,NNMF \CGJN JZVF NTGV KIFG IPGXF ,OPGEF \GDZEC
...\ZIB \NFR\P \K[GRBF FZCIF YZ .OGKYF QM\KK BN GHM[ \KRGPZF \GNKTV BNN
KRCN ,FKRGPZFFG QGHKBF \B CKKIP TCJF YGI QFC[ \GZIBF \GDZEFP FRG[C KM ?FPN
FKRGPZFC \TEGP \GV\\[FN OGYP ,\K[VGI FZKICN OGYP TCJF ZKB[F OEBF
.TCJF \MZTP N[ \NNGMF
GRKNB ZHGI FC OK[GT GRB[ NGYNYF ,FRGMR BN FZGXC \MZTPC OKV\\[P GRIRB OB
GRIRB[ FRCFN GR\GB OEYP TCJF ,\GZGE KVNB L[PC ,JBN JBN LMG .NCSM GRC [DZGPG
.GKV NT NGTVN ZCE N[ GVGSCG ,EGPNN .GN[ KNNMF YGIF \B EGPNN OKCKKI
IGM ,GRKNT NTGV[ TCJF N[ KNNMF IGMF \B OK[KDZP BN GRIRB[ LMC FXGTR FKTCF
KGNKDF \BZYN FDZEFC OEY\P TEPF GRRPHC ORPB ."BZGC" OD BZYR[ FRK\RFG FCFBF
,\BH NMCG ,NGMF \NFRPG FYKHIP[ FZKEB FPMI N[ FPXGT ,[DZ ,NM[ [K TCJN[
.\BH \GBZN OKXGZ BN GRIRB ,GDBF LG\P
\MZTPF N[ F[GI\F ZSGIG FHF QGZGGKTF[ IKMGP OGKM ONGTF QG\R GC[ CXPF NCB
GRN CG[I" :FR[ OKRGP[ KRVN ZCM FH NT C\M ONGSF NTC .L[PKFN OKNGMK BN \KNNMF
7
."FNPI KNC GR[KRTK QV ,GR\BP [ZGE BGF FP TEK]N ,TCJF \#GXPC NM\SFN ,EGBP


 


.FVGS ETG F[BZP ,FBKZCF ZPGI NM BGF NCYN QGXZF
B \GB ,"FNCYF \PMIN FIK\V" ,ONGSF NTC

,\KNM[ ,\K[DZ FZGXC ,GF[PC GRPP NTV\FN GB [KDZFN ,QKCFN OKXGZ GRIRB[ ZCE NM
GKEZ ND \GNDN KEM .FRGM\ F\GBC ,"ND G\GB"C G\KB \GKFN GRKNT = \ZIB FZGX NMC GB
.WGICP NDF \B JGNYN NMGR HB YZ .NDF G\GB \B GKEZF JNYP LG\C ZXKKN GRKNT ,N[PN

   | 22
TCJF ,\BH \PGTN .TV[ YKRTFN = TKV[FN ,"\\N QGXZ" BGF TCJF N[ KNNMF IGMF
BGF GRN[ TCJF .ECNC GRPXTN ,\GRFKN QGXZ ,"DGRT\G FBRF NCYN QGXZ" BGF GRN[
IGMN OKEDGRP GRIRB ,ZPGNM .FNCYF \PMI GRN FNDP[ KVM ,GRZXGR LM .KJSKBGDB
.NNMC .G\GB [KDZFN OKNGMK BN GRIRB QMNG ,GRPP OKMGVF ,QGKNTF
TCJF \B SGZFN OKMKZX GRRKBG OKNGMK GRRKB ,QMCG ?\G[TN GR\NGMKC FP ,LM OB
KNM [GMZN LM KEM LG\G ,NKDZM GRKKI \B \GKIN LK[PFN GRKNT ."NCYN QGXZF" \B ,GRN[
.OKVSGR OK[EI FSKV\
,"NCYN" = GRN[ KZGYPF TCJFP WGI[ ,FHM EIGKP ZK[MP DK[FN Z[VB FVKB NCB
.FNCYF \PMI GR\ZHTN FBC QBM ?"\\N" = [EI TCJ OD GRN UKSGK
KZIB YZ FH ,GF[KPN GF[P OKR\GR GRIRB OBG ,OKDVGS ,OKNCYP YZ GRIRB TDZM
,GF[P FHP NCYR[ KNCP \\N GRN Z[VBP BN GRN[ TCJF .GRN KBEM FH[ QGC[I GRK[T[
.GRN \PN\[P FRKB[ FNGTV TGXKCN FKDZRB GRN YVSP BN BGF
OD GRIRB ,100 FZGP\C NCYNG 80 \\N .OKRMGP GRIRB ,100 O\ZGP\ NCYNG 50 \\N
,USMN YZ TDGR BN FHG .KZ[VB K\NC = 100 YZ FZHIC NCYNG 101 \\N NCB .OKRMGP
:ONGSF NTC ZKCSP[ KVM ,BKF[ FTGR\ NMN BNB ,BYGGE \NGHF KVNM FNGTVN GB ,QCGPM
KNC OEBF TKRK BN Z\GKC FRJYF FTGR\ GNKVB Z[B TCJF KPMIN FH TEGR
\B NJNJP OEB[M ,N[PN .GPXT \B FP CKJKFN KNCP ,ZPGNM ,FTGR\ IGM
FRFK QING[F NT GEK GIKRFC[ GN FPER[ OG[P BGF QING[F NB BSKMFP GEK
OKTC[ NMC BSKMF NT GEK \B CHGT FKF ,LM GN FPER FKF BN OBG .Z\GK
.FNGED FIZJN ZPGN LKZX QKBG ,FPGYPP FTKRFN KNCP GK\GR[
"OGN[F" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC

,OKPGE \GPGYPC GB OKNGI K\CC OKCER\P ,OKZIBFP Z\GK \NGHN OKZHGT[ OK[RB OD
.FBRF OFN CSP QKKRTF ZCE N[ GVGSC[ QGGKMP YZ \BH OK[GT
OKJSKBGZJNB" N[ OKHGIB FZ[T ET EKP\ OR[K ,ONGSF NTC ZKCSP ,\G[GRBF CZYC
OK[I OF ,OK[RBF Z\K NMP FRG[ \XY QVGBC \NGHF \B OK[KDZP FNB OK[RB ."FEKNP
.\NGHN TKKSNG \GSRN O\GB \XNBP GH F[GI\G ,OFN[ OCBM FKF GNKBM \NGHF CBM \B
FYKJRDF OGI\C OKZYIP OKIKMGP[ KVM ,GH \KJSKBGZJNB FKKJR OD[ KBEG
.QKTF QP KGPS FH LB ,QGYK\ [ZGE[ KJSKBGDB SKSC NT \RT[R *,\K\GDFR\FF

\GGXG QKKJ[CB EZXKZ VGZV GBXP LM = OKZIB OT CKJKFN OEB KRC N[ O\NGMK NT OKTKV[P OKPKGSP OKRDC UXZ KKGRK[ *
CKJKPF OEBF = \KJSKBGZJNB \GDFR\FN \KEKKP FZGP\ [K KM OKIKRP OF .\K\GDFR\FF FYKJRDF OGI\P OKZYGI
.FCGJ F[DZFN GN OZGDG QKPVGE KPKMF ZPGIF GIGPC ZZI\[P[ LMP IKGGZP G\NGHN
M. R. Bachner, I. Gritsenko, L. Nemanov, A. H. Zohar, C. Dina R. P. Ebstein, "Dopaminergic Polymorphisms
Associated with Self-Report Measures of Human Altruism: A Fresh Phenotype for the Dopamine D4 Receptor",
Molecular Psychiatry 10(4), April 2005, pp. 333-335.

23 |  

NDGSP GRKB G\BKZC TCJ EXPG ,GPXTN NCYN BNB FRKB OEBF N[ G\KKGGF NM
BGF ,G\NGHN TKV[P[ FT[C BNB .G\NGH \CGJN QJY F[TP GNKVB \G[TN
.FVK \PN\[PF FZGP\ FH KEK NT DK[K ,GVGSC[ \GVXN IZMGP
"ZFGHF OGKSN ZPBP" ,ONGSF NTC

QRGC\R ,QGKNTF IGMF \B [KDZFN FNCYF \PMI GRN TKKS\ EXKM QKCFN NKI\FN KEM
FGGN\ GHF FPDGEF QMNG ,FHP Z\GK KTCJ LKNF\ QKB .I\V\PG NED[ YGRK\ N[ FPDGEC
.ZVSF LZGB NMN GR\GB
,\GBZN NKI\P ,TGP[N NKI\P BGF .GC NVJN OKNKI\P GRBG ,BPKBP BXGK ,ENGR YGRK\
.GKRVC OKDKXP GRB[ \GBPDGEP I\V\PG EPGN BGF .CKDFN NKI\P
FPM ECNP .FKI GPM NEDG \GKIF \B FYIP FKF BGF ,ZTKC YGRK\F \B GRCHT GN
.EGPKN LG\P BC Z\KF NM ,GRC NKTVP TCJF[ OKKRVGD OKSYNVZG OKJYRKJSRKB
EXKM ?OK[KDZP BN GRIRB F\GB[ ,FRGKNTF \MZTPF NT FHM EGPKN NCYN NMGR OBF
F[EI FRGM\N ENGGKFN FXGZ[ ,TZH \VKJ GNKVB GB YGRK\ G\GB GPM GK[MT \GKFN NMGR
?"FRK\R" \BZYR[
\ G T X PB C E P N B GF . Y GR K \ , QJ Y O E B I \ V \ F KP [ D T Z H N [ F V K JP , \ G Z IB O K N KP C
F E GY RF " \ B ZY R[ K R IG Z T Z H \ V K J G C F ND \ P , G K [ MT G . N G ED O E B F [ T R G \ G B P D G E
, O K K I N ZC T P [ F P N B T KD F N , K I B G F F P N KC [ C Q K C F N [ E I QG X Z GC Z Z GT \ P . " C N C [
G D BF I \V\ F K P [ D F FN K ED F L K NF\C . G\ GB N K TVP G G K NT NTG VF I G MF \B Z K M FN
G RC \ I\ V\ P \ K RI G Z F F NK E D F LK NF \ C G NK B G , F NN M\ [ F \ K PX TF F N CYF \ R G M\ G
. FR K \R F \R G M\
OKZGF GRN OKZSI ,\GBPDGE GRN \GZSI ?LKNF\F \B NKI\FN KEM GRN ZSI FP HB
OKXGZ[ ,ZGTV FVG \GIGYV OKKRKT OT OKENK GPM .ZFGHF ZVS C\MR LM O[N .OKKRIGZ
GRN YVSP[ ZFGHF ZVS NB \[DN OKMKZX GRIRB LM ,NGMF ONGTFP EGPNNG OGTJN
.FRK\RF \RGM\ N[ \GBPDGE
.FRK\RFG FCFBF IGM ,TCJF N[ KNNMF IGMN \GPEKFN NKI\R LM ,\\N EPNR[ NMM
FC[ FEKPC .FDZEFC [IZ\P FHF LKNF\F ."FZGXF \GG\[F" BZYR FH FNCYF \V[C
.G\GB [KDZFN OKNDGSP FKFR LM ,TCJF N[ KNNMF IGMN FP&E#KR

   | 24
  -


\GPNGT FRGC ZFGHF EGPKN

8
"LNP BSM" ,GNDHGC F[P QC OGN[ Z

\KRIGZF FDZEC GZCI\F (K"C[Z) KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ N[ G\G[BZC OKNCGYP FZ[T
BNB ,ZVS O\S BN BGF ZFGHF .ZFGHF \B GRZGCT GC\M OF FRPPG ,Z\GKC FFGCDF
FETGR GH \MZTP .\GBKXPC Z\GKC FRGKNTF FDZEN ETG GRN[ FDZEFP ,FZGDS \MZTP
.GNGM TCJF GPM ,F[DZFCG FRCFC ,\GNGCD BNN OGKYN GR\GB OEYN
,NGMKCM GRN[ ONGTC FZGY[ FP NT ZVSP BGF .EGBP \EIGKP FZGXC KGRC ZVSF
BGF F[TPN LB ,\GTCDG OKZF NT ,OKIZVG OKXT NT ,\GKI NT ,OEB KRC NT OKZGVKS
.OKRGKNTF \GIGMF NTG FP[RF NT ZVSP
C\GM ,ONGSF NTC ,20=F FBPF N[ NGEDF NCGYPF ,ZFGHF C\MR[ ZIBN OKR[ KVNB
GRN \ZHGT FNCYF \V[ .FNCYF \V[C ZFGHF \B ZBCP BGF .ZFGHN "ONGSF" [GZKV \B
.ZFGHC ZCGEP \PBC FP NT QKCFNG EIK FRGP\F NM \B ZG[YN
ZFGHF ,TXC\P FH EXKM FNKI\ QKCR[ KNCP ,ONGSF [GZKV OT ZFGHF \B OKI\GV[M
ZFGHF .ONGTN GRN[ SIKF \B \GR[N ,FMGVF FKKBZN GRN[ FKKBZF \B \GR[N NKI\P
.FRK\RC Z\GK I\GVPF CXPF ,GRN[ BCF CXPF NB GR\GB \GZ[GY[ \GBPDGE YVSP
OTV NMC OFN \\N OKEKVYP GRIRB .GRKENK \B OKMRIP GRB FC[ LZEN ZCEF FPGE
OKCXP NB FDZEFC O\GB OKBKCP GRIRB .GI\V\K[ KEM ,OEY\P Z\GK \XY CXPN FPDGE
FDZEPF \B OEBN I\GV BGF ,ZFGHF ZVS GRKNT NTGV QVGBF G\GBC .Z\GK OKI\GVP
.GN[ FBCF
. \ G B K X P C O K K Y[ Z \ G K C T G Z D F G L G P R F C X P F B G F G K [ M T O K [ K D Z P G R B G \ G B [ O N G T F
KNNMF IGMF BXPR GC[ Z\GKC FGCDF CXPFP ,\GDZEP 125 LZE FRGGMC GKNB GREZeF
. \ GB KX PF N[
= F B C F F D Z EP F GR K R V C \ C X KR , O G KF G RI R B [ GP M , G R N[ K \ NI \ F F C X P C Z C M
\GBXPR \GDZEP 125 .FBNF QMG 3+KRB ,2+KRB = FBCF FDZEPF LM ZIBG .1+KRB
F N CYF \ V[ C . \ GK F N L K Z X K R B L K B Z K E D P[ TE K P B XP R Q F P \ I B NM CG , G R K RV N
NT \ T Z M P F T V [ F GN [ K K M , Z V S F L [ PF C G KN T C KI Z R . " f PK [ Z " F H F Q G \ R N O K B Z G Y
. G R KK I L NF P
GPM .ZFGHF ZVS \ZHTC ZXGR KN[ FBCF FDZEC KRBF QKCN GK[MT N[ KRBF QKC Z[YF
ONGT"G ,KN[ CXPF G[GZKV "ONGT" = ONGTN ONGTP K\GB FNTP ZFGHF ,BPKBG BCB
.KN[ Z\GK QGKNT CXP G[GZKV "QGKNT

25 |  

BN ,FHF ONGTFP "OKPNTR" BN GRIRB \KRIGZF \GI\V\FF LKNF\C[ QKCFN CG[I

NTGV \PBC[ IGMF \[DZF GRKKIN \VSGG\P BNB ,NKDZM EYV\NG EGCTN OKYKSVP
GRIRB .\IB \MZTPM ,EIB UGDM \KBZR \GBKXPF NM GC[ CXPN OKTKDP GRIRB .\GBKXPC
NTP .FTGR\NG OGYPN ,QPHN NTP BGF[ ,ON[ ,KIXR ,EIB IGM QBM NTGV[ OK[KDZP
.\GNDN GRN ZHGT ZFGHF ZVS[ FP FH .NGMN

 



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.OKJG[V FM ORKB OKZCEF FNCYNG
\G CZ \ GBN \ Z CT Z FG HF Z VS . OK R G[ P G OK R G [ OK Z GV K SC F GG N FNC YF K C \M K G NK D
Z I B N Y Z G B X G F K " ZB F N [ G K C \ M P Y N I . G RK E K C B X P R GR P P EG B P QJ Y Y N I Y Z O G K MG
K NC I ; Z \SF G K GN K D N [ E I GK P C GN K [ [ K FP MI F \GJ [ V \FC . Z CY F Q P \G Z G E F[ G N[
. OK[Y FEKN
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\B WNIN FKF F[Y[ ET ,OGKC \GT[ 20 OD OK\KTN ,C\MG C[K BGF ."ONGSF" [GZKV
.OEZR[M \GSGV\ ZCM GKF[ GK\GTCXB QKCP JTF
,QGPKPF \GZGYP GBXPR[M .\GMIN WNBR BGFG ,GN FKF BN EKF KC\M \SVEFN USM
[NIG FNGI ZCM FKF[ KV NT UB ,SGVEF [CMP NT \ZVGTF \GK\GB \B GKEK GPC ZEKS
OK[RB ?NFYF CKDF LKBG .GKKI NTVP ON[GF[ ET ,LZM EGTG SVEGF LZM EGT .EGBP
.YIZP GRPP ZGP[N GVKETFG ,ZFGHF \B IG\VN G[[I
\B TGRPN FZJPC OTF \GZE[C FNCYF \B WKVFN ONGSF NTC NIF 1933 \R[C ZCM
SKVEF[ QG[BZF SZJRGYC I\GVF ZPBPF O[ FKF "\G[TN \T" .\CZY\PF FBG[F

29 |    
LG\C .OKPKGSP OKKEZI OKDGI KRKTC QI BXP BN ZCEF LB ,CG\MN QRM\[ OK[KPI LG\P
\GJ[V\F \B TGRPN FZJPC OKSZJRGYF OGSZV \YSVF KEKN GBKCF OF ,\GTGC[ ZVSP
FPGBF EGIKBN BZGYF ,"FPGBF" QG\KT \B ONGSF NTC OSZV 1940=C .FPMIF
EKP GHRD QG\KTF \B OD LB ,KTGC[=GE QG\KT ESKKN FKF GRGXZ .FGGF\PF \KNBZ[KF
.FRG[BZF FZGEFPF \BX ZIBN
NGFP FKF[ ,NGED CXTC OKRKKRTF LNFP \B ONGSF NTC ZBK\ OK[KPIF \GR[C
:EK\TN FGGY\C
KZCEG ,ZGEF KDKFRP OT K\ZCKE OD .|1933~ D"XZ\C K\GTE KZYT K\ZSP ZCM
BN ,ONGTF QCZGI NT HB K\ZFHFG FKMGZMM K\IGGX[ KV NT UB HB GNCY\R BN
C[GI KRB \KRPKPFG \KPGJBF FXXVF ZIB F\T NCB .O[GZ FH F[T
GKFK NBZ[KG OKZFPR OKETXC BCG CZY\P ONGTF WY[ KN GRKPBK ONGTF[
CGJ OGKF QM NT ,\PEGYF FPINPC FKF[ GPM \GPGBF ZB[N FNKI\ OKGGMR
.GPKKY\KG GKIKG FEKIKF G\VGZ\ GNCYK[ ONGTF \B ZZGTN
C TJY ,B YNI ,"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" ,ONGSF NTC

FM LZEC [IZ\P FNCYF \PMI OGSZVC ZG[YF NM TGEP ,BKF FH NMP FNGTF FNB[F
FKDGNGMKSVF NT \ZCEP[ FPMIC ZCGEP KZF ?\GKGEDR\F FCZF LM NM ZZGTPG ,FZHGP
NTG TCJF KZES NT ,\GCZ\FG LGRKIF NT ,FIV[PF KMZT NT ,GN[ FRCPF NT ,OEBF N[
?FHF TEKN OKYGYH GRRKB OBF .FBKZCF \GEGSK
ZFGHF ZV+SP \KPKRV FTK\Z QKTP ,EIGKP SIK [Z[GP OEB NM LG\C ,\ZIB GB LM
.KZYP BN KZPDN FHG ,[PP GRN[ TCJFP TCGR FH .FNCYF \PMIPG
.QGYK\F QKKRT BGF \ZIB FPMI NM QKCN FRKC NKECPG FNCYF \PMI \B EIKKPF
GRPXT KVNM GRN[ SIKF \B \GR[N ,GRPXT \B QY\N OKMKZX GRB[ LM NT \ZCEP FNCYF
.LMN [[ BN GRN[ GDBF[ KTCJ LBG ,GR\GB OKCCGSF KVNMG
NK[CK[ ET ,OKR[ KVNB L[PC FPMIF \B GZK\SF QMNG ,KBEG \BH GTEK FNCYF KPMI
GNKJFG ,FKRVP ZGCKXF \B GIE[ FNB GKF OPXT OF .FN GYYEHK \PBC OK[RBFG TDZF
OPXT \B GBNKP[ ,OKBG[RF YZ ,ECNC OKZCDN ,40 NKDP :FEGPKN NT \GZGPI \GNCDP
...EGTG EGTG ,FNCYFP TD\[FN Z[VB[ \GTGP[ GXKVF OPXT OF .FNGM FZG\F NMC
\KCZP N[ OCNC ZZGT\F BN QKKET KRIGZF ONGTF KGNKDN QGXZF OKPEGYF \GZGEC
,FHM QGXZ GC ZZGT\F[ GF[KP FKF OB LB .FZ\SGF FNCYF \PMI QMNG ,OK[RBF
,N"IPZF ,FRNKGP QGBDF ,CGJ O[ NTCF ,NBJKG OKKI KCZ ,K"ZBF .GKRVC FI\VR FPMIF
NKDN GTKDF[ KRVN FCZF FNCYF \PMI \B GEPKNG GEPN ,OKZIBG CNSZCP QPIR KCZ
FI\VR FPMIF QMNG ,ONGTC OK[RB KRGKNKP NXB ZZGT\P FHF QGXZF GRZGEC .OKTCZB
.CIZF ZGCKXN

   | 30
KRVN ZCM NIF BGF F[TPNG ,[EI GRRKB F\Z\SFG FPMIF KGNKD N[ FH LKNF\ ,ZGPBM
\GZGE GKI GKRVN .KRIGZF ONGTF \B [GRB QC FRG[BZN FNKD OKPK O\GBC *.FR[ 5,771
.FHF ONGTF \GNGCDN ZCTP[ FP NB QGXZF GC I\V\F[ QG[BZF FKF BGF LB ,OKCZ
QG[BZF OEBF = QG[BZF NCGYPF FKF BGFG 10,"QfK^N&T^N Fl&c#B&" QG[NP ,"OE@B@" GN GBZY
.QGKNTF IGMF \B FNKDG GK\GRGM\C FNT\F[
QKCFN \GYKVSP \GTKEK N[ ZES OKNCYPN ,QG[BZF FKF ,QG[BZF OEB
\BHF FRCFFG .GKRKTC DK[FG FBZ[ FP NMP ,FXYN ET NXRNG IKNXFNG
.\PBF \PMI \BZYR
"F\GFPG FNCYF \ZG\" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC

FHF OGKC ."ONGTF \BKZC" OGK BZYR QGKNTF IGMF \B \GNDN OEB NKI\F GC[ OGKF
OKR[F \ZKVS FNKI\P FC[ FEGYRF BGF QMNG ,KRIGZF ONGTC FRG[BZN \G[GRBF FTDR
KGNKDN FNGM \G[GRBF BGC\ FR[ OKVNB \[[ LNFPC ,TCJF \KRM\ KVN .\KZCTF
\G[GRBF \B BKCFN KEM FDZEFC K[GRBF GDBF NEDK FNBF OKR[C 11.QGKNTF IGMF
.F\GB [PPNG QGYK\F \JK[ \B QKCFN \NGMKNG ,G\GB QY\N OKIZMGP[ FZMFN
Z\SRF IGMF G[GZKV[ ,"LBNPF NBKHZ" ,QG[BZF FNCYF ZVS SIGKP QG[BZF OEBN
BN OF "OKMBNP" ,FNCYF KVN .GR\KBP Z\SR NCB ,GR\GB NFRP[ KNNMF TCJF IGM =
.TCJC OKNTGVF \GIGM BNB ...OKKVRM \GNTC \GKPKP[ \GKGPE
ZX OZHC QKKRTF ZCT \GZGE FZ[T L[PC .ONGMN ZCEF \B OSZVN EKP WZ BN OE@B@
.OFZCB N[ GZGEN ET OKVSGR \GZGE FZ[T LZE O[PG ,IGR N[ GZGEN ET ,NCGYPN NCGYPP
H B \ HM G ZP F \ K K F \ G[ GR B F . G R \ [ F O K B R \ F O F Z C B ET G V N I[ \ G Z G EF O K Z [ T C
O K Z CE G \ I B F V [ WZ B F NM K F K G " : CG \ M [ G P M , F NG ED \ I B F I V [ PM , F YK \ TF NC CC
ET ,TCJF OTG OFKRKC FKRGPZFC GKI ,FH \B FH G[KDZF OK[RB 12."OKEIB
, F K Z G J S K F C F R G[ B ZF \ K \ G T P [ P F G D B F \ X K V Y N[ \ K P GB \ V F F \ G [ IZ \ F N
. NC C N EDP Z G VK SM \Z BG \P F
NM KRV NT WGVR QV ,FMG\C C[RG FNGED ZKT GRN FRCRG GBGC ,GPTN EGZPR ZPB
GRN FRYRG ...OKP[N ET FNGT FMG\C NGED NEDP GRN FRCRG ,OKRG[BZM WZBF
...WZBC NGED O[
GKF[ GNBG ,GIZHPP OKNGT GKF ,OKR+CN OKNTP GKF[ GNB ...FGCD G\GB GRC
OBG ,GKNT OCN OKP[ GKF BN ,\PG OEB NVR OBG .GCZTPP OKEZGK GKF ,OKEZGK
.FK\I\ \ZIB FNT\ K\P OKZPGBG OKMGCG OKC[GK GKF ,F@R+C^N FNVR
EM YZV ,ZHTKNB KCZE KYZV

.FNB \GZG[ \CK\M \TC OKKGXP GRB FC[ B"T[\F \R[N SIKC *

31 |    
\B NPSP ,NEDPF \KKRC \B DKFRPF ,EGZPR .K[GRBF GDBF NEDP \B NPSP "NCC NEDP"
.FRK\RFG QGHKBF YGI ,KNNMF TCJF YGIN \KKXN BN ,ZPGNM ,EGZPN QGXZF
B G F . F B K Z C F T C J \ B Z GY IN O F ZC B N I F , GP T K RC O T F Z G Y F P Q K C F N Q G X Z L G \ P
\ K R M\ C Q R MG \ P L NF P B NB , \ K ZY P F \ K K F B N F [ I Z \ F [ G D B F \ X K V Y [ F NK D
, O E B F K R C Q K C E K Z VF N K EM B N O XT\ F G D B F [ B XP O F Z CB . TC JF N[ \ GI \ V \ F F
CC GS P[ QG K NT F I G MF \ B \ G ND N G , Z \ G K F F G CD F D Z EP C E I B \ F N O F N O G Z D N K E M B NB
\ G NT \ F N E X K M O K[ R B N Z KC S F N G Q C Z G I F \ B T G R P N F S K R B G F . F H F L NF P F NM \ B
. EG Z K VFG FBR [F NTP
\B GSBPG ...NEDPF \BG ZKTF \B OKRGC O\GB FBZG ,IZ\ QC OFZCB ZCT
QG[N [KB OKZKMP GKF BNG GFTZ QG[NC [KB ZCEN OKXGZ GKFG ...GKZCE
O N GT F K X I G . \ K I [ P N G NB O T GN B G P IN RG , GC Z I [ KB GI Y N , G [ T F P . G F T Z
. CZIC N VR O[
EM YZV ,ZHTKNB KCZE KYZV

TEK KM ,FNKD[ FPMIF \B OSZVN GIGM NMC LK[PFG [BKK\F BN OFZCB ,\BH NMCG
:O"CPZF \BH ZB\P LMG .I\V\FN OKN[C ZCM[ OK[RB OD GZGE KRC CZYC [K[
OTF WCYPG BZGYG LNFP FKFG ...GBZGC \B OFZCB ZKMF ,FR[ OKTCZB QC
OFG ,\GCCZG OKVNB GKNB GXCY\R[ ET ...FMNPPN FMNPPPG ZKTN ZKTP
FKFG ...OKZVS GC ZCKIG ,FHF NGEDF ZYKTF OCNC N\[G .OFZCB \KC K[RB
BKF[ FPGB ONGTC \@sT<&RG ,OFKNT OKGGNRCG CGYTK KRCC ZCD\PG LNGF ZCEF
. F \B \TE GK
HJ=BK ,FZH FEGCT \GMNF ,TEPF ZVS ,"FZG\ FR[P" ,O"CPZF

,ZPGNM .\GBKXPF NM \B \NFRP[ \MZTPF \ZCSGP GCG "FZKXKF ZVS" SIGKP OFZCBN
\GMZTPF=\\G GN[ \MZTPF NM NT BNB ,ECNC KNNM EIB IGM NT YZ BN ZCEP ZVSF
.GRKNT EIBF IGMF NTGV OMZE[ FR[P \GIGMG \GIGM NT ,FC \GNGNMF
FZGX GHKBC = \GBKXPF NM NT FTV[FF \GCK\R (32) C"N \B ZB\P FZKXKF ZVS
GRKNB \GTKDP[ ET FDZEN FDZEP FKMZZKFC \GEZGK QF EXKM ,FNBF \GMZTPF \GNTGV
.GRKNT \GNTGVG
OF .FHF [EIF TEKF OGSZVCG FZCSFC OKCZ OKXPBP GTKY[F G\[B FZ[G OFZCB
OMNFPC[ KEM YZ GRN GR\KR FNBF OKKIF[ ,OFGPM G[KDZF[ OK[RBF \B OCKCS GJYKN
OKKY\RG \GPN[FG \GKRIGZF \B OMG\P DK[R[ KEM YZ .OGKY N[ Z\GK QGKNT EPPN BXR
.QGKNTF IGMN OKPGE ,"OEB"F \DZEC IXRN
Q\R OFZCB ,FNCYF \PMI \B SGV\N OKN[C GKF BN QKKET[ GZGEC OK[RBFP YNIN
OIN[KG ,\GR\P OFZCB Q\R ,OFZCBN Z[B OK[DNKVF KRCNG" :ZPBR[ GPM "\GR\P"

   | 32
\GRGPBF NMN \GEGSKF QF \GR\PF 13."OEY WZB NB FPEY ,KI GREGTC GRC YIXK NTP
.GNEDKG GNK[CK[ ET ,OKR[ KVNB OK[RB GBXPKK QFC[
GRPP FEPN[ QGYK\F \JK[C F[P\[F ,OFZCB N[ GMZE KMK[PP ,OKNCGYPF \XGCY
\B \GNDN LZGX FKF .GDBF N[ \VSGR FXKVY FCZYC F[IZ\F HB LB ,\GZGE FPM L[PC
.[EIF GDBF KRV NT ,Z\GK FFGCD FDZEC QGYK\F \JK[
KI[ NGEDF NCGYPF ,F[P KEK NT OKNCGYPF \XGCYN FZSPR GHF F[EIF FJK[F
GDBF \JKN[P FBKXKN = "OKZXP \GND"P FBKXKN O\GB NKCGF F[P .FVGY\ F\GBC
N[C .EIB UGD KYNIM ,"EIB CNC EIB [KBM" OKKY\FN EXKM O\GB EPKNG ,[EIF
OFC FKF[ QGXZF NT TKCXP "NBZ[K" KGRKMF ."OT" BZYKFN FXGCYF FNIF ,FNEGD
.GN[ FRK\RFG FCFBF \RGM\ \[KMZ KEK NT ,QGKNTF IGMF NB=Z[K TKDFN
FRGGMF QKB ."FZG\"F FBZYR ,OFZCB \JK[N L[PF BKF[ ,F[P N[ QGYK\F \JK[
LKZEPNG FJK[N BNB ,OGKM FKNB OKSIKK\P[ KVM ZSGP ZVSM GB FKZGJSKF ZVSM FZG\N
KR[C [P[P FNCYC "ZGB" D[GPF .ZGB QG[NPG FBZGF QG[NP *"FZG\" .GDBF QGYK\N
.C 14,"CJGPN GZKHIP FC[ ZGBPF" CG\M[ GPM ,OEBF \B QY\P[ IGMF .B :OKRCGP
.GDBF \B QYK\[ OEBF \B BNPPF DGRT\F
NM \B GRYK\ OF F[P \JK[ [GPKP KEK NTG ,I\V\FN FMK[PF OKNCGYPF \XGCY
BZYR OKRYG\PF \GRGXZF LG\C GNCKY OF[ ZGBF .OFC GNED[ OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF
\RGM\C ,"[EGY"C BNP "\KC" GGKF OFN[ OKRYG\PF \GRGXZF ,ZPGNM ,"[EYPF \KC"
.FRK\RFG FCFBF
.OPXTC \KRIGZ FD[F KNTCN GMVFG ,QGYK\F \JK[ KV NT GMRI\FG GNED ,GENGR OKENK
.OKKRIGZF OKYGIF \B ZKMF BN[ QJY ENK FKF BNG ,KRIGZ LGRKI FKF OTF N[ LGRKIF
GKF BN[ ,F[BG [KB ,\YGRK\G YGRK\ GBXP BNG ...TC[ ZBC ETG QEP GYEC
.FZFJG FBPGJ \GMNFC QKBKYC
C"T ,EX QKZEFRS ,KNCC EGPN\

"FZFJ"G ,FNCYF \PMI FZKCSP[ KVM ,OEBC[ OHKBGDBN SIKK\P "FBPGJ" D[GPF
\CFBCG ZGCKIC ,QGKNTF IGMF \[DZFC OTF KI LMG .FRK\RFG FCFBF IGMN SIKK\P
\[DZFP YG\KRF .GHF F[DZFF EGCKBN OZDG F[EI FDZEPN CG[ YRKH GDBF[ ET ,OKIB
."NCC \GND" FBZYR [EIF GDBF \JKN[G ,"[EYPF \KC QCZGI" BZYR QGKNTF IGMF

ZGBPFN FRGGMF ,QKNC\ FZG\ K\BZC ,TZF ZXK K\BZC ,N"HI GZPB[ FP ,ZPGNM .FZG\C [CGNPF ZGBPN FRGGMF ,FZG\" *
NGJKCN EIGKPF QKNC\ BKF FZG\F" .(G ZPBP ,"K\TP[" KZPBP ,ONGSF NTC) "CJGPN GZKHIP FZG\C[ ZGBPF KM ,FC[
,\K G\GFPP J[V\PF JG[V ZGB BGF FZG\F" .("F\GFPG FNCYF \ZG\" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC) "TZF ZXKF \TRMFNG
.(BK \ZDB ,ONGSF NTC) "FBZGF QG[NP BGF FZG\ \NKP" .("OMI KV \PEYF" ,ONGSF NTC) "WY QKB ET G\GPPGZ[

33 |    
\KC QCZGIC WZV[ GDBF QGYK\ \B GNPKS KR[F [EYPF \KC \KKRCG NCC \GNDP FZHIF
GKFG ,GDBF \B QY\N GIKNXF[ GKF :OKKR[N FPGBF FYNIR OTVF LB ,QG[BZF [EYPF
FDZEFC .G\GB QY\N GIKNXF BN OFG Z\GK FNGED F\KKF OFN[ GDBF \PXGT[ OKZIB
\B GNGM OTF KRC GECKB LMP FBXG\MG ,G\GB QY\N GIKNXF QM[ KP CZYC OD GDBF NED
QCZGI FBZYR OTVF GDBF \JKN[ .\KRIGZ FZ\SFN GSRMR ,ZPGNM ,QGKNTF IGMF \[DZF
.FRGZIBF \GNDN FBKXKG KR[F \KCF
ECKB OTF NM[ LMN GBKCF ORKI \BR[ N[ F\GXZV\FG FRK\RFG FCFBF \RGM\ QCZGI
\BR[N OKIB \CFBP GRNVR ?FHF QCZGIC GRN FZY OXTC FP .QGKNTF IGMF \[DZF \B
GREZK ,QGKNTF ONGTF \[DZFG FKRGPZFC OKKI N[ CXPP .YSZ\F GRN[ OTF ,ORKI
ZCM OKKI GRIRB HBP .FHF ONGTF \BZYR[ ,\GBKXPC Z\GKC FZGMTFG \PXPGXPF F[GI\N
.Z\GK CGJ GF[P [K[ FHN OKTEGP BN NNMCG ,JNIGP FZMF ZSGI N[ CXPC FR[ OKKVNB
,BCIKFC .BZGCF \B [KDZFN GMK[PF[ ,OKNCGYP ,FNGDS KEKIK OD GKF ZGE NMC NCB
QGYK\ \JK[ \B I\VN OKNCGYP O\GB GMK[PF ,OYGSKT NT TEK BN[ QGPFF KRKTP YIZF
GRN[ OTF GC[ QPHN F\GB QKMFN FKF OEKYV\ .NED[ GDBN OB\FC OEBF TCJ
.GRRPHN = FN GYYEHK FNGM \G[GRBFG

KDGF GTKDF \GZGEF NMCG ,NBZ[K OT NGCDP OD FNCYF \PMI FXZV FKZGJSKFF LZGBN
"FKVGSGNKVFG FNCYF \PMI" ZPBPC .OKNCGYPF NXB EGPNN ONGTF KCIZP \GTE
KRG[BZ QKCN OKBKCRF KEKPN\ QKC OKTDPC FKVGSGNKVF N[ FZGYP KM ,ONGSF NTC ZKCSP
OPXT \B QY\N KNCPG ,FNCYF QP \GRGKTZ KZKZC[ GCB[ \GPGBF KPMI .OKVGSGNKVF
.\GRG[ \GZCS OFP GI\KV
ZSKY N[ K[KBF GXTGKM [PK[[ ,KRPZD Q[NCG JSKRPGF ,(1522=1455) QKNMKGZ SRFGK
NT" GZVSC FHF LKNF\F \B ZB\P ,\KRGJNVBF FKPEYBF K[BZN CZGYP FKFG FKRPZD
:"\KNCYF \GRPBF
BNG OKEGFKFP G\ZG\ \B NCKY FBZRM ,FKVGSGNKVF KCB ,SZGD\KV ,KZGP
KRCN FTGEK F\KKF BN[ ,FNCY FNKPF \B ODZ\[ QG[BZF BGFG ,OKRGGKFP
.FKVGSGNKV \KRGGKF FNKPN ,GKPK
.FNCYF N[ KVGSRKBF OKF QP FTCR SZGD\KV N[ FKVGSGNKVF
GRNM[ \B FNTP BNB ,ZVTC GRKKI \B ZKCTFN GR\GB FZKB[P FRKB FNCY
15
.FTKEKF \DSVN
N[ QGKTZF \B FYK\TF NCCC SGV\N OKNDGSP GKF BN[ OK[RBF O\GB NM NB ZGHIR
GI\V\F OF ,\GPGB OKTC[M ONGTF NM KRV NT GXGVRG NCCP GBXK[ HBP .OFZCB
. \ K P [D F ZG X C

   | 34
KZF FHG .KRIGZF QGKTZF \B JGNYN OKNDGSP GKF BN ONGTN ,OECN LM OKZB[R GKF OB
LKZX QMN .BZGCF \DZEN OEBF KRC NM \B BKCFN BKF FBKZCF \ZJP QM[ ,QM\KK BN
.OKZIBF OKPTN NBZ[K QKC TDP \EGYR ZGXKN CG[

FKZIBG ,OEGY GRZCKE FKNT[ ,NBZ[K OT CZYC GDBF \NEDF \ZHTC TXC\P LKNF\F
QKC CCZTN BKF FZJPF .OKZIBF OKPTF QKC ONGTC ZHV\PG \KRIGZF G\DZEP EZ@eP OTF
OKPTF CZYC "\GKRIGZ KSKSZ" TGZHN KEM ,ONGTF \GPGB \GP[RN NBZ[K \GP[R
.OKZIBF

OFKRKC [K F\T .ONGM GPM \GKP[DCG OHKBGDBC TYG[ NBZ[K OT ?\BH OK[GT LKB
O\GKFC .QPJGF ZCM KRIGZF TZHF NBZ[K \GP[RC[ ZGMHN LKZX NCB ,U\G[P FRMP
OKR\I\P BNG ,\KRGXKI FRKICP OKKGDC TPJKFN BN[ OPXT NT OKZPG[ NBZ[K ,\GNDC
OKBMEPG NBZ[KC OKJNG[ OKKGDF .CGCZT [IZ\P \KPKRV FRKICP NCB ,N[PN ,O\KB
.OFP \KPKRV FRZYF QKTP OKDVGS OD NCB ,O\GB

KEM ,OKKGDN GZEI NBZ[K \GP[RP \GXGXKR :FKGXZF \KRIGZF FBXG\F \NCY\P LM
GRZCT NGMF LSC .L[PFC KNNMF QGYK\F LKNF\C NBZ[KN UZJXFN OFN Z[VBN
.OKZIBF OKPTN NBZ[K QKC FHM[ CGCZT [IZ\P QFC[ \GKGND TCZB FKZGJSKFC

KCZ KEK NT ZFGHF ZVS C\MR ,FZKVSN FKKR[F FBPC ,FRGZIBF \GNDN FBKXKF KRVN
OKCXPF NM N[ ZGBK\ NKMP ,\KPZBC C\MR[ ,ZFGHF .GKEKPN\ \ZGCIG KBIGK ZC QGTP[
.KNNMF QGYK\F ZPDN ET \G[GRBF ZGCTN FEK\T[

EK\T BGF KM GC ZPBR HB ZCM ,\GNDN OTF N[ G\BKXK KRVN C\MR ZFGHF[ \GZPNG
OGKS \BZYN KM GC ZPBR EGT .\KRIGZF \GNDF OGKSN BKCFNG FVGSC YZ \GND\FN
NMN ZVSF FND\K ,OEBF TCJ QGYK\N \CXYGPF OKR[F OKVNB \[[ \C FVGY\F
16
."NGMN FNDK\ QPHF G\GBC" :\G[GRBF

,ZFGHF \CK\M ZIBN FR[ 1,400=M .ZFGHF ZVS HRDR ,G\CK\M FPKK\SF[ ZIBN EKP
ZFGHC FBCGF[ QGYK\F \JK[ F\GB \B .K"ZBF \VXC TKVGF ,FZ[T=[[F FBPC
OKJZV KJZVN \ZB\PF \K\JK[G \KTEP FV[C K"ZBF BJKC ,OKN[PG OKHPZ \GTXPBC
.QGYK\F KCN[ \B

EPPN SRMKFN EXKM OEBN OKZKCSPG ,QGKNTF ONGTF FRCP N[ OKZGBK\ OKNNGM GKC\M
BGNPC FND\F BN QKKET GDBF K"ZBF N[ GRPHC[ QGGKMP ,\BH OT .\GBKXPF N[ FHF
\NGMKN BKCP Z\GK I\GVP GDB QM[ ,GKZCE \B QKCFN OKNDGSP GKF OKJTP YZ ,G\PXGT
.Z\GK FEI FSKV\

35 |    
EGPNN Q\KR[ KVM ,FNCYF \PMI OSZV\\[ OKNCGYPF EGBP GXZ ,K"ZBF KZIB
:OFKZCEP
\GZGBP FBZ BN GH FPMIF ZGB FBZ BN[ KPG ,K\V \PKMIP FNCYF \PMI
[ZGVF NMG ...G\ID[F EGSG BGF LGZC G\GEIB EGS NKM[KG QKCK HB KM .GKPKP
.OKKRIGZF OKKIXRF OKKIFP [ZGV FRPP
17
[GEYF F"N[F ,WKCGZGF KGNF OFZCB QC FKT[K Z

.FNCYF EGPKNC FKGN\ FNGBDF ZYKT

18
B"ZDF ,FRNKGP GFKNB Z QGBDF

OF[ ,FZG\F J[VC OKYSGTN BZGYG ,FH NT LM NM IGGX KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ
\B NBZ[K GIM[[ ,OKCZF GRK\GRGGTC \GNDF KZV FH FRFG ...FPEZ\C OKR[K
FRFG ...\BHN CCN OKP[ QKBG ,O\PEZ\C OKTYG[P ,OKR[K GZB[RG ,FHF LZEF
FGBR BN OKZ[KN .ZKY OK[[DPF [PP OKZGGKTM ,ONGT K\PM OKM[IPC GRIRB
.\GZGGKT OKKRKT IGYVN BCZEB BNB ,FHF LZEC \MNN
19
N"IPZF ,GJBXGN OKKI F[P Z

OT BXKK ONGTC GJ[V\K[ FNCYF KC\MG [GEYF ZFGHF ZVS \GMHC[ KRB TEGK
.GR\NGBD FKGN\ FH EGPKNCG ,\GZKIN NBZ[K
20
["[ZF ,KCTZ[ KIZHP OGN[ Z

.ZIB EGPKN NM NT OPGZP ZFGHF ZVS EGPKN

21
B"EKIF ,KBNGHB EGE USGK OKKI Z

QJY ,NBZ[K [VR NMN FGG[F ZCE BGFG FP[RN NDGSP [GEYF ZFGHF QG[N
.G\P[R [ZG[G G\RCF KVN EIB NM ,BGF O[ NGEDG
22
WKCGZGF CYTK QC [ZKF KCX Z

OFKNT FKF ,FNCYF \PMI \GJ[V\FN GNNF NBZ[K KNGED N[ HTF ORGXZ \GZPN NCB
NBZ[K WZBN FZHIF .NK[CF KZPDN BN EGT ZGEF .ZK\SFNG \GNDN ,\GVKJF QKC LNFN
\PMI N[ FXKZV F[IZ\F BN QKKET FC OD NCB ,\TZMPG FCG[I QGKX \EGYR F\KKF
.CIZF NFYF \GTEGPN \KZGYPF FNCYF
BN BKF FNCYF[ SGV\NG \GPDKJSFP ZZI\[FN FDZEFC OKNKI\P OK[RB OGKF YZ
.FHF ONGTC OKCGJ OKKIN \GMZCG \GBGVZ ,\GTPY ,OKPSYG FYKJSKP
[EI GF[PN FZKEBF FYG[\F ,OKKP[DF OKKIF KVNM GRZGEC GZTVR[ NNIFG \GRYKZF
OEBF \B FNTP[ FJK[ QBM [K[ QKCFN UGS UGS OKNDGSP GRB[ LMN GBKCF ,BNPPG
FEKTP GHF \GN[CF .QGKNTF IGMF FCGDN ET OEBF \B \PPGZP[ ,OGKY N[ \ZIB FPZN

   | 36
BKF GH FDZE .\GI\V\F N[ KZPDN F[EI FDZE NT ,GRN[ \GP[RF \GZZGT\F NT
.GNGM ONGTN FNCYF \PMI N[ FKGNKD \B ,\CKKIP YGKE Z\KNG ,\Z[VBP[
\VGY\ UGS NB GR\GCZY\F ,TCJF N[ \GI\V\FF \KRM\ \RKICP OKZCEC QRGC\R OB
FSRMR \G[GRBF .FRGZIBF G\DZEP NB K[GRBF OHKBGDBF \B FBKCF FCGXYF QGYK\F
,GDBF QGYK\N FJK[C \GXKIRF \ZZC\P FHF OGYPFP .OG\S KGCPN ,NNGM KPGKY ZC[PN
.OKEKIK YZ GRKCF ZCTC[ FP \B SGV\N ZCM OKNDGSP OKCZ OK[RBG
ZVS \B ZBCN FMH ONGSF NTC :F\GPN[C QGYK\F \JK[ \V[IR \TM[ FCKSF GH
KRB IP[" :ZPB QMN .OFKNB ZCI\FN NMGK GR\KBP EIB NM[ LM K"ZBF KC\M \BG ZFGHF
TEGK KRB QKBP KRGNB[\ OBG .\PBF \PMI \B OSZVN Z\GP ZCM[ ,FHM ZGEC K\BZCR[
KGNKD LZEC K\KKMH NM" :QMG 23."\GNDN \G[Z KN Q\KR[ OG[P ,OMN CK[B ?BGF Z\GP[
24
."KN[ ZGEF \CKSP BGF ,FPMIF


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QKB .FJK[F KNTC GRIRB KM ,FNGM \G[GRBF N[ Z[GBN I\VPF GRKEKC[ QKCR[ CG[I
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KXGXKR GPZHK OFKEK NT[" ,NBZ[K OTN FJK[F FR\KR LM OG[P .FN FYGYH F\KKF BN
FGGN[F \BG OTGRF \B QKCFN GNMGK[ ...GNGM ONGTC[ K[GRBF QKPF NMN \GMMEHFF
27
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28
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37 |    
 ZGBF \B ,\KPKRVF FPMIF \B ,ONGTPG HBP GR\KBP \G[GRBF \[ZGE[ FP FH ,F[TPN
...FYKVSP BN YJKKFC GRN[ \GRKKJXFF .OKKIN
ONGM .GRKVNM \GKP[KJRBN SKSCF GFH NCB ,[PP BN GRIRB ODG ,LMN TEGP BN ONGTF
G\GB OKTRGP GRIRB[G ,Z\SR ,EIGKP GF[P GRCZYC [K[ \K\ZMF=\\ FZGXC OK[KDZP
#TeE@K^a" :ZPBR[ KVM ,FBKZCF TCJC \[Z[GP GH FTVG\ .GR\GB OKBRG[ OF QMN .OFP
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\B FGGF\[ \D[D[P FRKEPG FZCI QBM \GRCNG ,"EIB CNC ,EIB [KBM" \GKFN ZGHIN
FKCDR BN[ EGT NM" :OEGYF ZGEC ZCM ONGSF NTC ZPB QMN .ONGTF N[ KRIGZF HMZPF
30
."\KP[D FPGY\ GRN FKF\ BN ,OKKP[DF OKKIF LG\P GR\ZJP \B
**
ONGTF \GPGB .ONGMP FMZTFNG EGCMN ,FEG\N FMHR ,\BH \G[TN NKI\R[M EKP
NB OGBKCFG ,OKPT OGIYNG" :FKT[K BKCRF ZPGB[ GPM ,LKNF\C GRN GTKKSK GNKVB
32
."FRB[R\ U\M NT LK\GRCG ,QXGIC LKRC GBKCFG" 31,"OPGYP
,\G[GRBF Z\KG NBZ[K OT ,FYK\TF NCCC GEZVR[ OKCK\RF KR[ GZCI\K \BHC
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,THD N[ NECF OG[ BNN ,NC\ \GGXY NMP OK[RB QKC ZCIP FNCYF \PMIG ZFGHF EGPKN
GB KNMNM EPTP ,NKD ,KVGB ,\GKNJRP KZTV NT \Z[DP GHF FPMIF .\E GB OGBN ,QKP
\K[PP FECGT KFGH .GNGM ONGTF QKCN GRKRKC ODG ,GRN[ DNGVPF OTF LG\C OD ,K\ZCI

KRC N[ O\EKZK NMG \GRCZGIF NM ,LVKFNG .FZG\F \GKPKRVCG ZFGHF EGPKNC KGN\ ,NBZ[K \NTP NMG NBZ[K \NGBD" *
QKB[ ZCE OGN[G SI F\KKF[ GPM F\GB G[TG ,FJP FJP F\NTP GNKV[FG ,FZG\F \GKPKRV \B GCHT[ \PIP OF ,NBZ[K
.(JS \GB ,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" ,ONGSF NTC) "NNM GC LZGX
,"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" ,ONGSF NTC) "WZBN NBZ[K \CK[P OKMIP FPF FHNG ,OKKGDN [EI ZCE \\N FMKZX \GEFKF" **
.(CK TJY ,B YNI

   | 38
\GZDSPC OKEPGN[ OKEKPN\ QGKNKP KR[ CZYC ,\GRGZIBF OKR[C GRKRKT EDRN \[IZ\P[
.N"GICG WZBC "OTN FNCY" N[ \GRG[F
OK[RB GNKVB .OGK KEP GN OKET GRIRB[ ,IMGP LKNF\ BGF NBZ[KN SIKF KGRK[ OD
OKEGFKN \KPGF\ FBR[G SZY KCNX KNTC OKXBR=GBKR ,OKYFCGP OKP[KJRB ZCTC GKF[
*
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ONGM OKZCI\P GNNF OKSRMC .OFC ECMR DGXKK FN QKB[ SGCGNDF NT FRKEP JTPM
KNCGYPG OKBKCRF KZCE \G\KPB \B NTGVC OKIKMGPG ,BZGCF KGNKD LZGXN OKIB \CFBC
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OKYNB NKNTC GBZK[ ,\K\KPBF FPMIF \XVF KEK NT BGF[ ,TE\ .\BHM QGXZG \TE ONGTF \GPGBN BGCK QMKFP ,ORPB
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Z S K Y F K RV P , Z H T NB K C Z , G R C G K B I G K Z C Q G T P [ K C Z O KZ \ \ S P F C [ , K C Z T PF NK N D C [
\ G R [ N EK \ T [ Z V S F \ C K \ MN O P X T \ B O K R K MP O F O K R [ F Z [ T [ GN [ L [ P C . KB PG Z F
. FK Z GJ SK FF K RV \B
OK BX G K G \G [T N OF K NT F K F[ Q GY K \F \B O K PK N [P G RC G Q G TP [ K C Z , \G VN GI OK R [F
OK C \G MG O KE P G N O F E I KG , OK N CG YP FT [ \ O K XC Y\P Q G TP [ K C Z CK C S . FZ TP F QP
. ZF GH F \B
ZB[G ,FVC EGPNK KRC ZHTNB KCZG ,CG\MK BCB KCZ ,OM\B ZESP KRB LMG"
."OCNC GCCGEK OKZCIF
HM \GB ,BJGH BZEB ,GRKHBF \[ZV ,ZFGHF ZVS

43 |   

BGF .BCB KCZ ,EIGKP QGZ[KMC QIKR[ NCGYP FKF KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ N[ GKEKPN\ QKC
ZFGHF ZVS .EIBM OKZ\SRG OKKGND GKFK[ LM ,GZGP KZCE \B CG\MN LKB TEK[ EKIKF FKF
*
.EGSC KGNKD = "BHZC KGNKD" FHF EIGKPF QGZ[KMF \B FRMP
\GBP FPM ZGCTMG ,\VX ZGHBC FZTPC GZ\SGFG GHRDR ZFGHF KC\M[ \ZVSP FEDBF
ZKER LZXP FKF[ ,ZKKR BGXPN GIP[ FNB .ZGHBF KC[G\ OKCZT KEK NT GND\F OF OKR[
OFER ,YG[C OKDE FRY[ \VX KPMIP EIB .OKRG[ OKMZXN GC G[P\[FG ,OKPKF O\GBC
OT EKP .FRY[ DEF GN [DGF GC[ FVKJTF ZKKR NT CG\MF N[ ZKERF GMZT \B \GNDN
.ZVSN O\GB USBG OKRKPH QKKET GKF[ "FVKJTF \GZKKR" NM \B [GMZN NIF KGNKDF
KB[IC ZGEN ZGEP ZCT BGFG ,ZGYPF QP ECNC QJY YNI BGF ZFGHF ZVSP Z\GR[ FP
KE F[P KCZ NCGYPF N[ G\RPNB[M ,EZVSC 14=F FBPF \NKI\N ET .OKNCGYPF QKC
KV NTG ,\GND\FF ZGSKBP OGNM FN FNKD BN[ FBZRMG ,FNTCP EK C\MF F[ZK" QGBN
34
."TEGRM FZKMPN G\GB FR\R FZYP
OKZKCSP[ KVM LB ,ZFGHF \CK\M \B QGBKN KE F[P KCZN OKSIKKPG OKTGJF [K
,ZPGNM ,[GEYF ZFGHF ZVS NXB OKKGXPF NM FRFG" :FZGPD \GTJ KFGH OKNCGYPF
KCZ ,KYNBF BR\F ,GZCKI [GEYF ZFGHF ZVS[ ,EIB FV GPKMSF ,GC CG\M[ FP OKRKCPF
OKJGRG FH GSGIKKC OKYVYVPF OFP [K[ ,GH FPMIP OKYGIZFP WGI .KBIGK QC QGTP[
KE F[P Z NCGYPF ,BGF GZCIP[ ,GHF FPMIF KEDR\PP ,\GKGEC \GK[TP LPS NT ,ZPGN
.(JR \GB ,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" ,ONGSF NTC) "QPHC GN OKMGPSF OKZIB GB ,QGBKN
G[GZKV \GMHC \BHG FND\P \PBC BGF GRZGEC YZ NCB ,BXPRC ZFGHF ZVS FKF HBP
FD[GF GC[ EKIKF ZGEF FKF ZFGHF KNTC N[ ZGEF[ ZKCSP ONGSF NTC .ONGSF NTC N[
TKDFN LKZX GRZGE OD[ QGGKMPG ,\GKRIGZF \GDZEPF 125 NM ZPGNM ,\VSMRF \GPN[F
.ZFGHF \B IG\VN \GZ[VBF GN FR\KR ,\GPN[F F\GBN
KCZP WGI ...\GDZEPF |125~ F"MY NMC \GMHN Z[VB KB IK[PF \GPK OZJP"
UB ,\GPN[C \GDZEPF F"MY NMN GMH ,ZFGHF KNTC GRKKFE ,GZGEG KBIGK ZC QGTP[
ZGEM FKFK BN[ ,ZFGHC OKPTV FCZF BXPR QM NTG .IK[PF \GPK KRVN GKF[ KV NT
NGEDF GZGCKI F[T LMKVNG .IK[PF LNP N[ GZGE ET KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ N[ FHF
.\GDZEPF F"MY NM \PGY OKSVG\ GC[ FZG\F \GEGS KM ,ONGTC LM NM YHI O[GZ

HZG HZ NM NT ...BHZC \GNDN TEGK[ OG[P ,\GEGSF \B CG\MK BGF[ ,BCB KCZ \B FGKX K"C[Z[ ,ZFGHF ZVSC GRKXP" *
OB ,OKEEX CP GN ZX FKF KM ,[GZKV ...FNDB BN OB KGB ,FNDB OB KGB ,ZPGBG FMGC FKF ,FPMIF \GEGSC K"C[Z FNKD[
BNE K[RKB OFC GN[MK HB ,\GEGSF FNDK OBG ,O[F KBZK OKK\PBF OKPMIP OD \GEGSF GECBK HB ,FZG\F \GEGS FNDK BN
G\PMI NKC[C ,CG\MK BGF[ BCB KCZC K"C[Z ZIC QM NT .FDV NGMBN GBGCKG ,O[ZG[C OKZCEF GRKCK BN[ ,KNTP
OKSGMP GKFKG ,ORKCFN OKBEM FPF[ O\GB NMN QMZX NMC OKNGDP GKFK[ QVGBC OKZCEF ZESN ,FXKNPF \MBNPC
OGYP NMP ,FNDP[ KV NT UB[ ,ZPGNM .BHZC \GNDN BCB KCZ TEGK[ ,ZPB[ FHG .ORKCFN OKBEM ORKB[ O\GBN OKPG\IG
.(B \GB ,"\NNGM FIK\V" ,ONGSF NTC) "KBEM GRKB[ KPN EGSC ZB[R

   | 44
GRKKFE ,OKPKF \KZIBC BNB ,FND\K BN ZFGHF ZVS[ ZFGHC GZPB LMKVNG
,FZGZC FIMGF GH KZF ,FH GRZGEC ZFGHF FNDR[ ,LG\PG ...IK[PF \GPKC
:ZPBR GKNT[ ,ZGEF G\GB N[ G\NKI\C ,IK[PF \GPKC ZCM OKBXPR GRIRB[
."F \B FTE WZBF FBNPG"
"ZFGHF OGKSN ZPBP" ,ONGSF NTC



NM EKYV\C BGF KZGBKC EKYV\[ ,\GZGFN "ONGSF" O[C ZGBKCF K\BZY
\GNTN "ONGS" BNB ZSI LRKB ,CGJ NM FBNP FKKNT LN [K OB[ ,ONGS
.LKEKC ONGTF CGJ NM HBG ,GC
IR \GB ,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" ,ONGSF NTC

NT OKZIB OK[GZKV OD GC\MR .ONGSF [GZKV KNC ZFGHF ZVS \B IG\VN OTJ NM QKB
NGMK[ ONGSF ,BGF YZG ,BGF .EKIKF ON[GPF [GZKVF BGF ONGSF [GZKV NCB ,ZFGHF
GC\M QFP[ \GDZEPF 125 NMN TKDF ONGSF NTC KM ?TGEP .\GPN[F NB GR\GB BKCFN
.ZFGHF \B GRZGCT I\V FCGDF G\GBPG ,OFKNB ZCI\F ,ZVSF \B ZFGHF KNTC
\GP[RF \GNGMK LM .GRPNGTC OGKM \GTKVGP[ \GP[RN ZFGHF \B OKB\P ONGSF [GZKV
GR\GB ZKHIK[ KEM ,QGKNTF ZGBF NGP = "FBNKT BZFKH" = "ZFGH"F NGP EGPTN GRN[
.BZGCF FND\P GC[ ,GRKRKC ZGCKIN ,CJGPN
FC[ FZGXN OKB\\ GRN[ FZGXF[ LM ,KTXPBF GYC GRPXT \B \GRCN GRN ZHGT ONGSF
*
.G\GB NCYN NMGRG ,GRKNB TKDP QGKNTF ZGBF
OKBXPR[ \GIGMF KR[ \B QGMR CN[N OKMKZX GRIRB FKV NT[ FISGRF GH KTXPBF GYF
\KKRC .NCYN QGXZF = (OEBF) BZCRF IGMG ,ZGBF ,TV[F ,FRK\RF = BZGCF IGM :TCJC
.GRN[ \K[VGIF FZKICF NM \PM\SP FCG ,OEBF \EGCT NM BKF KTXPBF GYF
ZFGHF KZCE[ KEM ,F[DZFFG F[KDF \B ,GRN[ FKKBZF \B QGGMP [PP ONGSF NTC
.CFHF NKC[C ,KTXPBF GYC GRC GZCTK

"ZFGHF ZVSN BGCP"C GRKKT ,FCIZFN ."QKEC OKPIZF \EKP UG\K[" GRKNB TKDP ZGBF FC[ FZGXF \BZYR FNCYF QG[NC *
.(IN=GN \GK\GB) ONGSF NTC \BP

45 |   

GRN TKKSP "ONGSF" *.ONGSF [GZKV ZBCP O\GB ,OKKP[D OKN[P FBNP ZFGHF \V[
.GRKNB CGZY JSYJF[ [KDZR[ LM ,Z\GK FCIZ FZGXC ZFGHF \B SGV\N
FP \B GRZGCT OKN[P ONGSF [GZKVG ,G\GPN[C BN GRKNB TKDF ZFGHF ZVS ,ZGPBM
ZFGHF \B YNKI ,\KZCTN \KPZBP ZFGHF \B GRZGCT ODZ\ OD ONGSF NTC .GRN ZSI[
**
.OKPKEYP OKZCSFG \GPEYF ,OK[GZKV GN UKSGFG ,OKZPBPNG \GBYSVN
.UGS=QKB ONGT ETG GRN[ ONGTFP ONGSF \GDZEPC \GNTN BNB GRN Z\GR BN


 
 

.BZGCF KGNKDN \GMHN NGMK ,GMZEC LNGF OB ,JG[V OEB[ ,NTV ONGSF NTC
"FPGBF KNGED \GNKTV" ZPBP ,ONGSF \GDZE ,["CZF

:ZGEF KNGED NMP \GCFNR \GPMSFN FMH BGF ,GKC\M \B ZGBN BKXGFN ONGSF NTC NIF[M
\ZCIP ZCIN GKNT F IGZ F\KKFG ...[EGY ZXGB ,\GRGC\ CZ ,KYNB OMI BC
.G\ENGK KZ[B ...OKK\PB \GEGSKC FZG\ N[ F\PBN ...[EGYF
YGY F"KBZF

ENVRRfH OKKI USGK CZF

.GP[ OSZGVPG ,FNCYF EGPKNC NGEDF QFMF

\v@P]Bz NT OK[GEKI ,GKZVS NM BKXGFN ...FXGI GK\GRKTP GXGVK[ ,QGXZ KFK

YKGGE QFMF NGB[ OKKI CZF
.FK\GEGSG FZG\F

Z[BG ...[GEYF ZFGHF NT ONGSF ZVS ,ZKFCF ZGB GRN \GNDFC OGKF ECMR FP
.ZFGHF \KC Z[ ...NCGYPF QGBDF CZF NKM[F ,GKNT F EKP
V"NZI F[P CYTK CZF

G[BZG FXZB CXGP ONGS BGF[ ...[GEYF ZFGHF KZCEC OKPMI KRKT ZKBF
NBKHGT KI ZKBP QGKX=QC CZF
.FPKP[F TKDP

ZGBKC \G[TN KRZKTF[ BKFG ...GESVFC GZM[ BXK BN[ ,EIVF NVR QM NT ,OKKP[D OKN[P OKBNP ZFGHFG FNCYF KZVS" *
N[PRF \B NKNTC K\IMGFG K\ZBKC KM .KZPDN FHF EIVF K\ZSFG ,[GEYF ZFGHF NT F\TG ,N"H K"ZBF KC\M NT YKVSP
Z[VBN QTPN .OKRKKTPF GBZK[ GPM ,QPHFP FNTPNG OGYPFP FNTPN ,KP[D QGKPE NMP J[VGP BGF[ ,ZCE NM N[ KRIGZF
.(IR \GB ,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" ,ONGSF NTC) "[GEYF GZGBC OPI\FNG ,ZFGHF ZVS EGPNN NBZ[K \KC QGPF NMN
,GZBKC[ \XYPC ODG .ZFGHC OK[YF \GPGYPFP OKHGIB FZ[T GNKVB GZBKC BN ,GRN GPEY[ ZFGHF ZVS NT OKZGBKCF NM" **
.ZFGHF KZCE NM NT BNP ZGBKC BGF[ ,ONGSF [GZKVN GRKMH ,FH GRZGECG .GPXT ZFGHF KZCEM JTPM OFKZCE OKPG\S
NM[ ,JG[VF KRGKTF NM[F KV NT OKESGKP OKZGBKCF OD UB ,G[ZVN KNC ZFGHF NMC OG\S ZCE IKRP GRKB[ FH ECNPG
.("ZFGHF OGKSN ZPBP" ,ONGSF NTC) "ORKCFN NGMK KRGRKC QKKTP

   | 46
.ZCEP BGF FP NT GRKCF BN OK[RBF[ BNB ,OEGY ZCM DK[FN FKF Q\KR ZFGHF ZVS \B
.FND\F \TMG Z\SR FKF[ ZCEF BGF BZGCF KGNKDN ZK[MPM ZFGHF ZVS N[ GEKYV\
BGF[ FCKSF GHG ,BZGCF \B \GNDNG GRPXT \B QY\N \NGMKF \B GRN I\GV ONGSF [GZKV
\GPMSF ,ZFGHF ZVS N[ FZ\SF \GR[ KVNB OKKS BGF[ QGGKMPG .ZFGHF \GND\FN BKCF
.BGCN GZIKB BN 35\GZIBG GNBM \GCFNR
G\DZEP F\KKF FP JTPC GNG QKCFN OKTKKSP ,GKC\M QKC GBXPR[ OKBCF OKZCEF
:ONGSF NTC N[ FPGXTF
\GCBF WZB ,FEPIF WZB NB *,L\ENGPP LN LNG ,LNDZ B[ :KKNB F ZPBKG
L\GB KM ,WZBF KRGBD NM LC GMZCRG ,OGXTG NGED OMIN O[ L[TBG ,OK[GEYF
FTG[KC ,K[GRBF ZC[ \B BVZ\ QTPN ,FHF ZGEF NMC OMIG YKEXN K\ZIC
.BPKKY N[
ONGSF NTC N[ G\BGCR

QKKRTC LKZBFN NMGB BNG ...N"H K"ZBF \P[R ZGCKTN K\KMH ,QGKNT QGXZC FRFG
.\GBNVRC ZCEN FHC KMZE QKB[ KRVP FH
JN \ZDB ,ONGSF NTC



NMG ,ZGE ZGE ZSPKFN FMKZX ,\GKRGXKIF \GPMIN FPGEC ,\PBF \PMI
EIKG .\I\V\PG FPMIF \MNGF FHCG ,GKPEGY NT FKNGI FHKB UKSGP ZGE
.QGPFF QKC Z\GK FCIZ \GJ[V\FN \Z[MGP \K[TR FH OT
"F\GFPG FNCYF \ZG\" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC

GR\GB BKCF ,ZFGHF ZVS N[ FBZGFG EGPKNC "OTN FNCY"C ZCXR[ CZF QGKSKRF
QC BZGYN JSYJF \[DF N[ \KRGXKIF FZGXF \B \XYPC \GR[N FNY BN FJNIFN
[GZKV OT ZFGHN \[DN OKNGMK FZG\ EGPNN OKNKDZ[ OK[RB YZ[ \TEN GRIMGR .GRRPH
.OGSI ZFGHF Z\GR CIZF ZGCKXF KRVC GNKBG ,\KZGYPF G\ZGXC ONGSF
,\KZCTN \KPZBP ZFGHF \B ODZ\ ONGSF NTC[ \GZPN ,\K[BZ :\GCKS FPM LMN [K
KNNM \B OBG\ KZGYPF JSYJF EKP\ BN ,\KR[ .\GPDZG\P BN \GCZ OKNKP ZK\GF BGF
KBZP ,JSYJF N[ GVGDC \GTKVGP[ \GRG[F \GVSG\F ,\K[KN[ .GRKPKC OKDGFRF YGEYEF

.1921=C FXZB G\KKNT OZJ ,QKNGVC HB FKF ONGSF NTC *

47 |   

\NDZGP FRKB[ QKTN NGED K[GY OKPZGD FPGEMG OKRG[F OKRVGDF KDGS ,OKCGZPF OGYPF
.KRZG\F FCK\MF QGRDSC
QGYK\P OPXT \B YKIZFNG ,OEKP ZVSF \B IKRFN OKCZ OKBZGYN OZD FBKZYF K[GY
\B CZYN \GXKIR LG\P[ FJNIFN ZCE N[ GVGSC GRTDF OKCZ OKJCN KZIB .FP[RF
GRK[T .ONGSF NTC ,NGEDF GRZGP N[ KZGYPF JSYJF \B ECTN GRKNT FCGI ,OTN ZFGHF
OKKGRK[ TGXKC LG\G ,OGN[G SI ,K\GFP ZCE JSYJFP TGZDN KNCP ,FCZ \GZKFHC \BH
.ECNC \KRGXKI FZGX N[
[GZKV UKSGF OK\KTNG ,ZFGHF N[ OKNKPF QKC G[GZKV \B ONGSF NTC C\M OK\KTN
OD EIBM NGNMN KGXZ ZFGHF \BKZYC[ FBZP GRN[ QGKSKRF .ZFGHF \GNKP KZIB Z\GK CIZ
ONGSF [GZKV \B ODG ,ZFGHF UGDC[ ONGSF [GZKV \B OD ,ZFGHF N[ JSYJF \B
N[ EGCKTF \NGMK \BG JSYJF UXZ \B BZGYF NT NYFN KEM QMN .ZFGHF KZCE ZIBN[
.OFKRKC GREIKB ,ZPGIF
."\GP KZIB" \[ZV LG\P ZFGHF N[ JSYJN FPDGE QBM \R\KR OKZCEF \[IPFN
OT ZFGH TKVGP GKZIB .\KPZBC GNGMM GCGZ[ ,ZFGHF N[ KZGYPF JSYJF BCGP FNKI\
,KYGNBF ZGYPF \B CZYN KEM GRK[T[ FP = "OTN ZFGH" DXGP UGSCNG ,ONGSF [GZKV
.OMKNB ,CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF \B


 

ZCM FKF[ FP .GDG \GKFN Z[BG BGF ZCM FKF[ FP ,ZPBG I"ZV :GMG BKKI Z I\V (EX
S"F[ OCKZIPG \GPNGT BZGC FKF ,FHF ONGT F"CYF BZC[ OZJP ,GREPN[ GRKKF ,BGF
GY S"F[ .FZG\F OT WTGRG ,FHF ONGT BGZCN ,F"CYF N[ QGXZC FNT[ ET ,OKNMF \ZKC[

   | 48
BXPR[ FP NMG .FH ONGT BZCG ,GK\GZJTC ZJT\RG ,GKRGY\C QY\\R BGF HB .KTXPBF
.GKRVN QY\\RG ,FBKZCF \TC ,GKRVN HB FKF ,FHF ONGTC
OZJP ,ZGEG ZGE NMC OKBXPRF ONGTF KDKFRP GNB NM ,GREPNG :GMG QGRKB NM BRB\G (FX
ET ,OEB KRC \GP[R GNB NM GNKVBG .OFK\GZGXC F"CYF KRVN OKBXPR GKF ONGTN GBC[
.FHF ONGTC OF[ ,[PP FZGXF F\GBC ,TKYZC GKRVN \GYGYI QNGM ,ONGTN FRBGC\ BN[
...ONGTN FRBGC\[ OZJC NMF \GTEGK ,FHF ONGTC \GEPGN[ FP NMG
OF ,QPHF \I\ FHF ONGTN GBC[ OZJP ,FNTPN OEGTC ,\GP[RF \BKZC \TC KM .[GZKV
\IB \CC O[ OK[P[P FKFKG FGF FKF Z[B ,QPHP FNTPN[ \GKIXRF \RKICC OKBXPR
ONGTC GBGCK[M ,FH EIB FHC \GP[RF G[TK[ OK[TPF NM[ BXPRG ,\GKIXRF TCJM
BGFFC GMG QK\P[R QGRKB NM (F"X \GBC) ["HG .\IB \CC FP[ OKBXPR OF ZCM ,FHF
.H"FGTC OFK[TPM ,GRKKFE .BPNT KBFC QGRKBE [PP BRYGKE



ONGT F"CYF BZC[ OZJP ,BGF ZCM FKF[ FP .\GKFN Z[BG ,BGF ZCM FKF[ FP (EX
N[ QGXZC FNT[ ET ,OKNMF \ZKC[ QKKRT FH[ ,OCKZIPG \GPNGT BZGC FKF ,FHF
,GKRGYK\C QY\\R BGF HB .KTXPBF GY ,FZG\F OT WTGRG ,FHF ONGT BGZCN ,F"CYF
\TC ,GKRVN HB FKF ,FHF ONGTC BXPR[ FP NMG .FH ONGT BZCG ,GK\GZJTC ZJT\RG
.GKRVN QY\\RG ,FBKZCF
OKBXPR GKF ,ONGTN GBC[ OZJP ,ZGEG ZGE NMC OKBXPRF ,ONGTF KDKFRP GNB NM (FX
QNGM ,ONGTN FRBGC\ BN[ ET ,OEB KRC \GP[R GNB NM GNKVBG .OFK\GZGXC F"CYF KRVN
ONGTC \GEPGN[ FP NMG .FHF ONGTC OF[ [PP FZGXF F\GBC ,TKYZC GKRVN \GYGYI
...ONGTN FRBGC\[ OZJC NMF \GTEGK ,FHF
OF ,QPHF \I\ FHF ONGTN GBC[ OZJP ,FNTPN OEGTC ,\GP[RF \BKZC \TC KM
TCJM \IB \CC O[ OK[P[P FKFKG FGGF FKF Z[B ,QPHP FNTPN[ \GKIXRC OKBXPR
,FHF ONGTC GBGCK[M ,FH ZIB FHC \GP[RF G[TK[ OK[TPF NM[ ,BXPRG .\GKIXRF
FRBGC\ BN[ ET ,OEB KRC \GP[R GNB NM ,CG\M[ FHG .\IB \CC FP[ OKBXPR OF ZCM
,GRKKFE .FHF ONGTC OF[ [PP FZGXF F\GBC ,TKYZC GKRVN \GYGYI QNGM ,ONGTN
.FHF ONGTC OFK[TPM

QKCN ZFGHF QKC \GEKZVP[ \GXKIPF \B Z\GK[ FPM ZGC[N GRKSKR ,\GBZN Q\KR[ KVM
OKNKPN \\NG UISKFN BGF Z\GR[ NM .FBKZYN Z\GK FNYG \ZXGYP FZGEFP DKXFNG ,OTF
.OKZGFJ OKP N[ QKKTPM OM\B FY[K BGFG ,OM\B NKCGFN ZFGHF N[

49 |   

ZIBG ,GC BGZYN NDZ\FNG ZFGHF ZVS \B ZKMFN KEM "OTN ZFGH"C ZHTKFN GNMG\ OB
."ONGSF" [GZKV NB ONGSM FKF\ GR\EGCT[ KZF ,GPXT ONGSF [GZKVN \GNTN GIKNX\ LM

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.\GBKXPF \SKV\ BGF ,NNMC OKKING ZFGHF ZVSN ZG[Y[ Z\GKC Y\ZPFG CMZGPF B[GRF
N[ NNGM FE[ OD OKKY NCB ,GK[MT OK[KDZP BN GRIRB[ OKND FCZF OKPKKY GRCKCS
OKNGMK GRIRB ."BZGCF" GB "QGKNTF TCJF" BZYR[ QGKNT TEKP N[ FE[C ZCGEP .TEKP
OKKI \[DZF ,FCFB ,FTKEK ,FRCFG F[DZF = NGMF GRPP NCYNG FE[ G\GBN Z[Y\FN
.GRCKCS NGMF BNPP[ ,FHF FE[C FR[K[ \GPN[F \[DZF ,OKKIXR
FE[ G\GBN FJKNY KNM GRC I\VN LKB GR\GB EPNN BKF FNCYF \PMI N[ F\ZJP NM
,FHN OKTKDP GRIRB[M QMNG ,GRN[ KPKRV KGRK[ LZE YZ \BH \G[TN Z[VB .QGKNT TEKP
FE[F .FHP Z\GK JG[V ZCE QKB .BZGCF GPM = FE[ G\GB GPM GRPXTC OK[TR GRIRB
.G\GB OKJNGY BN .OKPGJB GRIRB[ BNB ,GRCKCS ,QBM BXPR
[K \PBCG .TCJF NTC BGF KM ,GBZGC OT TDP DK[FNP KTCJ Z\GK ZCE QKB
GRKB[ BNB ,"GEGCM WZBF NM BGNP" CG\M[ GPM ,GBZGC OT TDP BZCR NMN
GPM ,ECN FTKEKF YZ GN USGG\R GRKB GPT Z[YN FMGHFG .\BH [KDZPG TEGK
,GSKMC GN [K[ FP GN TKEGFG EIB BCG ,TEGK GRKBG GSKMC ZXGB GN [K[ OEBF
.Z[T\R F\T \PBC Z[B
C YNI ,"QGZIBF ZGEF KC\M" ,ONGSF NTC

55 | 
 

OEB GPM [PP .\K\KPBF \GBKXPF KVNM ,BZGCF KVNM FZMF ZSGIC OKBXPR GRIRB
.FHF ONGTF LG\C GRIRB LM ,ZT BGF[ GN FPERG \GTZGBP KRKP NM FGGI ,OGNIC BXPR[
LG\C FENGR[ \TNG\N FHF CXPF \B ONGSF NTC FPEP "ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF"C
GRN[ ONGTF LG\C OKKI ,GRIRB LM .FENGR GC[ QGRXF BGF ONGTF NM[ \C[GIG QGRX
,OKNCGYPF OKBXPR O[ .FVKG ZKEB ,ZGBR ,NGED ONGT GRCKCS [K[ OK[KDZP BNG
OK[KDZP GRIRB[ FP ,OFKZCEN .\K\KPBF \GBKXPN OGNIFP GZZGT\F ZCM[ OK[RBF
OEGY[ QKCFN \PBC NMGR GRPP FNT\R[M YZG ,"FPGEPF ONGTF" BZYR GK[MT
."OKPNGIM GRKKF"

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KZYP BN NNMC FHG ,\GBKXPF \B QGMR SGV\N LKB GRN ZKCSFN KEM FND\P ZFGHF ZVS
OKNDGSP GRIRB[ FPP FZK[TG FNGED Z\GK FCZF BKF \GBKXPF[ GRN \\GBP TEPF OD[
GB OKRCN OKP\M KRKP NM [K[ ,FZGI[ FKDZRB GHKB [K[ OKZPGB OKRTEP .GK[MT JGNYN
I\VN GB GRK[GIC [KDZFN OKNGMK BN GRIRB[ OKZIB OKEPP [K[ ,OGYKC OKZGI[
.O\GB GJNYK[ OKZK[MP
.GRN[P FRG[ OFN[ \GBKXPF \SKV\ FPM ET OKBGZG OKZIB OKZGXK OKZYGI OD GRIRB
,GREKN OKBXPR[ OKNG\IG OKCNM GNKVBG OK[IR ,OKTEZVX ,OKCGE ,OKCGCH ,OKZGCE
\RGP\ ,IKZ KP\MM ZYKTC ONGTF \B SVG\ ,N[PN CNM .\ZIB \GBKXPF \B OKSVG\
\GCZF \GEKIKFP \IB NMC OKNCY\P[ \GBZPF OGMS BKF FZGCEF N[ ONGTF
.FKRKT \B \GCKMZP[
GVGSC \GBKXPF \B OKSVG\ ONGM NCB ,\ZIB \GBKXPF \B OKSVG\ OKRG[ OKZGXK
BGF ,OK[GIF EIB OEBN ZSIK OB :FNB[ EGTG ...FCGJ FNB[ ?\GBKXP GHKB .ZCE N[
OBF = USGR [GI GN FKFK BNB ,[GI GN ZSIK BN OB FPG = F\GIV \GBKXP JGNYK
?[GI FHKB YZ BKF FNB[F ,QM[ \GKFN NGMK ?Z\GK FCIZG FNGED \GBKXP FBZK BGF
GB OKKVY[P GRN OKZSI[ EKDFN OKNGMK GRIRBG ,ONGTF \B OK[KDZP GRIRB GK[MT
OB NCB .Z\GK GB \GIV ,CGJ TGP[N GB \GBZN FH FP OKTEGK GRIRB KM ,FTKP[ ZK[MP
BN GRIRB[ GPM ?G\GB [GMZN NMGR LKB ,GRN ZSI USGR [GI FHKB OKTEGK BN GRIRB
GRN ZSI[ [KDZFN OKNGMK BN GRIRB LM ,EKF UMC \K[K[ TCXB GRN FZSI[ OK[KDZP
.\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \[DZFC LZGX BNN GRN[ ONGTC OKKI GRIRB QMNG ,K[K[ [GI
\ G Z [T F P M O N G T C O K K I G R I R B : E X F P G R P X T N T Q R G C \ R G T D ZN Z G X T R G B G C N C B
. O K T E G K B N O D G R I R B = Q M K ZI B F K F K F P , O K T E G K B N G R I R B = Q M KR V N F KF F P , O K R [


  | 56
EGTC FZYK FP D[GP GRN QKB .GRKKI LNFPC = TXPBC FZGY FP OKTEGK BN OD GRIRBG
KF[GHKBC OKBXPR GRIRB[ ZPGN Z[VB .GRN[ \GC[IPFG \GRGXZF OKBC QKBPG ,TDZ
.[IZ\PC OKJNG[G OKRKCP GRIRB[ GHM \KZY[ F[GI\ QKTP GRN [K FMG\C[ BNB ,FJNT
\ B Z K C T F N G NE \ [ F , NM GB N G D B E O K[ RB . O K JG [ V O EB F KK I G K F O K P EG Y F \ G Z G EC
G MK [ P F O K EN KF . O NP T \ B O F N G [ K Z GF G O K EN K G EK N GF , \ KN P KS Y P \ GI G RC O F K KI
F P \ T EN LZ G X F K F B N \ P B C , G H M F ZG X C G RK K I [ M . Z G E Z I B ZG E LM G , N GN S P G \ G B C
. GR CK C S FZ G Y
OKRVCP GR\GB \GTRTRP FNBF \GNB[F .OKKIF NT \GNB[ GRC \GZZGT\P OGKM NCB
GRIRB .OG[N[ NGP\M OKKIF OT OGZHN LK[PFNG TDZKFN OKNGMK BN ZCM GRIRB[ ET
[ZGE[ FP FHG ,OTJ OKZCEN QKB ,OKKI GRIRB FP NKC[C \TEN KNC[ [KDZFN OKNKI\P
.\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \B \GNDN GR\KBP

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,\GBKXPF \SKV\ B[GRC FNCYF \PMI N[ [GEKIF \B \GNY Z\KC QKCFN NMGR[ KEM
.B[GRN TEPF \[KD OKR[F OT FI\V\F FC[ LZEF \B FZXYC ZGYSR
,OEBN Z[Y NM KNC GPXT KRVC OKKY ONGTF[ FZPB QGJGKR DXKKP[ \KSBNYF F[KDF
CIZ Z\GK FCZF BGF ONGTF[ FNKDG QKKJ[RKKB BC LM ZIB .FTGCY ONGTF N[ G\ZGX KMG
BN GRIRB QMNG ,GRN[ OK[GIC FKGN\G \KSIK BKF GRN[ FSKV\F .OKSVG\ GRIRB[ FPP
.\GBKXPF \B ZYGIF FVGXC KGN\ NGMF .GRN WGIP[ ONGTF YGKEC GFP ZPGN OKNGMK
, \ K J R GG Y F F Y KH K V F NT \ S S G C P F , \ GB KX PF \ S KV \ N \ K RZ E G PF \ K T E PF F [ K D F
. S VG \ B GF [ FR G P \F NT TK V [ P BG F LM P FBX G\ MG O NG TF NT T K V[ P O EBF K M \SZ G D
F T V G \ F GB O X T F \ G R GM \ Q KC N F V G X F \ GR G M\ Q K C T X G P P Q K T P B K F \ G B K X P F \ R GP \
. JN GY B G F [
OBGR EPGT OKKEK CIZ ONGBC .\ZMGP FPDGEC QRGC\R Z\GK CGJ OKZCEF \B QKCFN KEM
OKTKDP OKND[ LM KEK NT GKZCE \B OKTPG[ OF .OKRKHBP NFY KRVC FXZPG FPCF NT
LZE OKZCGT OKNDF ,LM ZIB .UG\F ZGT NB QMZEG OFN[ OKKRHGBF NB OKNGYPZF LG\P
BXPR FPGE GF[P OBF IGPC FYKEC \TXC\P QMP ZIBN .KPKM QGRDRPG KNP[I QGRDRP
.\BHF \KPKM=GZJYNBF FTVG\F \B IRTVP BGF FHN OB\FCG ,QGZMKHF LG\C
GRN QKB .GRMG\C \ZKKJXP \GBKXPF \RGP\ \KRZEGPF \KTEPF F[KDF KVN ,QM OB
.GRN WGIP[ FP \B OKSVG\ GRRKB ONGTN KM ,GRN WGIP OKKY[ FP NT ZCE ZPGN \GZ[VB

57 | 
 

ONGT@N KM OKNCGYPF GNKD OKR[ KVNB KRVN ZCM .USGR ETX GR\GB \PEYP FNCYF \PMI
.FRGP\ OG[ F[TPN QKB
OKBGZ GRB[ ,GRN[ FKKBZF [GI ,N[PN" :ONGSF NTC ZPGB "ZFGHF ZVSN BGCP"C
YZ BNB FH NM OKBGZ GRB QKB \PBC KZF ,ZEFRF GBGNP NMG ,KYRT NGED ONGT GRKRVN
\ZKKXPF \KVZDGJGV FRGMP QKTM FP[ [K ,GRN[ KZGIBF IGPC ,ZPGNM .FPXT GR\GKPKRVC
QKTM" OKKY GRIGP LG\C KM ZKCSP BGF ."GRN WGIP OGNM BNG ,GRN FBZRF NM FP[ GRN
36
."GRKRV NGP GRIGPN WGIP G\GB FBZR[ ,O[ FBZRF ZCE NM GRN LVFPF ,[JGNP KBZ
:FSKRM KXGZT F[KPI FCG FZGDS FSVGYN OEBF \B FPER ,OKZCEF \B [KIPFN KEM
,FKKBZ :OK[GIF \[PI \B OKDXKKP FNB OKZCKB .OKKEKG FV ,UB ,OKKRHGB ,OKKRKT
.GN WGIP NGMKCM [K[ GF[P SVG\ OEBF OMZE[ ,[G[KPG OTJ ,IKZ ,FTKP[
OKHMZ\P ONGM .OKKGZKD KRKP NM FPKRV OKSRMR FSVGYC[ GNNF OKI\VF \[PI LZE
.GN[ QGXZN SIKCG OEB G\GB N[ QGZMKHC KGXPF TEKPN SIKC OKRG[ OKEGCKT OKZCGTG
LSP" QKTP NT \RZYGP BKFG ,\GBKXPF N[ KF[NM FRGP\ BKF \NCY\P[ FBXG\F
.IGPF K\MZKC BXPR[ "TGRNGY

4 OK[Z\

BXPRF ONGT N[ \K\KKN[B FRGP\ GRN OKZXGK GRN[ OK[GIF[ QVGBC GRZXGR FNKI\ FRGGMC
.\KRGXKI FRGP\ \PBC KFP JBN JBN EGPNN GRN Z[VBN KEM ?TGEP .GRN WGIP NGMKCM


  | 58
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\ T EN , G RN [ \ G B K X P F \ B C K I Z F N , K IM G RF GR C X PP O EY \ F N N K I\ F N O KX G Z GR I RB O B
. Q G X Z C = GR M G\ C B X P R[ F P C Y Z G LB NV JN G R K NT , F P NK C [ C G O KB X P R G RI R B F V K B
NM [ F \ B O D GP M , G RN [ F J K NY F KN M N M \ B NK T V P [ B G F G Q GX Z F C [ G K O K RV C Y G P T
. FC[IPF \BG
LG\C OKMNGF ,ONGTF \B OKBGZ BN GNKBM GRIRB[ CXPC OKBXPR GRIRB OKPTVN
,Y\GRP GRN[ QGXZF ?GRN FZGY FP .GRCKCS FZGY[ FPN CN OKP[ BN ,OKZGDS ,GRPXT
TGNCN [PP GRN OZGD BGF[ ,NGED LM NM BGF GRN[ QGXZF OKPTVN .FZMF ZSGIC GPM
BN ZCM OF KM ?OKRYEHP OK[RB FPN .F&CM GRN[ QGXZF OKPTVNG ,ONGTF NM \B OKKRKTC
BKF \PBF .EGCTN YKSVP UGDF ,LMP FBXG\MG ,OFN F[Y .ONGTF \B JGNYN OKXGZ
LTGE[ GRN[ QGXZF FH .FDZEFC \GPN ,LGTEN OKNKI\P GRIRB GRKKI TXPBP ZCM[
OKNCYP ,\KRIGZ I\V\FN OKNKI\P[ OK[RB .UGDF BN ,FPKEY TGRN IGMF \B ECBPG
OGK NMC OKPY ,\GRGXZ OKBNP EKP\ = OKENK GPM OK[KDZPG ,\GPEY\FN QGXZG FKDZRB
.OK[EGIP \GIGMC
,N[PN .GRCKCS FBZR BN GB FBZR[ FP \B TCGYG OKMZX GRC ZZGTP[ FH BGF QGXZF
NMC \GYGRK\N OKZXGP OT \GKGRI N[ Q\GIMGRN CN OK[N NKI\P ,FZGFN LVF[ OEB
BN BGF ,QFC LZGX GN FKF BN[ KRVP LB ,QCGPM ,OEGY OD O[ GKF \GKGRIF .CGIZ \RKV
.QPGKYC QKICF [PP
GRN CGJ[ FP \B YZ JGNYN GR\GB QGGMP BGFG KJSKBGDB GRN[ QGXZF ,KTCJ QVGBC
OKRKCP GRIRB ,NM[F OD G\KBG I\V\P GDBF[ NMM .(YHR GRN OGZDN NGNT[ FP \B GB)
.GRN[ \GBKXPF \SKV\ \CIZ\P FHN OB\FCG ,Z\GK OKJNG[ ,Z\GK OKSVG\ ,Z\GK
,EGBP \NCDGP GHF FSKV\F ZCE N[ GVGSC ,CIZ\\ BKF FPM ET FR[P BN NCB
.OKKRVGDF OKKIF \[DZF \B GRN OKR\GR[ OK[GIF \[PIC NGMF LSC FKGN\ BKF[ QGGKM
\SKV\M \ZEDGP GHF FSKV\F QMNG ,OKKIF KNTC NM N[ OVGDP FRG[ GRKB GRN[ UGDF
KEK NT \NCDGP BN[ ,Z\GK FCIZF \GBKXPF \B SGV\N NMGR LKB .KIF \DZEC \GBKXPF
.OEBF \DZEC \GBKXPF \SKV\C = ZFGHF ZVS YSGT YGKEC FHC ?GRN[ GDBF
GRN[ OK[GIF \[PIG GRN[ QGZMKHF ,GRN[ QGXZF KEK NT \TM OKSVG\ GRIRB[ FP
OKB\M OKNCDGP GRIRB ,ECNC GRN[ OF QGZMKHFG QGXZF[ QGGKMP ."FHF ONGTF" BZYR
ZCI\FN GRKNT ,QGKNTF TEKPF FE[ \B ,\GBKXPF NM \B [KDZFN NMGR[ KEM .OKEEGC
.GRN[ OKYNI OF F[TPN NCB ,"GRN WGIP" OKBXPR NGMKCM[ ,OKZIBF N[ \GRGXZF NB

59 | 
 

ZGCTN = QGXZF \B UKNIFN GRKNT \K\KPBF \GBKXPF \B SGV\N KEM ,\GZIB OKNKPC
.QGXKIF QGXZF NB GRN[ KJSKBGDBF=KPKRVF QGXZFP

5 OK[Z\

CGFBN GR\GB CKKIN BC[ KZSGP YGIC ZCGEP BN = "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" NNMN Z[BCG
.FNGM \GBKXPF \B GRKNB OKZCIP GRIRB G\ZHTC[ KTXPB JG[V BGF BNB ,GF[KP
OKBRG[ GRIRB K[KN[F \BG \GIV KR[F \B ,OKGSP GF[KP OKCFGB GRIRB ,NNM LZEC
ZCIN OKIKNXP GRIRB Z[BM NCB = GRN WGIP OKBXPR OF[ F[GI\FP TCGR FHM SIK =
.\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \B OK[KDZPG OKPN[N OKMVGF GRIRB ,FNBF OKYNIF NM \B GRKNB
GRIRB[ KEM ?\K\KPBF \GBKXPFP OKY\GRP GRIRB[ ,\BHM FZGXC GRBZCR FPN
OKYGI OKEPGN GRIRB FHF LKNF\C .GRN[ FNBF OKYNIF NM \B JBN JBN ZCIR ,GRPXTC
.BZGCN OKGG\[P FH KEK NTG ,\K\KPBF \GBKXPF LG\C OKBXPR[ \GTVG\G
:LM OKZCEF OKZBG\P ONGSF NTC N[ GK\GNKPC
,L\P[RP GNENE\F[ OKNENGEPF OKZCKBF GNB NM JYNN BNB ,OGNM LN ZSI BNG
KNC \GTKCYC GMG\C G\RKM[ F FZ[K FHF ON[F UGDCG .EIB UGDN O\GB UZXNG
BN[ QKTPM GKFK ,ZGB N[ OKRGKNT OKNIRG ,FCZ FRGC\ N[ TGCPFG .NNM YSVF
.LZC\K ,GC LKRKT Q\\[ OGYP NMG .YSV
E \ZDB ,ONGSF NTC


  | 60
GRN YVSN BC[ KJZGBK\ B[GR EGT BN FH .EGBP GRN FCG[I \GBKXPF N[ FRGMR FSKV\
GRN[ \GKPKRVF \GRGM\FP FY\TF GH ,OKBGZ GRIRB[ FP .QGNS \GIK[N NVNGVP QMG\
:OEBF N[ FB@ZPM ONGTF NT FCZF ZCKE CGJ O[ NTCF .ECNC
GKRV OB ,FBZPC NM\SP[ GPM BGF QKKRTF ,GZCIC TZ OG[ FBGZ[ KP
OG[ FBZPC FBGZ GRKB ,OKKYR GKRV OBG ,LM FBZPC QM OD FBGZ ,OKVRGJP
37
.LGPM LTZN \CFBG GFHG .FBGZ LM ,BGF[ GPM .KVGE

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QKCN FNCYF \PMI QKC NECFF \B CJKF [KDEP[ B[GR BKF \GBKXPF \SKV\
.TEPFG \EF ,FKVGSGNKVF
LZGBN CN[ ZIB CN[ OEBF \B FNKCGPF \K[TP EGPKN \JK[ BKF FNCYF \PMI
GKNT FP ZYGIN FZGP FNCYF ,\ZIB \KTEP FJK[ NMN FPGEC .GN[ \K[KBF \GI\V\FF
NNM \YSGT BN BKF .LMN \GCKSF \B GN FZKCSP UBG NCYN GKNT \GBXG\ GNKB ,TXCN
.FBNP FZMFCG NTGVC GPXTC TXCN NMGK BN OEBF[ OKCXP ,OKKJZGB\ OKCXP KZGBK\C
FZGX ,ZPGI :\GPZ TCZBN 38"ZFGHF ZVSN BGCP"C OKYNGIP \GBKXPF \ZMF KRVGB
\B SGV\N Q\KR OFKRKC[ \GNGCDF OKZEDGP QM GPM .\GFPG \J[VGP FZGX ,ZPGIC[
.ZPGIC \[CGNP FZGXCG ZPGIC FSKV\F = FRGMR FZGXC \GBKXPF
QMNG ,\ZYGCPG FZGZC FZGXC JGNYN Q\KR BN \GFPG \J[VGP FZGX N[ \GRICFF \B
\EFG ,\J[VGPF FZGXC FRE QM FKVGSGNKVF ,\BH \PGTN .NNM QFC YSGT GRKB ZFGHF
LMC \JNIGP FZGXC \EFPG FKVGSGNKVFP QM OB \NECR FNCYF \PMI .\GFPC \YSGT
*
.\KTEP=\KNBKZ FZGXC D[GP[ FPC YZ \YSGT BKF[

.BGF CZ \PBF \PMIC LZGXF" :N"IPZF FKF \EF QKCN FNCYF \PMI QKC OKNECFF \B \GCZ [KDEF[ OKNCGYPF EIB *
BGF F KM LCCN NB \GC[FG OGKF \TEKG ,CG\M QM[ ,GRKNT BKF FGXP KM ,F\GB \TEN OKCKKI GRB[ LN ZPGB FNKI\
ZPBR[ GPM ,CNF NT OKC[K\PF OKZCEC BNB ,ECNC FRGPBC BNG ,FTKEKC TEKN GRIRB OKCKKI[ KZF ,GMG OKYNBF
QKC ,NMF DKFRPG IKD[PF BGF EKIKF QGEBF[ ,\TEN GRB OKMKZX OKZCE KR[ ,QM OB ...LCCN NB \GC[FG [GZKVC
GRB OKMKZX[ FNBF OKZCEF KR[ .GEGIK \\KPB \TEN GRKKFG ,OGN[G SI ZIB QKB[ = KR[FG ;OKRG\I\C QKC OKRGKNTC
?GRN OTKEG\ FPMI GHKBG ?OTER QKBP F\B KN ZGPB ,\TEN
NMG O\KK[T QVGB NT ,\GGXPF NT YZ ?FZG\F J[V CCGS FP NT KM ,\BH \B QKCFN NMGR BN FZG\F J[V \PMIP
OKKYN LKNT NJGP QKKET ,\BH FTKEK BKXG\ BN FNB NMP OBG ...FC OKZMHGP Z[B ,GKF[ OK[TPF ZGVKS NT GB ,OFKJV[P
.(B NNM ,F[P \GPINP ZVS KNNM ,N"IPZF) "\BHF \PBF \PMIC OB KM FH QKBG .FPKKYN LZE BXP\[ LKZXG ,GH FGXP

61 | 
 

\B QKKPEP BN OEBF[ BGF FPGEF .FRG[ [KG FPGE [K ?TEPN FNCYF \PMI QKC FPG
TEPF ,KXZBF TEPF :QGXZF DGS BGF FRG[F .G\GB ZYGI BNB ,QGXZF LG\N SRMR[ FP
\PMI GNKBG ,KJSKBGDBF=KPKRVF QGXZF LG\N SRMR[ FP \B ZYGI ,FHF ONGTF N[
.QGXKIF QGXZF LG\N SRMR[ FP \B \ZYGI FNCYF
FNCYF \PMI .OKZIBF \GRGXZ NB ZCI\P OEBF[ ZIBN YZ NKI\P ZYIPF FNCYC
\GBKXPF \B BNG \K\KPBF \GBKXPF \B \ZYGI BKF[ OG[P ,\PBF \PMI \BZYR
.GRN[ QGXZF KEK NT \NCDGPG FKGN\[ ,FPGEPF
,Z\GKC NGEDF QTEPF FH OT EIKG Z\GKC ZHMB [KB \GKFN NGMK OEB KXZBF TEPC
FCFBP \BXN NMGR[ NMM .OKR\[P] GRIRB FC[ FEKPC KGN\ ZYIPF FNCYC GNKBG
.GRN WGIP BXPR[ FP \B ZGYIN IKNXR ,\NGHF \CFBN \KPXT
\B QY\P OEB[ FEKPC YZG ,FPMIF \D[F QKCN GRN[ QGYK\F QKC NKECFN Z[VB KB
125 F[TPN QF \KRIGZF FD[FF \GDZEP 125 .\GBKXPF NM \B SVG\ BGF ,GPXT
.OKZIBF NM QKCN GRKC Z[YF QGYK\ N[ \GDZEP
NKM[P GB ZGPD [VKJ ,YKZCP QTEP GB CG\MG BGZY TEGK BN[ OEB \GKFN NGMK FH
F[TR BGF ,\NGHF KVNM GPXT \B QY\P OEB[M YZ = KJRGGNZ BN \PBC FH = NGED
NM[ ,ZIB NM[ NT ZCGEP[ BNB ,NM[ LKZX BN FNCYF \PMIN[ BN FHG .OMI \PBC
.QGXZF QGYK\P FBXG\M TKDP[
,FXGIF GRPXTP \BXN GRKNT ,\PBF ONGT \B ,\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \B SGV\N KEM
,OEBF N[ UGDC OKKGN\ BN OKKIF[ FNDR HBG .OKKY \PBC[ FP \B ZKMFN NKI\FNG
FEKPC YZ OKKGN\ OKKIF .GN[ QGZMKHC GB GN[ KJSKBGDBF KPKRVF QGXZC ,GN[ OK[GIC
\B ,GN WGIP NGMKCM BXPR[ FP NM \B ,GPXTN Z[YP ,GPXTN IVSP OEBF FC[
.OKZHF \GRGXZF
LTZN \CFBG" BZYR[ TCJF YGI \B [PPN \GIGM GRN YVSP[ ZFGHF ZVS \ZHTC
UGDF HBG .K\KPBF ONGTF \SKV\ NB ,\BHF FPGEPF \GBKXPFP OKNT\P GRIRB ,"LGPM
OKKIF .K\KPBF ONGTC \GKIN LK[PFN GRN TKZVP BN FHG \GPN NGMK GRN[ KP[DF
OXTC O[G ,Z\GK FNTR ,Z\GK NGED QGXZC OKKI ZCM GRIRB KM ,OKMK[PP GRN[ OKKRIGZF
.GRN[ "KRBF" BXPR

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  | 62
 6 


 
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FPG KRB ,OKYNI KR[N \YNGIPM \GBKXPF \B OKSVG\F OKZGXKM GRZXGR FZYPC BN
OPGZ\FN ONGTN OKNGMK GRKKF BN ,ECNC \KPKRV F\KKF GRN[ FSKV\F OB .KN WGIP[
CKCS OKCCG\SP ,EIB OGYPC OKTY\R GRKKF .FRK\RFG FCFBF \RGM\ NB GRN[ GDBF NTP
.GRPXT N[ CRHF
GPM \GKJSKBGDB \GKJR [K GR\KBP EIB NMN :FRGGMF FPN ZKFC\[ FPDGE FRF
NCB ,QFKNB CN OKP[ LM NM BN GRIRB ,GRC ZCGEP[M .\ZIB GB GH FPZC FGGBDG FJKN[
HKDZP CGZ KV NT FH ,\GBD\FN GB JGN[N UIE LG\P OKNTGV[ OKZIB OKBGZ GRIRB[M
.FH NT EKDFN FP GRN [KG ,GR\GB

63 | 
 
\GKFN BN GRN Z[VBN KEM ,OKZIB KVNM FBR[G FKKIE GRC GTCJGF FNKI\MNP
,GRN[ GDBF .GNNF \GKJRN GRN[ SIKF \B \K\ZGYKCG FPMI FZGXC ZKEDFNG OKEIG[P
,OKZIB NXB GRKRKTN FND\P[ TZF \B ZGYIN GRN ZHGT ,FRICF EIG ZKPIP JVG[ GPM
.JZVG JZV NMN TKDFN ,\GYPTG YGKE Z\KC G\GB JGV[N
OKZCE \GFHN GRN \Z[VBP ,OKKRKTF \B GRN \I\GV \KRG[BZF \KRGXKIF FSKV\F
ZPBR FH NT .GRMG\C BXPR NGMF \PBC[ QKCFN QMP ZIBN YZG ,GRN WGIP NGM OEGY OKTZ
BKFFG QJN\[ BGFF"[ BN FH[ \GNDN OKEK\T GRIRB NCB ."NSGV GPGPC ,NSGVF NM"
.GRN[ NYNGYPF QGXZF NNDC ,LM O\GB OKBGZ[ GRIRB FH BNB ,FBNF QMG "\KR\GGBD

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GNKBP QKCFN FSRR \TM .\GBKXPF \SKV\ \B GRC CXTP[ OZGDF BGF QGXZF ,ZGPBM
.FCGJN GRN[ \GBKXPF \B \GR[N NMGR EXKMG ,LM BYGGE GRZXGR TGEP ,QGXZF KGRC OKYNI
,GR\GB OKCCGSF KVNM FCFBG FBR[ GPM \G[GI\ GRC \GZZGT\P TGEP FNDR LZEF NT
OB ,NNMCG ...F[EI \KRGMP FRGY QM[F[M BRYNG TZ GF[KPN[M IGP[N GRN OZGD FP
?TZ Z\GK F[TR YZ QPHF NM[ FBZR FPN ,CGJN CZY\FN BKF FBKZCF \KNM\
.BZGCF KEK NT FBZCR[ \PN[GP \MZTPC OKBXPR GRIRB F[TPN[ ZKCSP ZFGHF ZVS
.BZCR[ KNNMF QGXZF OXTC BKF \PN[GPF \MZTPFG ,NCYN QGXZ BGF FBKZCF ZPGI NM
\KNNMF FP[RF \B NCB .QG[BZF OEB \P[R GB \KNNMF FP[RF OD BZYR FHF QGXZF
.\KNNMF FP[RFP ZGC[ YKYNI YZ BXPR GR\KBP EIB NMC .OKCZ OKYKYNIN BZGCF ZC[
BNNG ON[ FKF NGMF .EIB UGD N[ OKZCBM GHF \MZTPC GR[DZF GRNGM FZKC[F KRVN
KYNI NM OKZCGIP UGS=QKB ONGTC .UGS=QKB ONGT HB FBZYR \MZTPF LM OG[PG ,\GNGCD
"OKRRSP" 125 GHF \MZTPF NT NKJF BZGCF[ BNB .ZGBC OKBNPG FCFBC \MZTPF
FVK FRGP\ GPM FH .ZGB O[ [K[ [KDZFN Z[VB KB GK[MT[ LM ,(\GPNTF ,\GZ\SF)
LM ,QGNKKR EGTG ,OKVSGR OKP\M OT QGNKKR EGT GKNTPG ,OKP\M OT QGNKKR FKNT IRGF[
.\Z\SRG \MNGF \KZGYPF FRGP\F[
,\GPEGYF \GCM[F \B NNM OK[KDZP GRRKBG Z\GKC \KRGXKIF FCM[C OKBXPR GRIRB
ONGTC GR\GB \ZCIPF FCFBF \B [KDZR[ OGYPC .KZPDN [CG[P GRKRKC Z[YF QMNG
GRIRB ,GRKRKC KNNMF Z[YF \B OK[KDZP BN GRIRB .FKKIEG FBR[ GRKRKC [K ,UGS=QKB
,ZBGPFG CGJF CXPN OKRRSPF NM LZE GRPXTC ZGHIR[ FXGZ BZGCF .OKY\GRPG OKEZGVP
:OKCXP F[GN[N \YNGIP BKFG ,FBKZCF N[ \GI\V\FF \KRM\ KFGH .UGS=QKB ONGTN


  | 64
 (UGS=QKB ONGT) KRG[BZF CXPF BGF B CXP l

(FHF ONGTF) ZGC[F CXPF BGF C CXP l

(UGS=QKB ONGTN FZHI) GRPXTC ZGXKN GRKNT[ ON[GPF CXPF BGF D CXPG l

6 OK[Z\

F\GB OKZHGD ,FRGP\ OKZKKXP = GRN[ OKENKF OT OK[GT GRIRB[ FPN FPGE KE FH
.ENKF \B I\VP FCMZFF LKNF\ .NHBVF \B CKMZFN OFN OKR\GR HBG ,OKYNIN
OKYNI KR[N YNIR OEB NM N[ ("KNM"F) QGXZF GRN[ ONGTC ,FZKC[FP FBXG\M
:OKKZYKT
UGDG FP[R ,[ZG[ = OKKPKRV OKNM l
NMKFG [GCN = OKKRGXKI OKNM l
OKNMF \B .OFN DBGE KRB QMNG ,KPXTM ,"KRB"M [KDZP KRB KN[ OKKPKRVF OKNMF \B
OKKRGXKIF OKNMFG OKKPKRVF OKNMF .KN[ BN ZPGNM ,OKZHM [KDZP KRB KN[ OKKRGXKIF
OKNMF \B BRG[ KRB LM ,KN[ OKKPKRVF OKNMF \B CFGB KRB[ NMM QMNG ,FHN FH OKEDGRP
.KN[ OKKRGXKIF
FXKIP QKTP = "FZKC[F NGCD" ZCGT GNNF OKNMF KDGS KR[ QKC[ KRVP ?TGEP
KN FKFK[ KEM O[P BKXGFN NGMK KRB FP" N[ FZGXC YZ FXGIF NM\SFN KN \PZGD[

65 | 
 
,\KJSKBGDB FZGXC EKP\ OKZIBN SIKK\FN K\GB \CKKIP BKF ."?KN Q\GR FH FP ?CGJ
.O\GB NXRN QGXZ LG\P

7 OK[Z\

NMM ZHGPG TK\VP = QMNG .ONGTF NM QKCN KRKC NECFF KV NT KCXP \B LKZTP EKP\ KRB
FRMS FGGFP BN FH[ KBR\C ,KN CGJ Z\GK LM ,ONGTN TZ Z\GK[ FPM = TP[KK FH[
.K[KBF KRGIJKCN
ZIBF KVNM [KEB ZB[KFN NGMK BN KRB .OKKRGXKIF OKNMC KGNKP NGCSN NGMK BN KRB
SZGF [PP ,EGBP KN CKBMP FH ,IKNXP BGF[MG ;GRPP KN \VMB BN GNKBM DFR\FN GB
[EGIC NY[ OKVNB \Z[T IKGGZP KRB N[PN OB .\GBGG[F F[GT KRB QPHF NM .K\GB
OB NCB .ZKEB YGVKS [KDZP KRB ,[EGIC NY[ OKVNB \[PIM OKIKGGZP K\GB OKCCGSFG
Y\R\FN NGMK BN KRB .FNGED FCHMB [I KRB = [EGIC NY[ UNB OKZ[T IKGGZP GF[KP
.\GIV FKFK OKZIBN[ EGBP KN CG[I KM ,KN [K[ FPC YV\SFNG GHF FC[IPFP
O K [ K D Z P Q M G R IR B K M , F NB F O K K R GX K IF O K N MF P O NT \ F N J G [ V O K ND GS P B N G R I RB
G RK R K C F Z X K F Z K C [ F NC B , B NK P H B Z [ Y O G [ G RK R K C F K F B N O B . G R N O K M K K[ M O \ G B
G R\ GB LV G F F ZK C [ F I GM , F H N F H T Z Z C E O G[ GR K [ T B N O B O D [ LM . K NK N [ Z [ Y
. O K C KG B N O X T C


  | 66
         ,

 



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,KGRK[N KNM GRN \[P[P BKF KM ,EGBP FCG[I OKECGT GNNF OKZCEF LKB N[ FRCFF
NMGR ,EGBP \GKRGXKY QF[ OG[P BYGGE[ ,\GBPDGE FPM EGTC QRGC\R .\GI\V\FN UGRP
.QKKRTF \RCF \B EEIN Q\ZHTC
[KDZP ,GK[TP \GBXG\ GN GTEGR[ KZIB ,OKPGB\F KNEDP WGXKV \B QRM\[ JSKZGZJF
OKBYKZPBN ,OFN TKDP FHG Z\GK BN[ NCI ?GDZFR [KB OKVNB \[GN[ YZ" :LM LZTC
N[ F[GI\C OKRVC BNP\FG ,GN[ OKKRGXKIF OKNMF \B QYGZ BGF ?GN FZY FP ."!FNBF
.FDKDI N[ ,NGED IGGZ
OKNMN OKKPKRVF OKNMF QKC ZTV ZGXKN KPKRV UIE LG\P GNTV \G[GRBF KZZGX NM
[GPKPC YV\SFN FNGMK F\KKF BN ,N[PN ,\KXBRF FKRPZD .OFN[ OKKRGXKIF
BN .FPXT KRVC \D[D[P FRKEP \ZKXKN KRPZDF OTF N[ FGCDF K[GRBF NBKXRJGVF
[KDZ\ BKF HB YZ .O\GB SGZFN ,OFC JGN[N ,OKZIBF NTP \GKFN UIE FC ZXGR .BNG
.FNGED \PBC
,GC JGN[N ,G\GB NXRN ,G\GB UGZ[N ,ZIBF \B DGZFN[ [KDZP OEBF N[ OHKBGDBF
,GN[ OKKRGXKIF OKNMN ,GPXTN YKHP OEBF = FZKC[F IGMP FBXG\F GH .GZGCT DGRT\ FH
OKZIBN \G[TN NE\[F[ TZF NM[ Z\GK ZIGBP FNDK BGF[M .FH \B TEGK BN BGF NCB
FCHMBFG CBMF BYGGE NCB .OKHT CBMG FCHMB GC GZZGT\K ,GPXTN OZD[ TZ OXTC FKF
.[PP N[ QGYK\ TXCN GN GZHTK[ OF FNBF
KRKEPF ZG[KPC NCB ,O\GB ZK\SFN OKDFGRG FNBF OKZCEF NT ZCEN OKNKDZ BN GRIRB
YYG\[P EX NM .FKJPGNVKE = ZY[F ONGTN ECGMP O[ + GRBXPF GNKVB .EGBP JNGC FH
.\KZC G\KB \ZGM FZKZC ZSGIP LB ,ZIBC JGN[N
QKC \KNPKRKP \G[DR\FC \GKIN GRN GZ[VBK[ \GCZ \GMZTP GRKRC \K[GRBF FZCIC
GRNGM \ZIB[ OKRKCP GRIRB KM ,GR\KBP EIBG EIB NM N[ OKKRGXKIFG OKKPKRVF OKNMF
GRIRB OD ZIP[ OKEIGV GRNGM .EGTG OKYYHRC FMKP\G ETS \GMZTP ,KPGBN IGJKC .YHRKR
.FMPN FVGZ\ OKEYFN OKVKETP QMNG ,FHF CXPC FKFR
KNTC NXB \PKKY BN[ ,\K[GRB FTVG\ BKF OKKRGXKI OKNMN OKKPKRV OKNM QKC FBR[
FBGZ CBHF .G\GB \BRG[ BN BKFG F\GB BRG[ BN BGF ,N[PN ,FNKKB UZGJ[ CBH .OKKI
\B NFRP TCJF .FBR[ OFKRKC QKB NCB ,GN \EDR\P QCGPM BKF FTCJP .QGHP FNKKBC
.\PN[GP FZGXC OFKR[

67 | 
 
FH \GMHC .GRKKIC TZN FCKSF \B \GNDN OKNGMK GRKKF BN ,Z[Y OG[ GRKRKC FKF BN OB
.CGJN G\GB LGVFN OKNGMK GRIRB ,TZ BGF GRKRKC Z[YF[ OKNDP GRIRB[
OK[NI GKF \GRKEPF QKC OKZ[YF ZCTC = GRKPKC \G[GRBF N[ FCXP NT NM\SR
GRKKF[M .\GZIB \GRKEP N[ OXPGXP ZVSPN YZ \Z[GYP F\KKF FRKEP NMG ,EGBP
QPHF OT NCB .UG[I LM NM FKF BN TZF QMNG ,Z[Y [PP FKF BN ,FHP FH OKYGIZ
OKTKV[P ,ONGMN OKZG[Y ONGM OGB\VG ,QJY EIB ZVM GPM [PP ,KNCGND F[TR ONGTF
.FND\P GRKRKC[ FBR[F QMNG ...WZBF ZGEM EGT GRN QKB ,IGZCN QBN QKB .ONGM NT
.GRKRKC OKSIKF \B QY\N GR\GB CKKI\[ BKF GHF FBR[F BYGGEG


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,ZGPBM .FBNF OEY\R ,Z\GK \XY \RCGP \NGHF QKCN GRKRKC OKSIKF \RGP\[M ,GK[MT
.FZKC[F IGM BGF ,KRGXKIG KPKRV ,OKYNI KR[N GRN[ \GBKXPF \RGP\ \B YNIP[ IGMF
BN ZCM ("NMKF"G "[GCN" ,GRN[ OKKRGXKIF OKNMF) GRN[ QGXZFP YNI ,FZKC[F KZIB
OKM\GI[ QPHCG ,NDZN \KPGYP FPEZF \YKZH NCKY[ OEBN FPGE FH .GRN LKK[M [DZGP
GN FZGY BN GNKBM ,NKDZM OF GN[ OKKIF GNKBM DFR\PG ZCEP ,YIGX BGF ,F\GB GN
.ZCE [KDZP BN BGF KM ,OGNM
FP NM \B F[TPN OK[KDZP GRIRB ,"\GNMKFG OK[GCN" ,QGXZF N[ FNBF OKYNIC
OKMKNF\ ,NGED ONGTG OK[RB GRCKCS [K .QGXKIF ONGTF \B ,ZPGNM ,GRIRB BN BGF[
.GRN[ QGXZF N[ OKYNI OF FNB NM \PBCG ,OK[IZ\P[
FP .GRKRKT NGP NB GRN[ \GRGXZF OKRZYGP GC[ ,NGED EIB JZS LG\C OKKI GRIRB
OFC[ OKKCKJPZGVRKB OKRG\R = "\fPK[Z"F ?JZSC GK[MT FBZR FRGP\ GHKB TCGY
.GR\KBP EIB NM N[ \K[KBF \GI\V\FF \KRM\ \ZEDGP
:OKCKMZP F[GN[P \CMZGP \GBKXPF .ZES \XY F[TR
(BZGCF) FRK\RFG FCFBF IGM ,ZGBF l
(BZCRF) NCYN QGXZF l
(BZCRF N[ \GI\V\FF \KRM\) \GPK[ZFG l
\B ZCG[ BZGCF LM ZIB .\GRFKN QGXZ ,NCYN QGXZM BZCRF \B ZXGK BZGCF FNKI\
F[GI\ \ZXGRG ,(NMKFG [GCN) QGXKI YNING (UGD ,FP[R ,[ZG[) KPKRV YNIN QGXZF
."ONGTFG KRB" N[ \KJSKBGDB


  | 68
 8 OK[Z\

FHM GPK[Z NM .\GPK[ZP FKGRC BKFG ,GN[ \GI\V\FF \KRM\ \RPJGP QGXZF LG\C
BZGCN FGG\[K = FZKC[F QGYK\N TKDK[ ET ZGCTN LKZX BZCRF[ OKGSP CXP ZKEDP
.FBKZCF \ZJP \B [PPKG GK\GRGM\C
KYNI \[PIC [KDZP KRB[ GPK[ZF [GPKP FH GK[MT FBGZ KRB[ FP .JZSN OKZHGI
.OGNM QKB FHP Z\GKG .KN[ QGXZF
\GKGNTV\FN KN \GPZGDG KN[ QGXZF LG\C \GZZGT\P \G[EI \GPK[Z TDZ NMC
\GPK[Z OF ,\GBKXPF NM ,KN[ OKKIF NM .ZIB ONGT FBGZ EKP KRB[ ZPGB FH ,\G[EI
\GNKI\P GMZE[ = KN[ QGXZF NT ,KKNT NTGV ZGBF .\G[PP\PG KMZE \GZCGT[
.TGRNGY JZSC GPM \Z[Z[C ZGCTN \GPK[ZF

9 OK[Z\

?"O\GB" KI[ "KRB" FH \PBC OBF NCB .KI KRB O\GB[ ,KN[ OKKIF FNB[ [KDZP KRB
GF[HKB[ KN FPER ?KRB K\KKF FH[ QKPBFN NMGB OBF ,FZGIB OKR[ FPM NM\SB OB
FNB OF BN ,OGNIC GPM OMZE GZCT OKKIF[ ,LM OK[KDZP OK[RB FCZF .KMZE ZCT JZS
KRBG QZYGF JZSF ,ZGB QZY F\KKF ...GZCT[ FNB OF BN ,G[T[ FNB OF BN ,GNTV[
.KN[ EKYV\F \B GC K\YIK[

69 | 
 
\B YNIP GRC ZCGT[ GPK[Z NM .QGXZG ZGB ,\GPK[ZP WGI OGNM QKB[ ZKCSP ZFGHF
FBZR[ USGR GF[PG GRPXT \B FHF JZSC OK[KDZP GRIRBG ,KRGXKIG KPKRV :OKKR[N QGXZF
GRIRB ,OKENK ONGTN OKBKCP GRIRB .OK[RB ,IZK ,[P[ ,OKXT = GRN WGIP BGF[ GRN
\YNGIPM \GBKXPF \[DZF ?FPN .GF[P EGTG GRIRB [K EKP\ ...FEGCTC OKBXPR
,ZGBF = IGM EGT OKKY GR\KBP WGI[ ZKMFN \GRPEHF ZCE N[ GVGSC GRN \R\GR OKKR[N
.G\GB [VIN GR\GB IKZMP[ BGFG = BZGCF

   
 


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" , 


OG[P ,GC ZGPBF \B QKCFNG BGZYN LKB OKTEGK BN OK[RB[ FHF QCGPC Z\SR ZFGHF ZVS
\GBKXPF[ QKCFN GR\KBP [ZGE ZFGHF .\GBKXPF \SKV\ LZE ZCGT FBKZYN I\VPF[
.GRN WGIP BNG ,GRMG\C \[IZ\P OK[KDZP GRIRB[
\B [VIN FP GRN QKB .GRMG\C [KDZR ,GKNB GR\GB LKNGP ZFGHF[ QGKNTF ONGTF \B OD
.GRN[ \GKPKRVF \GRGM\F KGRK[C YZ BNB ,YVGBF KZIB QGKNTF ONGTN FBKXKF
,QPH "NTP" .TDZM OK[KDZP GRIRB[ FP "NTP" \BXPR[ \GBKXP NT ZCEP ZFGHF
NGMF .FRRKB = GRN WGIPM \KBZRG GRN \ZBG\P[ GHF \KRGXKIF \GBKXPF .OGYPG FTGR\
.GMG\C \GZKKJXP EK\TFG FGGFF ,ZCTF \G[GI\ ,\GTVG\F NM .GRN[ QGXZF LG\C BXPR
,ZCT QPHC FZY[ GF[PM GRPXTN G\GB OKZB\P GRIRB[ LKNF\ GF[HKB BKF FKZGJSKFF
[IZ\P GC[ EIB OGYP YZ [K .FPGEP OGYP QKBG FTGR\ QKB ,QPH QKB[ BKF \PBF NCB
.QGXZF = NGMF
OK[DR\P (\NGHFG KRB ,KRGXKIG KPKRV) GRN[ QGXZF N[ OKRG[F OKYNIF ,KTCJ QVGBC
,EIBN GMVFK[ ET OFKRKC ZCIN ,OFKRKC Z[YF \B QY\N GRN TKKSP ZFGHF ZVS .FHC FH
QBM OKNDP GRIRB LM .\GBKXPF \SKV\C NIGKPF KGRK[F GFH .OFKRKC NECF [KDZR BNG
."BCF ONGTF" OD BZYR[ ,QGKNTF ONGTF \B GK[MTG
NMM BNB .ZIB OGYP GF[HKBN TKDR LM ZIBG ,GRPXT \B OKRKMP GRIRB QBM[ BN FH
OKNKI\P GRB YGKEC FEKP F\GBC ,FBR[ OGYPC \NGHF KVNM FCFB OKNDP GRIRB[
Z[YC ,QBM OKBXPR \GPNGTF NM ."BCF ONGT" GB "QGKNT ONGT" BZYR[ CXP [KDZFN
.GR\KBP YGIZ ,GRN WGIP TDZM GRN FBZR[ FP QKCG GRKRKC
CGZYF NDTPC .GRN[ GDBF KVNM OKNDTP FPMN OKYNIR \NGHM GRN OKBZR[ \GRGXZF
OK[RB OKBXPR GKZIB BCF NDTPC .OKZCIFG OKCGZYF ,FIV[PF OKBXPR Z\GKC
OKXGZ GRIRB[ OK[RBF OR[K LM ZIB .OKBVGZ GPM ,OKPKKY OF[ GRN CGJG GRN OKNKTGP[
OK[RBF OKBXPR YGIZ KMFG .OKKIC GZB[KK[ NCB ,OFN YKHFN ,OFC [P\[FN YZ


  | 70
...GRN[ \GRGXZ OF ONGM NCB .O\GB DGZFN OKRMGP GNKVB KNGBG ,OKBRG[ [PP GRIRB[
ONGTN ZGHIR ,BZC BZGCF[ \KNNMF FP[RF \GKFN LGVFR ,GRKNB FZHIC O\GB ZCIR[M
."ONGTF BZCR KNKC[C" KGJKCC ZEDGP[ JRJVF GFH .UGS=QKB
FZGXC TXC\FN ZGPB BN \GBKXPF \SKV\ N[ QGYK\F LKNF\[ [KDEFN CG[I
LSC F\B ,YTGX F\B FP" :GN CK[B BN ,KKNT YTXK KN[ QM[F ZIP OB .\K\GMBNP
ZCGEP = "FXGIF OGYPC FPKRV" N[ KRJ[V KGRK[ O\S BN FH ..."KN[ QGXZ NGMF
\GRCN GRN ZGHTK[ ZFGHF ZVSN OKYGYH GRIRB G\GB TXCN KEM .EGBP YGPTG NGED LVFPC
.QGYK\F LKNF\C GRC LGP\\[ OK[RB N[ FZCING ,F[EIF FSKV\F \B GRMG\C

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.FXGCYF BKF \KRIGZ \GI\V\FN OKKIZMFF OKTXPBF EIB

FRG[BZF ;\G[GI\ K\[ GRC ZZGTP BZGCF ,\KRIGZF \GI\V\FN OKRMGP FKFR[ KEM
\GZZGT\F = OKKIF ZGYP \B DK[FN FMK[P BKF FKKR[FG ,FHF ONGTF KVNM \GRYKZ BKF
."CNC[ FEGYRF"
NB = F\GB BNPNG QKHFN OKNGMK GRIRB GC[ OGYPF NB GR\GB \ZCIP CNC[ FEGYRF
FHN FH OKM[PR ,CNC[ FEGYRF OFC \ZZGT\P[ OK[RB[ \GBZN Q\KR \PBCG .FXGCYF
FH OKCZY\P OKPGE \GRGXZ KNTC OK[RB ,\K[GRBF FZCIC EKP\ FZGY LM .\KTCJ FZGXC
.EIK OKXCY\PG FHN
N[ OK[EIF \GRGZYTF KV NT ,\NGHN \K\KPBF \GZCI\FF \B \Z[VBP FXGCYF
TKDFN KEM KIZMF KTXPB BKF FXGCYC FEGCTF QMN .EGZKVG FBR[ OGYPC FRK\RG FCFB
\TRGPG ,\NGHN GN[ SIKF \B \K\KPB FZGXC EGEPN OEBN \Z[VBP BKF .BZGCF KGNKDN
BZGCF KZFG .BZGCF OT GN[ K[KBF Z[YNG \GKRIGZN Z[BC BGG[ \GRGKPEC \GD[N GRPP
.GRKRKC[ QYG\PF Z[YC FZG[F FRK\RFG FCFBF \RGM\ BGF

73 | 
 

N[ SIKN FXGCYC OK[RBF QKC SIKF KGRK[C .FKZGJSKFF NM LZGBN GPY GNBM \GXGCY
LG\P .\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \[DZFN OK[GZEF OKBR\F \B GZXK OF ,\KEEF FCFBG ZGCKI
GZK\GF OF[ OKZVSF .OFKRVC I\VR[ ONGTF NT GC\M OF ,GZCX OF[ CZF QGKSKRF
.OK[EIF OKKIF NB Z\GKC FNKTGPFG FZXYF LZEC TKDFN GRN OKZ[VBP OFKZIB
CG\MF IGZC OFKRKC ZCI\FN = \IB O\ZJPG "OKNCGYP \XGCY" \BZYR GHM FXGCY
BGR[[ FP LZCIN F[T\ NB" ,"OKZCI NBZ[K NM" ,"EIB CNC ,EIB [KBM" ,FZG\C
.FPGEMG "LGPM LTZN \CFBG" ,"LKNT
QRGC\R FRPP \XYP [GIN KEM .EGBP \EIGKP BKF OKNCGYP \XGCYC \ZXGRF FZKGGBF
:OKPEGYF \GZGEFP \GJNGC \GXGCYC OKZCIF QKC \GZ[Y\F KZJ[ LG\P \GBPDGE FPMC
GZCI EGCMN EIB NM SGING ,FGGIBG FCFBC GRNGM DFR\FN GRKNT GRNCKY
.GEGCMM
39
1558 \R[ ,K"ZBF OFKRKC ,OKZXP KPMI \XGCY

UGD GRKKF GNKBM ...GRKRKC OGN[G FGGIBG FCFB N[ WKPBG YHI Z[Y ZG[YN
.GRKKI KPK NM ,FEKNPG QGKZFP OBPG CBP OKIB GRKKF GNKBM ,EIB
40
1564 \R[ ,OKZXP KPMI \XGCY

.EGBP NMCG [VR NMC ,[PP GRPP ZCKB YNI BGF GNKBM GZCI NT FNTK EIB NM
[KB WPBNG YHING ZGHTNG TKKSN ,NM NMP NMC OKZCI ,EIB [KBM GREIKK\R
.GFTZ \B
41
1757 \R[ ,OKN[GZK ,NB=\KC KNCGYP ,["[Z \XGCY

ZFGHF EGPKNN BGCN ONGM NE\[FNG ...GKIB \B [KB CGFBN OFKNT GNCKY
.OGK NMC
42
1731 \R[ ,FCGEBV ,N"IPZ \XGCY

G\GB KEK NT YZG LB \GKFN NGMK ,\NGHF \CFBN \KPXT FCFBP ,FXGCYC OKSIKF QGYK\
.CGJ ZXKN TZF ZXKF \B LGVFN NGMK BGF YZ .GRN[ OHKBGDBF \B BZC[ QGKNT IGM
GZKHIP FC[ ZGBPF KM" ,BZGCF ZPGB 43,"QKNC\ FZG\ GN K\BZCG TZF ZXK K\BZC"
*
.FCFBNG ZGCKIN ,ZPGNM ,"CJGPN

LKZX OEBF[ FP ,BCKNG BIGP QKKRT KM .TCJF EDR \MNN IGM GEKC FKFK[ ,\GBKXP OG[ OEBN QKB GPXT \GIGMC" *
FZG\ K\BZC ,TZF ZXK K\BZC N"HI GZPB[ GPM .FZG\F KEK NT BGF TGKSFG .TGKS NCYN IZMGP BGF ,OFC ON\[FN
KCN[ KZPBP ,["CZF ,DN[B KGNF OGN[ LGZC CZF) "CJGPN OZKHIP FC[ ZGBPF ,FC OKYST\P[ LG\P[ .QKNC\
.("F LZEC FMBNPG FZG\ GFP" ,ONGSF


  | 74
UGD KYNIM GRKRKC YGEF Z[YC = FRGMRFG \RYG\PF \GBKXPC OKBXPR GRIRB GK[MT OD
QKKET[ BNB ,CGJ NMC OKBNP ,GR\GB BZC[ QGKNTF IGMN OKZCGIP ,\KEEF FCFBC ,EIB
ZGBF \B ,FHF FKKIPF IGMF \B ,GHF \GZZGT\FF \B .FHF CXPC FZMFN GRZZGT\F BN
.EIK OKXCY\P Z[BM DK[FN Z[VB ,CJGPN ZKHIPF
LM OG[PG ,GRN[ ZCGIPF CXPF NT ZCEP ZFGHF .ZFGHF ZVSC EIK OKBZGY FXGCYC
ZKHIPF ZGBF \B \ZZGTP ,FCFBNG EGIKBN TKDFN FRGGM LG\P ZFGHC \V\G[P FBKZY
,GRN[ OKKTCJF OKKJSKBGDBF \G[DZF NTP \GNT\FN OKNKI\P FDZEFC *.CJGPN
\B OK[KDZP GRIRB GMG\CG ,FCFB N[ Z[Y G\GB GRKRKC BXPR[ [KDZFN OKNKI\P
.BZCRN BZGCF KGNKD ,FNCYF \PMI N[ F\GFP [GPKPN TKDFN LZEF KFGH .BZGCF

 
  
\B YKNEFN NGMK FKF BN WGXKRF[ BNB .\NGHF \CFB N[ QKXGXKR OFP EIB NMC [K
F[TK EIKC QKXGXRF NMP ,HB = EIK O\GZCI\F KEK NT[ GPKMSF QMN ...FCFBF ZGB
.FNGED \IB \CFN[
44
"ONGSF KCN[" KZPBP ,["CZF

LGZC CZF QMN .FPXT \B QY\NG FNGED \IB FXGCYN LGVFN FMKZX \G[GRBF NM GRZGEC
NT OKZPBP \GZ[T C\M ,ONGSF NTC N[ GMZE LK[PPG GRC ,(["CZF) DN[B KGNF OGN[
NM KCDN \JZGVP FMZEF OT ZGCKIF \ZG\ \B ONGTN Q\R BGF .FXGCYC FEGCTF
OKEPGN GRIRB GKC\M KV NT .FXGCYF LG\C OKSIKF \MZTPC OKPKKY\P[ OKCXPF
.\KRIGZ OKI\V\PG
KB ,\KPXT FCFB NGJKC KNCG ..."\KPXT FCFB" BZYR[ ,KNM OT BZCR OEBF
OKMKZX QMN ,GRN[ TCJF EDR FH[ \GKFG .FZGXF \GG\[F KEKN TKDFN Z[VB
.NGED IGM ONGM GKFK[ ,FZCI
"FZCIF \ZJP" ZPBP ,["CZF

\Z[VBP OGKF \PKKY[ \PEY\PF FKDGNGRMJF .FXGCY BNN \KRIGZ OEY\FN Z[VB KB
OKZGTK[ .ONGTC OGYP NMN JRZJRKBFG FKHKGGNJF LZE QGYK\F \JK[ \B ZKCTFN GRN

OKZZGTPG OKZHGI ,FC OKYSGTF NMG ,HB F[GEKI \NKI\M ZGBF G\GBP FZKBPG FRKM[F FZKFHP ...FH ZGCKIC YSGT[M" *
ZGB" ,Y"PZF ,GZCKEZGY F[P Z) "GZGCKI \T[C GKZCIG KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ FNKD[ OEGYF ZGBF G\GBG \NTG\F G\GB
.(F QPKS ,B ZT[ ,"ZYK

75 | 
 

KI ZGEK[C OGK KEP OKZEG[P ,EGTG ["CZF KZPBP ,ZFGHF ZVS NT ,FNCYF \PMIC
OKVZJXP O\GTXPBCG (www.kab.co.il ,yes=CG HOT=C 66 WGZT) "OTN FNCY" WGZTC
WZBC "OTN FNCY" N[ EGPKN KHMZPC OKXCY\P OYNI .OKEPGNF \XGCYN OK[RB \GCCZ
.KNBGJZKG QVGBC FXGCYN OKZCI\P OYNIG ,N"GICG
I\V\FN QKKRGTP[ OEB NM KRVC OGKF \GIG\V FXGCYN ZGCKI N[ \GKGZ[VB QGGDP
.NG[MP EGT FGGFP BN ONGTF \GGXY NMC OK[RB QKC KHKVF YIZPF GNKVBG ,\KRIGZ
OD ZEFR OKZIBN ZCI\FN Z[VB[ ZC\SPG ,GRKRKC KPKRV Z[Y \ZKXK NT OKZCEP GRIRB
...\GCCNF BNB ZCI\FN OKMKZX[ OF OKVGDF BN KM ,\ZG[Y\F KNM LZE
EGBP OKRG[ ORPB OK[RBF ,NC\ KCIZ NM KRV NT \TZ\[PF ,GHF FNGEDF FXGCYC
ONGTP YNI OF[ [KDZFN OKXGZ ONGM .\KPKRV FRKICP EGBP OKPGE LB ,\KRGXKI FRKICP
.OKZCI\P OF QMNG = OFKENKN OKCGJ OKKI IKJCFNG ,DG[D[G QGIJKC ,FCFB N[ EIB
LZE FNGM \G[GRBN TKX\G \KPNGT LGRKI \JK[N LGVF\ FNCYF \PMI ZCE N[ GVGSC
LM .ONGTN ZGCKIF \JK[ BX\ FRPPG ,\KHMZP FEGYR FGGF\ NBZ[K .TZF NMP NXRKFN
Z[Y ,OEBF KRC QKC ZCIK[ [EIF Z[YF \B = ZGBF \B ONGTN WKVRG GREGTKK \B [PPR
.FCFBG FRK\R ,\KEEF \GCZT N[




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."OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF" ,10 YZVC FCIZF

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N[ OKR[F KVNB \GZ[T .EGBP \[DZP \KZGJSKF QGKX \EGYRC OGKF OKBXPR GRIRB
\GPNGTF \GI\V\F NMG FHF ONGTF \GI\V\F \GR[ KEZBKNKP ,\K[GRBF \GI\V\FF
\EKNN [PP FNB OKTDZC GR\GB BKCFN KEM YZ GETGR GNB NM = GN GPEY[ OKRGKNTF
.F[EIF \G[GRBF
IPGXF GKZIB ,OPGEF I\V\F FNKI\ .I\V\P QPHF NM BGF[ FBZR TCJC QRGC\R OB
.BZCRF LG\C[ QGXZF \GI\V\F NT \SSGCP GHM \GI\V\F NM .KIF UGSCNG
FXGZ QGXZF[M .OPGE \ZGX NCYP ,I\V\FN BNG GPXT NT ZGP[N YZ FXGZ[ QGXZF
.IPGXF \ZGX \I\V\P ,YKHPF \B YKIZFNG GN NKTGP[ FP \B GPXTN CZYN ,I\V\FN
NM .KI \ZGX NCYP YKHPFP YIZ\PG NKTGPF NB CZY\P GPXTC[ ,Z\GK EGT NGED QGXZ
\GI\V\F \B \GBJCP[ \GKRGXKI \GVKJT YZ QF \GBKXPC GRKRKTN OKBGZ GRB[ \GZGXF
."NCYN QGXZF" ,BZCR[ EKIKF IGMF

81 |
  
FR[ 5,771 KRVN ,ZGPBM NCB .K[GRBF QKPF BGF KIF \DZEC Z\GKC I\GVPF ZGXKF
"OEBF" \DZEN ,Z+aEPF \DZEN I\V\F OKBZCRFP EIB .TCJC F[EI \GI\V\F FNIF
,FHF ONGTFP BN[ FYG[\ FZZGT\F [KBF G\GB N[ QGXZF LG\C .BZGCN FPGE[
.BZGCF KGNKDN G\GB UIE[ KYGNB WGXKR ,"CNC[ FEGYRF"
QKP NMC BXPR FKFK BN[ ,OEBF WVIC TGJR EIGKP LZGX OKBXGP GRB QKB
,FKNB QMGP OEBF QKP YZ Z[B .\KYGNB \GYCEN \GZZGT\FF \NGH ,KIF
.G\NGH BNG
"FEGFKN \BHG" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC

BNB ,FPXTP \[IZ\P BN Z+aEPF \DZEN \GI\V\FF ,FRPP \GMGPRF \GDZEFP FRG[C
KEM ."FRGGM" \BZYR GHF \GYYG\[FF .FKNB NKVTFN \GYYG\[FG QGXZ GRC [K[ KZIB YZ
LM O[N = GRN ZGHTK[ KTXPBN OKYGYH GRIRB BZGCN OKPGE \GKFN FRGGM GRMG\C I\VN
.ZFGHF ZVS GRZGCT C\MR
TKDFN KEM GC G[P\[F OKNCGYP ,FKZGJSKFF LZGBN .EGBP EIGKP ZVS BGF ZFGHF
ZVSN C[IR BGF LM OG[PG ,KNNMF TCJF \GI\V\FC Z\GKC FFGCDF FPZF \ZMFN
BKF O\RGGM ,GRGGM\F ZVS FHKBN QKKXN KNC "ZVS"N OKSIKK\P OKNCGYPF[M .OKZVSF
.ZFGHF ZVS = \IB
GKF .ZFGHF \ZKXKN OKNCGYP FZ[T GZCI\F ,OKR[ KVNB \C \GND FNKI\F GC[ ZGEC
\KNNMF \MZTPC \GEGSKF \Z[T = "\GZKVSF Z[T" \B GDXKK[ \GEIGKP \GP[R OFC
ZC QGTP[ KCZ EPT O[BZC .\GBKXPF FRCP NM \B TKCFN O\NGMKC FKFG ,FBKZCF N[
,FZGCD ,ESI ,FRKC ,FPMI \GZKVSF EDRM OKZIBF G\KBG ,Z\MF \ZKVS EDRM KBIGK
.\GMNPG EGSK ,EGF ,IXR ,\ZBV\
\MZTPF N[ \KRGXKIF FZGXF \B "\GK\GB" OKBZYR[ OKRPKSC GTKCF ZFGHF KNTC
GRN [K OB ,OKNKPF \B OKTPG[G \GK\GBF NT OKNM\SP GRIRB[M .OKBXPR OF FC[
ZFGHF .GRKNT NGTVN FNKI\P BKF ,\BHF \MZTPN OKZ[GYP \GKFN ,JTGP OD GNG ,QGXZ
.\KPKRVF \MZTPF NB GR\GB \ZCIP GC FTKDRF ;TDP LSP GPM BGF
FDZEFC GRN YVSP BGF ,\KRIGZ FRKICP I\V\FNG NGEDN GRN OZGD ZFGHF OT TDPF
G[GZKV CJGPN ZGHIN ."CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGB" BZYR[ EIGKP \GI\V\F IGMG FRGMR FRGGM
.BZGCF \DZEN ,"CKJKPFG CGJF" N[ FDZE F\GBN TKDFN

 
 | 82
 


OKPTVNG .ZKBPF WGXKR BKF[ ,CNC[ FEGYR GN [K[ ,QKPBFN LKZX OEBF
...ZZGTN EKP\ OKMKZX FHF WGXKRFG ,FZKBP FRKBG FZGI[ FEGYR YZ BKF
.GZKBK[ ,GN[ OK[TPF \B YKNEFN G\GZ[VBC [K KM
45
"ONGSF KCN[" KZPBP ,["CZF

NT ZCEP BGFG ,"LN LN" \[ZVP IGYN TJYF .ZFGHF ZVSP TJY \BKZYN EIK [DKR F\T
.BZGCN OKPGE \GKFNG I\V\FN FRGGMF BKF Q"P .OKYKEX N[ Q"P# NTG KTXPBF GYF
= O\GB BZC[ NT BZGCF \B YKEXFN ,ZPGNM ,OKYKEX \GKFN OKXGZ[ OK[RB OF OKYKEX
FDZEF LG\P ,\GBKXPC FZGY \PBC[ FP N[ F[DZFG FKKBZ LG\P YZ \KZ[VB FYEXFG
.ZFGHF \ZHTC TKDFN OKXGZ GRIRB FHN .FNGT OEBF FKNB[ FRGKNTF
GNB NM ,FNKN \GXIC[ OG[P .T[T\[P BGF ,FHF ONGTC[ \GP[RC GNKVBG
.FZG\F N[ \GIC[\ TKP[FNG ,FZG\C BGZYN ONGM OKZZGT\P \PB KYKEX
.OFK\GNGYN OKCK[YP ONGM ,QETF QD LG\C[ OKYKEXF GNB NMG F"CYFG
KEK NT OKNTP OF[ ,Q"P#F KEK NT[ ZPGNM .OGKC OFKNT L[PR ESI N[ JGIG
KVNG .OKESIF ZGB BGF[ ,BCYGRF NB KTXPBF GY L[PR ,\GIC[\FG FZG\F
,ZPBR[ GPM .BCYGRFN GPZD[ ZGTK[F G\GBC OKMGH ,FHF ZGBN GPZD OF[
OKMGH ,FNKNC[ FZK[F NKC[C[ .KPT GZK[ FNKNCG GESI F FGGXK OPGK
.OGKC GESIN
CNY \GB ,LN LN \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

BZGCF KGNKDN TKDFN OKXGZ GRIRB OB .\GRYG\P \GP[R ZCM [K \KNNMF \MZTPF LG\C
N[ CXPC ,"L[GI"C OKBXPR GRIRB \KRIGZ FRKICP ,GR\KBP Z\SR BGF[ OK[KDZP NCB
Q\GB HBG ,GRN[ \G[YCF \B ZZGTNG OKXPBP TKY[FN GRKNT FHF CXPC ."FNKN"
.ZFGHF ZVS LZE GRKNT \GTKV[P ,QFC FZG[ BZGCF[ \GFGCDF \GP[RF
ZFGHF \BKZYC .GNNF \GP[RF QKCN GRKRKC Z[Y ZGXKN KEM EIGKPC C\MR ZFGHF ZVS
.CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF \B GRN \GING[ QFG ,Z[Y Q\KB OKZXGK GRIRB
\GG\[F") FPB\F FZSI KM ,Q\GB BNPPG GRK\GP[RN WZGV BN QKKET FHF ZGBF
BGF ;OIZ LG\C GRKKF GNKBM GRKNT NTGV BGF NCB ,ZGBF QKCN GRN[ \GP[RF QKC ("FZGX
.GR\GB YCIP ,GR\GB UJNP ,GR\GB UKYP
\GP[RF \B ,G\GB = [KDZFN OKNKI\P GRIRB[ ET ,JBN JBN GR\GB QY\P ZGBF LM
.\GP[RF \MZTPC FZG[F BZGCF \BG GRZ[Y\F QFKNB[ \GRYG\PF
SRMR BGF ,OKRYG\P OK[TR GRIRB[ FEKPC ."UKYP ZGB" BZYR GR\GB CCGS[ FHF ZGBF
.GRN[ OKKRIGZF OKKIN ,FP[RF N[ "KPKRVF ZGB"N F[TRG ,GR\GB BNPPG FPKRV

83 |
  
BGF KTXPBF GYF .KTXPBF GYF NED ,UKYPF ZGBF GRZGCT FGGFP[ OIZF LG\C
QGXZF IGM = TCJC[ \GIGMF KR[ \B \KCZPF FZGXC CN[P[ ,KN[ YKGEPF QGC[IF
.QGXZF \B QY\K ZGBF[ LM ,ZGBF IGMG
FEKPF ,ZPGNM .KTXPBF GYF BGF ,BZGCN FPGE LVFG FHF LKNF\C QYG\[ QGXZF YNI
,KMG\C K\KRC[ BZGCF \GPE KFGH .KN[ KTXPBF GYF \BZYR BZGCN FPGE K\K[TR FC[
."FNKN"C K\KNTF[ F[YCP NKI\F[ LKNF\C

 
\GKRIGZC LB ,WZBF ZGEM KCGCKSP FBXG\M OFKNBP OKVNI\P FNKNG OGK GRN[ ONGTC
ZFGHC FBKZYF \ZHTC[M ,OGKN FNKNF \B LVGF KPXTC KRB ,\GKRIGZC .\ZIB ECGT FH
,ZPGNM .FXGIF FPKRVP ,NCYN QGXZF N[ FNGTVF QGGKM \B LVGF KRB FXGCYC FEGCTFG
.QGXZF ECGT GC[ QVGBC OKKGN\ ZGBG L[GI
:OKRVGBF KR[P EIBC NGTVN NGMK NCYN QGXZF .OKZCEF \B ZKCSR
NCYN \RP NT l
(TKV[FN) \\N \RP NT l
NGMK BN DGRT\F .OGNM GMG\C NKMFN NDGSP BN BGF ,NCYN \RP NT NTGV QGXZF[M
YZ ,OKRFR GRIRB[ GNKBM OK[KDZP GRIRBG QGXZC TDGR YZ BGF = QGXZF LG\N SRMKFN
= FHP FH OKMGVF DGRT\FG NCYN QGXZF KM ?TGEP .KGNKPF \[GI\ \YN\SP EKPG ,GNKBM
.FH \B FH OKNZJRP OF .SGNV GPM DGRT\FG SGRKP GPM BGF QGXZF
NM GRKXZ[ GF[P GRPXTN GR[MZ .GRMG\C DGRT\F \B ZKB[FN OKNDGSP GRRKB ONGTN
DGRT\F GPM OKDGRT\ OR[K .ONTR GRPP KGNKPFG TGC[ ZCT BN ,[PP EIGKP GF[P ,LM
QGXZF N[ TCJF[ FHP TCGR NGMF .O\GB GRD[F[ TDZC [PP ,EKP OKPNTR[ QKPP
:LM ONGSF NTC OMSP GHF \NIG\F \ZSI FXKZF \B .OKMGVF DGRT\F N[ TCJFG
OKRKKRY \GRYN KEMG ,CGJF TV[ NMP \GYKZG QGZSKI OT BZCR FHF ONGTF
ZB[KFN ORPB ...OEBF \B CKBEP FTGR\F KGCKZ[ TGEKG .FTGR\F NB OKMKZX
,FTGR\F KGCKZ NCSC OKZIGC QM NTG ...Z[VB KB FH OD CGJFG OKRKKRYFP QYKZ
,OPXTN LB OF O[GMZG ORKKRY NM[ QGGKM ORPB .OKRKKRYF BGNKP DK[FN KEMC
.GEKC G\GGB\ KXIG \P OEB QKB[ ,FHC BXPR ,OK\BP FXGZ FRP GN [KFG
QGZSKIF ZTXP QFG ,FTGR\F KGCKZ ZTXP QF ,OKEEXF CP OKNCGS OKBXPRG
46
.O\KXIP OFN FZSI[ ,OKRKKRYF N[
QVGB \B FR[R OB YZ ZGBN LGVFN Z[VB ,NCYN QGXZC [DZGP[ FHF L[GIF \B
."\\N \RP NT"N NCYN QGXZF N[ FNGTVF

 
 | 84
K\NCN LGVFR HB ,FRK\RFP FRFKRG \NGHN \\N KEM NCYN QGXZC [P\[R OB ,ZPGNM
.FNCDF BNN Z[VB \\N KM ,GRN[ FNGTVC OKNCDGP
[KDZRG GN OKPGE F[TKR HB ,LMP FRFR BZGCF[ GPM \NGHN FRK\RPG FCFBP FRFKR OB
BGXPNG ,\NGHN FCFB [GMZN ?\BH [PPN KEM GRN ZSI FP .OKPN[G OKKIXRM OKKIF \B
.\NGHN YKRTFN NMGR G\GB[ TV[
FCFB GRC FZXGR[P .CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBF LZE BZGCFP DK[FN Z[VB \NGHN FCFB
LG\P OKNTGV GRIRB[M .BZGCF N[ TV[F GRN FND\P ,BZGCN OKPGE GRK[TRG \NGHN
KVNM ,BZGCF N[ OKV\G[ OK[TRG ,FBKZCF \C[IP \B OK[PPP GRIRB ,\NGHN FCFB
.NCYN QGXZF NTGV GC[ QVGBF N[ QGYK\F LKNF\ GFH .OKBZCRF
EIB = FZG\FG ,F"CYF ,NBZ[K" :FISGRF KV NT \K[TR QGXZF N[ \RYG\P FNGTV
.BZGCN \GPEKFN ZPGNM ,NB=Z[K TKDFN KC[ QGXZF YGKE Z\KN GB ,KRB BGF NBZ[K ."BGF
KZ[Y ,QYG\PF QGRDRPF NM BKF FZG\F .QGGMP KRB FKNB[ FZJPF ,BZGCF BGF F"CYF
.\GP[RF QKC OKZCIPF FCFBF
OKNTGV[ OKRG[ OKYNI [K UGDC .OKZCEF \B [KIPFN KEM OEBF UGDC QRGC\R
OD EYV\N \GMKZX LM .\GEIBG ZGCKI OFKRKC [KG KR[N ZHGT EIB NM ,\GCZTCG \GKEEFC
\NNGM BKF ."FZG\"F GHG = FRK\RG FCFB KZ[YC QFKRKC \GZCGIP \GKFN = \GP[RF
.\GZIBF \GP[RN FP[R NM QKC OKRGMR OKZ[Y (613) D"KZ\ FMG\C
.\Z\SR BKF ,FZG\ QKB HB ,FCFB N[ BNG FBR[ N[ Z[Y OKKY\P \GP[RF QKC OB
,ZPGNM = BZGCFPG FZG\FP \GNDC \GBXPR FCFB KZ[Y QFKRKC \G[KDZP BN[ \GP[RF
NECFF GPM FH .(BZGC) QGMRF Z[YF \B BNPP[ ZGBFPG (FZG\) QGMRF Z[YFP YG\KRC
.\GEYV\P BN ZCM GN[ \GMZTPF[ UGDN BKZC UGD QKC
\NYNGYPF FZGXFP ZGCTN KEM ,GRN[ QGXZF LG\C OK[GT GRIRB[ OKKPKRVF OKRGYK\F
NGED NNM BGF "LGPM LTZN \CFBG"[ ZPBR QMN *."\GGXP" OKBZYR ,\RYG\PF FZGXN
**
.\GP[RF QKC OKRGMRF OKZ[YF \MZTP NM \B NNGM BGF[ ,GRKKF ,FZG\C

KCN[" KZPBP ,DN[B OGN[ LGZC CZF) "FGGXP \RKIC GH F[TP BZYR HB ,TKV[FN \RP NTC QGGMN NGMK[ QPHC" *
.("OKNCYP[ ZM[F QKKRTC" ,"ONGSF
.ONGSF NTC \BP ,"OMI KV \PEYF"CG HK \ZDBC QKKTN WNPGP FH B[GRC FCIZFN **

85 |
  
 
...ZFGHF ZVS EGPNN OFKPK NM OKEYG[ GKF ,KN TPG[ KPT GN
.ZGBG TV[ OKMK[PP GKFG
47
FRZPGYP YKHKKB YIXK Z

GHM FZGXC KGRC ZFGHF .GRKNT TKV[K QGKNTF IGMF[ LMN QGGM\FN GRKNT ZFGHF \BKZYC
FRGGMF F\GB OT ,OTV EGTG OTV .FVKJ FVKJ ,FDZEFC OEBF NB NINIP BGF[
.ZGBN L[GIP GR\GB BKXGP BGF LKB [KDZRG GRKNT NGTVN ZFGHN Q\KR ,I\V\FN
.\GTPE NT ZCEP BGFG ,KEGYV \[ZV LG\P IGYN ZFGHFP BCF TJYF
...BGFF QVGB QPEHP ,OKZT[F GNBC FNTPN FNGT \GTPEC[ GH FNKV\[M
,FNTPN \Z[Y\Pe \SRMR FNKV\F ,\GTPEC[ FNKV\ IYGN .NBKPIZK GP[G
\GTPEC FNKV\F .G\GB ZVI F"CYF[ ,I\VC OKPG[ZG .QBM GZB[R \GTPEFG
FNKV\F QM NTG .FRKCN \GMNPF \GNTFN ,BI@\^^VP]F QGYK\N Q"P# FNTP
\GMNPF YG\KP O[ OKPZGDF ,I\VF NT OK\GZI GZB[R \GTPEFG ,\NCY\P
.FRKCC \GMNPF CZTPG TPEP[ OG[P ,#TP+E#P^#F QG[NP BGF TPE .FRKCC
X\ \GB ,KEGYV \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

?"\GTPE" QFP
B G F [ M , C X P F N T F JK N [ G N QK B [ M , GN C B GM [ M , G N ZX [ M F MG C O EB F H F O NG T C
LZ E GR N Q K B [ O K G S P C X PC O K B X P R G R I RB [ M O K MG C G R I RB . [ NI G Q J Y G P X T \ B [ KD ZP
. G R\ KB P F NT PN B G F [ Z C E , F Z Y P , N ZG D = G \ K B EE G P\ F N
GRIRB G\GTXPBC .Z\GKC NKTVF CXPF BGF "\GTPE"F CXP KRIGZF ONGTC LB
.GRN[ FKKNTFG QGYK\F QGRDRP NM \B OKNKTVP
ZPGB ,"FRKCN \GMNPF \GNTFN ,BI@\^^VP]F QGYK\N Q"P# FNTP \GTPEC FNKV\F"
,KRIGZF ONGTF NB I\VF \B \GI\GV \GTPEF .I\VP BGF (\KPZBC) BI\VP .ZFGHF
BZGCF GPM TKV[P FKFK[ (\GMNP) GRN[ QGXZF \B QY\N KEM OKSRMR GRIRB GMZE[
\RP NT" FRGGM OT G\GB YK\PR ,BZGCFP LGVF QMNG ,NCYN QGXZ BGF[ \GZPN .(FRKC)
.BZGCN FPGE FKFK BGFG "TKV[FN
F[YC BKF FNKV\ ."I\VF NT OK\GZI GZB[R \GTPEFG ,\NCY\P FNKV\F QM NTG"
FNGTV QF "\GTPE" ,QM OB .IG\V I\VF \B \GYKHIP[ QF \GTPEFG ,BZGCN \GPEKFN
.BZGCN OKPGE \GKFN GRN \Z[VBP[

 
 | 86
  
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GRIRB OB OD .GC OKRGPJF \GZGBFG \GIGMF NM GRMZE OKZCGT ,ZFGHC OKYSGT GRIRB[M
GRKNT OKTKV[P ,GRMZE OKZCGT OF ,FNBF OKZCEF \B [KDZFNG QICBN QKKET OKNGMK BN
NED BGF EXKM QKKET QKCP BN[ JGTV GPM .NGEDN \ZIB LZE OG[ QKB .GR\GB OKR[PG
.ZCE NM ZKMFN ,YGECN ,[VIN ,FRKVN FRKVP WXGZ\FN KPKRV UIE [KDZP NCB ,I\V\PG
GRN GBZKK OKZCEF OKPTVN = GRC ZZGT\ ZFGHC FBKZYF \G[GI\ GNKB FR[P BN
FH OKPTVN ,[DZ\R OKPTVN .FMCR OKPTVN ,IP[R OKPTVN .\GIV OKPTVN ,Z\GK OKCGJ
IKRFN GRKNT .\GBXG\N BKC\ FEP\F YZ ,ZCE N[ GVGSC .O[GZ OG[ GRC ZK\GK BN
.\KRIGZ FRKICP IGPXNG NGEDN NMGR[ KEM GRKNT NGTVN ZFGHF N[ \GIGMN

  
, ONGTF QP Y N\SR[ OGKC ,OKR[ UNB FKIK O EB O B GNKV B
. EIB O GK BN B KI B N GNKB M GN F PEK
DXZ \GB ,KIKG \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

\DZEN KIF \DZEP GRKKI LNFPC GRKNT\F BN OB ?UGDF N[ G\GP KZIB GR\KB FZGY FP
GRK[TRG FRK\RFG FCFBF \RGM\ \B GR[MZ = FZGXF \GG\[FN GRTDF BN OB ,OEBF
\KRIGZF FEGYRF .ZCE GR\KBP ZB[R BN ,BZGCF KGNKDN LM LG\PG = BZGCN OKPGE
[EI [GCN \NCYP ,GRN[ ONGTN \NDND\PG \ZHGI ,F\GB GRI\KV BNG GRC F\KKF[
\PMI EGPKN \GTXPBC YZ .OKKI N[ USGR CGCKS NKI\PG ,(KJSKBGDB QGXZ \VSG\)
.OEBF \DZEN \GNT\FN NMGR FNCYF
CKGIP BGF FNCYF \PMI EGPKN Z[B OKZVS KVG OKZVGS KVP TEGR FRF
S"[C KYCG ,FNGM FZG\F NM OEB EPN GNG ,NBZ[KP OEB NMN JNIFC
BNG GZGE KRC NMP Z\GK OKCGJ OK[TPCG \GEKPC BNGPP OD ,FV NTC OKYSGVG

87 |
  
KEM FHF ONGTC OTV EGT BGCNG NDND\FN CKGIP BGF ,FNCYF \PMI EPN
.N"HI K[ZEPC \GPGYP FPMC BCGP GFH[ ,\PBF \PMIG FZG\ KHZ EGPNN
"OMI KV \PEYF" ,ONGSF NTC

.KIF \DZEN ZCTP NB \GI\V\FN GRN[ OKXPBPF YZ IXRN OKP[ZR ,\KRIGZ FRKICP
OT YZ OKZB[R GRIRB ,\P GRN[ UGDF[M ,ZPGNM ,OKKY\FN FYKSVP GRN[ KIF \DZE[M
NGEDF ZCEF BGF ZFGHC YGSKTF[ QCGP QBMP .FRPP FRGKNTF FDZEFP GR[MZ[ FP
IKGGZFN Z[VB[ ZCE NMN ZCTPG NTP FCZF ,GRKKIC \G[TN OKNGMK GRIRB[ Z\GKC
.FHF ONGTC
."UGS=QKB ONGT"C BGF OKDGRT\F NM N[ OZGYP[ QKCFN CG[I OKIGGZ QKKRTC
JTP\P OFC[ \GPNGT F[KPI N[ \MZTP LZE OKZCGTG QGKNTF ZGBM OKBC OKDGRT\F
KRIGZF ONGTF QKC EKZVP[ NGCDF GY LZE ,HBG .SVBN ET OKHGIB FBPP QGKNTF ZGBF
GRN[ OGYKF[ FNKD TEPF OD ,CDB .QJRJY WGXKR GF[HKB GRPNGTN WZGV ,GRN[ ONGTN
,ZFGHF ZKCSP ,FHF WGXKRF .\EIGKPG FRGKNT FKDZRB N[ QJY WGXKRP \GRCKFN NKI\F
.ZIB GF[P QKBG ,GRN[ ONGTC OKKY[ DGRT\F NM BGF
= OKKRVGD OKDGRT\ :OKKZYKT OKDGS KR[N GRPNGTC YNIR FHF WGXKRC OKKY[ DGRT\F
.TEK ,FJKN[ ,EGCM ,Z[GT = OKK[GRB OKDGRT\G ,FPGEMG FIV[P ,QKP ,NMGB
KDGRT\ NM ,\K[BZ ?KRIGZF ONGTC OKDGRT\F QKCN GNNF OKDGRT\F NM QKC NECFF FP
WGXKR KEMN OKPM\SP = OKRPHF NMCG \GPGYPF NMC ,OK[RBF NM N[ = GRN[ ONGTF
BGF KRIGZF ONGTC [DZGP[ DGRT\F QKCN FHF WGXKRF QKC ZTVF .ZGB N[ EIB QJRJY
ZKDZD QKC GB ,OGXT ZGB \PGTN YKYE ZR QKC ZTVM FHF ZTVF \B FPEP ZFGHF .ZKEB
KEM ET ,TGCY BN BGF ,LNGFG BC DGRT\F GRN[ ONGTC ,\KR[ .GBGNPG ONGT \PGTN EIB
GRIRB ;KIXR BGF DGRT\F KRIGZF ONGTC GNKBG .OK\P ,OKPNTR GRIRB ZCE N[ GVGSC[ LM
.OGYPNG FTGR\N ,QPHN NTP GRN[ OGKYF \B OK[KDZP
ZVS .\GBKXPC Z\GKC FFGCDF FDZEF NB FBNVR \GI\V\F KRVC OKEPGT GRB ,OGMKSN
.NGEDN GRN TKKSK[ ZGBF \B GRN BKCFN KEM OGKM FND\F ZFGHF

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QGTP[ KCZ OGXTF KYGNBF NCGYPF LZE ,BZGCFP \G[GRBF FNCKY[ FR\P BGF ZFGHF
GPEY[ \GP[RF NM \B GMG\C ZCKI BGF .\EIGKP FP[R QGTP[ KCZC F\KKF .KBIGK ZC
,F\PDGEM F\KKF BN[ \KRIGZ FD[FN ZFGHF KNTC \ZGCI \B NKCGFN IKNXF QMNG ,GN
.QGYK\F ZPDN
OFN[ QGYK\F ZPD :\GKCJGY \GEGYR K\[ OMG\C GNNMG ,EIGKP QPHC GKI ZFGHF KNTC
QKC Z[Y ZGXKN GIKNXF OF LM OG[P .KR[ EXP OTF NNM N[ KRIGZF GRCZGIG ,EIB EXP
O\NTP NEGD NT .GRN[ ONGTF QKCN = QGKNT ZFGH = "FBNKT BZFKH" BZYR[ NGEDF ZGBF
:OKBCF OKZCEFP EGPNN Z[VB
.[GEYF OKYNB KRC OMNGM .OK[GEY OMNGM .BCF ONGTCG FHF ONGTC OMKZ[B
HGIB OMP EIB NM .CYTK O[C BZYK FHG KRB FN ZPBK FH ,CG\M OMKNT
,WZB G\GBP QDP KNTC OKRGPP OKZ[ O\BG .QGKNTF [GEYF LNPC Z[Y\RG
QP#F QP OKNMGB GKZ[[ ,FBNKT BPBN F[KCNPF BCYGRF ,OKKIF WZB BZYR[
.[GEYF NJF N[
FP\ \GB ,LN LN \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

89 | " " 
NM QKC .FP[RF QGYK\N GREKC [K[ KZYKTF ZGYPF BGF ,GRN GYKRTF OF[ ZFGHF ZVS
UB QKB ,GRKPK ETG L"R\F LZE LBNPF NBKHZ ZVSP NIF ,OTV KB GC\MR[ [EGYF KC\M
ZGB QGPJ FHF ZVSC[ GC\M OKNCGYPF NM .ZFGHN \KRIGZF G\PXGTC FGG\[P[ ZVS
\ZG\" GB "FZG\F \GKPKRV" BKF FNCYF[ OKZPGB[MG ,EIGKP IGM ZGYP ,EGBP NGED
.ZFGHF ZVSN NGM OEGY OKRGGM\P "\PB
ZCEP FP NT [KDZFN GN[ QGXZF LG\P ,ZCE QKCP BN BGF OB OD ,GC BZGY[ KP
OKVZJXP[ OK[RB QMN .KPKRV KGRK[ GC NNGIP[ ZKEB IGM GPXT NT ZZGTP ,ZVSF
OKTEGK EKP\ BN OF .EGBP YHI GF[P FNBF OKZGTK[C [K[ OK[KDZP ZFGHF KZGTK[N
.OKR^V]a OFN FZGY GF[P NCB ,FP ZKCSFN
LB ,ZVSM F\GB OKBGZ GRB GRN[ ONGTC .\GI\V\F \MZTP GRN GRKMF ZFGHF KNTC
TEGK GRKBG ENGR[ YGRK\ GPM FH .GRZGCT EIGKPC GRKMF[ FPN[ \MZTP KFGH F[TPN
CN[ NMN OKTGXTXG EIGKP NMGB ,FNDT ,FSKZT ,OKNG\KI = NGMF GZGCT GRKMF ZCM[
Z\GKG Z\GK OKRKMP GRIRB ZGEN ZGEP .QPHF NM GZGCT ECGTG ECT ONGTF .G\GI\V\FC
.GR\GB \CKKIP FCFBF ;OKENGR[ \GYGRK\N OKZCE
ZVS EGT N[ \KRMJ FCK\MC GYST BN OF .FPGXT BKF ZFGHF KNTC GTKY[F[ FEGCTF
G\GB GRKMFG ,QGKNTF ZGBF NM \B EIGKP QGRDRP LZE GPM OMZE GZKCTF BNB ,FPMI
.GRN[ \GP[RF LG\C FNCYN
NCB .\GK\GBNG ZKKRN ZCTP ZCE GC OKBGZ BN GRIRB ,ZFGHF ZVSC OKNM\SP GRIRB[M
TKDP GMZEG ,GRN GRKMF OF[ KRIGZF QGRDRPF \B GR\TKEK KNC NKTVP NGEDN GRN[ QGXZF
.GNNF OKC\MFP FBZ[F OKNCYP GRIRB QMN .ZGBF GRKNB

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FZZGT\F[ ONGTCG WZBC OK[RBF O\GB NMN ZCI\FN \GXZN GRKNT ZFGHC FBKZYF QPHC
GRIRB OB OD LMG .\GI\V\FN IGM ZFGHFP NCYN OKXGZ OF ODG ,"CNC[ FEGYRF" OFC
.FPKEY GR\GB UIEK[ ZKEB IGM FZHIC OKNCYP GRIRB ,LZEF \NKI\C YZ OKBXPR
[PP N[ KGRK[ NNGIN NGMK[ OGXT IGM ZCM FHG ,OK[RB EGBP FCZF GRIRB EIKC
NB \[DN YZ LKZX .\TM GNKVB ,FYE NMC ,TDZ NMC \GZYN NGMK FHF KGRK[F .ONGTC
.ONGMN ZCI\FN QGXZ OT ZFGHF
OKEPGT[ O\GB ,ZPGNM .G\ZK[ OKKSK[ KP QKBG ,FZK[ ZPGN I\VK[ KP QKB
N[ GNGYN CK[YFN ,OKBXPR ONGM KM ,O\ZK[ OKZPGD ORKB ,FZK[F TXPBC
.FV QGI\V ,FJP N[G FNTP N[ OKTKYZF NMC TP[R BN[ ET .QGTP[ KCZ
N[ FIP[ FBZ KP ,OKZK[ FBZ KP ,FZG\C YGSTN QGTP[ KCZ ZPD[M
,QGTP[ KCZ NKC[CG .OKTKYZF NMC OKMNGFF \GNGYF FBZ ,ORGEBN OKIC[PF
\GIKZ OKNTPG ,ORGEB KRVN OKGGI\[PG OKTZGMG ,OKMBNPFG \GP[RF NM OKBC
.QGTP[ KCZ NKC[C FH NMG .QKPGK YK\T ET ,FPMIF \ZBF ,QETC[ OKP[CF
CPZ \GB ,\GP[ \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

."QGTP[ KCZ" \BZYR[ \KRIGZ \MZTPC BNB OEG Z[C OEB N[ GIC[C QBM ZCGEP BN
OKZCKBN FPGEC ,OKRG[ OKEKYV\ KNTC OKYNIP FKGRC \KNNMF FP[RF ?FRGGMF FPN
,FH TJYC ZCGEP FKNT[ ,QGTP[ KCZ N[ G\P[R .GMG \GKNM ,CN ,IGP = OEBF UGDC
.\GP[RF Z\K N[ QGYK\F \B FNKCGP BKF KM ,\KNNMF FP[RC Z\GKC CG[I YNI BKF
KCZ \P[R GNKBG ,NBZ[K KVNM QGYK\F \B GNKCGF GN GPEY[ \GNGEDF \GP[RF
F\ZJP[ F[P \ZG\P FRG[C .GNGM ONGTN QGYK\F \B FZKCTP[ \MZTP BKF QGTP[
\P[R \B FMK[PPF FDZEPF .\G[GRBF NM \B QY\N ETGR ZFGHF ,NBZ[K \B YZ QY\N
LM 48.KNNMF QGYK\F ZPDN \RGGMP ZCM BKFG ,GRC ,ZHTNB KCZ \P[R BKF QGTP[ KCZ
.Q\GB BNPPG GRN[ \GP[RF \B QY\P[ ZGBF EZGK QMZE[ \GP[RF \MZTP \ZEGSP
F\B ,GZPBG .QGTP[ KCZ \B GMZCG FPN[G EGE QGZFBG ,F[PG ,\GCBF GBC
F ZR ,GC ZPBR EIB NMCG .LPP OKZKBP OF[ ...LN[ OKZCIFG ,[GEY ZGBP
EGZKV BNC EIB OMNGMG ,LN[ OKZCI#a F\BG ,LC ZKBP F[PG .OEB \P[R
.FPMIF KNTC NMN \GZB@F& OKJ[V\P LNKBG O[PG .NNM
EM\\ \GB ,SIRV \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

FNKCGP[ BKF KM ,"QGTP[ KCZ" \MZTPC YCEKR[ CG[I ,ONGTF OGKF BXPR GC[ CN[C
.ONGTF NMC \TM OSZV\PG LNGF ZFGHF ZVS[ LMN FCKSF OD GH .OKRGYK\F NM \B \TM

91 | " " 
IG\VN LZGX G[KDZF BN NCB ,ZFGHF ZVSC EIGKP GF[P [K[ GTEK ONGM OGKF ET
EKIKF KTXPBF GFH .\GND\FN CKKI ZFGHF ,NNGM ZC[PN TNYR ONGTF[M ,OGKF .G\GB
FRGKNTF FPZF NB TKDFN KEM \GIGM NCYN OKMKZXG OKNGMK GRIRB GMZE .ONGTF QGYK\N
.QGKNTF ONGTF NB ,TCJF N[
\GEGS GKVP TGP[N GMHG QGTP[ KCZ KRVN OKC[GKF GNB N[ OYNI KZ[B
.OMP ONTR BN EGS NM[ ,OKZCI OMKZ[B ,QGTP[ Z ZPB ...FZG\F
TY \GB ,GZ\K \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

OEB .GRIRB OD ."QGTP[ KCZ KRVN C[GK"M C[IR GHF \MZTPFP IGM NCYN FXGZ[ KP NM
.F\TV[F \I\ BXPR ZCM ,"QGTP[ KCZ \MZTP"C \XYPC GNKVB TDGR[
,BGFF ONGTC[ DGGKHF .\fNDN ZSPR FKF BN ,KBIGK QC QGTP[ KCZ \KKF BN OB
ONGT N[ DGGKHC ,OFN[ DGGKH#a .FHF ONGTC F[TR[ DGGKHCP Z\GK \GZKV F[GT
.\GZKV OK[GT ,GH OT GH \GP[RF \GYCE\P[M ,EIBM OFN[ FYG[\C ,BGFF
NMG .OKZKKD\P[ OKZDF NB \GP[RF OFG .\GZR OK[TRG ,\GZGB OFP OKBXGKG
.EIB NMKFN OKSRMR ,OKDGGKHF GNBP \GENGR[ \GP[RF GNB
CZ \GB ,LN IN[ \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

.OKZCEC ZES TDZ F[TR HB ,NCNCP \XY KNGB FH \MZTPM "QGTP[ KCZ" NT OKZCEP[M
\B GKEKPN\=GKZCI OT C\M BGFG ,QGTP[ KCZ GN GBZY[ OEB KI QMB FR[ 1,800=M KRVN
GZKCTF OF ,KHKV QVGBC ZVSF \B GC\MG GRPNGTC GKI OF[ FHP WGI NCB .ZFGHF ZVS
.GC\M QFKNT[ \GKGNTV\FF NM \B OFN[ FP[RF LZE
OF OB NCB .ZVS GRN CG\MN OKNGMK GKF BN OF ,GRPNGTC OKKI GKF BN ZFGHF KNTC OB
GRN Q\GR FKF BN ZVSF HBG ,GF[P QY\N OKNGMK GKF BN OF ,QGKNTF ONGTC OKKI GKF BN
.QGKNTF ONGTC ,\GP[RF \PZC KPKRV QGYK\ GTXKC OF FCK\MF OT EIK ,ZPGNM .OGNM
.\GP[RF QKC ZGCKIG FCFB N[ QYG\P Z[Y N[ KRGXKI KGJKC NGMF LSC BKF FCK\MF
.GRKNB ET JTPM ,OFN[ \MZTPF LZE ,UGS=QKB ONGTP \EZN ZGBN Z[VBP FHF Z[YF
\GXZN \XY YZ BGF GR\KBP [ZER[ FPG ,GRKNTP [PP EPGT ZGBF KM ?JTPM YZ FPN
.G\GB NCYN

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\B QKCFN GRN Z[VBK FHF TEKF .OKRGKNTF \GPNGTCG \GBKXPF FRCPC YGSTR FH YZVC
.ZFGHF ZVSC[ OKNKPF KZGIBP Z\\SP FP IRTVN GRN ZGHTKG ,Z\GK CGJ OKKIF
F M Z E[ \ M Z T P F \ B G O KB ZC RF \ B , B Z GC F \ B \ NNG M [ \ G B K X P C O K B X P R G R I RB
\ Z J P NB G R\ GB NK C G P B Z G C F G HF \ MZ T PF \ G T X PB C . O KB ZC R N Z [ Y \ P B Z G C F
G R\ KB Y G N IN F X GZ B Z G C F . G F GP M \ G K F N G RN Z [ V B N Z PG N M , GR N C K J K F N = F B K Z C F
. C F GB B C B GP M . G N [ K[ F P NM C
\B NKTVFN CKKI BGF QMNG ,OKKBPXT FKFR[ LM I\V\FN GRN OGZDN LKZX BZGCF NCB
"GCN"P ,GRPP OKBXGK OFKR[[ \GZPN .QKECG OKPIZC = OKEEX KR[P GRKNT G\TV[F
CGJ N[ \GTV[FM GRC OKNCY\PG OKEDGRP \GIGMN GRKVNM OKNXV\P OF ,CFGBFG CGJF
.L[GIG ZGB ,QKEG OKPIZ ,TZG

93 |  
FTV[FC OD[ ZGMHN GRKNT ,OKKIF \GTZGBP NM \B OKNCYP "FJPN" QBM GRIRB[M
.GRN CKJKFN YZ GRGXZ ,Z\GKC F[YG FTGZD \KBZR[
"GECNP EGT QKB"[ LMC EYP\FN OKNE\[PG GKNB NGMF \B ZCIN OKZMGH GRIRB OB
CG[ = QKEFG OKPIZF = FNBF OKGGYF KR[ \B OKZCIP GRIRB HB ,"CKJKPG CGJ" BGF[G
GRIRB ,GRIGPCG GRCNC O\GB OKZCIP[ FNB GRIRB[ QGGKMPG .ZGYPF G\GBN ,EIBN
.BZGCC \GYCEN OKTKDP
NM \B ZCIN EGBP F[Y[ OKNDP GRIRB ,\BH \G[TN NKI\FN OKSRP GRIRB[M NCB
.FCGJ FZJPN YZG GRPP BC NGMF[ QKCFN .BZGCF NB EIK OD OKCGJFG OKTZF OKZCEF
.GKNB NGMF \B EIKKN NMGR[ KEM IGM GRPP OK[YCP GRPXT \B OKBXGP GRIRB HB
.FHF LKNF\C GR\GB QGGMPG OEYP[ KTXPBF BGF FXGCYC FNCYF \PMI EGPKN
TZ ,Z\GK YHIM CN[ NMC GRN FND\PG NED GRN[ GDBF FXGCYC FEGCTFG EGPKNF LNFPC
BGF[G ,GECNP EGT [K[ CG[IN GRN OGZDNG GR\GB NCNCN FSRP BGF .Z\GK ZHMBG Z\GK
GRPP NCYN KEM BZGCN Z\GKG Z\GK \GRVN OKXNBR GRIRB LMP FBXG\M .CKJKPG CGJ YZ BN
.GDBF NT \GZCD\FN USGR IGM
CN[ OKNGT GRIRB LM .\XY EGT OXT\P BGFG OKZCD\P ,OXT\P BGFG OKZCD\P GRIRB
HB .FNKI\MNP GRC QGPJ FKF[ GDBF NM \B QY\NG UG[IN OKIKNXP GRIRB[ ET CN[
GR\GB OD LVGF FH .GFGPM OK[TR .\GYCEN ,BZGCF OT ON[ ZGCKIN OKTKDP GRIRB
,\GGPN OKKIF QKC NGCD OG[ BNN ,\GBKXPF NM \B \GBZN GRN Z[VBP ,OKKVGSRKBN
.ZGBC BNP\FN = NGMF [KDZFNG QKCFN
FMZE .Z[Y \MZTP GRKRKCN GRKC ZXK BZGCF ,LKNF\F NM \B TXCN GRN Z[VBN KEM
.FZHT GRPP NCYNG [YCN FJPNP OKNGMK GRIRB FMZEG ,FNTPNP GR\GB DKFRP BGF
:OKYNI FPMN \YNI\P GHF \MZTPF
.KGNDF GIGMC BZGCF BXPR GC[ = UGS=QKB ONGT = QGKNTF YNIF .1
FTV[F KDGS F[KPIN G\TV[F \B YNIP BZGCF GC[ = QGPEY OEB ONGT GK\I\ .2
.GRN[ GDBF \GPZ [PIN OB\FC
F[KPIN \YNGIP BKFG ,FID[FFG FDFRFF \MZTP KFGH = \GNKXBF ONGT GK\I\ .3
,QKVRB LKZB ,YK\T OD OKBZYR FNB .\GMNPG QKVRB ZKTH ,FRKC ,FPMI ,Z\M :OKYNI
.(FCYR) BCYGRG ZMH ,BPKBG BCB
.\GNKXBF N[ "ONTRF [BZ" O\GB FRMP ZFGHF = QKVRB LKZBG YK\T l
.\GZGBF NM GRKNB OKBC OFP = BPKBG BCB l
N[ \GMNPN = BCYGRN OKTKDPG QKVRB ZKTH LZE OKZCGT FNBF \GZGBF l
ETGKPF ZGBF NM UGS=QKBP TKDP FKNB KM = "FRKM[" \BZYR[ ,\GNKXBF

 
 | 94
\B FMG\C \SRGM BKF[ OG[P "NBZ[K \SRM" OD \BZYR \GMNPF .\GP[RN
.UGS=QKB ONGTN \GNTN ZPGNM ,NB=Z[K TKDFN \GXGZ[ \GP[RF NM
OFC[ = (T"KC) FK[TFG FZKXKF ,FBKZCF \GPNGT OKPKKY \GNKXBF ONGT \I\ .4
.GRN[ \GP[RF \GBXPR
.FHF ONGTF = UGSCNG .5

10 OK[Z\

Z K T H N . " O K P[ " O D \ B Z Y R ( B P KB ) F R KC F G , " W Z B " O D Z F G H F Q G [ NC \ B Z Y R \ GM NP F

, F N MG Q \ I , N B Z [ K \ S R M G F " C Y F , F R KM [ G Q MG [ : Z F G H C O K R G [ O K K GR K M \ GM NP N G Q K V R B
. BCY G RG Z MH
OKKGRKM ZFGHC [K GNNF \GBKXPF KCKMZPP EIB NMN KM \GJTP \GBPDGE YZ QF FNB
NTC EKVYF ,OKZCEF \GFPN OTV NMC ZCI\FN GRN TKKSN KEM .[ZEPF \V[P OKCZ
.OKKNCYF OKIRGPF \B OD OKRG[F OKKGRKMF NB EKPXFN ONGSF


       

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OB .FHF ONGTC GK\GRGM\C BXPR ,ENGR BGF G\KB[ KJSKBGDBF QGXZC BXPR[ OEB
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.T"KC \GPNGTC GK\GRGM\C BXPR BGF[ BZYR FH ,Z\GK FGCD EPPN TKDFN UBG[
ZZGTN NKI\P BGF ,FNCYF \PMI \B \EPGN[ FXGCY LG\C GPXT NT FEGCTC
GC ZXGK FHF ZGBF .UGS=QKB \DZEP] ZGB ,CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGB \GPNGTF NM LZE FNTPNP
*
,\GNKXBE \GMNPC NNMR BGF[M .\GNKXBF N[ \GMNPN GN[ FXGCYF OT TKDFN LZGX
BZGCF[ GPM ,FZHIC GN \\N ,G\GB [KDZFN ,BZGCN TKDFN GN[ QGXZF \B ZZGTP BGF
.GN Q\GR
QKVRB ZKTH .\GNKXBE QKVRB ZKTHN \GMNPFP FNGT ,\GP[RF N[ FHF KNNMF QGXZF
.UGS=QKB ET FBNFG FBNF FNGT BGF O[PG ,\GNKXBE BPKBG BCBN FHF QGXZF \B FNTP
QKVRB ZKTHN OFP ,BPKBG BCB ET \MZTPF NM LZE FJP KVNM ZGB TVG[ UGS=QKBP HBG
.KGNKPF \B \GNCYP \GMNPC \GBXPR[ \GP[RFG = \GMNPN O[PG
BZYR FH .QKVRB ZKTH OT EGIKKN \GSRMRG \GNED QF ,KGNKPF \B \GNCYP \GP[RF Z[BM
.BZGCF OT \GP[RF EGIKK GB ,F"CYF OT FRKM[F EGIKK
G[PPK \GP[RF LG\C OKBXPR[ \GRGXZF NM[ ET ,FNBM \GNGTV FCZF \G[TN LKZX
TKDK ,OFN Q\GR BZGCF[ GPM BZGCN \\N OKRGGMP GKFKG GRYG\K \GRGXZF NM[M .OPXT \B
.QGYK\F ZPD
QKB QMNG ,\\N QGXZ FNKI\MNP [K BZGCN ?FHF LKNF\F NM SKSCC EPGT[ QKKRTF FP
FP [K BZGCN .OK[GT NNM LZEC GRIRB[ GPM ,DGRT\G TV[ Q\KK[ GRPP [YCN OTJ OG[
,GRPP \GIRG NCYP O\S FKFK BN OEBF[ FXGZ BGF NCB ,\\N KVGSRKB QGXZ GN [KG \\N
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,QGYK\F \B [GMZR Z[BM .QGYK\ [YCN GRKNT[ QPHC ,KGNKP [YCN OKNKDZ GRIRB
BZGCF N[ TV[F NM \B [KDZFN EKP NKI\R ,OKTKV[PN GRPXTC LGVFR ZPGNM
.BZGCFP [YCN FP OKRKCP BN GRIRB[ BKF GRN[ FKTCF ,\GZIB OKNKPC .GC BNP\FNG
GMG\C[ ,OKB\P NGCKY KNM GRN ZSI NCB ,DRGTG CGJ ,TV[ N[ OK LG\C OKBXPR GRIRB
[YCN OKMKZX GRIRB F\GBG ,FRK\RFG FCFBF \RGM\ BGF FHF KNMF .\BH [GIN NMGR
.GR\GB BNPP[ TV[F \B [GIR LM ,GHF FRGM\F GRN FKF\[ NMM .BZGCFP
\GKFN OKMKZX GRIRB = TV[F \NCYN EIB KBR\ YZ ,\IB FNCDF YZ [K BZGCF EXP
.FRFR BGF[ GPM ,FRFKR GRIRB[ FXGZ BGF .GFGPM
KN [KDP ,\KCF NTC ,IZBPF .ECGMP QGEB NXB ZGYKCN TKDP KRB[ IKRR ?FRGGMF FPN
FYKHGP TGP[N ,UNGD G\KB YI[N K\GB QKPHP ,EIGKPC OKK\GMKB OKRETP KRKP NM
BN ,FHN Z[Y OG[ KN QKB .FNB NMC QKKRT FNDP BN ,JG[V OEB ,KRB NCB ...\KSBNY

."N[" G[GZKV |\KPZB~ "E" *

 
 | 96
FBKNVC \KCF NTC NT NM\SP KRB .OFC FXGZ BN KRBG ONGTP GNBM OKZCE K\KGGI
FPP BNB ,CFGB F\B[ FPP \GRFKN KEM BN LKNB K\BC !?KRPP FXGZ F\B FP" :ZPGBG
"!CFGB KRB[
BN GNKVB F\B[ ,OKNGED LM NM OKZCE LN \\N FXGZ KRB ,KEKEK" :CK[P \KCF NTCG
IKNX\[ KN QKPB\G ,OFKNB NDZ\\ ,WPBP \XY F[T\ .OKCGJ OF FPM ET QKKPEN NGMK
F\B[ FHP FCZFC NGED DRGT LN OKPZGD OF[ [KDZ\ F\B .OFC[ KVGKF \B \GBZN
."GK[MT [KDZP
OK P T JF \ B G RP P EG P N N N E\[ FN , \K CF N TC O T OG Z H N N G MK K R B ?OK [G T F P
OF C [KDZFN NKI \B \P B C J BN J BN HB G ,O FKN B L[P R BN KR B[ \G ZP N OK[ EI F
F\ B" : \ KC F N TC N Z PG B K RB [ \G K FN O D N GM K G . [ P P Q E T Q D OTJ , EG BP E I G K P OTJ
Z H G I K R B ,C G HT . NG M K B N K R B . F NB F O K [ EI F O K ZC EN ND Z \ F N K N F [ Y , F P TE GK
. "KN[ OKJG [VF OKKIN
.CK[P BGF ,"ZGHI\ ,ZESC"
KRB HBG .FP TEGK KP BN \PBC OF[ [KDZFN NKI\P KRB ,KN[ OKKIN ZHGI KRB[M NCB
.GKNB ZHGI \BH NMC KRBG ,OKRGKNT ,OKZIB OKPTJ NT ,\KCF NTC N[ OKNKP Q\GBC ZMHR
.OKPTV FPMG FPM LMG ,\KCF NTC NB CG[G ,KPXTN ZGHIB KRB OTVF OD[ \GKFN NGMKG
KEM G\ZHT \B LKZX KRB[G ,\KCF NTC NB CG[N IZMGP KRB[ QKCB FZKZC \KNC[ ET
.OKKIF OTJ \B [KDZB ,TEGK ZCM KRB ,OFC KM ,GN[ OKPTJN KN[ OKPTJF \B UKNIFN

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OKPGXT OKKGNKD N[ GBGNPG ONGT GRKRVC IG\VN G\NGMKC[ BNVR KNM BGF ZFGHF ZVS
.OKTK\VPG
IKNXR[ KEM LB .GRK[GIP \Z\SR TDZM[ ,\K\KPBF \GBKXPN ZT[ QKTP BGF ZFGHF
FRGMRF FBKZYF \ZGX \B OKRVFN GRKNT ,GC QGPJ[ KGNKDF IGMC \GNKTKC [P\[FN
\BZYN QRGM\FN OMN GZHTKG ,ZVSF KRM\ NM \B GPMSK OKBCF OKNNMF \[PI .ZFGHC
.ZFGHF K+NKC[C NGEDF TSPF

99 |  
 
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\KNM[ FRCF G[VI\ NB
\GZGXN EGDKRC ?FRGGMF FPN .[DZFG QGXZF LZE ,"CNF" OT OKEPGN ZFGHF ZVS \B
QBM ,OKRG\RG \GECGT N[ KNM[ EGCKT NT \GSSGCPF ,GRPNGTC \GDGFRF \GNKDZF EGPKNF
ZK[MFNG ,KPKRV KGRK[ GRC ZZGTN ETGR ZFGHF EGPKN .QKJGNIN FRG[ F[KD I\VN GRKNT
.\Z\SRF \GBKXPF \JKNYN GR\GB
[KDZFNG \GNDN GRN[ \GYYG\[FF \EKPC YZG LB FKGN\ EGPKNC FINXFF \EKP
NM !\EIGKP FPMIC GB QGZ[KMC ,OEYGP TEKC LZGX NM QKB QMN .GHF \GBKXPF \B
CNF \B IG\VN ,FIGGZN OKKRKTF \B IGYVN ,K\KPBG JG[V QGXZ I\VN BGF [ZER[
.NGMF "TGNCN"G

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OKNKPF \B QGMR GrZV
,OKZF ,OK :GPM ,KP[DF ONGTF QP GRN OKZMGPF OKCZ OKD[GPG OKZGBK\ NKMP ZFGHF ZVS
\GKGPEF ,OKJZVF NM[ QKCFN CG[I .\GTSPG OKNGKJ ,OK[RB ,\GKI ,OKIZV ,OKXT
LB BNB ,GRCKCS BXPRF KRGXKIF ONGTF NT OKZCEP ORKB ,ZVSC OKZMHGPF \GTZGBPFG
.GRMG\C [IZ\P[ FP NT YZG
GC \GCG\MF OKNKPF \B [ZVN NE\[FN GRKNT ,ZFGHF \B OKBZGY GRB[ QPHC QMN
NKCGPF Z[DM JSYJF \B \GBZN ;FP[RC \G[IZ\PF \GKPKRV \GNGTV Q\GBN KGJKCM
.GRN[ Z\GKC OKYGPTF \GRGM\FG \GRGXZF NB

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ZGBPF \B G[VI
\GI\V\F YGI BKF FNGDS .\EIGKP "FNGDS" [K ZFGHF ZVSC KM OKTPG[ GRB OTV BN
.KRGKPE KJSKP IGM BNG ,OKKIF KMKNF\ NMC NTGV[ KTCJ
NXRN KJSKBGDBF QGXZF KEK NT GNGM JN[R GRN[ KP[DF ONGTF KM OKZKCSP OKNCGYPF
KTXPB GRN Q\KR QMN .\\NG CGFBN FRGGMF YZ \NTGV KRIGZF ONGTC GNKBG ,\NGHF \B
\GRGM\F \B QGGMN ,\GZIB OKNKPC GB ,OKMGVFF \GPNGTF QKC ZG[YN GEKYV\[ EIGKP
."CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBPF" = KRIGZF ONGTF N[ FRK\RFG FCFBF \RGM\N OB\FC ,GRN[
"FNGDS" O[C F\GB OKRMP GRB QMNG ,TDZM GR\RCFP \Z\SR ZGBPF N[ G\TV[F \ZGX
OG[ QBM QKB ,KRIGZF ONGTF \ZMFC OKBXPR[ ,OKNCGYPF N[ O\RKICP NCB ."SR" GB
.QKJGNIN KTCJ LKNF\ BNB ,"SR"

 
 | 100
GC QGPJF IGMF[ \GXZNG ZFGHF ZVS \B BGZYN BGF ,OK[KDEP OF ,\G[TN GRKNT[ NM
\GMHC GRC NNGI\PF KPKRV KGRK[C [KDZFN NKI\R JBN JBN .EGPKNF QPHC GRKNT NTVK
LGVFK ,"FNGDS"M FNKI\C GRKRKTC FBZR[ FPG ,I\VKK KRIGZF ONGTF .ZGBP G\GB
.\RCGPG FZGZC \GKYGIN

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QGXZC KGN\ NGMF
OFKETX \B \G[TN KEM OKRJYF \GYGRK\FP OK[ZER OKXPBP GNKB OKTEGK GRNGM
,OKZ\GGP ORKB OF .\BH OK[GT OF \GNTV\F \ZZGTP FEP\F GHKBCG ,ONGTC OKRG[BZF
EGPKNC LK[PFN OKMKZX GRIRB OD QVGB G\GBC .OKIKNXP OF[ ET CG[G CG[ OKSRPG
.KRIGZF ONGTF \B FNDRG GRPXT \GIGMC "\MNN" NKI\R[ ET ,FEP\FCG \GRNCSC ZFGHF
YVSN GRKNT[ EKIKF ZCEF .[BZP GRZGCT FRMGF ZCM \GPEY\FN F[GZEF \MZTPF NM
.NGEDN QGXZF \B BGF GREXP

"  , " : 

I\VPF BGF ZGCKI
,ON[ "KNM" OFKRKC GCKMZF Z[B ,OKNCGYP FZ[T N[ FXGCY KEK NT C\MR ZFGHF ZVS
,OFKRKC KPKRVF Z[YF YZ .BZGCF = \GBKXPF N[ QGKNTF IGMF KGNKDN EIGBP QGXZ
OGKYF \PZN \GNTNG ,KP[DF ONGTF \GNGCD \B WGZVN OFN GZ[VB ,ZGCKIFG FCFBF
GRKRKC \GRCN \GSRN GRKNT ,OFK\GCYTC \MNN GRRGXZC OB .ZFGHC ZVGSP FKNT[ KIXRF
.KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ N[ GKEKPN\ QKC FZZ[[ ZGCKIF \PXGT \B [VIN ,FPGE Z[Y
.FCFB LG\P YZ Z[VB\K GRRPHC [EGIPF GKGNKD OD QMNG ,FCFB LG\P ENGR ZFGHF

OKTJYF QKC .ZFGHFP OKEIGKP OKTJY OMZGCT GRZIC ,ZVSF \B OMSP[ FHF YZVN
ZCI\FN OMKEKC TKKSN KEM ,EGTG FBKZYF QPHC FRGMR FRGGMN FMZEF ,OKZCSF GRCNK[
.ZFGHC QGPJ[ ZGBN
\GI\V\FC GRN[ LZEF FZGP ,ZFGHF ZVS .JBN FHF YZVF \B BGZYN WNPGP
.YGPT KPKRV [GVKIC FGGNPF \IRC FBKZYN BNB \VZVZP FBKZYN ETGR BN ,\KRIGZF

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101 |  
 
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YZ+P@P BGF[ OG[P ?LM NM CG[I INP FPN .LKYNB \KZC INP \KC[\ BNG
GKNT[ ,YKZKIE LSPC Z[B ,OKRKEF INP KM .G\GB OKTJFN ZPF \B Os + #CPG
OKRKEF YK\PPG O[CPG YZPP BGFG ,NBP[G QKPK EIKKPF ,KTXPB GY BXGK
FKF BN ,INP FKF BN OBG .QKPK GYC[ OKESIF OT ,OKZP OF[ ,NBP[E
.\GZKZPF \B NGCSN ONGTF NGMK FKF BNG ,KTXPB GY L[PR
GSZ\ \GB ,KIKG \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

OKNKI\P GRIRB[M ,\GKRIGZC .NMGBN OKPTJ UKSGP BGFG OKRKNC\F NM EGSK BGF INP
."OKPTJ" GRC OKJ[V\P[ BZYR FH FP[RF LG\N QGKNTF ZGBF \B NCYN
BNN NK[C\ GPM BGF ,OKKGRC GRIRB GRPP[ KJSKBGDBF ZPGIF ,GRN[ TZF ZXKF
."QKNC\ FZG\ GN K\BZC ,TZF ZXK K\BZC" ZPBR QMN .GRPP FBRF GRN QKB .OKRKNC\
NCYP ZPGIF G\GB ,FRGMR FRGGM \ZHTC ,GRN BKCP QGKNTF ZGBF[ QKNC\F \VSG\ \ZHTC
EKNGK OFKRKC F[TR[ CGNK[FG ,QKNC\M ZFGHF GEXNG TZ ZXK GRN [K HB .OKBNVR OKPTJ
.KTXPBF GYF \B
\B NGCSN ONGTF NGMK FKF BNG ,KTXPB GY L[PR FKF BN ,INP FKF BN OB"
,GDBF \B YK\PFN \GZ[VB GRN F\KKF BN OB[ [KDEFN G\RGGM .ZFGHF ZPGB ,"\GZKZPF
.G\GB NGCSN OKNGMK GRKKF BN

LK B , F R GK N T F F PM I F \ G EG S KN Z G PB , F " C Y F N \ Z PG B F P[ RF , K N F EK D F
BN [ ,FP MI F \G EG S K \G B EP N . QG K NT F BG FF ONG TC D K FRP G FTG Z F\B
\ G D Z EP F G NB QK C F [ GC C F K F B B N [ K EM , F R F ET K\ EP N B N G K\ T EK
. Q FK R K C FB C K R B[ \G R GK N TF
BNG \BC \B OB ,FP[RN CK[P F"CYF ,OK[RC FVKF LN KTE\ BN OB
,QGKNTF ONGTF \GEGS \B \TEGK LRKBG ,QBMN \BC[ OZJP FPMIC \NM\SF
,QBXF KCYTC LN KBX ,FTKEK KNC QBMN SGRMN FKGBZ \B QKB .LN KBX
KRC OF[ ,GNBF QBXF KCYTC \TEGK KKF\G ,ONGTN FKKR[ OTV KNDND\\
OKTEGK OFG ,OKNV[N O\GB OKYKHIP[ ,CYTC O\GB OK[E OK[RBF[ ,OEB
.KEPN\ OFP ,\TENG NM\SFN KTE\ OFCG ,ORGEB N[ OKRGKNTF \GEGSF
GV\=FV\ \GK\GB ,OKZK[F ZK[ ,[EI ZFGH

 
 | 102
SGV\N ,[BZC [EI ZES \G[TN GR\GB IKZMP ZVSF ,ZFGHF ZVS \B EGPNN OKNKI\P[M
GRIRB GKNB[ KPKRV ONGT G\GBN OB\FC OKRVCP GR\GB NSVP ZFGHF .\GBKXPF \B \ZIB
.GN[ NGTRPN OKB\FN CKKI[ I\VP GPM ,SRMKFN OKMKZX
G RI R B . G \ G B O K[ K D Z P B N J G[ V G RI R B [ B N B , G R C B X P R K R I GZ F O NG T F GK [ M T O D
N MG R[ K EM ,OK [ E I OK [ G I ,OK [ E I FSK V \ K NM , FRG [ TCJ G R MG \C \G RC N OK MK Z X
. G\G B [ K D Z FN

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:ZFGHF KZCEC[ \GRICFF NM \B GRMG\C BGXPN OKXGZG GRPXT \B OKZYGI GRIRB
,CYTK I\V EKP .K\ZD QCN OT ,CYTK LECT ZPB FM ,G[TN KRGEBN QGZPB\ FM
CYTK KM .GKCB GMZC[ \GMZCC NM\SK BN G[T[ KEM ,ECTN GKRVN LVF\FN
.OKPKF \KZIBN O\GB IKRF
FH ZCE NTV KMG ?K\ZD QCN OT ZPBG ,G[T NB IN[[ ,CYTK FBZ FP
OEB FKF BN EGT[ ,ONGTC LNF NGY ,KPZBF QCN BNB ?G[T N[ G\GIKN[C
N[ GKCBG ,OKPSGYF NGEDG OKV[MPC[ U[MP FKF BGF KM .GKEKP NXRKK[
FKF QCNG .OSGYF ZGTC QC OTNC ,CG\M[ ,OTNC N[ GKCB FKF ZGTCG ,ZGTC
\B ECBN FXZG .CYTKN NGMK BN ,FH NM OTG .OFP Z\GK OKPSYG OKV[MC OMI
OT ,ZPBG GN IN[ QM NTG .KCB ECGB KPZB ,CG\M[ GPM ,OKMZE FPMC CYTK
.GIGM \B GTKEGFN ,K\ZD QCN
KPG .OKPSGYFG OKV[MPFG OKPMIF NGED FKF QCN[ ,OKTEGK GKF ONGTF NM
.FKF QCNP ,OTNC TEK[ FP NMG .GRPP NXKR BN ,GKV[MC ECBN FXZ QCN[
GKF ONGTF NMG .QCN QM[ NMG .LZGCP LZC\ Z[B \B K\TEK KM ,CG\M OTNCCG
OT ,ZPB ,G[TN CYTK IN[[ FRG[BZ FNKP ,LMKVNG .GKV[MPG QCNP OKBZK
.GPT K\ZIB\F FR[ OKZ[T BNB ,JTGP QPH BNG ,K\ZD QCN
DM=BM \GK\GB ,IN[KG \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

ZVSF \KCC GRTP[[ OKZCSFFG \GZGXF Q\GB NM \B GRKRKT EDRN OKZKKXP GRIRB OB
= \GZMGPF \GKGPEF Z\K NM NTG G[T NT ,CYTK NT ,L"R\F KZGVKS NT NNMC OKKICG
FPC OKHMZ\P BNG ,NGED EIB NGCNCN OKSRMR GRIRB ,ZFGHF EGPKNN FH OT OK[DKRG
*
.GRN ZVSP \PBC ZFGHF[

F[T\ BN :NT FHC OKZCGT[ ,OKKP[DG OKPGEP OKRKKRTC OKZCEF GPK[DK BN[ ,\BH FPMIC YSTF \TC [K ZGPI KBR\" *
.(GRY \GB ,"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYF" ,ONGSF NTC) "OGN[G SI ,FRGP\ NMG NSV LN

103 |  
 
YZ GNKBM ,WZBF ZGEM QKB[ GNKBM ,NNIN \BXN GPM OKMKZX GRIRB FBKZYF QPHC
OKZCE OF OGYPG FTGR\ ,QPH KZFG .[IZ\F QMB OTV GKNT [IZ\F[ FP NM[ GRN FPER
.ECNC GRN[ \KIMGRF FSKV\C OKBXPR[ OKKRGKPE
OKZVGI GNKVBG OKR[ KVNB KRVN QBM OKKY\F GF[P[ GRPXTN OKRKKPEP GRIRB[ FH
FHN OKBZGY GRIRBG GRN[ NM[C BXPR FH NM = OKKDGNGBKMZB OKKGNKD OKBXGPG
\B \GBZN OKXGZ GRIRB ,GHF FSKV\F \B \GR[N OKXGZ GRIRB GK[MT NCB ."\GBKXPF"
.BXPR BGF O[ YZ \PBCG ,GRN[ QGXZF LG\C BXPRM FHF ONGTF NM
= GRN WGIP BXPR[ GF[P [K GNKBM[ = LM FHF JZSF \B \GBZN GRNDZ\F GRENGR[ HBP
\B TRM[NG GRN[ NDZFC YCBKFN GRKNT .GRN[ QGXZF LG\C [IZ\P FHF JZSF NM NCB
.QGXZF LG\C [IZ\P NGMF F[TPN[ CG[G CG[ GRPXT
GRIRB[M OD .\GBKXPF BGF QGXZF[ KRVP ,\GBKXPF \B \YIGP BN GHF F[KDF
GK[MT OK[IZ\P OKZCE[ F[GI\F OD .QGXZC OKNY\R GRIRB ,GF[PC GK[MT OKNY\R
.GRKRKT EDRN LM OKZKKJXP[ \GIGM ,\GRGXZ FNB = GRCKCS
OKZGKXC TY[R BNG ,ZFGHF LZE GHF \KPKRVF FRGP\F \B \GKIN NE\[R[ NMM
,FZG\F \GKPKRV NB GR\GB OEYK ZFGHF ,GRNDZGF OFKNB[ L"R\F KZGVKS N[ OKKZGJSKFF
.\GBKXPF N[ \K\KPBF FSKV\F NB = "\PBF \ZG\" NB
= O\GB NKTVP[ KNNMF IGMF \BG ,\GRGM\MG \GIGMM NGMF \GBZN NKI\R ,FDZEFC
\EKP KVN GRN[ QGXZF LG\C [IZ\P BGF .OKVBG[ GRIRB GKNB[ KGNKDF GFH .BZGCF \B
.ZFGHF GR\GB QGGMP FHF KGNKDN .BZGCF QKCN GRKRKC \GG\[FF

   
.OKTGEK OKRGPP OKZ[ \I\ F"CYF O\GB Q\R ,O"GMT KECGT ONGTF KPT NM
OKNHGD ,FPINP K[GTG OKPE KMVG[ ONGMG .OFKFGNB ZIB OKMNGF ONGMG
EKP\ OKZCD\PG ,TZFN OK[TP OK[GTF NMC OKCZT\PG ,OKVBRPG OKMPG
.TZFN OIGMC
,\TNG\ GPM .FNKV\C ,OFKVC YZ ,O\GB IXRN IGMG FZGCD OFN QKB ,NBZ[KG
OKBZYR QM NTG .NMF \ZCG[ BKF FVCG .FVC BNB ,IGMG FZGCD FN QKB[
.\TNG\ NBZ[K
GHF \TNG\N GPM ,ONGTC FKKZC OG[N QKB ,\TNG\ FP .CYTK \TNG\ KBZK\ NB
ZIBNG ,OKMNPF \[GCN\ ,EGCM K[GCN NM OKBXGK FRPP[ ,K[PF \KKGGJ N[
FKKI\N FPY FRPP ZB[R[ TZH G\GBP LM ZIBG ,F\PG TZH \TZGH F\KKGGJ

 
 | 104
KV NT UB[ .\TNG\F F\GBM NBZ[K OF LM ,FKI BKF CG[G QMN OEGYPM
.QMN OEGYPM ONGTC GKIKG GZHIK ,OK\P[
F\GB N[ ZPGI GFH .NBZ[K \KC KE]@K^a O\B QM ,ZXGKF EKC ZPGIM KM ,ZPBR QMG
OEGYPM FRY\ FN [KG ,\RY\\PG \ZHGI ,\ZC[R[ KV NT UB Z[B ,\KMGMH
.FKKI\N OKZHGI ,OK\P[ KV NT UB ,NBZ[K LM .QMN
,OKKIF WTC GYCE\R NBZ[K KRC[ OG[PG .QKVRB ZKTH ,OKKIF WT FH ,NBZ[K
.ONGTC GPKKY\KG ,ZVTP GPGYKG ,OKKI OFN GKFK
ERZ=RZ \GK\GB ,IN[KG \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

NB Z[K TKDFN BGF Z[BC OEB NMC ZZGT\FN FNGMK[ \KPKRVF FKKJRF ,CNC[ FEGYRF
LG\C[ \GKJSKBGDBF \GKJRF ZB[ ."NBZ[K" BKF ,BZGCF N[ FRK\RFG FCFBF \RGM\
."ONGTF \GPGB" \GBZYR GRCN
F\PG FKIG F\P[ \TNG\ GPM ,OKCXP KRKP NM \ZCGT CNC[ FEGYRF BZGCF NB LZEC
."OKKIF WT"C YCEKFN FMGH BKF UGSCN[ ET ,FKIG



F[P \B SKRMF[ BNB .ZPGN LKZX FKF ,FTZV NB LN ,BNF .FTZV NB B a

\GN[N\[P \GDZEP FPM[ ,QGKNT EIB YHI QKR\ NB OKZEIP OKRVN OKZEI
.GRPP \GEZGKG
NCB .GN[ \GDZEP OF[ ,OKZGBKF GNBN BNB ,CZY BNG ,GKRVP BZK F[PG
.OKRGKNT OK[ZG[C [Z\[P G\GB FBZ[ OG[P ,CZY BNG BZK FKF GPXT OKR\N
GNMK BN FNTPN OKZIB OKRGPP OKIKN[G ,BZK F[P[ F"CYF FBZ[ QGGKM
WCGZF NGEDF OKR\F ,OKZXP LNP FTZV LKNT KRRF ,F"CYF ZPB ,GKNB CZYN
,CG\M[ GPM .ZIB BNG ,FPINP GPT LGZTN LKZX FKF F"CYF[ .GKZGBK LG\C
WCGZF NGEDF OKR\F N[ FPMIF EGS GZBCG .IKN[ BNG KRB ,G[ZE[ ,F KRB
.ORGEB OKTEGKF ,QKEP NT KC[GK GNBN ,GKZGBK LG\C
IN=GN \GK\GB ,BC \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

GPM \KBZR[ ,EGBP FRG[PG FZHGP FZGXC GRN ZVSP BGF .GRKNT ZCEP ZFGHF ZVS
,\GBKZ GRN [K .OKRVC YZG ,OKRVC GRN FZGY[ FP NT ,K\EDB OKPTVN GB KZGJSKF ZGVKS
,\GRGXZ EGBP FCZF [K ,GRN[ F[DZFF LG\C ,FHP WGIG ,OKVSGR OKZCKBG NGIJ ,\GKNM
.GRC[ OEBF OD OKKY ,KHKVF UGDFP WGI ,ZPGNM .OKRG[ OKVIEG \GC[IP ,\GRGM\

105 |  
 
KNTC[ FP \B ?FBZR FPG .QRGC\FNG GRPXT \B IG\VN GRKNT ?GRC[ OEBF GFKP
GRKNT .EGTG EGTG OKZGBKG OKRKR\ ,FTZVG F[P \GRGM\ [K GRC[ OEBC .OKC\GM ZFGHF
KEK NT LB ,OGNM Q\GR BN FH[ \PBF ?GRN Q\GR FH FP .GRMG\C Q\GB Z\BN \GSRN
GRKNT GKNBG ,"CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBPF" GRKNB TKDP ,GNNF \GRGM\F \B Z\BN \GNE\[FF
.CG[I BN FH ,LGVF NGMF \B QKCR OB OD = \GTJNG NCNC\FN FRMS QKB .YYG\[FN
.WPBPF BGF ZYKTF
GFP OGKF K\RCF[ K\[DZF !K\INXF" :GPXTN ZPGBG ZFGH ZGTK[P BXGK OEB[ IKRR
K\RCF BN" :[KDZK BGF FBCF OTVC[ QM\KK .ZCE ZPGB BN FH = "FTZV GFPG F[P
BYGGE LB ."HMZ\FN NNMC K\INXF BN ,O[G FV OKK\[ GB FYEP WGI ,[CK NGMF ,OGNM
.GN[ IGGZF QF \GZGVS \GYE Q\GB
FZ \S FF K CXP [ ," \G Z K VSF Z [ T E GP N \N FP E YF" C ON GS F NT C C\G M OR K I N BN
, O T J O G[ Q K B [ [ K D Z PG L[ GI C W PB \ P[ K P . T D K K \ F N NG MK O E B O F C [ O KC X P F O F
G F [ P NC Y N K NC P T D K K \ F N O EB N O K R \ G R O F C [ = G NN F O K C X PF [ Q KC F N LK Z X
= G N [ F[ D Z FF \BG N M[ F \B , FR CFF \B , FGG BD F \B ,G N[ G D B F \B GC \G K I FN
Q GG K M , O T J O F C Q K B [ O K C X P C I G P[ N G RK N T . G N[ \ K R IG Z F \ G P EY \ F N E GB P O K N KT GP
. OK NED G RI R B O\G T XP BC[
,CG\M K ZSI ,O]RK]R\ .GDGH \CG Q\KKGGN GFH .OKNGEDF OKRKR\F \B OKYNB BZCKG
BNB ZB[R BN QM NTG .OKYKEXN F\GB FNTF F"CYFG .FCYRF \B DZF[ OG[P
.ZGFJ DE Q\KGGN[ ,TEG .EIB NGEDF OKR\
,FPMIF \RKICP \GMNPF BGF OKF KM .EGBP FGCD O[ZG[ GDGH \CG Q\KGGN
.OKC[ FPMIF \GNNM BGF[ KZF .Q\KGGNF BGF OKC[ \GKZC NMP CG[IFG
NBP[ GYF ,FPMIN FZHI[ FRKCF QP BNB ,FPXT FPMIP L[PR GRKB ORPB
OKRKR\F \B OKYNB BZCKG ,OFKNT CG\M QM NTG .YGZG[F \EGYR FRGMPF ,FC[
.FBKZC \BZYR FRKCF KM ,OKNGEDF
OGY P BNB ,\ GNKX BE \GMNP BGF [ , GPXT OKC GPGYP TC YR B N ORPB
OF [ ,\ GN KX BE \ GMN P QP FJPN ,\GN KX BN W GIP[ FBKZC F ON GTC QM GF
. OKZGBK FZ[T
JN \GB ,BC \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

?GRKNB G\GB ZG[YN LKB OKTEGK BNG G\GB OKRKCP BN GRIRB OB ,FHF ZGKXF GRN Q\GR FP
FZGXC OD FNCYF \V[C ZCSFN ZCTP ZFGHF KZCE \B GRN ZKCSFN FKF NGMK ONGSF NTC
,WPBPN OGYP GRN ZKB[P BGF NCB .GRKNB Z\GK FCGZY FZGXC ,\K[DZ Z\GK \XY
?GRMG\C [IZ\P FH NM FVKB ?FH FP NKC[C ?FH FP .[GVKIN

 
 | 106
[K UGS=QKB ET \KIMGRF GR\[DZFPG ,UGS=QKBC OKBXPR GRIRB .GRC FZGY FH[ KBEG
.FZMFN ZGHIN ,Z\GKG Z\GK GRN[ K\KPBF CXPF \B [KDZFN \GSRN GRKNT .\GZ\SF 125
\GRGM\ GRC EKNGK [GVKIF .[VIN NKI\R[ KEM ,FHF ZGVKSF \B EIGKPC GRN OKR\GR
.OK[KDZP BN GRIRB GK[MT[ FP \B [KDZFN NKI\R Q\GTXPBC[ ,\G[EI \GRICFG
.\GKRIGZN [GIF GRC I\V\K BN \ZIB
LM ZTXF KVN ,ZPGNM ,"BZDB ,BZTX OGVN" CG\M[ GPM ,GREXP WPBP QBM \GKFN CKKI
TKD\ K\P ."QKPB\ ,\BXPG \TDK" ZPBR QMNG ,FTKDKP WGI OGNM QBM QKB .ZM[F BGF
GRMG\C ON[GK KRIGZF [GIFG ,\YVSP FEKPC GRKNT NTVK QGKNTF ZGBF[M ?FBKXPF
.FRG[BZF G\EKPC
FZGY \PBC[ FP \B [KDZFN \GXZN GRKNT .QGXZN YZ ,\GTP[P OG[ QBM QKB TEKN
ZPB[ GPM ,[VRF \GRKETP FYE FKKJR BKF \KRIGZF FD[FF .OKNKPF \B BNG QBM
.CNF QGXZC YZ BNB ,NM[C F\GB \GRYN Z[VB KB QMNG 50,[KB=QGHIF
GRIRB ,FHF ZGDSF ZT[F \B OKI\GV GRIRB Z[BM .OG\S ZVS BGF ZFGHF FZYPC BN
OEY\R ,FZGY FH LKB QKCR[ KNCP ,OGK KZIB OGK ,OTV EGTG OTV .\GKRIGZN GMZE OKSRMR
KVNM \GKPKRV \GCGD\ GRC WGXN GNKI\K T\VN .GF[P [KDZFN NKI\R OGB\V[ CXPN
.[EI ONGT GRC FRCR LKB ,\GBKXP GRMG\C \ZKKJXP LKB [KDZR \GKTCJC ,LMG .OKNKPF


 

OG[P ,ZPBR TZF ZXKF NT FH BZYP .OI&@N Z#SIG ECM\PP ,GN ECTG F&N^Y]R CGJ
OEB N[ GRGXZG GCN FKCDP TZF ZXKFG .OEB KRC NT EKP\ DZJYP BGF[
FBD\P TZF ZXK[ ET ,G[BZCG GZT[C NSNSP GKZIB LNGF OEBFG .FGGBDC
.OGRKFKDN G\GB L[GPG GKNT
HJ \GB ,IN[KG \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

NT OKTEGK OKNCGYPF QKBPG ?OGRKFKD N[ FHF CXPF \B [KDZFN OKMKZX GRIRB OD OBF
HB .QGKSKRF LG\P BN[ GF[P FNDK OEBF[ QM\KK BN KZF .OPXTC \BH GZCT OF ?LM
...QM[ ZC\SP ?OGRKFKDC \GKFN OKCKKI GRNGM OBF
OKNDP GRIRB HB YZG ,GC TGY[N ,TZF ZXKF LG\N SRMKFN OEGY OKMKZX GRIRB EKP\
GRKKF BN KBEG ,\BH OKNDP GRKKF OB KZF ,TZ FH[ OKNDP GRRKB FNI\FC .\PBC GFP
.GR\GB FPZP OHKBGDBF LM .BNVRG CGJ ,WRXRP ,WXGR ,L[GP BGF FNI\FC .GMG\N OKSRMR
CKKI BGF .G\P[R LG\C[ OKRG[F OKYNIF \B ZZCP[ OEB NT QBM ZCEP ZFGHF
,FDZEP NMC OKKY FHM CXP .OGRKFKD N[ CXPN \EZN GHF \MGCS\F LG\PG ,LC\SFN
OEBF[M YZ 51."BJIK BNG CGJ F[TK Z[B ,WZBC YKEX QKB OEB KM" :ZPBR FH NTG

107 |  
 
EKSVP BGF FPM GN ZZC\P .GC QGPJF TGZF \B ZZCN NGMK BGF ,FHF CXPC BXPR
.BZGCF \ZHT BNN GPXT OT OGNM \G[TN NDGSP BN BGF FPM ET ,GC[ TZFP FBXG\M
FP" KM ,\KPKRVF O\D[F NT SSGCP OKNCGYPF KEK NT C\MR[ FP NM[ ZGMHN KBEM
FNBF OKCXPF NM \B GZCT ZFGHF KNTC 52."FNKPG O[C GFZKEDR BN ,DK[R BN[
.\PBF KGNKDN LZEFP YNI OF KZFG ,FNBF OKCXPF \B DK[R GRIRB OD[ FGGYR .OPXTC


  

NM[ ,WZBF NM F@X^V@R FNBPG ...ONGTF NM N[ OGKYF OF .I R KRC FNB F[GN[

OKRGKNTF OKTCX D N[ EGSF OF KM .OFP OKBC OEB KRC N[ \GP[RF
...OKGGY D ,FRKCC[
FY[F ,BCYGRF ,QDF \B FY[F ,QKVRB ZKTH ,QETP BXGKG L[PRF ,ZFRF Z[BM
GJ[V\R O[PG ,FRGKNTF FRKCFP ,OKRGKNTF GNNF OKGGY F[GN[ IGMC F\GB
...ZGI[G OGEB ,QCN ,OKRGGDF
GNB NMN OKJ[V\P OKRGGDF LKB BXP\ ,\GDZEPF EGSC NM\S\ Z[BMG
(27) H"M EGSC ,\eMNP##N FJPN OKSRMR[ ET ,TXPB ,NBP[ ,QKPK ,OKEEXF
.OGF\F \B OKSMPF \G\NEF N[ \GZGRKX
D[=C[ \GK\GB ,IR \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

\B FNDRG GKNB ZCI\R LM ,GN[ FRK\RFG FCFBF \RGM\N ,ZGBN \GPEKFN NMGR[ NMM
Z\SR BGF[ BNB ,UGS=QKB ONGTC OKBXPR GRIRB GK[MT OD ,F[TPN .GN[ TV[F \GZGRKX
KRVP ,GRN[ QGXZF LG\C ,GRMG\C OKPKKY[ = \GPNTFF = \GPNGTF NM KEK NT GR\KBP
.UGS=QKB ONGT \RGM\N EDGRP BGF[
TV[F KBKCP \GZGRKX H"M OF ,\GMNPF N[ L"VXRP \GK\GBF F OT ,\GK\GB H"M
.\GPGF\ OKBZYRF ,\eMNP#a[ OKRKEF NT \GSMN ,\G\NE OFP G[TR[ ,FKNB
D[ \GB ,IR \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

OTV .OFKNTP[ \G\NEF \BG ,GRMG\C FNBF \GZGRKXF \B OKRGC GRPXTC GRIRB
OKZDSRG OKI\VR[ OKPG\S[ GPM ,F\GB \GZDGS OTVG ZGBN LZE \GI\GV GNNF \G\NEF
\IB FZJPN OKRGGMP \GKFN OKMKZX GRN[ OKXPBPF .ZGBF NB GRN[ \GPEKFF \EKPC
.ZGB QFC NCYNG ,\GKRIGZF \GRGM\N GRN[ \GRGM\F NM \B \GPEN = ECNC
,(OHKBGDBF) GRC[ NCYN \RP NT NCYN QGXZF \B OKTKRXP GRIRB FC[ FEKPC
\RGM\ \B GRMG\C OKNDP GRIRB ,(\\N \RP NT NCYN) ZGBN FPGE \GKFN G\GB OKMVGFG
"B\GTKRXE BZVS" O[C EIGKP YNI [K ZFGHF ZVS LG\C .FBKZCF \C[IP \BG BZGCF
53
."FPMI OKTGRX \B&^G" ZPBR OD QMNG ,LM NT ZCEP[

 
 | 108
 

     
KRVN FZPB NBZ[K \SRM .K[VR FCFB[ \B K\[YKC \GNKNC KCM[P NT
OT OKPTF ZB[ QKC \C[GK BKF[ OG[P ,\GNDF NT GRPP F[YKCG ,F"CYF
NT ,FZPB ,FBPJF ,\ZIB WZBC \CMG[ BKF[ NTG .ZVTN \CMG[G ,FKRC
,QM NTG .\GNKN FRGMP \GNDFG ,\GNDC \CMG[ KRB[ ,\[YCP KRB KCM[P
.FRPP KRBKXGK[ ,K[VR FCFB[ \B K\[YKC
.\GNDC BNG GNMKFC YZ BNB ,KC DGGEHFN GMZE QKB KM .GK\BXP BNG GK\[YKC
YZ BNB ,OKTPG[ ORKB GNGYG ,OKZIB OKPT QKC K\C[K KM .KRRT BNG GK\BZY
.OKYNB NGY O@T TP[ @ F# ,CG\M[ .GKRC
,GKRVN K\PTZ\F KCM[P NT ,FRKM[F ,NBZ[K \SRM FZPB .\GNKNC KCM[P NT
,QKPK GYP ,K\GB LZCNG ,NBP[ GYP ,K\GB IP[N KPT DGGEHK[ :GK\[YKC[
,NBZ[K \SRM OT ,QKVRB ZKTH ,LNPF DGGKHP[ .KTXPBF GYP ,FPN[ FIP[C
\GMZC FPMG ,OKRGKNT QKIGP ,F[GEY FNIR \[GZK OKYKEX FPM OK[ZGK
.ONGTC \GBXPR
D=B \GK\GB ,TKZH\ \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

F\GB QKCFN BNG ,FN[ KRIGZ=KPKRVF QCGPN ZFGHC FNKP NM ODZ\N NE\[FN GRKNT
\B OKEKZGP GRIRB ,\KP[DF \GTP[PF OT OKZB[R GRIRB OB .\ZMGPF \KP[DF F\ZGXC
\GNTN UGB[N GRKNT .FC\MR BKF LM O[N BNG ,FHF ONGTF NB QGKNTF ONGTFP FZG\F
.QGKNTF ONGTF NB FHF ONGTFP F\ZHTC
ZGCTN OKCKKI GRIRB ,TDPC GPT \GKFNG ,BZGCN = QKVRB ZKTHN TKDFN OKXGZ GRIRB OB
\GP[RF USGB LZE = "NBZ[K \SRM" GB "\GNKXBE \GMNP" BZYR[ QGRDRPF LZE
.\ZIB LZE QKB .FRK\RCG FCFBC ZPGNM ,NB=Z[K \GZCGIP[
\B BKCPG ,KMG\C \GZGC[F \GP[RF NM \B ZCIPG LNGF KPXT \B FBGZ BN KRB OB
[PP \GKFN \CKKI[ \KIZMF FRGP\ GH ."KRB" QKB HB = GPT DGGKHNG TDPN ,BZGCN FH
.QGGKMC BN NNMC KRB \ZIB .KKRKT NGP
LM YZ .\GP[RF NM QKC ZGCKI N[ FHF QGRDRPF LZE KPXT \B K\ZCTF[ G[GZKV "KRB"
ZGCKIF \B OKKYN ETGR ZFGHF ZVS N[ IGMF KM ?FPN .ZFGHF ZVSN I\VKFN NGMK KRB
.KN[ BN KN OKBZR GK[MT[ ,KN[ FNBF OKYNIF NM QKC
YGKEC SRMKFN LKZX KRBG ,ZHKKN QZY GPM FYE ZGB QZY QKP FTKDP :LM \BH [KIPR
BN KRB ,GHF ZGCKIF \EGYRP FE]XF ZJPKNKP K\HH OB .KKNT TKV[\[ KEM GHF QZYN \I\P
.OKZIBF OT ZCI\FN LNGF KRB[ KBR\C YZ \GZYN NGMK FH .F\GB FBGZ

109 |  
 
 

OZJ ONGTF QP OKYN\SP ,GNB \B GNB OKCFGB ORKB[ OKZCIF GNB NM

IGZG [VR \CFB ,KBIGK ZC QGTP[ Z N[ GKPKC OKZCIF NM .ORPH TKDP[
NM ,ZPGB FKF[ ,KGNDC FZG\=KZ+\^]SF# GKF GZGEC FH OG[PG .OFKRKC F\KKF
.Z[KF LZEC \MNN BN[ ,OPXTN OKPZGD ,FH \B FH OKCFGB ORKB[ OKZCIF
.FC [K \PBG FGGIBG FCFB ,FZG\F KM .FZG\C ODV OK[GT[ ,EGTG
,CYTK .FH OT FH OKYCI\P GKF[ ,OFZCB \B YIXK ,YIXK \B CFB OFZCB
OKZCIF .FHC FH OIGZ OKR\GRG ,FGGIBCG FCFBC GC OKHGIB GKF OFKR[
,FCFBF OFC ZSIK OB[ .ODV OFC \G[TN BNG ,OFGPM \GKFN OKMKZX
.\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI OF[ ,CYTK ,YIXK ,OFZCBC ,FNTPN OMZTC OKPDGV
ER \GB ,B[\ KM \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

KEM .FXGCY LG\C YZ QCGP \GKFN NGMK BGF QMNG ,OKNCGYP \XGCY KEK NT C\MR ZFGHF
OF OD[ OKZIBF OK[RBF NM NB ZCI\FN GRKNT ,GC QPJGF[ FP NB ZCI\FN
."FXGCY" OKGGFP GRIRB EIKC .FHN OKYYG\[P
QKC BXPR GKNT ZCEP ZVSF[ FP NM KM ,ZVSF \B IG\VN GRN Z[VBK GRKRKC Z[YF YZ
\B FNDR QFKRKC Z[YCG ,"\GP[R" GBZYKK GRN[ \GRGXZF ,ZCI\FN FXZR OB .\GP[RF
.EIK GR\GB Z[GY[ ZGBF \B ,BZGCF
OKC[GK[ FT[C ,OKZCIF OF GNB .EIK OD OKIB \C[ OKTR FPG CGJ FP FRF
,FPINP K[GT OK[RBM OKBZR OF FNKI\P .FHP FH OKEZVR ORKBG ,EIK
.FGGIB \CFBC \GKFN OKZHGI ,LM ZIBNG .FH \B FH DGZFN OKXGZ[
.EIK OD OKIB \C[ OKTR FPG CGJ FP FRF ?OFKNT ZPGB BGF FP ,F"CYF
CK[YP F"CYF BNB ,EGT BNG .FRKM[F OFPT NGNMN FBC ,"OD" FNKPF
.OFC IP[ BGFG \IR GN [KG ,OZGCKEN
O D , QM N O EG Y P , F C F B C , \ G C K C I C O \ K K F [ G P M , Q B M C [ O KZ C IF , O \ B G
O M KN T B ZY K G , O MP T IP [ K F " C Y F [ E T , F HP F H G EZ V \ \ B N F B N F NG Q B MP
F Z C E B K KT Z G K K I B Q T PN , C G \ M[ F H . O N G T C O G N[ O M \ G MH C B X P K G , O G N[
. LC OG N[ BR
GS=FS \GK\GB ,\GP KZIB \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

.ZYKTF \B SVSVR ,ZFGHC FBKZYF QPHC GRKRKC EGIKBF NT CG[IR BN OB

,FPKRV SRMKFN ,GRMG\C OKZCEF \B [KDZFN GRKNT[ FH NT GRZCKE GK[MT ET ,TDZ NCB
ZGCKI NT ZCGEP F\T GNKBG ,ZFGHC OKZMHGPF OKJZVF \B [VIN GRN[ \GRGXZF LG\CG
.GRN WGIP \BXPR[ FXGCYN ZGCKI ,OKZIBN

 
 | 110
GRPXTN ZKMHFN OKMKZX GRIRB .WGIC \PBC \BXPR FRKB FXGCYF OD[ BGF QKKRTF
.GRMG\C F[TPN BXPR ,GRN WGIP BXPRM OK[KDZP GRIRB[ FP NM[ TDZ NMC
BN GRIRB .GRMG\C[ "\NGH"F D[GP OT ,GRMG\C[ "KRB"F D[GP \B ZG[YN GRKNT
LM .GRN[ \GRGXZF LG\C ,GRMG\C BGF OD BNB ,GRVGDN WGIP BXPR[ "\NGH" OK[KDZP
\B QY\N YZ GRKNTG ,OKKRGXKI OKNMG OKKPKRV OKNM [K = GRN[ \GRGXZF OKYNI\P
.OFKRKC ZGCKIF
.GRPXTN FZHI ZCIR[ GRN[ OKRG[BZF OKYNIF ?FXGCYC OKZIBF OK[RBF OF KP HB
FZHIC OKTR GNKBM FNBF OKYNIF ,\GBKXPF \B QGMR SGV\N NKI\FN GRKNT NYFN KEM
...OPXTC ,FPKRV GRMG\N


    
ZFGHF ZVSC[ FNGDSF
FP QKKET OKRKCP ORKB[ KV NT UB ,FC OKYSGTF NM Z[B ,\ZBGVP FNGDS FC BXPR
.OKCZY\P OKRGKNTF \GZGBPG ,FEK NT OKMMEHP ,FC CG\M[
"F\GFPG FNCYF \ZG\" ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC

...ZFGHF ZVSC FRGPJ[ GHF FNGDSF \NTGV YGKEC LKB ZGZC LM NM BN :FNB[
WGVY\ OB" :KN OKZPGB ."FNGDS" BZYR FH QMNG ,\BH QKCFN F[Y GRN[ KIMGRF CXPC
\PKKY .Z[YF FP TEGK BN \PBC KRB ."ZKYF NT[ FZGRPF YNEK\ ,OGYPC OKPTV Z[T
,\GXKVY Z[T ZIBN YNEKFN FZGRPN OZGD[ FRGPG YSVP FVXZN \I\P GP[[ \GZ[VB
BZYR FHM Z\SR Z[Y .KRPP Z\SR BGF NCB ,Z[Y [K FBZRF KVM .FH \B TEGK BN KRB NCB
."FNGDS" FNCYC
GZYI ZCM[ GNB .QKKET G\GB ZKMP KRRKB LB ,TCJC OKKY[ YGI BKF "FNGDS" ,ZPGNM
LRKB .G\GB NKTV\ F\B ,FHMG FHM QVGBC GC [P\[\ OB" :KN OKZPGB ,G\GBG OPXT \B
."G\GB NKTVP F\B LM NCB ,\BH FBGZ
,OPGK KRC NDTG YGRK\ NT NM\SP FKF BGF ,ZIB ONGTP ZGXK GRPNGTN TKDP FKF GN
GF[KP BXK YGRK\FP GNKBG ,QGBKNGVR GPM NGED GF[KP BXKG NEDK NDTFP[ ZPGB FKFG
,OFN WGIR[ FP NM OFKR[N OKR\GR OB[ OKTEGK GRIRB LB .TEZVX GPM OKRGB ZSIG QJY
,FZGY FH LM[ GRNDZ\F JG[V GRIRB !FNGDS ,SR GFH .OEB KR[FPG ,FPFC BX\ EIBP
.SR GFH F[TPN LB

111 |  
 
OGKN OGKP .\GNGTV KRKP NM TXCNG CKDFN ,QKCFN NKI\P OGB\V QJYF YGRK\F
LMN GRNDZ\F .ZCE GRK[T BN GRIRB KZFG ?FZGY FH LKB .OK[EI OKNDZF GNXB OKTKVGP
BZCRC NTGV[ KRIGZ IGM ,OKKIF IGM \GND\F GH F[TPN NCB ,\GI\V\F LKNF\ [K[
.FND\P GHM FZGXCG
\KRIGZF \GI\V\FF KYGI KZF KM .GRN[ \KRIGZF \GI\V\FC OD [IZ\P ZCEF G\GB
YGIZ BN LB .FKNB OKNKDZ GRRKB ,\Z\SR QKKET GHF \GI\V\FF[ BNB ,QVGE KBXGK ORKB
.TCJF KYGI ZB[ NMC GPM YGKEC GNNF OKYGIC G[P\[K OK[RB[ OGKF
\B IYK\ ?LKB .G\TV[F \B QKPHFN Z[VB ,IGM [K TCJC" :GRN OKZPGB OKNCGYPF
FH \GMHC .[KDZG QKCP ,OMI ,Z\GK YHIN LVFK\ LM ,Z\GK GC BZY\[ NMM ,ZFGHF ZVS
.L\GB \GR[N \NGMK [K FHF ZVSN KM ?FPN .\GKRIGZF LN FND\\
?K\GB OKR[P[ OKZIB OKZVS FCZF [K NCB =
\GEGSKF \B ,\GRGM\F \B ,LN[ \GKJRF \B LC OKZKESP YZ OKZIB OKZVS NCB .QGMR"
ZFGHF ZVS GNKBG .F\GB OKI\VPG LN[ \KPKRVF \MZTPF \B OKRDZBP YZ OF .LN[
!FRGKNTF FTV[FF \B LPXT NT QKPHP F\B G\GTXPBC[ OG[P ,EIGKP KGRK[ LC TXCP
F\ZHTC[ ,\ZIB \MZTP LMG\C \GNDNG [KDZFN ,SGV\N NKI\P F\B FRPP FBXG\M
."KRIGZ ONGT ,[EI ONGT FNDP F\B

\GRGXZF ONGT
,GN ZKBFN OKXGZ[ \TC ,GRM[P FKF L[GIC EKP\G ,L[GIC QG\RF OEB
NGED JTP LM ZIBG .JIP N[ GI\VM ,QJY ZGB FNKI\ GN IG\VN OKMKZX
.KGBZM ZGBF NM GN OKZKBP[ ET ,Z\GK OTV NMC QMG .GRPP
BX \GB ,IN[KG \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

SIKK\FN KKNT LKB ,KMG\C NGMF[ ,OKRVC NGMF[ TPG[ KRB OB :FNB[
SIKK\FN LKZX KRB LKB ?ONGTF \B \GBZN LKZX KRB LKB ?K\GB OKCCGSN
?KCKCSP QBM FZGY[ FP NMN NNMCG ,KN[ OKBRG[N ,KN[ OKCFGBN
FP FH ,KGXZF .OK[KDZP GRIRB[ FP FH KGXPF .KGXP [KG KGXZ [K[ QKCFN GRKNT ,QMCG
.GRN[ OKRYG\PF OKCXPC ,EK\TC FNDR[
\TN .GRMG\C [DZGP NGMF FC[ ,FRG[ \GBKXP \PKKY[ OKEPGN YZ GRIRB OKK\RKC
BGF ,\KEK\T FRGP\M OKRKKPEP GRIRB[ FP NM[ QM\KKG ,GRZGCT K\GBKXP BN FH NM F\T
.G\GB OKRKKPEP GRIRB[ KVM BN QKJGNIN

 
 | 112
GRN[ ONGTF[ BN FH .\BHF FRGP\F \B FNDR[M GR\[K GRKKI FPM ET D[GP GRN QKB
,ZFGHF ZVSC OKBZGY GRIRB[M ,QMN .GRKRVC FND\K [EI ONGT[ BNB ,FP \EKPC FR\[K
BN GRIRB GK[MT .FPKRV SRMKFN ,GMG\N NGNXN NE\[FNG ,GRN ZMGPF NMP Y\R\FN GRKNT
.ECNC EIB ONGTC BXPKFN OKNDGSP GRIRB ,OKK\RKC .NKCYPC \GPNGT KR[C BXPKFN OKNGMK
,FRG[ FRGP\ \GRCN OKNE\[PG \BHF \KZPGIF \GBKXPFP OKY\R\P GRIRB QMN
,\GDFR\FC ,[GCNF QGRDSC = NGMC NGED \GKFN FXGZ BGF .NGEDN FXGZ[ ,ENKN FPGEC
.ZDGCP NBM GKNB GSIKK\K ONGM[ FXGZ BGF ,OKZIBF KRKTC
,GRN[ \GKHJRVF NMC ,GRKEKC[ \GKGZ[VBF NMC GRPXTN ZB\N OKMKZX GRIRB OD LM
ZCEP FHF ZVSF ,ZPGNM .OKBXPR GRIRB GC[ ,GRN[ [EIF ONGTF NT ZCEP ZFGHF ZVS[
YI[PF .F[EI \GBKXP OKBGZG OKBXPR GRIRB QMG\C[ ,GRN[ \GKPKRVF \GRGM\F NT
.FND\P FHF [EIF ONGTFG ,GRKNT QGYK\F ZGB N[ G\TV[FN BKCP FHF
OKNDP GRIRB .BN ?OKP[F NB OKSJ GRIRBG ,ONTR Q[KF ,FND\P [EIF ONGTF
GRMG\C OKND\P = BZGCF QGXZG GRN[ QGXZF = \GRGXZ KR[ .GRK\GRGXZ LG\C OKKI GRIRB[
WGIG .GRN[ "KRB"M ,KTXPBF GYM OFKRKC OKBXPRG O\GB OK[KDZP GRIRB .FH EDRM FH
.KRB = \GIGMF KR[ QKC .OGNM QKB FHP

ZFGHN FZG\F QKC NECFF

OKTEGK ORKB[ ,OEB KRC OKJG[ OF FPM .L\ZG\P \GBNVR FJKCBG KKRKT ND
,\GZKI NMG ,OKKIF NM BGF FZG\F KZF[ .FZG\C YGSTN OKNM\SP ORKBG
.CGJF NMG
JKZ \GB ,FZ[ KKI \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

?FZG\F ZVS \B GRN [K OB ZFGHF ZVSN OKYGYH GRIRB FP O[N :FNB[

.EEGYP ZVS BKF FZG\F NCB ,EGSKF \B C\M \PBC F[P .FZG\F NT KNCY [GZKV BGF ZFGHF
FNCYF \PMI *."OKVRTF \V["C FCG\M FZG\F = EGBP YGPT NCB ,EKIKG EIB EGY FC [K
.F[P QGGM\F \PBC FPN QKCFNG FZG\F \B BGZYN \ZHGTG OKVRTF \V[ \B FZKCSP

JYKKCGB NMP ,OFKZCEN .JSKBGDBF OEBF N[ G\JKNY IGGJN WGIP BXPRF ,QGKNTF ONGTF \B OKZYGI OKNCGYPF *
."URT" BZYRF JYKKCGB QBM EKNGPG ,GRN[ ONGTF NB IGM N[N\[P ,"[ZG[" BZYRF QGKNTF ONGTC
ONGTC KGXPF \GBKXPF KZYP N[ GB \GBKXP N[ JZV LN QKB" :ONGSF NTC \BH ZKCSP ,"FNCYF \PMI \GFP" GZPBPC
,ZPGNM .URTG [ZG[ OKBZYRG .OKP N[ \GVKJ C GPM FGG[ FZGXC ,GRPKF QGKNT ONGTC G\PDGE BXP\ BN[ QG\I\F
BGF[ ,QGKNTF ONGTC EPGTG KGXPF ,GN[ BPDGEF LZTC URT N[ FRKICN QICR ,QG\I\F ONGTC BXPRF ,JZVF G\GB[
."QG\I\F ONGTC BGFF JZVF FGGF\RG O\IR O[P[ KRVP ,QG\I\F JZVF N[ G[ZG[

113 |  
 
.YK\T JC[ N[ GKNNTP NT KZGJSKF ZGVKS NBM FZG\F NB SIKK\FN OKNKDZ GRIRB
\GIGMF \B ,OKRGKNTF OK[ZG[F \B FH LZE \GBZN GRN \Z[VBP FNCYF NCB
\PZN \GNTN OKNGMK GRIRB FNCYF \ZHTC .GRN[ ONGTC FNBM \GNGTV OKZZGTP[
.\GBKXPF \B NFRNG QY\N O[PG ,GRN[ ONGTC \JNG[[ \GIGMF \MZTP
QCZGIN ETG F[P N[ GRPHP GKI[ OK[RB O\GB ZGCT QGYK\N FJK[M F[PK[ FZG\F
FYGIZ LM NM F[P \ZG\[ FND\F HB .KRIGZF ONGTFP YG\KRF \B NPKS[ [EYPF \KC
*
.FMZE \GZK[K GRPXT \B QY\N OKNGMK BN GRIRBG GR\KBP
.\GKP[DN GNVR[ \GP[RF Q\GB ZGCT LKZEP \GGFN FNGMK BNG ,KEP \RVXGP FZG\F
OK[RBN C\MR BN ZFGHF[ BNB .ZFGHF ZVS C\MR HB .\ZIB FMZEFC LZGX FZXK FNKVRF
.(\GNDF UGS) GRB GRKPKN BNB (\GNDF \NKI\) OKPK O\GBC GKI[
JGKEF KZCEG ,\GJ[VC OKZGVKS ZVSN FBC FZG\F KM ,ZPGB[ ,OEB G\GBN KGB
FZG\ \G[TN OKNGMK GRB FHF QPHC GNKVB ,QM OB KM .FPGEMG QCNG G[+T N[
,ONGTF KZCE \GBZFN FBC FZG\F OBG .OFP OKVK Z\GK EGTG ,JGKEF KZCEP
OFKZIB LNR QM OB .Z\GK OKNGTP OKZCE OFKRKC [K ONGTF KJKN[ GNKVB
.OKRGKNT \GEGS OF FZG\F KZCE NM[ BNB .QVGBF G\GBM ,FZG\ OFP F[TRG
EDRM FJPN NBZ[K .GNY[R EIB NY[PC ,QG\I\F ONGTG QGKNTF ONGT
.\GIGZ GKMBNP F[GT ,OFC CG\M ,OKRGKNT OKMBNP .FNTPN OKRGKNT OKMBNP
GKF BN OBG .FHF ONGT N[ [GCNC OK[CN\P ,FJPN OKEZGK[ FT[CG
,FHF ONGTC EGPTN OKNGMK GKF BN ,FHF ONGT QKTM [GCNC OK[CN\P
.O\GB NCS BN ONGTFG
OFG ,\GPNGTF NM \BG OKMBNPF \B FBZC[ FZG\F ,LM OKMBNPC OBG
BN OB ,FHF ONGTN FEZK[ QGGKM .FPMG FPM \IB NT ,FNKC[C OKPKKY\P
,JGKEF KZCEG OKZGVKSF OF[ ,FHF ONGTC[ OK[GCNF GNBC \[CN\P F\KKF
.NGCSN ONGTF NGMK FKF BN
[GCNF G\GB[ C[GI[ KP .FZG\F N[ F[GCN BGF FZG\C[ FHF ZGVKS QM NTG
.BCF ONGTN YNI GN FKFK BNG ,GIGZ IVK\ ,ZIB ZCE GC QKBG ,[PP FZG\ BGF
S=IR \GK\GB ,L\GNTFC \[ZV ,OTN ZFGH

.ONGSF NTC \BP "\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYF"C GRKKT FH B[GRC FCIZFN *

 
 | 114
KTJY \BKZYC OM\B \GGNN GRNE\[F .ECNC ZFGHF QP FPKTJ \RKICC BGF FH YZV
WCGY BGXPN GNMG\ ZVSN OKIVSRC .EGPKNN \GVZJXFF \B OMKNT NYFN \RP NT ,ZFGHF
OB .ZFGHF EGPKN \GCK[I NT NBZ[K KNGEDP \GJJKX JYN QMG ZFGHFP OKZICR OKZPBP
IVSRC CZ QKKRT GBXP\ ,ZFGHF EGPKNN F[KDF NT ONGSF NTC KZCEC EGT YKPTFN GXZ\
."ZFGHF ZVSN ONGSF NTC \GPEYF"
ZGCTM ,ZFGHC FBKZYF LNFPC ZCE OK[KDZP BN GRIRB[ FNI\FC GRN FPER OB OD
ZFGHF EXKM CJKF [KDZFN ZCM Z[VB ,JRZJRKBF LZE GB FKHKGGNJF LZE OKZGTK[ FZ[T
.GRKNT NTGV
BNB ,GRN[ FRCFF \EKPC NNM FKGN\ BN BKFG ,EGBP FYHI ZFGHF EGPKN N[ G\TV[F
ZGTCN ,NGMC \TDN ,CK[YFN JG[V LKZX .ZCEP ZFGHF FP NT JGNYN GRN[ OKXPBPC
\B ODG GRN[ ONGTF \B = ONGTF \B ZKMFN FEKIKF LZEF GH .[KDZFN \GXZN ,OKRVCP
.KRIGZF ONGTF
NCIF FXY \B SGV\R OB .BZGCF KEK NT GRKNB LN[GF[ FNXF NCI BGF ZFGHF ZVS
.UGS=QKB ET FNTPN SVJN NMGR ,FHF

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121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGMN ZFGH = OTN ZFGH
122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRZGEC ZFGHF EGPKN \CGI
123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZFGHF \GND\F
124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FNGBDN \GNDP
125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TV[ QKPHP ZFGHF
125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZFGHF N[ GZGB
127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKRKCP BN[M OD TKV[P ZFGHF
129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FP[RF QGYK\
130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CNF ZGFKJ
130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZIB EGPKNN FBGG[FC ZFGHF EGPKN
132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZGCF KGNKDN KTXPB = ZFGHF
133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NBZ[K KNGED GDKFRF[ EGPKN KRPH
136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZFGHF EGPKNC FTKDK
136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGTF \GPMIG ZFGHF \PMI
137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZFGHF KNTC \ZGCIG K"C[Z
 
 - 


OK N [ \[ E T ,C G XY Q P H N FK F KG N D C \ P BF \P M I C G YST \K BN [ FN TP N Z H D R [ FP
FRG\R \G[ZFG ,FZ+HDF FZ\GFG ,QGZIB ZGE BZYKK LNKBG O[PG . |1490 ~ Q"ZF \R[
GYST\K[ ZICGPF QP FGGXP FZKXKN |1540 ~ ["F \R[PG . ZFGHF ZVSC YST\FN
. OK R J YG O K NG ED ,O KC Z C
BV PT ,"FPIF ZGB" ZVS \PEYF ,KBNGHB KMEZP QC OFZCB Z

O[ NGEDG QJY ,NBZ[K [VR NMN FGG[F ZCE BGFG FP[RN NDGSP [GEYF ZFGHF QG[N
.G\P[R [ZG[G G\RCF KVN EIB NM ,BGF
F \GB ,"\GZ[K \GDFRF" ,WKCGZGF CYTK QC [ZKF KCX Z

FIP[CG F[GEYC EGPNN ,|K"ZBF~ Q"ZP KC\MCG ZFGHF ZVSC KGN\ KNBZ[KF OEB \eKI]
.OK[GEY NBZ[K NMG G\[GEYG G\D[F KVN EIB NM ,FCFBG FBZKCG OTGRCG
M FR[P ,E YZV ,"ESI ZXGR" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

KHZC EGPNN OGYPF KRVN FIP[G ,\GNDR G[TR \GZ\SR FHF QPHC[ ,K"ZBF GRZGP ZPB
.NBZ[K ZC NMN QKHZ \GNDNG FZG\F
IZ ,OKZCE ,"FMZCF NMKF" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

OGKY FKF BNG FCZF OKRKP GKF GC[ ,IR \CK\ GPM BGF ZFGHF ZVS BZYR[ FH ZGCKI KM
GSRMKK QM ...[PP BGF QM ,FCK\N O\SKRM KEK NT BNB ONGM \GIV[PFG OKRKPF Q\GBN
,GY[IC YSGT[ EKP[ ,ZGCKIF \NGDS LMG .OKKY\FN FHF ZGCKI ZGB EGS NB OKYKEXF
GIGZG G[VR \NXFN GKNB SRMKKG ,NHZCF \B \CBG[F QCBF \CKB[M GRCB[K F \CFB
.SRMKK OB [[I QKB T[Z FKFK OB GNKVBG .GRGYK\G G\P[RG
F QPKS ,B ZT[ ,"ZYK ZGB" ,Y"PZF ,GZKCGEZGY F[P Z

121 |  
,EIK [GEYF ZFGHF ZVSC EGPKN GTCYK NBZ[K \KC GRKIB NM FHM QVGBC KM FGGYR FCF
EGPKNN \GZCI TGCYN GNE\[K OB OKTR FPG CGJ FPG .BGF O[ NGEDG QGJY QGKCBG ZK[T
EGPKNC NE\[FN ,GRKNT IGZVN GNIF FNGBDF KXGXKR Z[B \BHM \TN JZVCG ,ZFGHF
.FHF [GEYF
FCZD SGVE ,ZFGHN OKRCZF \PEYF

OKR[ T [\ QC Y GRK\ OT OKE PGN GKF , ZCGD \ eRKPF [ FHF ZGE C ,KN T PG[ KPT GNG
. ZFGHF ZVS
M FR[P ,E YZV ,"ESI ZXGR" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

,FPMIF \GEGS BGXPN OKEK\T ONGTC[ \GYGRK\ GNKVB IK[PF \GPKN CGZY FKFK[M
HB KM CG\M[ FHG .NMN FNDK\ QPHF G\GBCG ,FNGBDF N[ \GRGC[IG OKX]Y OFC \TENG
,F"CYF F\GB OKYKG ,ZVTP OGY\ NBZ[K \SRM[ QPHC GRKKF ?HB GFP .OKPT NB LGVFB
& GECGTNG F O[C ONGM BGZYN FZGZC FV[ OKPT NB LGVFB HB
.EIB O&M[
S\ \GB ,BZKG \[ZV ,ZFGHF ZVS

 

 

,\G[EI \GCK\R WZGVF ZFGHF ZVS .\KPKRVF FZG\C QKKRY \GCZFN CKKIPF QPHF \TM
.FNGBD KI\V IG\VN BGF QMGP G\BGC\ NMG BGF ,FCZTC FNKSP LZE ZCEPC OKsP
HR ,"\GZGB" ,YGY F"KBZF

,OKPMI KEKPN\ CCN ZZGTN YZ BGF ,C\GM KRB[ FP NMCG ,KK\GZCGIC K\RGGM ZYKT NM
.FZG\F \GKPKRVC QGKTC YGSTN ,OKZKTXG OKRYH
BP PT ,B"I ,F"KBZF \GZDB ,YGY F"KBZF

     | 122
LG\PG ...IK[PF \GPKC GRKKFE ,OKPKF \KZIBC BNB FND\K BN ZFGHF ZVS[ ,ZFGHC GZPB
,IK[PF \GPKC ZCM OKBXPR GRIRB[ FZGZC FIMGF GH KZF ,FH GRZGEC ZFGHF FNDR[
."F \B FTE WZBF FBNPG" :ZPBR GKNT[ ZGEF G\GB N[ G\NKI\C
"ZFGHF OGKSN ZPBP" ,ONGSF NTC

G Z M[ BXK BN [ ,E I VF NVR Q M NT , OK K P [ D O KN [ P P OK BN P Z FG H FG FNC YF KZ V S

ZFGHF NT F\TG ,N"H K"ZBF KC\M NT YKVSP ZGBKC \G[TN KRZKTF[ BKFG ...GESVFC
N [ K R I G Z F N[ P R F \B N K NTC K\ I MG FG K \Z BK C K M . KZ P D N FH F EI V F K \ Z SFG ,[ G E YF
G P M ,Q P HF P FN TP N G OG YP F P FN TP N ,K P [D Q G K PE N M P J [VG P B G F[ , Z CE N M
OP I \F NG ,Z F GH F Z VS E G P NN NB Z [ K \K C QG P F N MN Z [ V BN QT P N . OK R K KT P F G BZ K [
. [G EY F G ZG BC
IR \GB ,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" ,ONGSF NTC




.FND\K HB[ ,OKPKF UGSC QGZIBF ZGEF BGCK[ ET ...HGRD \GKFN EK\T FKF ZFGHF
HK ,QG[BZF ZPBPF ,"\GZPBP FZ[TC" ,[GEYF F"N[F ,WKCGZGF KGNF FKT[K Z

KGNKD KM ,TZ NM EDR GR\GB NKXFNG QDFN EGBP GRN LZXR FHF QPHC [GEYF ZFGHF EGPKN
.BGF \GTGZD \GZGEC F\T \BH FPMIF
"OKKI WT"N G\PEYFC ,IPX CYTK Z

,CZ CZT K[BZ \GDFRFC \GTZ \GEKPFG \GHTFG TZF \GZCD\F ,BIK[PE BCYKT \TC
FHCG .K"ZBF GRZGP KC\M OFKZIBG OKRGYK\FG ZFGHF ZVS ,OKP[F QP HGRDF ZGBF FND\R
\GEKP NMN FMHKG QGKNT ZGBC GPXT Y+aE#N FMHKG ,G[VRC[ TZFG OKXGYF ZTCP EGPKNF
.ONGTC[ \GCGJ
IZ ,OKZCE ,"FMZCF NMKF" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

123 |   
ZCGD TZF[ \PIP BGF ,\GJ[V\FG ZGBG \GZKFC LM NMC FHF QPHC FND\R[ FH EGPKN
JZVCG ,\GEGSF EGPKN \TC \PBCG .[VRF LMEHR FH EGPKNCG ,\NVGR NBZ[K \SRMG EGBP
.[VRF ZKBP ,OKRGYK\FG ZFGHF ZVS
E \GB ,B EGIKF NKC[ ,FPEYF ,"LK\GGXP CK\R" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

ZGE ,QGZIBF ZGE ET Z\SR FKFK GPXT ZVSF[ OKRGYK\C EKTF KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ
|G\RKM[G F"CYF~ FK\RKM[G F"CGY EIKKN \BHF FPMIF YST BGF NGED LZGX KM ,IK[PF
GC GYSTK OB \GBZN ,QGZIBF FHF ZGEC ZFGHF ZVSF FND\R QMNG ,\GNDC FH NB LPSN
.FRKM[N ETSG LPS \G[TN \G\KPBC
Y"PZF O[C ,FY UE ,D"IHN "FPIF ZGB"

 

.OKPIZC \GNDF QP GC GBXK ,FHF ZFGHF ZVS BGF[ ,OKKIF WTP OGTJN NBZ[K OKEK\T[ OG[PG
X \GB ,B[R \[ZV ,ZFGHF ZVS

.NBGDF BGCK [GEYF ZFGHF EGPKN \GMHC

E ZT[ ,"GFKNB BSM" ,KRBP QPKNGS QC GFKNB Z

.GRKPKC FZFPC FNGBDF CZYN G\NGDSG ,FP[RFG UGDF ZFJP [GEYF ZFGHF KRGYK\ EGPKN
DM Y"S ,B"VY\ QPKS ,"OKZVB FJP"N "FJPF FXY"

.FZG\F \GKPKRVCG ZFGHF EGPKNC KGN\ NBZ[K \NTP NMG NBZ[K \NGBD
JS \GB ,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" ,ONGSF NTC

     | 124
,BZGCF ZHD LM KM ...GZXGKN NGED IGZ \IR F[GTG FNGBDF CZYP FH ZVSC YSGTF NM
.G\NGHC BNG GC GH FNGDS KM ,ZGZE BGCK G\GMHC[ ,OKPKF UGS ET HGRD FKFKG FND\K BN[
ZFGHF KRGYK\N "LNP [EYP" ,GNDHGC F[P QC OGN[ Z

 


.LZC\K UGS QKBN OEBF \B OKZ[YP QPXT [GEYF ZFGH N[ ZGCKEFG \GCK\F
C ZPBP ,F [GZE ,B ZT[ ,\GZ[Y\FF ZT[ ,"NBZ[K \KZB[" ,GFKNB ZC NBZ[K F[P Z

GNG .GRKKI OF Z[B ,ZFGHF ZVSG K"ZBF GRZGP N[ QKHZ EGPNNP OKIZGC[ OKJG[ FCZF [K
ZVS EGPNN OFKPK NM OKEYG[ GKF ,ZCGD \GRKPFG TZF Z[B BIK[P \GCYTC ,KN TPG[ KPT
.ZGBG TV[ OKMK[PP GKFG ,\GTZ \GZ+HD NM OKNJCP GKFG ,Q"ZP KC\MG OKRGYK\FG ZFGHF
M FR[P ,E YZV ,"ESI ZXGR" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

.\GKRTZGV KRKP NM NJCP [GEYF ZFGHF EGPKN

B"VZ\ \R[ ,OKN[GZK KRCZ

.FSRZV GN FKFKG OGKG OGK NMC ZFGH ZPBK

WKZGYP BZKV[ SIRV ZP ,"SIRV [ZEP"


 

FHF ZFGHC OKNE\[PF OF GNB .FNCY KNTC OF GNB ,TKYZF ZFGHM GZKFHK OKNKM[PFG
OFC[ \GMNPP TC[G ZKTP OKKR[ FC OKXCY\P[ ,IR \CK\M BGF[ ZFGHF ZVS BZYRF
.FHF ZFGHF ZVS N[ ZGBF BGF FHG ."GFGMKN[\ FZGBKF EGNKKF QCF NM" ,OKKY\P
IV \GB ,L\GNTFC \[ZV ,ZFGHF ZVS

125 |     
ZGB QGKNT ZFGH GKHP OTGR KZPBC \GDFNG LNKN GZGBN GRKMH[ ,GRYNI CGJ FP GRKZ[B
F[TPC NKM[FNG QKCFN ,WYG UGS OFN QKB[ OKP ,OKEPIP GNGMG OKY\PP fjI] .[GEYF
FCXIP ZGYP NB [VR CK[FNG EIKK\FN FCMZP \GKFN LKBG ,FCMZPF F[TPCG \K[BZC
.GKPKP ZGB FBZ BN ,ZFGHF ZVS ZGB FBZ BN[ KP Z[B ,K[VRC [Z[RG JNIR \BHG .F[ZG[G
L\GNTFC V ,"KCX \ZJT",CG[JKEKHP QKKJ[RMKKB [ZKF KCX Z

Z F G HF K EK NT , F [ E I F KK Z C [ P P F [ T R[ E T , [ P P [ E I Z G B T D Z N MC GN [ EI \ K
. K " Z B F Q " Z PG
BK UE ,OKZCE ,"FMZCF NMKF" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

GZGB LZEG .QGKNTF ZFGHFP BGFF ZGBF \TV[F KRVP ,ZFGHF ZVS BZYKK ZVSF FHNG
TV[GP \TEFP QGKNT TV[G ZGB FKF[ ,GC OKYST\PF NM \KYGNB FID[FC OKTKV[P
ZVS FHF ZGCKIF BZYR ,O[P TV[R[ QGGKM .GMG FZG\ KZ\SG KHZ GRKKFE FZG\ KHZC
.BGFF ZFGHFP TV[R[ ZPGNM ,ZFGHF
C ,"LKCB KYNB \B TE" ,Y"PZF ,GZKCGEZGY F[P Z

, U GX \ V GR G [ C EP F Y G \ P , \ K P KR V F F P M IC F E G C T N G F Z G \ N N B Z [ K \ G C C N C K F N F N
F M MH N , [ V R N C G J G O K KR K T N Z GB F Y G \ P , F H GR D F E G PI , [ V R \ GC K[ PG O K K R KT \ G ZK B P
= F H F O N G TC B C F O N GT N H GR D F Z G B O T J O GT JN , \ G Z [ K \ G CG J \ GE K PC F Z K B F NG
. Z FG HF \P MI K EK N T
FPEYF ,"LK\GGXP CK\R" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKKB YIXK Z

KM ,OKRGKNT OKRKKRTN HPZ ...ZF HF ZVS BZYR FPN OTJF GFHG ,OKZKFHP GKRV ZFGHF EPGNF
.BGF LGZC U"GS Q"KBF FKZJPKD Z"FH \CK\
GRZGGKN ZFGH ,N"GPF \PEYF

GKNT GRCZ F[P IGM OT OFF OKYKEXF IGMG \GP[RF IGM OKZZGTP FH ZGCKIC YSGT[M
FZKFHPG ,GZGCKI \TC [EI\R[ [EGIPF ZGBF OK[EIP OF GC OKYST\P O\GKFC KM ...OGN[F

     | 126
G\GB OKZZGTPG OKZHGI FC OKYSGTF NMG .HB F[GEKI \NKI\M ZGBF G\GBP FZKBPG FRKM[F
.GZGCKI \T[C GKZCIG KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ FNKD[ OEGYF ZGBF G\GBG \NTG\F
F QPKS ,B ZT[ ,"ZYK ZGB" ,Y"PZF ,GZKCGEZGY F[P Z

   


SRMRF N[PM .ZPGB[ FP NNM QKCP GRKB[ UB FP[RN NDGSP BGF [GEYF ZFGHF QG[N
.GPT] JNY CGJ IKZ OGYP NMP OGNM IYN BN[ KV NT UB ,O[GC N[ \GRIN
OKJGYKN ,"OKZVB FRIP NDE" ,CGYNKESP OKZVB OKKI F[P Z

FZKBFNG FP[RF LMHN NDGSP QG[NF KM ,BZYK QM KV NT UB ZFGHC QKCFN FMH BN[ KPG
*
.BNVR ZFGH
HK UE ,EGPKNF ZES ,ZTCGY[BZ K\C[ Z ZGEKS

ECN ZFGHF N[ QG[NF ,QKCP GRKB[ KV NT UBG ,[VRF NB NGED \GPN[ BGF ZFGHF EGPKN
.EGBP NDGSP
C \GB ,EGPKNF ZES ,YSNBP LKRF LGRI Z

GRKB[ GN \VMB FP KM .QKCP GRKB[ UB ZFGHC GEGPKN CGZ FKFK ,NGED YST NTC BGF[ KP
.FNGDS BGF LM GNKVB ,QKCP
BTY\ UE ,OKZXYF QYHF Z"GPEBF KZPBP ,KEBNP QPNH ZGBKR[ Z

,[KZVBV P"ZF ;OKRGPEYF GC\M[ EGPKNF ZESC ,OKP[F ZT[ ZGEKS :OKBCF \GZGYPC OD BGXPN Q\KR OKPGE OKZCE *
CYTK Z ;QKZCBYP KCZF O[C ,"OKZ[KN ZGB" ;HK Y"S ,BVY\ QPKS ,"OKZVB FJP" ZVS ;HJ UKTS ,B QPKS ,"OKYKEX ZGB"
.FP \GB ,"\GCGJ \GDFRF" ,QFMF OKKI Z ;EGPKNF \RGGM ZES ,"CYTK NGY" ZGEKS ,NKVBY
ZVSF \B BGXPN Q\KR ."CGJ \GBZN" ZVSC OKBCGP ZFGHF EGPKN \GCK[I \GEGB NT OKVSGR \GZGYP QMG FNB \GZGYP
www.kab.co.il "OTN FNCY" Z\BC

127 | 
    
NDGSP ZFGHF QG[N QM KV NT UB ,OGNM TEK BN[ KP OD[ ,GRKEKC NCGYP[ \PB
. [VRF LMHN
J \GB ,B"XZFP \GVSGF ,B"XZFP ,CGRKEP BZKV[ LNPKNB KCX Z

,ZFGHF ZVSG OKRGYK\F ZVS ,OKNGEDF \GZGBP KR[ N[ \GZYK ZGB IZHG WKXF Z[B QPHP
,ZFGHFG OKRGYK\F N[ [GEYF EGPKNC YKHIFN ,NBZ[K \ET NFY OKEGFKF GNCKYG GPKKY
\GZGFJ \GZPB EGS QKCFNG DK[FN OEK NBN QKB[ ODFG .QYH ETG ZTRP OKCZG EKIK
O\BKZYC OKCFN\PG OFKZCE \B BPXC OK\G[ QM KV NT UB ,FNBF OK[GEYF OKZVSC[
.EGBP EGBP
FPEYF ,"GFKRC" ,KI [KB QCF ,EBEDCP OKKI USGK Z

FDG[G ZPGB FP TEK BN OB GNKVBG .[VRF [EYNG ZFJN EGBP CD[R ZFGHF ZVS EGPKN
,"FCFB KKNT fN^DE]^G" CG\M[ GPM .BGF LGZC [GEYF KRVN CG[I BGF ,FCZF \GBKD[ GC
.FCFB KKNT GDGNKEG ,N"H GRK\GCZ G[ZKV
,FV[ KDTNC \GCK\ N[ QKKXI ZCEPG ZCE TEGK GRKB[ QJY YGRK\N ?FPGE ZCEF FPN
KNBZ[KF [KBF[M ,IP[KG YI[K OKP[C C[GK LM .GNGYN GIP[K ,GN GYIXK GPBG GKCBG
EPGNG GREPNK[ KP GN QKB GB \D[P G\TE QKB LB EGPNN FXGZG ,FZG\C FCKI GN [K
KPN ZGJV OGYP QKB ,QM KM FRF .GZM[C BCG GZXGKN IGZ \IR F[GT KBEGGC ,TEGK[M
.TEGK[ GPM EGPNN NGMK KM ,QKEF OGKN G\ZJGV GH FRTJ QKB ,EGPNN TEGK GRKB[
ZFGH LZT ,"WTGK BNV" ,GVV YIXK ZC ZHTKNB Z

OKEKVNM OKZ\SRG OKRGVX GKZCE Z[B ,G\NTG\G ZFGHF ZVS \[GEY NEGD IKs NMGK KP
,FCFB UGXZ GMG\ ,\G[VRF KKI ,OKKIF ZGYP ,OKKRKT I\V .OKZKFHPG OKZKBP OKZTGC
QKCP GRKB[ KP UBG .BZGRFG ECMRF F \B FBZKNG FCFBN \GCCNF \B OKCKFNP GKZCE
FP[RN OKNDGSP FPF GKZCE ,GRG[N EPGNG GPTGJF LI+ NM ,GKZCE \GKPKRV \GKMG\
.TEGRM FMMHNG FZKBFN
E"SY\ ,ZFGHF SGVEN OEZJSPB QKE \KC \PEYF

NKTGP FHNG ,GMG IGPF OGJPJ \RKIC [K[ ,KRHBKNC QYHF Z"GPEB KVP [GZKVC GRTP[
.ZPGB[ FP TEK BN[ UB [GEYF ZFGHF KZCE \BKZY
ES PT ,\GP[ ,NKPBFP QKKJ[VB KGNF YKHKKB YIXK ZN "NBKZB FRI"

     | 128




.FP[RN NDGSP ZFGHF \ZKPB ...N"H CGJ O[ NTCF ZPB

[JKZBVP NNF Z O[C ,K"[Z CK\R ZVS

QY\N FP[RN OKNGED OKRGYK\ OF ...|K"ZBF~ Q"ZP KC\MG ZFGHF ZVS N[ \GBG \GB NM
. OK NG DN DF N M
M FR[P ,E YZV ,"ESI ZXGR" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

ZGB FBZ BN[ KPG .FEKY[C OKRGYK\FG ZFGHF KZCEC EGPNN OMPXT GNKDZ\ ,KKIBG KKRC
ZFJP BGF[ EGTG .FZG\F OTJ OTJ BNG GKPKP \GZGBP FBZ BN ,[CEP OKYG\P ZFGHF
JZVCG ,EGBP [VRF QGYK\G FNGDS OKK\V[F QP BPNTC FZKPB GNKVB ,FMMHPG [VRF
.\BNGIG DKSG ODV NMP [PP [VRF KRGYK\ OF[ OKRGYK\F ZVS
"QET KXT" ZVS \PEYF ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

O K N CG YP F G B Z Y R Q MN G . F H QG G TN Q G YK \ B K F F NC YF \ B K Z Y[ , F N CY C EG PN N NK D Z K
NN MC B G F Z F G H F Z VS EG P K NG . \ G VK N YF N M O K \ Z GM [ O [ NT |F E [ F K Z X G Y ~ B N YI K EX IP
. F H Q G YK\
DR \GB ,"YKEX \GRZY"

FMMHNG FZKBFN [VRN NGED QGYK\G NGED \NTG\ BGF OGK NMC [GEYF ZFGHP OKVE [PI
.[VRF N[ OKT[VNG OKBJIN QGYK\G BVZP BGFG ,FRY\NG
H Y"S ,GJY\ QPKS ,"OKZVB FJP"

EPGNFG ,OKRGKNTF \GPNGT QY\P [GEYF ZFGHC EPGNF :ORG[N FHG OK[ZVPF GC\M
KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ ESK OTJF FHPG .FK[TF ONGT QY\PG \GVKNYF IKZCP OKRGYK\C
\B OKYNB BZCKG" CG\M[ FHG .QJY QGC[IC OKRGYK\F ZVSG NGED QGC[IC [GEYF ZFGHF
OFC EGPKN[ KZF ...OKRGYK\F ZVSG [GEYF ZFGHF ZVSN HPZ ,"OKNGEDF \GZGBPF KR[
.WZBCG OKP[C \GPNGT QY\N NGED ZCE BGF
"\PBG ESI" ,KZGI OKKI Z

129 |  
 


.CNF \ZFJN \NDGSP ZFGH \ZKPB

BKME BZKP ,"OKZ[K ZGB"

EGBP L[VR YCEG .K"ZBF Q"ZP KC\MCG ZFGHF ZVSC L\D[F KVN EKP\ L[VR YCEG
FZH FEGCT GFH KM ,KCZG CZ \GKFN FNKNI L\RGGM FKF\ BN[ ,FTRMFG FCFBG FBZKC
.ZFGHF ZVSC OM[VR GYCE\ ,OKPZG OKFGCD ,\GZYK \G[VR ,KKRCG KKIB QMNG .[PP
B FR[P ,E YZV ,"ESI ZXGR" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

,GN ZPBG .ZFGH EPNK[ GN ZPBG ,FH NT EGBP GN ZKXVFG \GBDF QP NXRK[ GCZP [YKC
.ZFGH FCZF EPNK[ ,GCZ GN CK[F ,"ZFGH EPGN KRB"
WKZGYP BZKV[ SIRV ZP ,"SIRV [ZEP"

 





.FZG\F YST NMP Z\GK GC BGZYN ,FP[RNG FRKM[N NDGSP ZFGHF N[ QG[NF
BCZ BRT[GF NKN QGYK\

FCFB SKRMK ,FNKSPF NYSK OKMZEF [ZVK ,ZFGHF ZVS ,FHF [GEYF ZVSFP NGED GRN KP
.FNIRF NBG FIGRPF NB GR\GB BKCFN ,YEX KNDTPC GRMKZEK ,GREPNK ,OEB N[ GCNC FBZKG
FCGJRP SGVE ZFGH ,N"GPF \PEYF

FRKM[ LK[PFN Z[VB KB FHF ZGECG ...ZFGHF EGPKN KEK NT BNB OKKI \GIZGB DK[K BN
.[EGYF IGZC GZPBR[ ,ECNC NBJKG OKKI CZFG K"ZBF KC\MG ZFGHF KEK NT BNB FRGKNT
CGJ \GBZN ,F[GEY K\NC OGK \GNCN KNCP OKPK CFGB ,OKKI WVIF [KBF KP ,FHF ZGECG
.ECNC NBJKG OKKI CZFG K"ZBF KC\MCG ZFGHF ZVSC G[VR YCEK ,FHF ONGTC BCF ONGT
IR ,OKZCE ,"FMZCF NMKF" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

     | 130
FR[ EGPKN EDRM BGF FZG\F \GEGSG ZFGHF ZVSP EIB OGK EGPKN[ ,N"H K"ZBF ZPB
EGCMFG Z[GTF OKPKTRC OFK\GR[G CGJC OFKPK LKZBK F"CYF FH \GMHCG .J[VP FPKP\
.GFKNB \MZCG F \MZCC OKBNP ,CGJ NMP OK\CG OKRC KRCG OKRCC OKP\ GKFK GKEIK
C"RZ\ ,GRZGGKN SGVE ZFGH ,FPEYF

[GZKV QKCFNG EGPNN FMHK OB QM[ NMG .\GPNGT FRGC BPNTC BSZDC ZFGHF EGPKN
.FPKP\ FR[ J[VF EGPKNC F[TK BN[ FP ,\IB FT[C FNTPN QGYK\ GC F[TK ,ZPBP
S \GB ,DP QGYK\ ,"LNP BSM" ,GNDHGC F[P QC OGN[ Z

S"EZV [K FZG\F NMC ...EGBP CD[RG BZGR [GEYF ZFGHF EGPKN KM N"H GC\M[ OTJF
NT G\TE FRG[G BZGYF ,FCZEBG ,NNM EGSF ZMKR GRKB EGPKN NMCG |EGS ,[ZE ,HPZ ,J[V~
,[GEYF ZFGHF ZVSC QM QKB[ FP .NNM FZG\C EGS [K OB QKCP QKBC ECN J[VF
NKTGP FHNG ,TE#+K BN BGFG FZG\ KHZG \GBNVR ZCEK KM TEGK EPGNFG KGNDC OF \GEGSF[
.[VRF QY\N EGBP
H \MZTP ,"OKKIF [VR" ,QKHGNGGP OKKI Z

F P [ N F K F K O B J Z V C G , O P G Z P B G F O ZG B [ K R F [ G EY F F ZG \ C E GP K N NM K M Y V S Q K B
Z [ B O R P B , O K E G E F E I K KP G \ G PN G T F Q Y \ P G G K \ G K N T P O K P [ C F R G C K B E G , \ G K \ K P B C
Z MK R GR K B G EG B P O K [ C G NP O F EG P N\ F G F R [ P G B ZY P F [ GR K K F , Z F G HF E G PK N N G ED
Q K C K B N [ B Z GY F K\ V Q K B G , [ G ZK V C F Z G\ F K E GS C ZC EP [ Z F GH F Q M B N , N NM E GS F O F C
O K Z K F H P Q F [ G C N KN C O K K GN D F ZG \ K Z \ S \ G KF N QM NG . F Z G\ F K H Z K Y P G T C G K Z C E K M
. [ V RF O K Z K B PG
C \GB ,OKZVS \MZTP ,B"EKIFN OKNGEDF ,B"EKIF ,KBNGHB EGE USGK OKKI Z

.G\BKZYC FTJK[ UBG ,ZPGB[ FP TEK BN[ OD ,EGPKN NM NT OPGZP ZFGHF ZVS EGPKN
OGYP NMP ,F"CYF N[ GK\GP[ FZG\F NM[ ODF[ KVN ,FP[RN NGED QGYK\ BGFG
NCB .JG[VF J[V NT G\TE Q\GR OKZGVKSF QKCPG BZGYF OEBG ,OKZGVKS FPMC F[CN\R
GRKB[ BNB ,FZG\ KZ\SG \GEGS OF[ TEGK BZGYFG ,KGNDC OPXT \GEGSF QF ZFGHF ZVS
.D[GPF YPGTG DK[PF ZXGYP QCGP
EP \GB ,"TCXBC FZGP" ,B"EKIF ,KBNGHB EGE USGK OKKI Z

131 | 
 
   
,EGBP OKBZGRG OK[GEY OKZVS ZIB \M[PR O\TE QKB[ OEB KRC [K[ ,OKBGZ GRB[ FP
EGBP OKBZGR OK[GEKI OFC [K[ KV NT UB ,BXGKMG N"HKZBF KZVSG ZFGHF KZVS QGDM
QGDM OKZIB OKRKKRT ZIB BYGGE OKM[PR OFG ,[CEM OKYG\PG OKKRKT OKZKBPF ,EGBP
.\PBC [GEYF ZCEF \B NGCSN OKNGMK ORKB[ KM ,ODHP \PIP GFH KM TE = \GZKYI
TZ DHPC ENGR[ ZIBP NCB ,TZF GDHP \B ZC[N IGM GN [KG FZKIC GN [K KBEGGC \PBCG
.TZF GTCJG GDHP \B ZC[N NGED \GZKZP NGCSN LKZX BGF ,FHM
P ,Q"ZF \GIK[ ,CNSZCP QPIR Z

O[+ P GZVS \PEYFC ,N"H "CYTKN \PB" CZF C\M LMG ,FNGBDF CZYP ZFGHF EPGNF
,FV NTC[ FZG\G C\MC[ FZG\ EPGN[ KP NT CZF FCZF EKZIFG .OKRGYK\FG ZFGHF
.FNCYF \PMIG ZFGHF ZVSC EPNK BN OB NGED G[RGT
GRZGGKN ZFGH ,N"GPF \PEYF

.OKRGYK\FG ZFGHF EGPKNM FNDRF EGPKN DGRT\G \GKI FPGE GRKB

WKZGYP BZKV[ SIRV ZP ,"SIRV [ZEP"

.OKRGYK\FG ZFGHF ZVS = ZYKTF

JN QPKS ,"\PB KZCE Z[GK"


  -


KYGNB [K[ TEKNG GC FYCEN F[T \GGXP NMF ,GMG GEGPKN CGKIG ZFGHF ZVS NM[ TE
.\GEIBG FBZKG FCFBG OKEGIKKCG JZVC F[GEY FTKEKC ,KGXP
D \GB ,C NKC[ ,EGIKF NKC[ ,"LK\GGXP CK\R" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

\GHIN ,CNF \EGCT \\KPB \PB K[YCPG OKYYG\[PF OKZCIF ,KKTZG KKIB KRGTP[
GRKRGPEY KVP TGEK Z[BM ,ZFGHF ZVSC YCE\G IIG\[\ K[VR ,GNMKFC ZYCNG F OTGRC
.[GEYF ZVS YST \NGDS
"CGJ F[TG TZP ZGS" ,CG[JKEKHP QKKJ[RMKKB [ZKF KCX Z

     | 132
QG[NFG ,Y[I F[TR ZFGHF EGPKN KEK NT[ TEG ,EGBP EGBP NDGSP ZFGHF EGPKN[ TGEK
.LZC\K O[F \EGCTN EGBP ZZGTP ZFGHF N[ [GEYF
I"Y ,Q"ZF \GIK[ ,CNSZCP QPIR Z

,GKNB OKGGNRF NMG ZFGHF ZVSC ,OKKI OKYNB KZCEC FDGFF \NTPN LZTG ZGTK[ QKB
GNDK KEKP\F YSTF KEK NT KM ...OKZGZCF N"H KZBF KC\MC Z\GKCG \PB KPMI KZCECG
NMKF NB FCZYN G[VR FEPI Z[B ,F LZEC OG\C LNGFF NMN FPMI KI\VG FZGB KZT[
,FPMC YGSTN OKCER\PF NM OKMGZC GKFK QM NTG .BGF LGZC OKPNGTF KI EGCMF LNP
,F[TPN FVZXP F"CYF FCGJ FC[IPG ...GPGKC OGK KEP OGKC OKK\[ GB FT[ GNKVB
.FZG\F \GEGSC GK\GRM[PG F \GZXIC EKP\ OGKF NM BGF EPGT GNKBM C[IKKG
FV PT ,B"I ,F"KBZF \GZDB ,YGY F"KBZF

.BGF LGZC [GEYN QC F[TR ,FNCYF \PMI BKF[ ,ZFGHF EPGNF

GRZGGKN ZFGH ,N"GPF \PEYF

G\GB EKZVFN \GRGKSKR FPM GKNT ZGCTK[ UB ,[GEYF ZFGHC EGPNN NBZ[K ZC NM YHI\K
OKP[GDPF OEB KRCP \GRGKSKR FPM GKNT ZCT OB QMG .[GEYF ZFGHC EGPNNP FNKNI
...OKIGIF QKC FR[G[M OFKRKC C[GK BGFG ,QNXKN BRPIZ ZGEF KRXKN OF[ ,OFN[ ZPGIC
FBZR[ KV NT UB ...BGF LGZC BZGCF \GYKCEC YCEKFN FXGZF NBZ[KP [VR NTC YHI\K
IGMC YHI\RG YHI .FH NT IKD[K NB ,OKIGIF QKC FR[G[M BGF[ OKPTV FHKB \XYPC GN
.GP[ LGZCG BGF LGZC UGS QKBF
CK \GB ,[EGYF LZE ,FPEYFC ,ZHTKNB Y[PE ,GVBV CGJ O[ ZC ZHTKNB Z

  

 

.ZFGH KZPBP GEPNK FNKV\ NM OEGY[ ,GK[RBN FGGKX CGJ O[ NTCF

ZFGH QKRT ,"CGJ [ZGE" ,FKJT FKT[K ZC YIXK Z

133 | 
   
GB [GEYF ZFGHC QKKRT FHKB EGPNNG ,Z[VB[ FP NM ZGCKEC JTPN FNKV\F OEGY
.[EI ZFGHC GB OKRGYK\C
"QZFB \KC" SC [EGYF \GZFHBG OGKF ZES

.JTP QF CZ QF ,[GEYF ZFGHC EPNK[ ET NNV\K BN

C \GB ,DX QPKS ,"ZGFJF QIN["

.[GEYF ZFGHC GB FEDBC GB FRK[F OEGY FNKN NMC EGPNN ZF+@H]K

BM \GB ,CG[JGNHP NMKP Z \DFRF ,CG[JGNHP NMKP NBKIK Z

EGPNN ,FRK[C BZKN BN[ FXT ,CGKBNBYKPP EGE Z CZFN CGJ O[ NTCF GRZGP C\MP
.FRK[F OEGY ZFGH KRGYK\P EIB ZPBP
J"[TCF ,CGJ O[ NTC NBZ[K Z O[C ,"CGJ O[ Z\M"

.FNKNN FPGE[ \GNDFP NBZ[K GBXK G\GMHC KM ,\GZGP[BC [GEYF ZFGHC EPNK FMH OB
OKRGPEYF GC\M[ EGPKNF ZESC ,"OKP[F ZT[" ZGEKS

KM ,KCN JY[ BNG IR BN ,K\Z[YR GC KPGYCG KCM[C Z[B ET ,K[VR YGCE GC ZFGHF ZVS
.OKBZK KZVS NMN ZGYP BGFG ,GC GYS]T \NGDS OSZGVPG TGEK FHF ZVSF \PBC
BJVBP F"KBZF GCZN "KCX \ZJT" NTC C\MP LG\P

NM N[ OKPKF KVM OKVEF OKYNIP[ ,FR[F NMC GNGM [GEYF ZFGH EGPNN OKDFGR [K
.OYNI KZ[BG OFKZ[BG ,FR[F
E ZT[ ,"GFKNB BSM" ,KRBP QPKNGS QC GFKNB Z

ZVS EGPKN NT[ ,N"H OKKI WVIF GCZ O[P N"H LGNC FPN[ KCZ YKEXF QGBDF ZPB
\C[ NM GEPNK[ ONGMN ZZGTP OKKI WVIF FKFG .[ZEP GCGZ KM FNCDF OG[ QKB ZFGHF
.OKZGICN GNKVBG F[ZV F\GB N[ ZFGHF \B
USGK QKRC \GVSGF ,QKHGVP FPN[ QC USGK Z

     | 134
ZFGHF ZVSC FHF [GEYF EGPKNF YKSVK BN Z[B KEKP\ EGPKN TGCYN ,\GRG[BZ \GRY\
.FH ZIB FH GYNI OFP [KB NM EGPNN ,OKRGYK\G [GEYF
N"IPZF ,GJBXGN OKKI F[P ZP OKBNVR OKRKKRT ,"F[P OKZK"

ET Z I [ F \ G NT P , Y S V F K NC [ E I Z F G H G O K R GY K \ G Z F G H G EP N K[ G N[ F C K [ K C Q Y K \
. OK CM G MF \ BX
N"IPZF ,GJBXGN OKKI F[P ZP OKBNVR OKRKKRT ,"F[P OKZK"

OM[F ZYGCC OGK NMC ZPGN OKRV NM NT GB ,EGPNN EGBP KKRC GZFHK\ QM OD FH NNMCG
.[VRF \ZFJN EGBP NKTGP FH ZCEG ,[GEYF ZFGH ZGTK[ BRYKZ BCKNB
D QPKS ,"CBF KPIZ"

NG E D Q G Y K \ G N GE D \ NT G \ B G F G . O GK NMC Z F G H C O K V E [ P I EG P NN G P X T T G C Y N KG B Z
\G MH N ,\ GT Z \G G B\G \ GT Z \G EK P ,OK XG Y \G NM NG F RY \NG F MM HN G FZ K BFN , [ VR N
. O[ F OTG R C
BN \GB ,B FZG\F NKC[ ,FPEYFC ,"LK\GGXP CK\R" ,FRZPGYP QKZVS NBKIK FEGFK YKHKB YIXK Z

ZFGHC EPNK[ ,FD[F QKKRTN FCGJ FXT KGNF OFZCB CZN FMZCN GRGZMH |K"ZBF~ KZGP ZPB
ZVSC BZYK[G ,OGK NMC QKNT OK[KPI GB OKTCZB QGKTC YKPTK[ KNC ,ECNC \GBKYC LZE
.\GCZ OKPTV ZFGHF
[EGYF IGZ ZT[ ,K"ZBF KC\M ,NBJKG OKKI Z

N[ \GK[ZVF ZES EPNK OB LB .FR[ NMC OKRGYK\FG [EI ZFGHG Q[K ZFGH OKKSN FBZK
F[ZVC \GTGC[ F[GN[G OKKR[ OKPTVN YKVSK BN ,\GTGC[F ZES NT [GEYF ZFGHF
.\GNGED \G[ZVC GRKKFE ,\IB
NMGK[ ,OGK NMC OKVE D OKRGYK\G [GEYF ZFGHFP EGPKNF ZGTK[ TCYK[ KGBZ QMN
GEGPKN TCYK OKVE D EGPKN ZIBG .FR[ NMC OKRGYK\G [EIG Q[K ZFGHF NM OKN[FN
KZVS NM OKKSK[ ET ,NGMK[ ZES NT OKNCGYPF KZVS EPNKG ,OKNCGYPF KZVS ZB[C
,N"RM FR[ NMC OPKKSN ZFHK OKRGYK\FG [GEYF ZFGHF LB ,GMG OKBXPRF OKNCGYPF
.GKKI KPK NM DFR\K FHMG
WGXKRF ZT[ ,K[K[F ZT[ ,"FEGCTF [ZG[G EGSK" ,BREZGFP ERKYSKH ZERSMNB Z

135 | 
   





.ZIB [GZKV OGK NMC GN [K ,ZFGHF ZVS

EV PT ,BC V ,CGYNKESP OKZVB OKKI F[P ZN "OKZVB FRIP NDE"

.FNKPG FNKP NMC \PB \PMIN QKKTK ZFGH EPGN[M

HK UE ,EGPKNF ZES ,ZTCGY[BZ K\C[ Z ZGEKS

OKBZRF OKZCEG .GPXT KRVC [GEKI BGF \GB NM KM ,FNKPG FNKP NMC QKKTK ZFGH EPGN[M
.FZGB GNGM ZFGHF KM ,EGS BNB ORKB J[VM
GP \GB ,"\GCGJ \GDFRF" ,QFMF OKKI Z

.QKCFN FMHK[ ET FCZF FMGC FKF ZFGHF EGPKNC

I ,Q"ZF \GIK[ ,CNSZCP QPIR Z NT






KPTJ KZ\S KYPT \PMIM ONGTC FPMI QKB Z[B ,GPXTC OGTJK ZFGHF ZVSP OTGJF NM
.GC[IR GFG\G SVBN FETNCP \GPMIF NMG ,FZG\
"CGJ F[TG TZP ZGS" ,CG[JKEKHP QKKJ[RMKKB [ZKF KCX Z

GC YGSTN NKDZ FKFG ."ZFGH KRGYK\"F \[GEY \GNED IC[C OKPTV FPM EGBP DKNVF
.ONGTC[ \GPMIF NM OKNGNM OKRGYK\F ZVSC[ ,ZPBG ...Z\GKC
I"MY ,Q"ZF \GIK[ ,CNSZCP QPIR Z NT

     | 136


  "

.GKZCIG KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ BN OB ,FK[GCNPP FZG\F JK[VFN GRC IGM QKB ONGTN
HJ ,"LKCB KYNB \B TE" ,Y"PZF ,GZKCGEZGY F[P Z

ZGCKIC \GKFN GPT OKZCI\PG ,GNGYN OKCK[YP OKZCIG ,FZG\F \GEGS FNDP K"C[Z FKF
NM \B ZESPG C\GM \GKFN BCB KCZN FGGKX K"C[Z FRFG ...GYNI FRGT EIB NM ,FH
.GZCEK Z[B OKZCEF
EM PT ,"OGZPC ZKEB" ,N"IPZF ,GJBXGN OKKI F[P Z

GFH ...FZTPC GRY\KFC GKNB TKDF Z[B FZBFF KVN ,ZFGHF ZVS ZCKI K"C[Z FRF
K GN K D B Z Y R GF H G , F P XT F Z G \ F N T C Z Z GZ K C C \ GE GS F Y P G T F ND P F B Z G R G N GE D Z GC KI
. F \ G K P KR V C F Z G \ F
EM PT ,"OGZPC ZKEB" ,N"IPZF ,GJBXGN OKKI F[P Z

NMN ZKBFN ,GKNT FPMIF KZT[ GI\VR ,FZTPC FKF Z[B FR[ D"K KZIB ,K"C[Z KPKC YZ
.OKPKF WY ET NBZ[K
DK PT ,"OGZPC ZKEB" ,N"IPZF ,GJBXGN OKKI F[P Z

137 |     "

 2  

 








*
 
NMF KEK Z[B ,ZPGNM ,FZGBMN OKJG[V OKZCE FHKB ZZCN ,GH FPEYFC KRGXZ (B
KEKN OFC GRTDF BN QKKET ,\BH NMCG .OZZCN KEMC FMV[R GKE FCZFG ,OFC \G[P[PP
.\YVSPG FZGZC FTKEK
?GR\GFP FP .B FNB[
?FRPKF \GRJY \GTCJ GRB[ ,FMGZBF \GBKXPF \N[N[C GREKYV\ FP .C FNB[
OKNYNGYP GRPXT \B OK[KDZP GRB ,GRPXT NT OKNM\SP GRB[M ,FRF .D FNB[
GRB KZF ,GR\GB F[T[ NTGVF NT OKNM\SP GRB[MG .\GRDN GRGPM QKB[ ET ,OKNV[G
ON[F NTGVP[ ,BGF IZMF KM ,IC[N GFGPM QKB[ ,\GNTPF OGZC BXPKFN OKCKGIP
.\GPN[ \GNGTV FRBX\
.\K GRPKF FNTPN QKB[ ,CKJPG CGJF **\K BGF BNF ,CKKIP NM[F[ KVN .E FNB[
BGNFG ?Q\GKF KPK NMC FRZSKK\\G FRKRT\\[ ,\GKZC FCZF LM NM ,FNKI\MNP BZC LKBG
?LM NM TZFN BN ,OKRV NM NTG ?CKJFN CGJF LZEP
\GGF \GKZC FRM[P\ ,\KNM\ GN QKBG \K[BZ GN QKB[ ,KIXRFP[ Z[VB LKB .F FNB[
?\GESVRG \GNMG
|...~

H"FGTG OKRGKNTF ,\GPNGTF NM[ ,\GBKXPF NM HMZP BGF OEBF Z[B ,N"H GZPB (D
\B GCKKIG .(P TKZH\ ,ZFGH) GNKC[C BNB GBZCR BN ,OBGNP NMG ,KP[DF |FHF ONGT~
,QKCFN F[Y FZGBMN[ .(B"T ,HN QKZEFRS) ONGTF BZCR GNKC[C[ ,QKPBFN OEBF
QM[ NMPG ,H"FGTF \GBKXP LZTC FZT[ N[ LZT SVG\ GRKB[ ,FHF QJYF OEBF NKC[C[
GNB NM BGZCN F"CYF IZJ ,O\GPPGZNG OFN WY QKB[ ,OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF NM LZTC
?FH NM OEBN GN FPN ,QMG ?GNKC[C

OKJSYJF \B .ONGSF NTC \BP "ZFGHF ZVSN BGCP"G "ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" LG\P OKZICR OKTJY QBM OKBCGP *
Z\BC QMG ,DN[B CZF ["T ZYIPN QGMPF \BXGFC "ONGSF NTC KC\M" ZVSC BGXPN Q\KR FNB OKZGCKI N[ OKBNPF
www.kab.co.il "OTN FNCY"

.(166 PT) IVSRF UGSC \VZGXP ONGSF NTC KC\MC OKTKVGPF OKNKP KZGXKYG \GCK\ K[BZ \PK[Z **

141 |    
UGSC NM\SFN :BKF \IBF FNGCI\ ,\GZKYIFG \GNB[F GNB NM QKCFN KEMCG (E
BNB ,G\MBNP TXPBC ZCE OG[ QKCFN Z[VB KB KM .FBKZCF \KNM\C ZPGNM .F[TPF
GFBXP\ ,G\TEC KGV[ GRKB[ KP YZ KM .\KNM\ KNC NTGV LN QKB[ ,BGF ZGZC FHG .GVGSP
|...~ .\KNM\ KNC NTGV
F"CYF BZC BN[ ,(G\NKI\C B"V ,OKNNMF ZT[ ,OKKI WT QKKT) N"HI GRGZGF ZCMG (G
NMG GRKRKT \B OK[FN OKMKZX GRB QBMG .GKBZCRN \GRFKN KEMC BNB ,ONGTF \B
.ONGTF \BKZC N[ F[TPFG FRGGMF UGS BGF KM .GRK\GC[IP
,BGF IZMF KZF ,GKBZCRN \GRFKN KEMC F\KKF FBKZCF \C[IP[ QGGKM :QRGC\FN [KG
\EKP KZF[ .QFN Q\KN C[I Z[B \B NCYN ,EGBP ET FNGED QGXZ \EKP \GP[RC BZC[
NM[ ,ET .G\GB NCYN QGXZF N[ GNEGD \EKPC FEGEP ,FBRF NMG DGRT\ NM N[ GNEGD
QGXZF[ NMG .Z\GKC FNGED DGRT\F \EKP ,FHF ZGTK[C FRF ,Z\GK NGED NCYN QGXZF[
\C[IP[ KZF .FNCYFP DGRT\F ZGTK[ \IVR ,FEKPF F\GBC KZF ,Z\GK \GIV GNCYN
,Z\GKC HZVGP ZGTK[C ,NCYN QGXZ ,\GP[RC BGZCN IZMFC \CKKIP ,FPXTC FBKZCF
NGEDF DGRT\F KM .\GP[RF \B DRTN C[I G\NGMK NM[ NGEDF DGRT\F \EKPN OKB\PF
|...~ .EIB FRYC OKNGT ,NGEDF NCYN QGXZFG
ZGTK[ ,QMG .OKKP[DF QKC EKZVPF ,QHZD GPM FZGXF KGRK[ NTGV ,\GKRIGZC (J
NCYN QGXZF \GP[RC TCJR[ QGGKM ,NKM[\ QBMPG .FZGXF \GKMVF ZGTK[ KVM ,FYIZFF
KZF ,NCYK KPP OGN[G SI KM ,\K BZGCFC NNM \BXPR FRKB ,GH FZGX[ |...~ N"RM G\BRF
CXGIF QHZDF QGKPEM ,\K G\GPXTP OEKZVFN NTGV ,\GP[RF GDK[F[ ,FHF FZGX KGRK[
. Z F F Q P Q CB F
\GKFN ,GRPKF GNECRG ,BZGC NNMP \GP[RF GBXK ,FHF FZGXF KGRK[ K"T[ ,QVGBC
|...~ .OKBZCR
N M \ B \ K B Z C , \ G P [ R F N [ K N M F N T I R G P F , F H F E G Z K V F Z C E Q Y \ N K E M C G (K
. " O K Y NB F [ T F H \ P G T N F H" C G \ M F EG S C , \ G MZ T P C N O N KE C F G . O N G M \ G P NG T F
\ G P NG T E O \ P G T NG , F [ G EY E | F K [ T ,F Z K X K , FB K Z C , \ G N K X B ~ T "K C B \ G P NG T E , Q F [
. F B PG J E T" K CB
.F[GEYE T"KCB \MZTPC ,TKV[FN QGXZF \B TKCJFG
.GPXTN NCYN QGXZF \B ,OFP ZKSFG
,\K BZGCFP OKEZVR ,GNNDC GBXPRG .FBPGJE T"KCB \GPNGTF \MZTPC G\GB Q\RG
KICH" :CG\M[ GPM ,"OK\P" O[C \GVKNYF \GRGMP ,FH OTJPG .F[GEYE \GPNGTF NMPG
OKBZYR ,OFKKIC OKT[ZF" :N"HI GZPB[ GPM .OFKZIB OKM[PRF ,OKT[ZF QMG ."OK\P
KKIP QEKZVP ,\K G\[GEYP FZGXF \GKMVFC ,OFC TCJGPF NCYN QGXZF KM ."OK\P
|...~ .FXYF NB FXYP ,\K GRPP \GYGIZ QFG .OKKIF

      | 142

GC FKF\[ OGYPN ,GRKKFE .KP[DF ,FHF ONGT \GBKXPN ET ,\GPNGTF GN[N\[RG (BK
|...~ .QGYK\G NGYNY ,QPH QMG ,FP[RG UGD ,\GBKXP
:NNM LZEC ,\GP[RN OKCXP D [K[ ,IZMFC ,BXGP LRFG (EK
[K ZCM[ ,FBKZCF \C[IPC ,|BGF LGZC UGS=QKB~ F"C S"BC Q\GBKXP BGF = BF CXP
.QGYK\F ZPD N[ FEK\TF FZGX O[ QFN
C K"T GYNI\R[ ,|FR[ OKVNB \[[~ KR[ KVNB B\[ \RKICC Q\GBKXP BGF = CF CXP
QGXZF \B L+oFN KEM *,\GGXPG FZG\C FEGCTF QFN FR\KRG ,[VRG UGDN ,N"RF \GMZTPF
L[PCG .NNM OPXTN BNG ,OZXGKN IGZ \IR TKV[FN QGXZ \RKICN GBKCFNG ,QFC[ NCYN
ZTCN OKMKZX[ ,ZPGNM .ECNC \G[VRN YZ ,OKVGDN QGYK\ OG[ TKDK BN ,FHF CXP QPH
LB QGXZ \RKICC ZB[KFNG ,UGDF \RKIC BKF[ ,OPXTN FNCYF \RKIC NM ,OCZYP
|...~ .\G[VRC[ QGXZF \ZGX GFH[ .ECNC TKV[FN
QGYK\F TKDK HB[ ,OK\PF \KKI\ ZIB ,\GP[RF N[ QGYK\F ZPD BGF = DF CXP
FZ[\[ ,UGDF \ZGX BKF[ ,FPXT FNCYF \B OD GMVFK HB KM .QKVGDF NB OD ,ON[F
,OTGRFG DRGTFG CGJF NM ,OPXTN NCYN ,OKKGBZ OK[TRG .FZGFJ FTV[F N[ FZGX FKNT
KM .OZXGKN O\ZGX \BGG[F IGMP ,FYHIF \GYCEN GMHK ,FH NM OTG .FBKZCF \C[IPC[
[K KZF[ ,OZXGKN IGZ \IR TKV[FN ORGXZ EXP BNB ,NCYN ORGXZ EXP FH NM GNCYK BN
|...~ .GRPP OKNCYP[ ,FBRF \K GN
GRB[ QGGKM ,|OGN[G SI~ G"I FZKICF GR\BP FNJC\R QM OB :FH KVN \G[YFN QKBG (HJ
.BF CXPC ,KGXP BGF ZCM[ IGMP ,JNIFC DF CXPF NCYNG ON\[FN OKIZMGP
CXP NB GRBKCFN KEM ,CF CXPC |LZC\K F~ \"K[F GRN QKMF OKMZE C KM ,BGF QKKRTFG
: D F
.NKTN ZBC\R[ LZE NT ,\GGXPG FZG\F OGKY LZE BGF = BF
,GR\GB GIKZMKG ,UGDF \B QKYZPP ,OPXTC OKZGSKKF Z[B .QKZGSKK LZE BGF = CF
BGFG .\K GC YCEKFNG ,TKV[FN QGXZF \ZGX NCYNG ,GRC[ NCYN QGXZF \B L+oFN ,UGSCN
KRB ,GBN OBG ,CGJ ,CJGPN OKZHGI O\B OB" :(C"T ,HX QKZEFRS) N"HI GZPB[ LZE NT
."CJGPN OM\B ZKHIK BGF OMIZGM NTCG ,QPFM ,LNP OMKNT EKPTP

NT ZPGB .CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBPF \ZHTC ,(OHKBGDBF) GRC[ NCYN QGXZF QGYK\ NT FEGCTF BKF "\GGXPG FZG\C FEGCT" *
KZPBP ,["CZF) "FGGXP \RKIC GH F[TP BZYR HB ,TKV[FN \RP NTC QGGMN NGMK[ QPHC" :DN[B OGN[ LGZC CZF LM
\B OFC UZXN BNB GR\KR BN \GGXPFG FZG\F NM" :[KDEP ONGSF NTCG .("OKNCYP[ ZM[F QKKRTC" ,"ONGSF KCN["
,GRN[ \KPXT FCFB ZCEC GRN ZEDGP BGF G\GNNMC[ ,FEKNP GRC TCJGPF TZF \ZMF [GI GRC I\VN G[GZKV[ ,NBZ[K
NTC) "LZC\K O[F \CFB NB EIGKPFG EKIKF ZCTPF BGF[ ,G\NGH \CFB :O[C ZEDGPF ,ZC KNC KYRF CGJF KEKN BGCNG
.("\GZKIF" ZPBP ,ONGSF
.ONGSF NTC \BP "OMI KV \PEYF"CG H"K \ZDBC QMG ,81 PT "BZGCF GPM \GKFN" YZVC CG[ GRKKT ,FCIZFN

143 |    
 ."F\TC ,GBN OBG .FR[KIB ,GMH OB .FR[KIB F\TC" :CG\MF NT N"H GZPB[ FHG
\B OKZFPP GRB HB ,\GGXPG FZG\ OGKY K"T BGF[ ,BF LZE KEK NT OKMGH OB :[GZKV
,ONCYN YKVSK[ QPHF \GMKZBG ,OKZPG OK[Y QKZGSKKN OKMKZX GRB QKBG ,GRN[ QGYK\F
GZPDK OKZGSKKF[ \TC YZ GRKKFE ,F\TC ,GBN OBG .GRIZGM NTC CJGPN GR\GB GZKHIK[
|...~ .GRIZGM NTC QGYK\F \T GRN TKD\G ,GRN[ QGYK\F \B
BGF OEBF[ OG[P ,OEBFP WGI ,ONGTF \GKZC ZB[ CXP NT ,NNM NGB[N QKBG (IK
LZTG QGC[I QFN QKB ,\GKZCF ZB[ NMG ,J"N \GBC QNFN FBZR[ GPM ,FBKZCF NM HMZP
QM NTG .G\GPN[N GBKCFN ,OEBN \GNKTGP QF[ ZGTK[F G\GBC \NGH ,QPXTN OGNM N[
|...~ .QPXTN QGC[I OG[ KNC ,GPT \GEZGKG \GNGT FRF
NCYN QGXZF \B ZTCNG NJCN ,EIB FV GPKMSK ,ONGTF KRC NM[ \TC ,FBZG BGCG (JK
NM OKNJC\P GKF HB ,OFKZCIN TKV[FN BNB ,QGXZ OG[ OFN FKFK BNG ,OFC[ OPXTN
NM KZF[ ,OKPN[G OKBKZC OKKIC ,IGJC FKF EIB NMG ,WZBFP OKYKHPF NMG \GDBEF
.GKMZX \B BNPKG GETC DBEK[ ,NGED ONGT GN FKF GR\BP EIB
OKZGSKKF \GDBEF NM QBMP ,GPXTN NCYN QGXZF BNB GN QKB ,EIB NM[ QPHC ,ORPB
\GNIP KRKP NMC ,GRKVGD OK[KNIP OF[ .OFP JNVP GRN QKB[ ,\GJKI[FG \GPINPFG
OKTXGP OKGNKD BNB ORKB ,GRPNGTC OKKGXPF OKZGSKKF GNB NM[ ,BXGP LRFG .OKCGBMPG
QGXZ N[ FPN[F FZGX NCYNG ,FTZF UGDF \VKNY \B NJCN GR\GB UGIEN KEMC ,GRKRKTN
.FKGXZF FZGX NB GRBKCFN NDGSP ,GPXTC QKZGSKKF LZE[ ,GRZPB Z[B BGFG .TKV[FN
FTV[FF KM ,OGYPN OEB QKC[ \GGXPN \GPEGY QF ,GZCIN OEB QKC[ \GGXPF[ ,TEG
|...~ .OGYPN TKV[FN GF\BKCP ,GZCIN
,OKRG\I\G OKRGKNTF ,\GPNGTF NM"[ ,N"HI GZPB[ FP ZBCN GRN FZB[R F\TG (DN
GRKB[ ,QJYF OEB NKC[C[ :EGBP FGP\ FZGBMN[ ."OEBF NKC[C BNB ,GBZCR BN
\GPNGTF KVNM QM[ NMPG ,H"FGTC GRKRVN[ \GBKXPF KVNM FYE FZT[ LZTC GNKVB
GN FPN :FGP\ Z\GK EGTG ?GNKC[C GNB NM BGZCN \K BZGCF IZJK ,OKKRIGZF OKRGKNTF
?OKCGZPF OKZKEBF OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF GNB NM ,OEBN
OKBZCRF[ FEKPC BKF ,GKBZCRN \GRFKN ,\K GRZXGK N[ IGZ \IR NM[ ,TE\[ LKZXG
OKNGED OKTG[T[ GN [K ,HB Z[B .O\GB FRFPF BGFG ,TKV[PF BGF[ ,\K G\GB G[KDZK
G\NGED ZKMPG [KDZP QCF[ ,FEKPC FC ,GN CKCIF GRC OT T[T\[PF ,CBM ,OFPT
.GNKC[C QKMF[ \GZXGBF NM GN FBZP GKCBG ,GKCB N[ G\GPPGZG
KEP KM ,OKTG[T[ ENK OB ,OKZVB KN ZKYK QCF" :(B"N FKPZK) CG\MF ZPGB[ GPM
."F OGBR GRPIZB OIZ ,GN KTP GPF QM NT ,EGT GRZMHB ZGMH ,GC KZCE
N[ OKNGEDF OKTG[T[F \B \TENG NKM[FN NMG\G ,FHF CG\MC CJKF NM\SFG
QKMF[ OKMZEF O\GB NMC ,G\NGED ZKMFNG G[KDZFN GMH[ OKPN[F O\GB OT ,\"K[F

      | 144

NMM ,GN[ OKTG[T[ ENK OT CBM ,ZYKF GRCG CB N[ SIKC OFPT BGCK[ ET ,OETC
.OKNKM[PF KRKTN CG\MC ZBGCPF
OT ,GNBF OKTG[T[FG IGZ \IRF NKC[C Z[B ,\TEN GRN KE KM .FH QGDMC LKZBFN QKBG
GPM ,EIK OKRG\I\G OKRGKNTF ,\GPNGTF NM \B BGZCN GN KBEM FKF ,GNNF OKPN[F
|...~ .GRKRVN ZBC\K[
BKF ,BZC Z[B FBKZCF NMP ,\K BZGCFN FXZRF \KNM\F NM[ ZBC\R[ ZIBG (JN
Q K MF [ O T G R F G C GJ F N M GR P P G N C Y K G , G\ NG ED G G\ GK \ K P B G ZK M K [ K E MC , G K B Z C R N \ G R F K N
B X G P LR F = "O K T G [ T [ E NK O B , O K Z V B K N Z K Y K Q C F " C G \ MC ZB GC PF Z GT K[ C G , O E T C
W Z B F G PM , O KN G ED F O K Z GE MF G O KP P G EF NT B N , NG I \ B N G H F \ K N M\ F [ , Z G Z K C C
Q K P N T B N G , IP G X F Q K P NT B N G , GK F K[ F PM O \ E KP G O Z F G H G K F K G NG , [ P [ F G I ZK F G
O F K N T N GI K L KB G . O F N O K PG E F O R K P KR C P G N KV B , O \ NG H [ D Z F P O K Z S I K Z F [ , K I F
?G \ C JF G K Y NB F [ D Z F F
KRC KVNM G\NGH [DZF N[ FRMFF OFC [K ZCM[ ZIB ,GECNC "OEBF" QKP YZ BNB
OFN[ NCYN QGXZF OKMVFP[ ,\GGXPG FZG\C FEGCTF ZIB FRF .OFN OKPGEF ORKP
OFN GRMGF[ \GDZEPF NM OKNCYP HB[ ,OZXGKN FZGXF \BGG[FC OKBCG ,TKV[FN QGXZN
,OKZ[MGP G[TR FHC[ ,|FEKIK ,FKI ,FP[R ,IGZ ,[VR~ "K "IRZR" \GBZYRF ,OKRGKNTF \GPNGTC
,\GPNGTF NM N[ FBKZCF \RGGM \KNM\[ KZF .FBKZCF \C[IPC[ \KNM\F \B NCYN
.OEBF NKC[C BNB F\KKF BN
OKNGMK ORKBG .OKVGSGNKVF QP YNI \TE NT NNM NCGYP FH ZCE QKB[ ,KRB TEGKG (P
FNGEDF FBKZCF NM N[ HMZPF FKFK ,OFKRKTC KSVBFG NV[F ,OEB Z[B ,OKMSFN
,O[ \C[GK BKFG .QGRXF LG\ FENGR[ \TNG\F F\GBM ,OKPGE OF NCB .FB[KRFG
\EKPM ,QJY LM NMG ,LG[I LM NMG ,ZP LM NM BGF F"CYF N[ GPNGT NM[ ,\C[GIG
.GC FENGR BKF[ QGRXF
:\ZPGBG FFP\ BKF ,QGRXN WGICP JCP \VJGIG ,QGRXF \VKNY \B FTYC[ TDZC NCB
ONGT KRVN FBGZ KRB ,F\TG .GC K\ENGR[ QGRXF \EKPM BGF ONGTF NM[ ,K\C[I KRB"
"!BKNVFN FVKG ZKEB ,ZGBR ,NGED
QKNC\F NCYN GSKR BNG ,GENGR FC[ ,OFN[ NCYN QGXZF \VKNYC OKTYG[PF ,O\GB QM
FMVFNG ,GHF F[Y FVKNY TGYCN \GNDGSPF ,\GK[TP \GGXPG FZG\ OF[ OKEIGKPF
O\GSVB NT ,JKNIFN OKIZMGP OF[ ,BGF KBEG .GZXGKN IGZ \IR TKV[FN QGXZN
,GHF FNGEDF \GBKXPF NM[ ,\TEF NT \GNTFN GNMGK BNG .\PBC OF[ GPM ,O\GRYKZG
.ONKC[C BNB FBZCR BN
,F\GBRF FZFJF NMC ,OZXGKN IGZ \IR TKV[FN ,\GGXPG FZG\C OKYSGT GKF OB QMB
GKF UM\ BNF ,TKV[FN QGXZF GNCYKG ,FC GENGR[ NCYN QGXZF \VKNY TGYCN GBGCKG
FRGC\FG FPMIF N[ \GDZEPF NM \BG OPXT \B ,DK[FNG \GBZN ,\GI\VR OFKRKT

145 |    
.OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC OFN GRMGF[ ,[VR \GNMN ET \GPKTRFG \GEGPIF ,FZKFCF \TEFG
IZJ[ FP NM = ZPGB BGF FP ,CGJ IZGB" :N"HI GZPB[ FP ,OPXTC OKZPGB GKF HBG
."KNKC[C BNB ,IZJ BN ,\KCF NTC
BZC[ ,OKRGKNTF \GPNGT GNB NM ,OEBN GN FPN ,UGS UGS :ZBCN ZB[R QKKETG (BP
?OFC OEBN GN [K LZGX FHKBG ?GNKC[C \K
:OKBZYRG ,NNM LZEC \GPNGT FN \YNIR \GPNGTF NM \GBKXP[ ,TE\[ LKZXG
,QGPEY OEB .B
,\GNKXB .C
,FBKZC .D
,FZKXK .E
.F K [ T .F
P"G\ C"IM \GZKVSF F \RKIC ,OFG .WY QKB ET OKJZV [K ,OFP EIB NMC ,ORPB
:KM ,|\GMNPG \ZBV\ ,FRKC FPMI Z\M~
,Z\M BGF = QGPEY OEB ONGT
,FPMI BGF = \GNKXBF ONGTG
,FRKC BGF = FBKZCF ONGTG
,\ZBV\ BGF = FZKXKF ONGTG
.\GMNP BGF = FK[TF ONGTG
:|[VR ,IGZ ,FP[R ,FKI ,FEKIK~ R"ZRIK OKBZYR ,\GPNT F GNBC OK[CGNPF ,\GZGBFG
,QGPEY OEB ONGTC ZKBP = FEKIKF ZGB[
,\GNKXB ONGTC = FKIF ZGBG
,FBKZCF ONGTC = FP[RF ZGBG
,FZKXKF ONGTC = IGZF ZGBG
.FK[T ONGTC = [VRF ZGBG
:KM ,EGK N[ GXGYG F"G F"K [GEYF O[FC OKNNMR ,OFC Z[B NMG ,\GPNGTF GNB NMG
N[ EGK N[ GXGYC YZ HPGZP QM NTG ,GC FSKV\ GRN QKB ,QGPEY OEB BGF[ ,BF ONGT
:T"KCB \GPNGT E YZ EKP\ OKZKMHP GRBG .GRPP OKZCEP GRB QKB ,QM NTG .O[F
,\GNKXB ONGT BKF = KFG
,FBKZCF ONGT = FG
,FZKXKF ONGT = G
.FK[T ONGT BKF = |FRG\I\ F~ FB\\ F

      | 146

S"BP \M[PRF ,\KRIGZF \GBKXPF NM OKNNGM OF[ ,\GPNGT F GZBC\R FRFG (CP
,\ GPNGT F F \ GNNM ,O FP O NGT NMC [KG . FHP F H OKNGNM O F , ORPB . H"FGT ET F "C
F EDRM QF [ ,K"IRZR \ GZGB F OK[ CGNP QFC[ ,P"G\ C"IM \GZKVS F N"RM
. N"RM , \GPN GT F
,OPGE~ P"IXE ,\GRKIC E OD [K ,ONGTG ONGT NMC[ ,P"G\ C"IM \GZKVSF F ECNPG
:Z[B ,OKKRIGZ |ZCEP ,KI ,IPGX
,O[ Z[B ZCEP \RKIC BKF = OEBF \P[R .B
,ONGT G\GBC[ OKMBNPF QF = KIF \GRKICG .C
,OK[GCN O[C \GBZYR = IPGXF \GRKICG .D
.\GNMKF O[C \GBZYR = OPGEF \GRKICG .E
.GH \B GH \G[KCNPM \GRICRG
QF[ ,P"G\ C"IM ,\GZKVS F NT \G[KCNP = OEB KRC \GP[R BKF[ ,ZCEPF \RKIC KM
.ONGT G\GBC[ ,\GKYNB
.\GP[RF NT \G[KCNP = OKMBNPF QF[ ,KIF \GRKICG
.OKMBNPF NT OK[KCNP = OK[GCNF OF[ ,IPGXFG
.ONGM NT \GCCSP = \GNMKF QF[ ,OPGEF \GRKICG
QKTM ,FHP FH OKI\V\PG ,FHN FH OK[P[P OF[ QKKRTC \ZTG[P ,GHF \G[CN\FF QKKRTG
NKC[C GBXK BN ,KI IPGX OPGE ,\GRKICF D[ |...~ H"FGTC[ OKKP[DF P"IXEC GRZBC[
.OEBF QKP BKF[ ,QFKEK NT \GNT\FNG I\V\FN ,E FRKICF NMG\[ YZ BNB ,OPXT
,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF NMC BGF QM .GNKTGFNG OEBF \B [P[N BNB ,QEKYV\ QKB ,QM NTG
\B ,NKTGFNG [P[N KEM BNB ,O[ GBXK BN ,O[ Z[B KIG IPGX OPGE ,\GRKIC DF Z[B
\P[R NT OK[KCNP ONGM[ ,QICR QM NT .OEBF \P[R BKF[ ,O[ Z[B ZCEPF \RKIC
.G\NTG\N ,G[GZKV[ .OEBF
B N B , [ P P [ V R B N G . F [ G E Y E [ V R \ R K I C U M \ G N [ K , E N G R [ \ T C O E B F F R F G ( DP
, F \ GR J Y \ B V P F R GM P F , F N [ F R GZ I B F R K I C G [ G ZK V [ , [ V R F N [ O K K Z GI B \ RK I C
. " FE GY R " O[ C
G C NC GZ Y KT C F N D \ P F , G C [ N C Y N QG X Z \ R K I C C , ZP G NM , O E B F C N C \ [ C GN P B K F G
|...~ .OEB N[
GNB NM ,OEBN GN FPN :GRNB[[ ,B"P \GBC NKTN GREPT[ FP ,CJKF ZBC\R FRFG (FR
?OFC OEBN GN [K LZGX FHKBG ?GNKC[C \"K[F BZC[ OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF
KEK NT \NGH ,GZXGKN IGZ \IR \KK[TN TKDFN ,OEBN NNM Z[VB KB[ ,FBZ\ F\T KM
\GZGBF DK[P ,GC[ NCYN QGXZF N[ FZFJF ZGTK[C KM .GNBF \GPNGTF NM N[ OTGKS

147 |    
G\GB N[ \GZGBF KZF ,DK[P[ FDZEP NMG .K"IRZR OKBZYRF ,G\P[R N[ \GDZEPFG
N[ ,OKTG[T[F NB TKDFN FMGH[ ET ,GK\GDZEPC FNGT QMG .G\ZFJC GN OKTKKSP ,FDZEP
.D"N \GBC N"RM ,FBKZCF \C[IPC[ FRGGMF \KNM\
:NBG[G ."G\GB QKTKKSP ZFJN BCF" ZPBPF NT (D"S \GB ,IR) ZFGHC GZPB[ FHG
BGCN Z[VB KB KM ."B[KEY B\P[R"C G\GB QKTKKSP[ ZPGBG "?G\GB QKTKKSP FPC"
,FP[RF N[ K"IRZR \GDZEPF NM TGKS K"T \NGH ,FBKZCF \C[IPN ,FKGXZF FZFJN
|...~ .ZBGCPM

QFGPM TP[R BN[ ,FH GRZGEC GRGBXP[ ,\GM[IFG \G[CKF \B QKC\ QBMPG (HR
Y ST FP O FKEK GJP[ F KECGT F GNKV B[ ,O G[P B GF[ . GRN GPEY[ \GZGEF NMC
. F ZG\F \GEGS C
OK[RB UNB N[ FZG[ OB[ ,ZPBG ,FH NT K\KPB N[P N"H O"CPZF NK[PF ZCMG
,ONGM OKIGJC OF KZF ,O[BZC EIB IYV \GIVN OFN [KG ,LZEC OKMNGF OKPGS
.O[BZC[ IYVF ZIB OKM[PR O\GKFN ,\GZGPMPG OKIVC GNVK BNG ,Z[KF LZEC GMNK[
ONGM GNVKG ,LZEC NJGPF ZCE NMC GN[MK[ YVS KNC ,EIBF G\GB OFN ZSI OB ,NCB
.\I[ ZGCN
:GRKRVN[ ZCEF QM
,F"C S"BP ON[ ZGB GMK[PFG ,FZG\F \GKPKRVC OKYSGT \"K[F KECGT \GIVN GKF OB
.GN[MKK BN[ OMZEC OKIGJC GKF ONGMG ,OFKZIB OKM[PR GKF ZGEF KRC NM KZF
.ONNDC ,N[MR ZGEF NM[ BNV QKB ,GH FPMIP OPXT \B GYNKS \"K[F KECGT OD OBG
!FHC LKZBFN NMGB BN ,KZTX NEGDPG
:LG\P ZYKTC BKF[ ,FCKSF K\TEK ORPB (IR
.NNMC ,FRGPBF FJTP\R[ .B
.JZVC ,\GZGEF KPMI QGKNT K[GEYC FRGPBFG .C
.OKKP[D OKN[PP OKBNP ,ZFGHFG FNCYF KZVSG .D
N[MKFN CGZY ,G"I KM . GES VF C GZM[ BXK BN[ , EIB NM NT , EIVF NV R QM NT
. \ GPE G N SV C
.[GEYF ZFGHF NT = F\TG .N"H K"ZBF KC\M NT ,YKVSP ZGBKC \G[TN ,KRZKTF[ BKFG
,ZCE NM N[ KRIGZF N[PRF \B NKNTC K\IMGFG K\ZBKC KM .KZPDN FHF EIVF K\ZSFG
.OKRKKTPF GBZK[ GPM ,QPHFP FNTPNG OGYPFP FNTPN ,KP[D QGKPE NMP J[VGP BGF[
.[GEYF GZGBC OPI\FNG ,ZFGHF ZVS EGPNN ,NBZ[K \KC QGPF NMN Z[VBN ,QTPN

      | 148

: O N G S N M E K Y V \ C B G F KZ G B K C EK Y V \ [ , \ GZ G F N , " O N GS F " O [ C Z GB K C F K \ B ZY G
C G J NM , HB G . G C \ GN T N " O N G S " B NB Z S I L RK B , C G J N M F B NP F K KN T L N [ K O B [
. L KE K C O NG T F
NB SRMK\ BNG ONGSF \GDZEPC IGR\ OB KM .GPXT KVNM FZJP "ONGSF" QKB ,ORPB
,OFKZCE ZBCN KM .ZFGHF NT KN[ ZGBKCC ZCEF QM .L\RGGM ON[G\ BN HB ,FKKNTF
.FHN KGJKCF BZCR BN EGT ,OVGS ET ,YGPT NMP OKYGPTF
\GNTN GEK NT NMGK[ ,OEB QC NMN BGCPG LZE ,FH KZGBKCC OKRV NM NT K\K[T ,BNB
.FH KZGBKCC K\RGGM ON[G\ ,HB YZ KM .GVGD ZFGHF ZVSC NM\SFNG YKPTFNG
,GC CG\M[ FP OKRKCPF ,ZPGNM ,[GEYF ZFGHF ZVS NXB OKKGXPF NM ,FRFG (JR
.KBIGK QC QGTP[ KCZ KYNBF BR\F GZCKI [GEYF ZFGHF ZVS[ ,EIB FV GPKMSF
LPS NT ,ZPGN OKJGRG ,FH GSGIKKC OKYVYVPF OFP [K[ ,GH FPMIP OKYGIZFP WGI
GB ,QGBKN KE F[P Z NCGYPF BGF GZCIP[ ,GHF FPMIF KEDR\PP \GKGEC \GK[TP
.QPHC GN OKMGPSF OKZIB
[GEYF ZVSC JTP QRGC\FN ,\"K[F ZGBC K\KMH[ OGKP KZF ,KPXTN KRB[M ,KRBG (S
FNT ,ZVSF N[ GRMG\ KVN KM ,JG[V OTJP BGFG .GSGIKKC ZGYIN KCN NT FNT BN ,FHF
.OK[GEYF OKBR\F NM NT ,Z\GK LZT QKBN ,K"C[Z BR\F ZYK \NTP KCNC
N"H QGBKN KE P"Z QGDM ,ZIB O[ BGF GZCIP[ ,ZGPD ZGZKCC ,KN ZZC\P FKF OBG
OKBR\F NMP Z\GK ,N"H QGBKN KE P"Z [KBF \NTP KNXB NED FKF ,HB KZF ,FPGEMG
.ONNMC K"C[Z ODG ,OK[GEYF
BGF GZCIP[ ,ZGZKCC BXGP K\KKF OB ,ZVSC[ FPMIF YPGT \EKP KVN ,\PBC ORPB
,QM[ NMPG .OKBR\FP EIBN GSIKKNP ,Z\GKC KCN NT NCGYP FH FKF ,OKBKCRF I"PP EIB
K\TE \MMG[ F\KKF HB ,GPXT \"K[FP KRKS ZFP G\GB NCKY GRCZ F[P[ BXGP K\KKF OB
.FHM ZGCKI FBK GNG FBR GN KM .KZPDN
FP JTP QKCFN ,QGKT NTC NMN FGG[F ,YKVSP ZGBKC LGZTN K\KMH[ QGGKM ,LMKVNG
KPXT SKRMFNG ,EGT IGZJNP KZPDN FHC K\ZJVR ZCM[ C[GI KRB ,ZVSC GC CG\M[
[KB \GKFN NMGK GZCIP[ ,EGT YV\SFN NMGK BN ,ZFGHC NKM[P NM KM .\BHF FZKYIC
.[GEYF K"C[Z BR\FP ,FNTPC \GIV
,OKRG[BZF \GZGEN ZFGHF ZVS FNDR FKF BN FPN :FNB[F \NB[R FH KVN ,QMB (BS
E IK G ? Z \G K GN OK K G BZ G K FG ,O K RG Z I BF \G Z GE P Z \G K FN TP C O K CG [I G K F YV S K N C[
O K N CG YP N B NG ,N "H K " Z B F ET Z F G HF Z V S Z GB K C F ND R B N F P N : NG B [ N [ K ,F H O T
? GN GPEY[
KPKP ,ZFGHF KZCEG N"H K"ZBF KZCE ZGBKC GNDR BN FPN :FRNGM NT FNGTF FFKP\FG
?ZGEF Z[MGF OBF :FNB[F \NB[RG ?GH GRZGE ET N"H K"ZBF

149 |    
BGF ,|FR[ OKVNB \[[~ KR[ KVNB B\[ N[ GPGKY QPH L[PC ,ONGTF KM ,BKF FCG[\FG
K"FR ,\"DI ,E"CI = GRKKFE ,UGSG ,LG\ ,[BZ = OK[KN[ D GN [K[ ,EIB UGXZV GPM
OKVNB C ,eF \ OKVNB C" :N"H GZPB[ FHG .|EGSK EGF IXR ,\ZBV\ FZGCD ESI ,\TE FRKC FPMI~
.(B"T ,HX QKZEFRS) "IK[PF \GPK OKVNB CG ,FZG\
. EGBP O KJTGP \GZGBF GKF ,E"CIG [B Z \RKIC O F[ , OKRG[B ZF OKV NB C C KM
QKC LGV F LZT [K KM . [V RE \GZGB BNB GC QKB[ ,U GD KNC [B Z \RKIC N OKC [IR GKFG
:\ GZ GB N OKN M
.FNKI\P ,UGXZV NMC OKNEDR OKRG[BZF OKNMF[ ,BGF NNMF ,OKNMC KM
.FNKI\P ,UGXZVC OK[CN\P OKRG\I\F \GZGB[ ,LVFN BGF \GZGBCG
O[ OKEZGK ,E"CIE OKNM GRKKFE ,ECN OKRGKNTF YZ OKNMC QKB[ EGT NM ,BXPRG
,OKRG[BZ OKVNB C NT ["HG .Z\GKC OKRG\I\F \GZGBF OF[ ,[VRE \GZGB YZ [CN\FN
.GF\ \RKICC OF[
IGZF ZGB [CN\RG EZK ,OKNME \"DI \RKIC OF[ ,ONGTF N[ OKKR[F OKVNB CCG
.FZG\ OF[ ,OKTXPBF OKVNB C NT ,GZPB QM NTG .FZG\ EGS BGF[ ,ONGTC
ONGTC [CN\P QM NTG ,OKNME |\GMNP ,EGSK ,EGF ,IXR~ P"KFR OF ,OKRGZIBF OKVNB CG
.IK[PF \GPK OF QM NTG .NGED Z\GKF ZGBF BGF[ ,FP[RE ZGB ,BGFF QPHC
\GZGBF ,GN[ FHIF ET ,\"DI E"CIE OKNMC[ ,KJZV UGXZV NMC BGF LZEF OD
FPMI \ZBF \GND\F G[GZKV[ ,OKNGDPF OKESI ,ZKBFN OKNKI\P ORKBG .OKSGMP
.GN[ P"KFRC GRKKFE ,FJPNG FHIP BNB ,FRGKNT
C OF[ ,ONGTF UGXZVC ,P"KFRE OKNMF \GND\FN GNKI\F OZJP[ ,FCKSF BGFG
.ONGTF QP FSGMP ,JZVC FNCYF \PMIG ,NNMC ZFGHF \PMI F\KKF ,OKRGZIBF OKVNB
HB F\ND\R ,FJPNG FHIP[ OKNMF \PN[F QPH CZY\R ZCM[ ,N"H K"ZBF QPHC BNB
NCYN QMGP FKF[ ,N"H BKZGN YIXK Z KYNBF \P[R K"T ,ONTKFC FRGKNTF FPMI \ZBF
EKPTF[ ET ,FNCYF \PMI ODG ,ZFGHF ZVSC[ OKZYKTF FNKD QM NTG .FHF NGEDF ZGBF
.GFGPEY[ OKRG[BZF NM EXC
OKVNB F QPHC ZJVR BGF[ ,KZPDN GPN[R BN EGT GNBF OKNMF[ QGGKM ,FH NM OTG
,OK[GEYF GKZCE GKF BNG .GKZCE GND\K[ KGBZ EGT ONGTF FKF BN QM NT ,TEGRM ,C"N[
.ONGTC O\GNDN \G[ZF OFN FR\KR BN[ ,OKJTGP FNGDS KEKIKN QKKRY BNB
FR\KR LMKVN ,OKRGZIBF OKVNB C ZPDN GRB OKCGZY ZCM[ ZIB ,FH GRZGEC ,\TMG
,QVGBC .EGBP CG[I ZGTK[C ,ONGTC ZFGHF KZCEG ,N"H GKZCE \GNDN \G[ZF F\T
NM FND\K[ ET ,Z\GKG Z\GK OTV NMC ,ZFGHF KZCE \GND\FN GNKI\K ,LNKBG FH GRZGEP[
.\"K[F WVIC[ ,ON[F ZGTK[F

      | 150

NT OKRG[BZF \GZGE N[ O\NTP ZGTK[N ,WY QKB \PBC[ ,QKC\ FH KVNG (DS
ZZCR LHF NM" Z[B ,\GP[RF N[G \GPNGTF N[ ,QKVGXZVF NMC ,NNMF FH KM .OKRGZIBF
."UGXZVF NB FNKI\
\GP[RF GKF LMKVNG .\GP[RFP QMG ONGTFP ,E"CIE OKNMF FNKI\ GZZCR ,LMKVNG
,ON[ ZGB \PGY NCYN GNMK BN FH NM OTG .WY QKBN \GFGCD ,OKRG[BZF OKVNB CC[
.N"RM ,P"KFR \"DI OF[ ,QPXT QFPG ONGTFP ,OKMGPRF OKYNIF N[ QGZSKIF \BVP
,\GP[RF QP QMG ONGTF NB \"DIE OKNMF GZZC\R[ ,OKTXPBF OKVNB CC ,M"IB QMG
FCGZY O\NTP \"DIE OKNM KM ,EGBP ET \Gj#H EGT ,QPXT \RKICP \PBC \GP[RF GKF
FHIP[ ,OKNMF QGZSI OTJP ,ONGTC OKSGMP \GZGBF GKF EGT ,FH NM OTG |...~ E"CIN
.\GP[RF QP QMG ,ONGTFP FJPNG
QM NT KM ,\GBKXPC[ FTGZDF BKF GNNF \GP[RF \GFP[ ODF[ ,FH GRZGEC ,LMKVNG
ONGTF UGXZV \B OKPKN[PF FPF ,FH NM OT ,OGKF ET F[GEYN ZZC\FN GNMK BN
,F\T KM .OFKEK NT BNB ,\PN[R FMBNPF QKBG .OKNMF \RKICP ,\GP[RF \GNNM UGXZVG
OKM[PR ,UGXZVC UGSG LG\ [BZ ,OKNMF NM F\T [KG ,K"FRE OKNMF OKPN[R ZCM[C
,[VR~ Q"ZR GRKKFE ,OFN OKBEMF NMN ,UGSG LG\ [BZC ,\GZGBF N[ \GPN[ \GPGY F\T
OKNGMK ,GNNF \GMGPRF \GP[RF N[ Q\GPN\[F OT YZ ,LMKVNG .N"RM ,OKPN[ |FP[R ,IGZ
|...~ .QMN OEGYP BNG ,\GND\FN OKRGKNTF \GZGBF
:\GKRGXKIG \GKPKRV [K ZCE NMC[ ,TEG (GS
TG ,ONGTF \GKPKRVN ,CYTKG YIXK OFZCB TZH ,NBZ[K OKC[IR = ONGTF \GNNMCG
.ONGTF \GKRGXKIN OKC[IR ,\GPGB
,\GKRGXKI [K QMG ,OKPN[F \"K[F KECGT OF[ ,\GKPKRV [K = OPXT NBZ[KC QMG
.\"K[F \EGCTN OKZSP\P ORKB[
,\GKRGXKI [KG ,ONGTF \GPGB KEKSI OF[ ,\GKPKRV [K = OPXT ONGTF \GPGBC QMG
.FPGEMG OFC[ OKYKHPFG OKSDF OF[
\GKPKRV \P[R QKCFN OKMGHF OF[ ,\GKPKRV [K = NBZ[K KRCC[ ,\"K[F KECGTC QMG
.FZG\C[ F[TPF YNIC BNB ,OKYSGT ORKB[ O\GB OF[ ,\GKRGXKIG ,FK\GEGSG FZG\F
EGS BGF[ ,GC[ "NBZ[K" \RKIC BKF[ ,\GKPKRV GC [K = NBZ[KP OEB NMC QMG
.GPXT UGDF BGF[ ,GC[ |ONGTF \GPGB~ "T"FGB" \RKIC BKF[ ,\GKRGXKIG ,CNC[ FEGYRF
NT OKYGCE O\GKFN KM ."OKZD" GPM GC OKC[IR ,GC[ "T"FGB" \RKIC GNKVB[ ,BNB
.NBZ[K NNMC GYCE\FG GBC[ ,ONGTF \GPGBP YEX KZDN OKPGE OF ,\GKPKRVF
"NBZ[K" \RKIC BKF[ ,G\GKPKRV \RKIC \B ECMPG ZKCDP ,NBZ[KP OEBF \GKFCG (HS
,G\TKDKG G\IZJ CGZ Q\GR[ ,GRKKFE .GC[ "T"FGB" \RKIC BKF[ ,G\GKRGXKI NT ,GC[
,IZMGPF ZGTK[C ,\JTGP FIZJG ,G[VR \NTG\N ,GC[ \GKPKRV \RKIC \GNTFNG NKEDFN

151 |    
,\GCB) ZPBR[ GPM ,GRKKFE .UGDF KMZGXN GRKKFE ,GC[ "T"FGB" \RKIC OGKYN Q\GR BGF
\GKPKRVC OD ,GK[TPC OZGD ,HB FRF ,"KBZT L\MBNPG TCY L\ZG\ F[T" :(B"V
OF[ ,T"FGBG ,FNTP FNTP O\GPN[C OKNGT NBZ[K KRC[ ,ONGTF \GNNME \GKRGXKIG
.NBZ[K KRC LZT \B GCK[IKG GZKMK ,\GNNMC[ \GKRGXKIF
BKF[ ,G\GKRGXKI \RKIC \B CK[IPG ZKCDP ,NBZ[KP KJZVF OEBF[ ,LVFN G"I OBG
Z[B ZDF" :(I"M ,OKZCE) ZPBR[ GPMG ,GC[ "NBZ[K" \RKIC NT ,GC[ "T"FGB" \RKIC
GRKKFE ,LPXTC "F\BG" ,"FNTP FNTP LKNT FNTK" ,GC[ \GKRGXKIF GRKKFE ,"LCZYC
OD[ ,GK[TPC OZGD HB ,"FJP FJP EZ\" ,LC[ NBZ[K \RKIC BKF[ ,\GKPKRVF
,NBZ[K NT OKZCD\PG FNTP FNTP OKNGT ,T"FGB OF[ ,ONGTF \GNNMC[ \GKRGXKIF
.G"I FJP FJP GEZK ,ONGTC[ \GKPKRVF OF[ ,NBZ[K KRCG .ZVTN ET O\GB OKNKV[PG
GFH KM .ONGTF NMN FEKZK GB FNTP GK[TPC OGZDK KJZV OEB[ ,FH NT FP\\ NBG (IS
DFGR ,GNGM NNMC DFGR[ NMG .OKP \GVKJ CM ,OKGG[ JZVFG NNMF Z[B ,"ZGCTK BNG YGI"
ZIBN BNB ,NNMF FND\K BN KM .GNGM NNMC[ FP NM OK[GT OKJZVF ,FCZEBG .JZVC OD
,GMZT KVN ,JZVF F[TP[ ,KBEGG .OKJZVF N[ O\GMKBG O\EKP KVNG ,GC[ OKJZVF KGNKD
.GNGM NNMF \B FNTP GB EKZGP
GMHK ,\PBF \PMICG ZFGHF ZVSC YSTF LG\P[ ,ZFGHC BCGP[ FP LN ZBC\K FHCG
EGPKN QKKRT FP ,FZGBMN[ .(G QGY\ UGS ,OKRGYK\) FPN[ FNGBDN \GNDF LG\P \BXN
?\GPGBF QKCP NBZ[K N[ O\NGBDN ZFGHF
\GNNM GPM ,\GKRGXKIG \GKPKRV FC [K ,FZG\F OD KM ,CJKF QCGP ZBGCPFCG (JS
.\GDZEPF C GNB GN [K ,FZG\C YSGTF OD ,LMKVNG .GNGM ONGTF
\NTP[ ,FHF ZGTK[C OZGD BXPR = FK\GEGSG FZG\F \GKPKRVC G\IZJ ZKCDP G\GKFCG
.T"FGB OF[ ,ONGTF \GKRGXKI NT ,FNTP FNTP FNT\ ,NBZ[K OF[ ,ONGTF \GKPKRV
:(E"K ,FKT[K) CG\MF OKGYK[ ET .OFKNT NBZ[K N[ OIC[C ,GZKMKG GEGK ,\GPGBF NMG
QM GPMG ."F \PEB NT NBZ[K \KC OGNIR\FG ,OPGYP NB OGBKCFG ,OKPT OGIYNG"
,KSR OKZB OKPT NBG ,KEK OKKGD NB B[B FRF ,OKYNB F ZPB FM" :(J"P ,FKT[K) CG\MF
."FRB[R\ U\M NT LK\GRCG ,QXGIC LKRC GBKCFG
FREF ,FK\GEGSG FZG\F \GKPKRV \NTP NKV[P NBZ[KP OEBF[ ,LVFN G"I OB NCB
\GKRGXKI \NTP KVNM ,FGGXP KPTJG NM[F YNIC QMG ,QFK\GDZEPG GRK\GP[R KMZEC
GFKZF ,FZG\F \GKPKRVC OTV YSGT OB GNKVBG .ECNC F[TPF YNIC FREF ,FZG\F
QKB[ ZCE G"I F\KKF[ GPM ,FNKN BNG OGK BN[ FT[C ,GRPHP \JTGP FT[ FN CKXYP
OF[ ,ONGTF \GKPKRV \B FJP FJP EKZGFNG NKV[FN FHC OZGD BXPR BGF = GC LZGX
KRC \B GHCKG GNKV[KG .T"FGB OF[ ,OFKNT ONGTF \GKRGXKI \B ZKCDFNG ,NBZ[K KRC
.G"I OFC WVI ONGTN QKBG ,ONGTC Z\GKP ZCE GKF[ GPM NBZ[K \B GCK[IKG ,NBZ[K

      | 152

QFN[ \GKPKRV NT \ZCD\P ,T"FGBC[ \GKRGXKIF GNKVB[ FHC OKPZGD BNB ,EGT BNG
NT FNTP OKNGTG OKZCD\P ,ONGTF KCKZIPG OKYKHPF OF[ ,T"FGBC[ OKTGZDF KM .QPXT
\GJKI[FG \GRCZGIF NM OK[GT OF HBG .T"FPGB KEKSI OF[ ,OFN[ \GKPKRVF
.LNKBG QBMP GRZP[K O[F ,OFN FKKBZ KET GKF GRZGE KRC[ ,OKPGKBF
.FZG\F \GKPKRVCG ZFGHF EGPKNC KGN\ ,NBZ[K \NTP NMG NBZ[K \NGBD[ ,LKRKTN KZF
,FZG\F \GKPKRV \B GCHT[ \PIP OF ,NBZ[K KRC N[ O\EKZK NMG \GRCZGIF NM ,LVFNG
.NNM GC LZGX QKB[ ZCE G"I F\KKF[ GPM F\GB G[TG ,FJP FJP F\NTP GNKV[FG
:(BRKKR\ CK\R ,N QGYK\) ZFGHF KRGYK\C GZPB[ FHG (T
\TEN ,FRKC KNC ,QYKZ CN QMN [K KZF[ ,F[GEYF FRKM[F NKC[C ,GZZGT\FG GPGY
,LRGT [KF BR BZY QGDM ,BZY ZPGB NGY ,ZCEF EGSG .OMMG\C BKF[ V"TB ,F\GB DK[FNG
\GPFCM FPF ONGM ,ZKXI Z[CF NM ,BZYB FP ,\ZPGB BKFG .FRV\ OK[GEYP KP NBG
.OK[GT OF OPXTN ,OK[GT[ ESI NM ,FE[F WKXM GESI NMG ,ZKXI OKNMGB[
,NNV\FNG \GZYN ,NBZ[KP EIBG EIB NM N[ ,GCNC YVGE NGY[ ,"BZY ZPGB NGY"
.NBZ[K NM N[ \GP[R \GNNM BKF[ ,F[GEYF FRKM[F \PZFN
NKC[C .ZVTP KPXT \B OKZFN IGM KC QKB ,ZPGNM ,"BZYB FP" \ZPGB FRKM[F NCB
KNC \GGXPF OK[GT[ ,ZPGNM ,ZKXIG C[T KNMGB ,\GPFCM FPF ONGM ,"ZKXI Z[C NM["
.\GPFC GPM ,\TE
QKB[ ZPGNM ,OK[GT OF OPXTN ,OK[GT[ OKESIF NM ,"FE[F WKXM GESI NMG"
\NTG\N YZ BNB ,OZXGKN IGZ \IR TKV[FN KEMC FRKKF\[ ,OK[GT[ \GGXPC O\RGGM
G[T BN ,FZG\F YST NT ORPH GZSP[ ,OFC[ OKCGJF GNKVBG .\GGXPF OK[GT OF OPXT
.OZXGKN IGZ \IR TKV[FN KEMC FKGXZF FRGGM KNC ,OPXT OVGD \NTG\N BNB ,FH
LKZXF ,IK[PF IGZ GRKKFE .ONGTFN ,CG[K BNG LNGF IGZ ,ZGEF NT ZPBR ,BKFF \TC
FTE WZBF FBNPG" CG\MF OKKYN ,FPN[F FNGBDN ET ,OFK\GZX NMP NBZ[K \B NGBDN
.ONGTC ZKBP GRKBG ,LNFG GN YN\SR FHF IGZF ,"F \B
NMGK BNG ,ONGTFP GN LNKG YN\SK IK[P N[ GIGZ[ OKPZGDF ,OK[RB O\GBN OFN KGB
N[ \KIGNIN GF[P KNC ZPGNM ,F[CKN FZG\F \B OK[GTF OF FPF[ ,ONGTN CG[N
QKCFNG NE\[FN OKXGZ ORKBG ,FZG\F N[ K[TPF YNIC YZ OKPXPJXP KM .\TEG NM[
.FGGXP KPTJG FZG\F \GEGSC NKM[FNG TEKN ,FNCYF \PMIC
\GDKZFG FHKCG SPIG CZIG \GKRT GKFK[ ,GNNF OFK[TPC OKPZGD OF[ ,OFN KGB
.ONGTC \GEP[FG
\GKPKRVC OKNHNHP ,FZG\F KYSGT NM \GKFC[ ,GRZBKC[ GPM ,BGF OFKZCE OTJG (BT
F C G Y S T K G , O N GT C GC L ZG X Q K B [ Z C E GP M F \ G B O K I KR P G , F ZG \ F \ G K P KR V C G , O F N[
OK Z K CD P FP F FHC [ = Z K Y OK [ [ D P OK Z G GK TM FC FP FG ,FN K N B NG OG K BN [ FT[ C YZ

153 |    
NT O K C K[ I P F PF F Z G \ F \ GK R G X K I Q MG , O V G D \ NT G \ GR K K F E , O P X T O \ GK R GX K I \ B
. F Z G\ F \ G K PK R V
\B \GZKCDP ,ONGTC QR[K[ \GKRGXKIF \GRKIC NM[ ,GNNF OFK[TPC OKPZGD FPF HBG
:F\GFP KVN \IB NM .ONGTC[ \GKPKRVF KYNI NM NT QPXT
\B \NJCPG \ZCD\P ,OFC[ "\GXZBF KPT" GRKKFE ,NBZ[K NNMC[ \GKRGXKIF KM .B
.FZG\F KNGED OF[ ,NBZ[K NNMC[ \GKPKRVF
\B \NJCPG \ZCD\P ,OFC[ QCZGIF KNTC OF[ ,ONGTF \GPGBC[ \GKRGXKIF QMG .C
.ONGTF \GPGB KEKSI OF[ ,OFC[ \GKPKRVF
OF[ ,NBZ[K KRC \B \NJCPG \ZCD\P ,T"FGB OF[ ,ONGTF NM \GKRGXKI QMG .D
.ONGTF \GKPKRV
EKP[FN ZYKTC OKXGZG ,[BZ OKPKZP ,ONGTF \GPGBC[ QCZGIF KNTC NM ,FHM ZGECG
,ONGTN FBC \GRTZGV QKB" :(D"S \GPCK) N"H GZPB[ GPM GRKKFE ,NBZ[K KRC \B DGZFNG
EG[G CZIG \GKRT OKPZGD OF[ ,N"RF OKRGYK\C CG\M[ GPM ,GRKKFE ."NBZ[K NKC[C BNB
.GNGM ONGTC ,\GEP[FG \GDKZFG
,EGT BNG .N"RF OKRGYK\C ZGPBF NMN FKKBZ KET GRK[TR ,OKCZF GR\GRGGTC[ ZIBG
FRKBG" :(S Y"C) N"H GZPB[ GPM ,GRC[ OKCGJFC BYGGE FTDV QKEF \EKP[ BNB
QKNGV \GXZBC ,NBZ[K NNMN FKF[ ,ZBVF NMPG ."FNKI\ OKYKEXF QP BNB ,\NI\P
.F[GEYF GRXZBC[ OKEKZ[F BNB ,GRN ZB[R BN ,GMG BJKNG
EIB NMG .FHF ZGPIF \GGTPF \B QY\N ,FJKNVF \KZB[ ,GRKNT YZ NJGP F\TP FRF
LNKBG QBMP ZKCDFN ,GEGBPG G[VR NMC ,GPXT NT NCYK :FJKNVF KEKZ[ ,GR\BP EIBG
.FZG\F \GKRGXKI \NTP NT F\GCK[IM ,KGBZF FPGYP \B FN Q\KNG ,FZG\F \GKPKRV \B
"NBZ[K" \RKIC GRKKFE ,GPXT G\GKPKRV \NTP ZKCDFN ,GR\BP EIBG EIB NM FMHK HBG
BKF[ ,GC[ "T"FGB" \RKIC BKF[ ,GPXT G\GKRGXKI \RKIC NT ,[VRF KMZGX BKF[ ,GC[
.UGDF KMZGX
\B GTEKG GZKMK ,GRC[ "\GXZBF KPT"[ ET ,GNGM NBZ[K NNM NT OD FHF IGM TKDKG
.OFN G\KKXKG OFN GTP[KG ,OFKNT NBZ[K KNGED N[ FNTPFG IC[F
,OFN[ \GKRGXKIF \B GTKRMKG GZCD\K ,ONGTF \GPGB KEKSI OF[ ,T"FGB \GKPKRV QMG
.QCZGIF KNTC OF[
,ONGTF \GKRGXKI NT ,O\NTPG OIC[ NMC GZCD\K ,NBZ[K OF[ ,ONGTF \GKPKRV QMG
.\GPGBF OF[
.OFKNT NBZ[K \NTPC GEGKG GZKMK T"FGB NM ,HBG

      | 154

\KC OGNIR\FG ,OPGYP NB OGBKCFG ,OKPT OGIYNG" :(E"K ,FKT[K) CG\MF GPKKYKG
U\M NT LK\GRCG ,QXGIC LKRC GBKCFG" :(J"P ,FKT[K) QMG ."F \PEB NT NBZ[K
BGF[ ,LN[ FHF ZGCKIC :GRG[N FHG (C"T EMY UE ,B[R) ZFGHC CG\M[ FHG ."FRB[R\
.QGXZ KFK QM QPB .ZBGCPM ,GRKKFE ."OKPIZC ,\GNDF QP GC GBXK ,ZFGHF ZVS


 
 
GR\V[G ,\GI\VP UNBC ZDGSPG ZGDS ,[GEYF ZFGHF ZVSC[ FPMIF YPGT[ ,\GKF (B
FHF ZVSC[ EIB ZCE [ZVN KEM YKVSPG QPBR KGJKC GRN BKXPFNP Z\GKC FNE ,\K[GRBF
.OKZCEF N[ OFCGDN \GNTN QKKTPFN ZGHTN ,ONGS BNB GRKB ,K\K[T[ ZGBKCFG .GVGS ET
LZE GN Q\KNG ,QKKTPF \B QKMFN WGIRN K\BXP ,QMN .GPXT ZVSF KZCEC QKKTNG NM\SFNG
.ZVSFC NKM[FNG \GDFN LKB ,OKRPBR OKZEDC ,BGCPG
BGF ,GC[ FEDB KZCEC GNKVBG ,ZFGHF ZVSC ZCGEPF NM[ ,TE\[ LKZX FRG[BZC (C
P"KFR \"DI C"IM \GBZYRF ,\GZKVS Z[T N[ OKMZT
IXR ,\ZBV\ FZGCD ESI ,FRKC FPMI Z\M~
QFKVGZKX[ ,\ZCGEPF FV[C[ \GK\GBF C"MN FPGEC .QFKMZT KVGZKXG ,|\GMNP EGSK EGF
,\GZKVS Z[TC[ OKMZT KVGZKXG OKMZTF QM .FPMI NMG WVI NM \GNDN GRN OKYKVSP
.OKP[F ZVSC[ FPMIF NM \GNDN OKYKVSP
QGKTF \TC ,OFP WGI \BXN BN[ ,EGBP OFC ZFHKFN OKMKZX[ ,OKZED D FHC [K ,QMB
.FCIZFC O\GB ZBCB M"IBG ,ZGXKYC O\GB TKXB FNKI\PG .ZVSF KZCEC
:OKRGMPF ,FNM[FF KMZEC OKRVGB E [K KM .B ZED (D
,ZPGI .B
,ZPGIC[ FZGX .C
,\J[VGP FZGX .D
.\GFP .E
\J[VGP FZGXC QMG ,\GFPC[ TE\G .QNFN ZBCB[ GPM ,\GZKVS Z[TFC BGF QMG
FEGTC ,QFC[ FZGXC GB .QFC[ ZPGIC YZ BNB .NNM YST ZFGHN QKB ,\GZKVS Z[TC[
.ZPGIC \[CGNP
KMZEG \GP[RF \BKZC OT Z[YC ,\KYNBF \GBKXPF NM \GNNM[ ,\GKFC .C ZED (E
:QF[ ,\GRICF DC GRN \RICR ,QPGKY

155 |   

 ,BGF LGZC UGS=QKB .B
,\GNKXBF ONGT .C
.|T"KC~ FK[T FZKXK FBKZC OKBZYRF ,\GPNGTF D .D
,\GNKXBF ONGTG F"C S"BC QMG .T"KC \GPNGTF DC BNB ,YSGT ZFGHF QKB[ ,TE\
,OPXTN OF[M O\RKICC ,\GNKXBF ONGTG F"C S"BC NCB .OFP OKNCYP T"KC[ ZGTK[C
.NNM OFC YSGT ZFGHF QKB
:\GRKIC D ,T"KCP ONGTG ONGT NMC [K[ ,\GKF .D ZED (F
,ONGT G\GBC \GZKBPF ,\GKYNBF QF[ ,\GZKVS Z[TF .B
,OEB KRC \G[VRG ,\GIGZ ,\GP[R .C
.ZVSP QKB OFKJZVN[ ,\GNMKFG ,OK[GCN ,OKMBNP OKRGMPF ,GC[ \GBKXPF Z\K .D
LKZX OGYP NMP ,ONGT NMC[ OKJZVF NM ZGBKC CKIZP ZFGHF[ V"TB[ :NKM[\
.ONGT G\GBC[ OEB KRC \GP[R \RKICN YZ EKP\ OKHMGZP ,ZFGHF KZCE ZYKT[ ,TE\[
.QFP \GNCYP \GP[RF[ ZGTK[F \TEN KEM BNB GRKB ,\GRKICF ZB[ ZBCPG ZCEP[ FPG
F\B ,LMKVN .\IB FNKP GNKVB ,OFC ZCEP ZFGHF QKB ,\GP[RF \NCYN TDGR GRKB[ FPG
|...~ .FP[RF \NCYN TDGR[ FPC YZ ,ZFGHF ZVSC BCGPF ZCE NMC ,NKM[FN LKZX

:OF[ ,BF ZEDC NKTN OKBCGPF ,\GNM[GPF KRVGB E GNB ,QBM NKM[FN [KG (BK
,ZPGI .B
,ZPGIC \[CGNP FZGX .C
,\J[VGP FZGX .D
.\GFP .E
[KB" :ZPGB F\B[M ,N[PN .H"FGTC[ OK[IGPF OKZCEC ,OEGYP O\GB ZBCB[ ,BNB
:LKRVN KZF ,FPGEMG "QZY[ GB ,K\KPB [KB GB ,ZGCKD
,GVGD GRKKFE ,GN[ ZPGIF .B
,QZY[ GB K\KPB GB ZGCKD GRKKFE ,GN[ ZPGIC \[CGNP FZGX .C
NTP ,QZY[G ,K\KPBG ,ZGCKD N[ FZGXF JK[VFN NMG\ KM ,ZPGNM .\J[VGP FZGX .D
.UGDG ZPGI OG[C \G[CGNP K\NC ,QPXTN QF[M GNNF \GZGX D NKM[FNG ,[KBF ZPGI
FT[C ,\GRD GB FNTP QFC QKICFNG ,ZY[G ,\PBG ,FZGCD N[ \GEKPF NKM[FN ,GRKKFE
.ZPGI NMP \GJ[VGP QF[
.[KBF N[ G\GFP .E

      | 156

FSKV\ GRN QKB ,ZPGIF KNC ,GPXTN BGF[M ,[KBF \GFP BGF[ ,EF QVGB[ ,TE\G (CK
BNG ,\GFPF N[ \GNGTV KGNKD BNB GRN GTKXK BN ,GRN[ QGKPEFG ,OK[GIF F KM .NNM GC
:N[PN KM .\GFPF OXTC OGNM
.ZGBF NGP O\GP[Z\F LZTC ,\KBZRF \GFPF QP OKNNX YZ GRN TKXP ,FKKBZF [GI
FMP ,GIGMP FIERF ZKGGBG .ZKGGBC \GFP FHKB N[ FBMF IGM YZ BGF ,FTKP[F [GIG
.GR\CZYC \GFP FHKB [K[ OKTPG[ GRBG ,GRKRHGBC[ UG\F NT
.OKIKZP GRBG ,GRN[ IKZF KCXT NT FMPG \GFPFP BXGK ZKGGB YZ BGF ,IKZF [GIG
.GRN[ OTJF KCXTC \GFP FHKB \TKDRP FENG\ YZ BGF ,OTJF QMG
\GCCGSPF \GNGTVF N[ OKGNKD YZ ,GRN OKTKXP ORKB ,GNBF OK[GIF E NM[ ,KZF
.FPXT \GFP QP OGNM BNG ,\GFP GHKBP
,LZN YXGP QKCG ,ZYN OI QKC NKECPF ,OK[GIFP YHIF BGF[ ,[G[KPF [GI GNKVBG
KM .\GFPF N[ OKZYP YZ FPFG ,\GFPF LG\C[ \GNGTV KGNKD BNB ORKB GNB NM KZF
,OKNHGRN FKPKMF \MBNPC LGVFN Z[VB YXGPFG ,GPPIN Z[VB ZYFG ,GZZYN Z[VB OIF
OTG ,OK[GIF FP QI+^CF& NM GRPP KZPDN TYV ZCM[ ,OKHD YZ GRKKFE ,OKZKGGBN OKNHGRFG
,OKNHGRN OKZKGGBF \B LGVFN CG[ NGMK F\B ,KZF[ .GC \PKKY \GFPF EGT ,FH NM
.YXGPN OKNHGRFG
KGNKDG OKZYP YZ BNB ,\GFP OG[ GRN GNDK BN OK[GIF F[ ,LKRKTN NKNTC KZF
.GRN[ QGKPEC OD BC GRKB ,[IGPC GRKNB BC GRKB[ FP NM[ ,TEGRG .\GFPF QP \GNGTV
.G\GB NKM[FN LKB ,LZE GRN QKBG .FC[IPC ONGTN BGCK BN ,QGKPEC BGCK BN[ FPG
TEGR BN ,GRPXT GR\GFP GNKVB BNB ,EGT BNG .\GFPC NNM FSKV\ FC[IPN QKB[ ,KZF
KRBG ,OI KRBG ,YXGP KRBG ,ONGTC OGYP SVG\ KRB[ ,TEGKG [KDZP KRB KM .BKF FP GRN
GNB NM[ ,KPXT K\GFP FP ,KRNB[\ OB NCB .K\GFP \GNGTV KGNKDP FPGEMG ,C[GI
NM \D[F GRPP FTRP FID[FF[ ,KZF .LN CK[FN FP TEGK KRKB ,GRPP OKM[PR OKGNKDF
.OK\GFPFP \GND\PF ,\GNGTV N[ OKGPKEG OKGNKD YZ OKDK[P GRBG ,\GFP
.\GFP NMP \GND\PF ,\GNGTV N[ OKGNKDF GNB GRKKFE ,ZPGIF BGF[ ,BF QVGBG (DK
\RMG[F ,\GFPF \B ,FZGPD FYVSFC GRN OKZKCSP OF KM ,FPN[ FSKV\ GC GRN [K
BN BKFG ,FPXTN BKF[M \GFPFC FD[F ZSGIP ,OGNM OKNCGS GRB QKB[ ,QVGBC .ZPGIC
\GNGTV KGNKD GRKKFE ,ZPGIF \D[FG .GREKN \K[K[ TCXB GRN ZSI\ BN[ GPM ,GRN FZSI
QFG ,GRPXT GR\G[K \D[FN QF .GRK\GNM[FG GRKMZX NMN GRN \YVSPG FKE ,\GFPF N[
.GRN WGIP[ \G[KF NM \D[FN
FYKVSPG \ZZGCP FD[F QM OD BKF .ZPGIC \[CGNPF FZGX BKF[ ,CF QVGB (EK
O\ GB OK B XG P G R B[ ,OK K [T P OK K [P P \G R GK S K R LG \P ,F\ G B O K NK M [P G R B K M . K Z PD N

157 |   

L GP S N Z [VB[ ,F FG CDF G R\ NM [F NM G R N F BC ,G H FR K I CP G . Z PG I N M \G DFR \ FC
. \G BE G GN FKN T
FEGTC ,OTV GRN F\ND\R FZGXF[ ZIB ,GRKKFE .\J[VGP FZGX BGF[ ,DF QVGB (GJ
NKM[FNG ,ZPGIF QP KZPDN F\GB JK[VFN GRN[ QGKPEC IGM [K ,ZPGI FHKBC \[CN\P
GRB[ .ZSGPF KZVSC \GBCF ,\GCGJF \GEKPFG \GNTPF GPM .ZPGI NMP J[VGPC F\GB
GRBG .ZPGI NMP \GJ[VGP QF[M ,FPGEMG ,FZGCDG ,STMG ,ZY[G ,\PB \GEKPP OKZCEP
.\GJ[VGP QF[ FT[C GNKVB ,\GRD GB \GNTP QFN OKSIKKP
Z[V B KB[ OG[P . O KZKFHF OKNKM[ PF \T E NT NCGY P GRKB ,F HF D F QVGB [ ,T E\ G
OKN G N T O F ,Z PG IF P J[VG PC OKJV [R O\ G KFC KM . OKH G IB F BPC GK NT LG PS N
. OFC \GTJN
F\ZGXC BKF[M \PBF \NTPC GYST CGZP |...~ KNBKEKBF ZSGPF NTC ,N[PN
ZPBK[ ZY[F KEK NT F\KPP OK[RB FHKB NKXK[ \TC GNKVB FRF ,ZPGIFP \J[VGPF
ZY[ ZCE JKNVK BN BGF ,QGECBN LNK ONGTF NM GNKVB[ ,GPXTC JKNIFN NMGK ,OFN
"[VR IGYKV KRVC EPGT[ ,ZCE LN QKB" KZF[ ,FZG\ \TE FH QKBG .GKVP FRGGMC
.(C"V ,BPGK)
,ORCGP FKF HB ,ZPGIC \G[CN\P QF[ \TCM ZY[G \PB \GZGXF NKM[P FKF OB ,QMB
,OFC FSR\R ONGTF[ OKCGZP \GRGKSKR ZIB KM ,ZPGNM .ZPGIFN YKHP GB NKTGP LZTC YZ
\GK\NTG\F CGZ \BG ,OZY[ ] KZCEC GPZD ZY[ K[RB[ OKYHRFG \GRCZGIF CGZ GBZG
QKB Z[B FPMSF KEKN GBC ,\PB KZCE YZ ZPGN OPXT \B O\ZKP[C GBKCF \PB K[RB[
QKCP FKF JSKNBKEKBF OBG .ZY[F \EKPM \GRD QKBG ,\PBF \EKPP FCG[I Z\GK FNTP
OEB GNKVB NKXFN ,ZY[F ZCE[ ,BXGP FKFG ,FZG\ \TEN OKMSP KBEG FKF HB ,FH \B
.\J[VGPF \PBF \EKP N[ FIC[ ] G FNEGD NMP ,CG[I Z\GK LZT QKBN BGF ,F\KPP EIB
LKZX QKBG .\GJ[VGP \GZGX QF[ ,DF QVGBP \GNM[GPF O\GBC ,\GBEG NNM QKB[ ,KZF
QF ,GNB QGDM \GNM[F[ ,ONGTP ZPGI FHKBC G[CN\R BN EGT[ ,\GJ[VGP \GZGXC ,ZPGN
.ECNC QPH EGCKB YZ
,\J[VGP FZGX ,ZPGIC FZGX ,ZPGI :OKRVGBF E GNB CJKF LN ZBC\R[ ZIBG (HJ
.OKK[IGPF OKZCEC ,\GFPG
:ZBC\R[
,ZYKT NM FC FSKV\ GRN QKB ,\GFPF BGF[ ,EF QVGB[
,\GTJN NGNTF ,NM[GP BGF ,DF QVGBG
ECNC OF ,ZPGIC \[CGNP FZGX BGF[ CF QVGBG ,ZPGIF BGF[ ,BF QVGBF YZG
.FRGKNTF FID[FF EXP ,\YVSPG FZGZC FD[FN GRN GR\KR

      | 158

OKRGKNTF \GPNGTC GRKKFE ,OKKRIGZF OKPXTF \GBKXPC OD ,O\ZHTC QKCFN NMG\ KZF
.GNNF OKRVGB E KV NT ,YNIR FKFK BN[ ,OFC QJY JZV LN QKB KM .T"KCB
, O G E B F QG G D O F [ , O K NM O [ [ K KZ F , F B K ZC F O NG T C J Z V F H KB N [ PN IY K\ O B K M
T C X B G F [ F B K Z C C [ K N MF F R F G . N" R M , F B KZ C F KR C N GE K N T Z C G T F B K Z C F Z G B [
G RK K R T[ , TCX YZ BG F[ V" T BG . BF QV GB GR K K FE , OXT GB ,Z P GI \R K I C BG F ,O GE BF
, G P XT \ GF PC F D [ F GR N QK B [ , G RZ P B Z C M O G YP N MP , O XTC [ F N GT V K G NK D G F Z YP
G B ,OXT O [ C OK RM P G R B ,FH F FNG TV K G NK D F \B G . \G FP FP FNG TV K G NK D C Y Z B NB
, O G E B Q GG D F LZ E Z C GT G [ CN\ PF , K YN B Z G B G . D " K \ G B C N " RM , K N M G B , U GD GB , Z P GI
\ R K IC C , G PX T Z GB F F B Z R Q M NT K M . C F QV GB G R KK F E , O X T F C \ [ C G N PF F Z G X F B G F
Z P GI FG U G D F \R K I C BGF [ ,O XTF LZ E ,G \Z BFG G\G [ C N\F NT FZ G K [ ,O GE B Z G B
. OG EB Q GG D F G R K K FE , N" R M
BGF[M GC QGENG ,OGEB QGGDF BGF[ ,OXTFP KYNBF ZGBF JK[VFN FXZ\ ,ORPB OBG
\J[VGP FZGX GRKKFE ,DF QVGBN LKK[ ZCM FH KZF ,OXTC \G[CN\F KNC ,GPXTN
\GPNGTF \NM[FC ZGPI ZGSKB BGF ,LMKVNG .N"RM ,\GKGTJ NCYN FNGNTF ,ZPGIP
,ZPGN LKZX QKBG .ZFGHF KNTC QM[ NMPG ,FHC YGSTK BN K\KPB NCGYP OG[G .OKRGKNTF
N[ \GFPC GNKVB ,ZYKT NM FC FSKV\ GRN QKB KZF[ ,FBKZCE JZVF N[ "\GFP"C
.OKRIGZF OKPXTC QM[ NMP ,OKP[DF OKPXT
:OKRVGB E LKRVN [K[ ,KZF
.FBKZCF N[ ZPGI GB OXTN QICRF ,OGEB QGGD EGS BGF[ ,FBKZCE KNMF .B
.OXTC FZGX BGF[ ,FBKZCE KNMFC KYNB ZGB \G[CN\F .C
.FBKZCE OXTFP J[VGPC ,GPXTN BGF[M ,KYNBF ZGB .D
.JZVF N[ \GFP .E
NMC \IB FNKP GNKVB OFP QKB ,EG D OKRVGBF CP[ :BF ZED ,CJKF ZBC\R FRFG
.ECNC CFG BF QCGPP YZ BNB ,ZFGHF
ONGTC ,B JZVC OKRVGBF E GRZBKC[ GPM[ ,TEG .CF ZED ZBC\K ,FH OT EIKG (HK
:Z[B ,T"KCB \GPNGT E \GNNMC ,NNM LZEC OF QM ,ECNC FBKZCF
.OXTF GB ,ZPGIF \RKIC OF ,T"KC \GPNGT DC[ ,ZGI[ YGZK OGEB ,OKRGGD D
DC GRKKFE ,ZPGIFC \[CN\PF FZGXF BGF ,\GNKXBF ONGT \RKIC BGF[ ,QCN QGGDG
.T"KC OKBZYRF ,OKRGGD
.\GFPF EGS BGF ,GPXTN BGF[M ,S"B \RKICG
ONTRF ,EF QVGB BGF[ ,FSKV\ GRN QKB ,\GFPF \RKICC[ ,BF ZEDC GRZPB[ BGFG
.(C"K \GBC N"RM) H"FGTC[ OKPXTFC GNKVBG ,OKPXTF NMC

159 |   

,FPMIF ZGB GRKKFE ,T"KCC[ QKRGGD DC [CGNP K\NC ,GPXTN BGF[M ,QCN QGGD \RKICG
YST GRN QKB[ ,ZPGIP \J[VGP FZGX BKF KZF ,\GMNPG \ZBV\ FRKCC [CN\P GRKB[M
:BNB ,OGNM BNG FHF QVGBP ZCEP ZFGHF QKBG .GC
\ZBV\ FRKC \GZKVSF D OF[ ,ZPGIN OKC[IRF ,T"KC KRGGD D BGF[ ,BF QVGBP
.\GMNPG
,FPMIF ZGB GRKKFE ,T"KC KRGGD DC [CGNPF ,\GNKXB \ZBF OF[ ,CF QVGBP QMG
.ZPGIFC \[CGNP[ \TC ,FZGX \RKIC OF[ ,\GMNPG \ZBV\G FRKCC [CN\PF
.\GPGYPF NMC ZFGHF ZVS YSGT GNNF CP
N MC ,Z F G H F K Z CE N K M[ F N , G\ RC F G G \ C [ I P ZK E D F N ,Z F H K B N Q K K T PF O B , LM K VN G
BKX GK KM ,Q KKRT F N M G N N CN C\K E KP , OKZMH R F OKR V GB F C N [ OZE DC Y Z ,OG YP
|... ~ . O\GTP[PP OKZCEF
,\GZKVSF \RKICP ,ONGTG ONGT NMC YSGT ZFGHF[ V"TB[ :DF ZED ZBCR F\TG (JK
G\GBC[ OKBZCRF OF[ ,P"IXE KJZV NMP QMG ,ONGT G\GBC FZKBPF \GKYNBF QF[
.ONGT G\GBC[ ZCEPF \RKIC NB YZ \TNGY ,ZFGHF \RGGM ZYKT OGYP NMP ,ONGT
Z[B ,(C"P \GB ,ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYFC) NKTN ZBC\R KM .H"FGTC[ \GKGFP LN NK[PBG
QGXZF KYNI E OF ,H"FGTC GNKVBG ,ONGTG ONGT NMC[ ,ZCEP KI IPGX OPGE ,OKRKPF E
.P"IXE KRKP EF GNB ,GPXT GMZTC [K ,OFP EIB NMCG .NCYN
OD KM .H"FGTC[ P"IXE \GRKIC E NMP NED\FNG QKHFN LKZX ,H"FGTC OEBF[ ,BXP\G
N[ GVGDC[ P"IXE \GRKIC EP OKM[PRF ,\GRKIC E GNB GC [K ,OEBF N[ GK\GRGHP
:OF[ ,OEB
,OKKY\FN KEMC ,KIZMFF GPGKY \EKP KVN NCYN FXGZ .B
OXPJXP[ BNB ,\GZ\GPN UBG[G ,KIZMFF GPGKY \EKPP Z\GK \VSG\C FXGZ .C
,ECNC \GKPFC \GGB\C
,FN[PPG EGCM QGDM ,\GK[GRB \GGB\N UBG[ .D
.\GNM[GPN UBG[ .E
:GC[ NCYN QGXZF KYNI EC GN OKM[PR OFG
,NCYN QGXZF N[ OPGEF \RKIC BGF ,KIZMFF GPGKYC FXGZ .B
BNB OKBC ORKB KM ,NCYN QGXZF N[ IPGX \RKIC BGF ,\KPFCF \GGB\C FXGZ .C
,UGDF Z[C BGF[ ,GN[ KNMF \B DRTNG NKEDFN
,GIGZ OKNKEDP FPF KM ,NCYN QGXZC[ KIF \RKIC BGF ,\GK[GRB \GGB\C FXGZ .D
.NCYN QGXZF N[ ZCEPF \RKIC BGF ,\GNM[GPC FXGZ .E

      | 160

 :BXP\G (M
,KIZMFF GPGKY \EKP BKF[ ,B FRKIC[
QGHKRG NCYP BGF ,GPGKY \EKP NT \GZ\KF \GKPFCF \GGB\ \EKP BKF[ ,C FRKICG
.KIG IPGXG OPGE OF[ ,GRPP OKMGPRF OKZCEP
GRKP KRCP QGHKRG NCYP BGF ,EGCMG FN[PP QGDM ,\GK[GRB \GGB\ BKF[ ,D FRKIC NCB
.GKNB OKGG[F
,GRKPP FRGKNT FRKICP QGHKRG NCYP BGF ,\GNM[GPF BKF[ ,\GRGHPF N[ E FRKICG
.OKKRIGZ OF[ ,NM[FG FPMIF OXTP GRKKFE
\GPNGTF KM . OKKRIGZF OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF N[ OKMZTC NKM[\ ,GFGPMG (BM
OP \G I OK I K RP ,F BK Z CF ON G TC[ P " I XE \ G RK I C N MG . FJ P N FN TP P ,G H P G H O KP \ IR
,F K [ TE P " IX EP G . F K [ TE P "I X E O KP \ I R , F Z K XK F P " I X EP G . F Z K X K F O N GT C
. H " FG T C[ P " I XE O KP \ IR
:C"P \GB |ZFGHF ZVSN~ FPEYFC NKTN ZBC\RG
,"\GNMKF" O[C OKRGMP ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC[ OKPPGEF[ .B
,"OK[GCN" O[C O[ FRGMP ,IPGXFG .C
,"OKMBNP" O[C ,KIFG .D
,ONGT G\GBC[ OEBF N[ "\GP[R" \RKIC BGF ,ZCEPFG .E
.F"[T .\GKYNBF OF ,ONGT NMC[ \GZKVS Z[TFG .F
,ONGT G\GBC[ KRIGZF \GBKXPF NMP QGHKR BGFG .ONGT NMC[ HMZPF QF OEBF \GP[RG
:QVGBC .H"FGTC[ KP[DF \GBKXPF NMP QGHKRF ,KP[DF ZCEPF LZEM
\GNMKF \ZBFP NCYP BGF ,KIZMFF GPGKY \B NCYN QGXZF BGF[ ,B FRKIC[
,O[ Z[B OK[GCNFG
OKMBNPF \RKICP NCYP BGF ,GVGD \B OKNKEDPF ,\GKPFC \GZ\GP BGF[ ,C FRKICG
OKNMF \B NKEDFN KEM ,GPGKY \EKP NT \GZ\GKP ,\GKRIGZ \GZBF QF[ ,O[ Z[B
.OFC \[CN\P G\P[R[ OKKRIGZF
\GNMKFF OF[ ,GRPKF \GMGPR \GRKICP BGF NCYP ,C FRKICG B FRKIC[ KZF
.OEB KRC \GP[RP OKMGPR OF[ ,O[ Z[B OKMBNPFG OK[GCNF
H"FGTC NCYPF ,OEBF N[ GIGZ \B \GNKEDP QF[ ,\GK[GRB \GGB\ BKF[ ,D FRKICG
.GRKP KRCP
NT[ ,ONGTF G\GBC \GBXPRF \GP[RF NMP GRKKFE ,GRKP KRCP QM OD O[ NCYP ,BXPR
.G\P[R N[ IGZF \ZBF NKEDP QFKEK

161 |   

,ONGT G\GBC[ \GZKVSFP O[ NCYP BGF ,\GNM[GPN GRKKFE ,QGXZF N[ E FRKICG
.G\P[RN E"CI \RKIC NCYP QFP[
NMP ON\[FNG NED\FN FMKZX ,ONGTG ONGT NMC \BXPR[ ,OEBF \P[R[ ,KZF
KZCE NM[ TEKN OKMKZX[ ,GRZPB[ DF ZEDF BGFG .BGFF ONGTC \GBXPRF \GRKICF
,\GP[RP QF ,\GZKVSP QF ,OFC OKYSGT[ OKRGKNTF \GPNGTFP JZVG JZV NMC ,ZFGHF
NMP ,OPXTN OF[M OFC OKYSGT[ V"TB ,\GNMKFP QF ,OK[GCNP QF ,OKMBNPP QF
OEBF \P[R \RKIC[ ,ZGTK[F KVNM ZYKTC OKZPBR OF[ ,NKM[FN QKKTPF CKGIP ,OGYP
.FP[RF N[ FKMZXC OKHMGZP OFKZCE NM[ ,QVGBC .OFP FRGHKRG OFP \NCYP ,O[ Z[B
|...~ .LKMZE \B IKNX\G QKC\ HB ,FHF GY KV NT NMF NKM[\ OBG

ZVSC ZCGEPF NM[ :DF ZEDC GRN ZEGDPM ,F"C S"B O[F \B QKCFN OKMKZX (DM
S " B O [ F [ , Q V G B C . ( B " M \ GB C N " RM ) \ G P[ RF K V NM S IK C Y G K EC H MG Z P B G F , ZF GH F
NM [ F P \ R K I CP B N B , GP X TN B G F [ M , \ G B K XP F CK G I P \ R K IC N NN M GR K B , F " C
F [ T P U G S " \ R KI C C , F B K Z C F \ C [ IP EG S C , \ K G C O K NG NM \ GP [ R F NM G \ G P NG T F
\ K GC \ Z [ G Y P , QG Y K \ F Z P D E T , F NN MC F B K Z C F NM [ Z [ Y F B G F [ , " F N KI \ F C [ I P C
. F "C S " B O [ C
N[ BF CXP O[C ,D"K \GB |ZFGHF ZVSN~ FPEYFC NKTN OKRMP GRB[ FP ,BGFG
,LGZFG DRGTF NMC \GBNP QF[M ,\K GC \GBKXP QFN [K \GP[RF NM[ ,\GKFN .\GP[RF
.QGYK\F ZPDC NTGVC GNCYK Z[B ,KVGSF FCGDC
:FBR \KC \GRCN FXGZF OEB ,N[PN .H"FGT \GKGFP ,N[P LN NG[PBG (EM
GPM ,GMG GKJZVG GKZEI NMC ZEGFP \KC GKRVN FBGZ BGF ,FRG[BZ FC[IPC ,FRF
.GRKKRC ZPDC FKFK[
NB O\GB JZVK BGF[ ,FKJZV NMN NTGVN FBXGFF \KRM\ C[IP BGF ,FH ZIBG
.FPGEMG NHZCG OKRCBG OKXTP ,GRPHG G\TC JZV NM ,OKNTGVF
G K RV N Z EG S P F KF [ G P M , G Z PD F E T NT G V C , \ K CF Q KK R C NK I \ P B GF , F H Z I B G
. FR G[ B Z FC[ I P C
,GKRVN \ZKGXP ZCM F\KKF[ ,N"RF FRG[BZ FC[IP EGS BGF ,F"C S"B \RKIC[ ,TE\G
.\KVGSF F\GPN[C FBKZCF NM
FC[IPFG ,OKGG[ FGGFFG EK\TF ,\K GNXB KM :N[PRN KZPDN FPGE N[PF QKB[ ,BNB
.\K[PP \GBKXP \K GC BGF ,LMKVNG .GRGPM F[TP KNMN LKZX GRKBG ,\K GC \ZPGD
M"IB LZXGK[ FP ,FKJZVC \K\C[IPF \KRM\F GPM EGS BGF ,\GNKXB ONGT \RKICG
.NTGVC \KCF \GRCN GNKI\K[ \TC \GNDN

      | 162

\KRM\F QMG ,F"C S"B BGF[ FRG[BZF FC[IPF QF[ ,FNB C Z[B ,NKM[\G
,GF[PF QP GF[P GNKVB O[ EGT QKB ,GRPHC NTGVN FBXGFF KJZV N[ \K\C[IPF
.K[PP NTGVC BNG ,IGMC BGF QKKET KZF[ .OKBZCRF \RKICP
LZXGK Z[B ,NHZCG OKRCBG OKXTP ,OKJZVF NMC C[GI[ V"TB ,OEBF NXB GPM
OKXTP GC QKBG .K\GPXT K\C[IP ZPGI BNB GC QKB EGT ,NTGVN FBXGFF QPHC \G[TN
\KRM\ QKB ,OEBF NXB Z[B ,BGF [ZVFF NMG .GF[PP GF[P GNKVB ,OKK[PP OKRCBG
,\K[PP \GBKXP BGF ,\GKYNBF FC[IPC NCB .\K[PP \GBKXPN \C[IR \K\C[IPF
.OPXT OKK[PPF OKBZCRF \GBKXPP Z\GKG Z\GK LZT QKBN
Y Z B G F , OF C ZC G E P F N M [ . \ G N K X B F O N G T E G S G , F " C S " B E G S , Z B C \ R F R F G
G NKV B O \ GP X T GN D R B N E GT G , IG MC O F [ E GT C B N B , O KB Z C R F \ B KZ C O T Z [ Y C
O K RC B G O K X T P G C Q KB [ , N T G V N F B X GF F \ KR M \ C [ GI F , O E B C GR N [ P F [ Q KT M . G F [P
. GF [ P GNK V B NH ZC G
OEBF QKTM .NTGVF NB IGMP FBXGFF \RKIC OF ,H"FGTG T"KC \GPNGTF DG (FM
|...~ .\KCF QKKRC ZPD ET ,OKNTGVFG OKRCBF OKXTF BKCPG ,[PP NTGVC G\KC FRGCF

,F"C S"BP L[PR FKFK BN[ ,H"FGTC [EGIPF QJY JZV NM LN QKB[ ,QVGBC (GM
SIKN GRKKFE ,\GNKXBF ONGT NB L[PR F"C S"BPG .\GP[RF N[ BF CXP \RKICP
.NTGVC H"FGTC [EGIPF ,ZCEN LKK[F KJZVF
NTGVC [GEKIF FND\P O[[ ,T"KC \GPNGTF DN [GEKIF L[PR ,\GNKXBF ONGTPG
.BZCR \RKICN \GKYNB \RKICP O[ BXGKG .[PP
.H"FGTC BXPRF ,QG\I\N L[PR[ ET .FK[TNG ,FZKXKNG
.CJKF QKC\ HBG .KP[D OEB NXB \KCF QKKRCC DFGRN ZCE NM NK[P\G ,CJKF FH QCFG
S"BC[ KNNMF G[ZG[P L[PR FKFK BN[ ,ONGTC FGF\K[ [GEKI OG[ LN QKB[ ,ZBC\RG
M"IBG .BZCR \RKIC NCYPG ,T"KC LZE ZCGT M"IBG .\GNKXBC KJZVF G[ZG[PG .F"C
|...~ .CJKF FH NKM[\G .H"FGTC FGGF\P BGF

QGXZ GN [K[ OKEPN GRB QBMP ,GKBZCRN \GRFKN F\KKF FBKZCF \C[IP[ LG\P (BN
OKCZ\P[ \TC GIGZ \ZGYC NED\P TKV[PF[ ,H"FGTC OKBXGP GRB[ LG\PG .TKV[FN
QKIGPF[ ,OKZPGB GRB GH FRKICP FRF ,OKNCYPF KGCKZN FGGB\P BGFG ,GRPP OKNCYPF
OKSRZVP[ GB ,\GNKXBF \TV[F NCYN OKMGH OKRG\I\F[ \TC ,\GNKXBC OKNED\P
,FHF ZGTK[C QKIGPF OKBXPR ,GTV[ NCYN OKBEM OKRG\I\F QKB[ \TC ,LVFN QMG .G\GB
.OFP NCYK[ KP QKB[ ,ZPGNM .OKJTP\P[ GPM
YKNE\ BN GB ,\GZR \GCCZ KCZ KVNB UNB GRPP YKNE\ OB QKC[ :ZR NB FH FPE\G (CN
.GPXT ZRC ,FP SVBC KGRK[ OG[ FH \PIP BXP\ BN ,OGNM GRPP

163 |   

BN OB QKCG ,OGKF GRGPM OKRC \GCCZ KCZ GRPP GBXK OB QKC :QG[BZF OEB GPM ,GB
.GF[P KGRK[ OG[ ,GPXT QG[BZF OEB NT FH NTGV FKF BN ,NNM EKNGP FKF
OKRG\I\F OB QKC ,GF[P KGRK[ OG[ G"I GC QKB ,GPXTN BGF[M ,\GNKXBF ONGT QM
\GNEDF NMG .GRPKF OGNM OKNCYP ORKB[ QKCG ,NGED TV[C GTV[ GRPKF OKNCYP
.ECNC OKRG\I\F NT YZ \XCGZ ,FZGPBF
FNBF OKKGRK[F NM \B ZB\N ,ZFGHF KNTCN OFN FKF FP O[N ,FH KVN ORPB (DN
BNG ,T"KCC[ OKNCYPF KVNM YZ ,[ZGVPC ZPGN OFN FKF ?GPXT \GNKXBF ONGTC
?OKXGZK\ OFKNT WZ\N LZJXR[ ,\GNKXBC LM NM OKZCE \GCZFN
KM .(C"K T[GF) "FPEB OKBKCRF EKCG" EGS BGFG .EGBPG EGBP WZPR EGS FHC [K ,QMB
NB GBZ\K ,OKNCYPF \GP[RC YZ OKNTV\PF ,OKGPKEF GNB[ ,KYNB WVI FHC [K ,\PBC
.\GP[RF \D[F \B Z\GKC NKEDFN KEM ,OFPT U\\[P GPXT \K BGF[ GPM ,\GP[RF
,\IR N[ OKRVCG ZTX N[ OKRVC ,QJYF GZKYK GRCN \GBZFN ,OXPJXPF ,CBN FPGEC
GRC \B NKTVFN YZ ,\BH F[GT BNB ,OGNM \IRF QP BNG ZTXF QP BN GC QKB[ V"TB
FP NM[ ,TEKG NKM[K ,NEDK[ ZIB YZG .GPT T[T\[FN KEMC ,G\RCF CKIZFNG ,CKCIF
.GPT T[T\[FN KEMC YZ BNB ,Z\GK \GK[PP OG[ GC FKF BN ,GKCB F[T[
YZ OKNKI\P ,OKGRK[FG OKGPKEF GNB NM[ V"TB :GRKRVN Z[B QKKRTC BGF QM
OF GNBM ,OFN FPE\P KYNB WVIC OGYP NMP ,OKPKK\SP OF OFCG ,\GP[RF \GNTV\FC
\GP[RF N[ Q\D[F \B NKEDFNG CKIZFN KEMC ,FH \KG \K F[GTG .GPXT \K GC OKBZR
.GKBZCRN \GRFKN KEMC ,FBKZCF \C[IP NNMC BGF[ ,Z\GKC F[GEDF FEKPC
[GI N[PN KM .\KP[DF GR\D[FC QM OD BXP\ FHF DFRPM KM ,FH NT FP\\ NBG (EN
QKB ,\PBC KZF .ZEFRF GBGNP NMG KYRT NGED ONGT ,GRKRVN OKBGZ GRB[ ,GRN[ FKKBZF
QKTM FP[ [K ,GRN[ KZGIBF IGPC ,ZPGNM .FPXT GR\GKPKRVC YZ BNB ,FH NM OKBGZ GRB
.GRN WGIP OGNM BNG ,GRN FBZRF NM FP[ GRN \ZKKXPF ,\KVZDGJGV FRGMP
O[ FBZRF ZCE NM GRN LVFPF ,[JGNP KBZ QKTM ,GRIGPC O[ GRN \K F[T FH NM NTG
GRKB GRN WGIP OKBGZ GRB[ FP ,QM KV NT UBG .GRKRV NGP ,GRIGPN WGIP G\GB FBZR[
KBZF \B GRIGPC F[T[ ,\KG \K G\ID[FN \GEGFN GRN [K FPM OGYP NMP ,K\KPB QKKRT
,IGM GRC Q\R FHC KM .GRKNB WGIP ZCE NM DK[FNG \GBZN GRN Z[VBN ,FHF [JGNPF
BNGNG .FPGEMG WGICPG OKRVCP ,ZCE NM EGEPN ,FZGZC FD[FCG \TEC ZCE NM NKM[FN
.GR\NM[F \KCZP GRN \ZETR F\KKF ,FH
\GKPKRVC OK[TR OKGRK[F GNB NM[ V"TB ,\GKYNBF \GNM[GPC ,KYNB WVIC ZCEF QM
QF ,FHF LZEC YZ KM .GPXT TKV[PC NMF \B \GBGZ QF OGYP NMP ,\GNCYPF \GP[RF
.FBKZCF \C[IPC[ OTGRF NMG \GNM[GPF NM NCYN \GMGH

      | 164

,OGYP NMP ,GRKRV NGPP NMF OKBGZ GRB NTGVC[ V"TB :N"RF N[PFP JGV[\ QM GPMG
.ECNC GRIGP \GKPKRVC BNB GRKB GRN FBZRF NM[ ,ZGZKCC TEGK NM[ NTC NM
,GF[P YVS QFN QKB ,OGYP NMP ,TKV[PC \GBGZ QF OKGPKEF NM[ V"TB ,\GP[RF QM
KIGMC QKB KM ,OKZCEC YGEG .TKV[PC OGNM BNG ,QPXT Q\GKPKRVC YZ OF GNB NM[
|...~ .Z\GK OCKIZFN
GZKMK[ KEMC ."F"KFB" ,"\GBCX" ,"KE[" ,"OKYNB" ,"NB" :\GP[C GPXT BZYG (P
Z[T EGS BGF ,OKYIPR ORKB[ FZG\C[ \GP[ FZ[T KM .GC[ FEKPG FEKP NMC ,\K G\GB
:I"SY \GB ,BZYKG ZFGHC CG\M[ GPM ,\GZKVSF
,KFB \BZYR Z\MF \ZKVS .B
,FK \BZYR FPMIF \ZKVS .C
,OKYNB EGYKRC F"KGF \BZYR FRKCF \ZKVS .D
,NB \BZYR ESIF \ZKVS .E
,OKYNB \BZYR FZGCDF \ZKVS .F
,F"KGF \BZYR \ZBV\ \ZKVS .G
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175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZCI \CFB
177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZGB
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190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCJF
193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D GGK H
196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TZG CGJ
198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IK[PF \GPK
203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZXP \BKXK
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209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FBZK
210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKN[GZK
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218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKKIF \ZJP
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227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZK[TG OKKRT
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169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FYG[\G \GZZGT\F
169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KZ[ \B OZCB IYKKG
169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGTF KRC \B OKZFJP FZ[G OFZCB
170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TC[ ZBC
170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QG[BZF OEB N[ GNGDND
170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OK[DNKVF KRCN \GR\P
170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OEY KRC N[ FPMIF KZVS
171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OBZCF]^a WZBFG OKP[F \GENG\ FNB
171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FZKXKF ZVS
171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FYCZG YIXK ,FZ[ ,OFZCB
172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GFKV \GYK[RP KRY[K
173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \CFB Z[B F[KB OT OKKI FBZ
173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FCFBF NMKF
173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FZG\F NNM BKF FCFB
174 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FBRY NGB[M F[Y ,FCFB \GGPM FHT
175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FGGIB \CFBN FPINPP
175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZCI \CFB
176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EIK OD OKIB \C[
176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZCIN = FZG\F \GEGS KGNKD
176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F[TP K[RB N[ OGYPC ZeE@N
176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKT[ZP EZVKFN
176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRKVSC ZGI IEGYF
177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKRDGP FZG\C OKYSGT[ OKZCI
177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OGKF QfM^R ET ZfB@G LNGF
177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Q"ZR) FP[R ,IGZ ,[VR
178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGTF OKKY\P GC[ ZGBG HGRDF ZGB
178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UGS [K BN = UGS QKB
178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GK\GBC ONGTF \BKZC
179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C \GBF
179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FVF \GBXGP F[KPI
179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GCYRG OKZMH = \GK\GB
180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZGB FZG\G FGGXP ZR KM
180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F [B = Ft
@ B]
180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G\[B BGF \KCF ZYKT
181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NBZ[K FRIP
181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \MVF\PF CZIF JFN
181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRIG FZGCE
181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GCYRF \GP[]R KNMKF
182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZCDF LZE = OK[RN FMZC
183 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OGDV BGF F[KB B[R BN[ KP
184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EIK BCYGRG ZMHP NGNM OEB
184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FCYR N[ FP[RG ZMH N[ FP[R
184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKRCN \GMHN
185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 
185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GNKNC KCM[P NT
185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRKM[F \GND
186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GKGND TCZB
187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KCXN LN FPEG KEGE IZC
187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OMMG\C KRM[P K\\RG
187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GNDF L[P
188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FR[KIB dv@T]^a
188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FMNPFG LNPF N[P
189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KGNKDF \EKP QM KGSKMF \EKPM
189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FNGBDF KRVN[ L[GIF
190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OIN \KC
190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GNDFP BXR ZFGHF \ZHTC
190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NGDT WZBF ZGEM

191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZKGGBF KKGRK[
191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \[TGZ WZBF
191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OMZE OK\KI[P OEB KRC[M
191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NGCPF ZGE
192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKCMGMF
192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [P[F QINGV
192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OEBF N[ GKRKT
193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QJY ONGT = OEB
193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKDGGKH DGGHP F"CYF
194 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GYYG\[F
195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ON[F DGGKH = EIB
195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FCFB ,FYG[\ ,FBRY
195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KKNDZ \B K\XIZ
196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZTKF KXTC IGV\M
196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TZF LG\P BNB CGJ QKB
196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LZGX GN QKB[ ZCE QKB
197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EGPKNF \GGEI
197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EGBP CGJ FRFG
197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGTC LZXR NMF
198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NBTP[K KRC
198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IK[PF \BKC
199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BCYGRF = IK[PF LNP
200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IK[PF \G\GB
203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IK[PF \GPKC OKND\P FZG\F \GEGS
203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKPTF NMN FPMIF \GND\F
203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKIGIF QKC FR[G[M
204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K\KKTZ K\GIB KN KI\V
204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FXPG WPI
205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ENN FMKZX[ FNKKBFG UGS OK \TKZY
205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZXP \BKXKC ZVSN FGGXP
206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FEK\TF FNGBDF
206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 

206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IZGBM BGF TZF ZXKF FNKI\C
206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OEBF \B F\VP TZF ZXK LKB
207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TZF ZXK OT \GEEGP\F
207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKMBNP KR[
207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LCCN NMC
208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FZT[F JGI GB FGCD ZF
208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZGPIF NT FCKMZ
209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRG[BZF FGGXPF = FBZK
210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZKB KPP ,KT[KG KZGB F
210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKN[GZK QKB = FZG\ QKB
211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKN[GZK \B GIP[
211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZT[G \GPGI
211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QGKX
211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FJP N[G FNTP N[ = OKN[GZK
212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGMN FZG\F \B TKXF BZGCF
213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TP[RG F[TR
214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GN KRBG KN KEGE
214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NBZ[K \B CGFBN OKZHGI OKDZJYPF
214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NMF OKTCGY NBZ[K K[TP
215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GPGBF N[ OKKZ#K[ ] P OKRGHKR NBZ[K ,\GNDC
215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGMP Z\GK OKTGZD OF ,OKNVGR NBZ[K[M
215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G\GB \YHIP ZIB OT CZYC NBZ[K \GF[
216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NBZ[K N[ OZTX \CKS
217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRC BRG[ ,GJC[ L[GI
217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OK[DNKVFG B\KRGZJPF N[P
217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CYTK \TNG\ KBZK\ NB
218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GCNC ZFZFN
218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CNF \GK[Y
218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IKD[FN CNG \GBZN OKKRKT
219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRGKNT FPMI
219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKKRKT \IKYV
219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \TEN LKZX OEBF[ FPMIF
220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRKVSN EZK[ FRGK
220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZ\SPC [KB Z\SK OB
220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FPFCG OEB
221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G[VR \GEVN = ZGPI ZJV \GEVN
221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QG[BZF OEB \P[R
221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \IB \CC = FKFKG FGGF ,FKF
222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRKM[FPG BZGCFP FNGNM FP[RF
222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K\P\ K\RGK BKF \IB
223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FCFBG FP[R
223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKMBNPG OEB KRC
224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L[GIF LG\P ZGBF QGZ\KM
225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YG[F QP QGTP[
225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \TE F&eI#^K FNKNN FNKNG ,ZPGB TKCK OGKN OGK
226 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EIB OGK ,ZYGC KFKG CZT KFKG
227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KRTN FYEX
227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FNIG Z[TP ,FPGZ\ \[ZVF
228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
228 . . . . . . . . . . . \GPGBFP Z\GK \GNDC NBZ[K \B OKCMTP CZ CZTF
228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FZG\F \GKPKRVP \GYIZ\F
229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OEBG FPFC
229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CZ CZTC OKRKP F[KPI
231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FZH FEGCT
232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T[ZF \B \GRYN CKKI YKEXF
232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GN CGJG T[Z ,GN TZG YKEX
233 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKYKEX N[ OFK\GNIP
233 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LNPF N[ GCGFB
234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FCMZP F[TP
234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L[GIF LG\P FNDR[ ZGB
234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QKKG OIN
235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INPF N[ G\GCK[I
235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKF KND
236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FCFBF \B \GCMN GNMGK BN OKCZ OKP
236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKGGY DC \NNMRF FNKV\
236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TC[ \CG EGE
237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZMH FENKG TKZH\ KM F[KB
237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NDND\PF NDND NGY
238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZI[F \NKKB
240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (")  
240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FZTPC FCK[KF
240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GZRF NTC
240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IR \CK\ = ZFGHF ZVS
241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NJCP YKEXG ZHGD F"CYF
242 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BJGH BZEB]F \IK\V
242 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KBIGK QC QGTP[ Z \GYN\SF
243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKRGKNT \GEGS FNDP QGXZF
243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OCN QGXZ NT OKN[GPF
243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U\G[P QGXZ NTG NCC NEDP NT
244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OGN[ FK\GCK\R NMG OTGR KMZE FKMZE
244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OGN[F NT YNGIF
244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OFKNT JNG[ QKEF QKB ,OGN[C OF OB
245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGTC OGN[ FCZP OKYKEXF \CZY
245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \PBF LZEC LNGFF
246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FIP[C F \B GECT
246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRGKNT FIP[
246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FIP[ OGYP ,ON[ OGYP
246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CNF \IP[ N[ F\CKS
246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZGCF \B IP[PF N[ GZM[
247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GKZEI LNPF KRBKCF
247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CGJF NM
247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GGPF LBNPP \GZKI
247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKRGKNT OKKI
248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGTF BZCR FZG\C
248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGTF \B OKKYP FZG\C YSGTF
248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKP[ O[N EGPKN
249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FNTPN FNGT FRKB[ FZG\
249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRGGM OKMKZX FZG\ KZCE
249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKPNTR CG[G TDZN OKND\P[ OKRGKNT \GEGS
250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FCFBF \B ZZGTN
250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GJ[VC OKZGVKS ZVSN FBC BN FZG\F
251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \KRYKZ FZG\F \KBZR KPN
251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONGTF \GZX NMN FBGVZ
252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FV NTC[ FZG\G C\MC[ FZG\
252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  -

252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESI N[ JGI
252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FNKNC FCZ FCFB
252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FZG\C YGSTN O\JKPP OKPYF
253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NMKFF KRCN \GR\P
253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GPK[R OK[K[
254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z\GK FIX FNKNC OKEPGN[ FZG\F
254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [GEYF O[F EIKKN OKTEGKF = FRGPBF KRC
255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fs + Tz ,LIGMC \G[TN LEK BXP\ Z[B NM
255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KRGRKC
255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZGCFP FMKP\
255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QGKNTF \GZZGT\F
256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZFJKFN BCF
256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G\GB OK[EYP ,[EY\P[ KP
256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [EYPF \KKRC
256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QM[PF \KK[T
257 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKZGPIF LKNGP
258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GCNC ZT[P[ FP KVN
258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FHF ONGTC YZ BGF QGYK\F
258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FP[RF KZCKB I"PZ
259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FP[RF KEKD F"S[
259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NHBHTN ZKT[
259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FCFBP FIMG\
259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QGYK\ ZGHIP = FR[
260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KRTN FNKV\
260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GTPE KZT[
260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKCZ \NKV\
261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \C[GK KMGRB KPT LG\C
261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GMKBG \GPM
 

 ,

 
G\ZJP .QPJKKN CZF N[ G\G[BZC ,IGGZ \RGGM BNN KMGRKI ESGP BGF "OTN FNCY"
\PMI N[ OKMZTFG \GRGKTZF \B ZKCTFNG ,OKNCGYPF KNGED N[ O\BZGF \B [PPN
\B OGKM OKEYGV ONGTF KCIZ NMP OKEKPN\ QGKNKP KR[M .CIZF NFYN \KJR\GBF FNCYF
."OTN FNCY" N[ \GRG[F EGPKNF \GZDSP



GRC ,DN[B OGN[ LGZC CZF N[ K[KBF GZHGTG GEKPN\ FKF QPJKKN NBMKP Z"E CZF
FZ[T=OK\[ L[PC .DN[B FEGFK CZF ,ZFGHF ZVSN "ONGSF" [GZKV ZCIP N[ ZGMCF
.1991=C G\ZKJVN ET ,GKCB N[ "ONGSF" \ZG\ \B GCZ KVP [MZ FR[
N[ ZGYPF KC\MCG ZFGHF ZVSC OKZGTK[G \GBXZF QPJKKN CZF ZKCTP OGK KEP
.JRZJRKBF \[ZCG \GRG[ FKHKGGNJ \G\[ZC KI ZGEK[C OKZEG[P OFG ,FNCYF
QFMP BGF ,USGRC .\GCZ \GV[N GPDZG\[ FNCY KZVS OK[GN[ ZCKI QPJKKN CZF
World) \KPNGTF FPMIF \XTGPC ZCIM [PK[G ,"DN[B CZF ["T ZYIPF QGMP" BK[RM
FIP\F G\GZKTXC .(Wisdom Council
OKZB\C HIGB BGFG ,FYKJRZCKY=GKCC
ZGSVGZVG FKVGSGNKVN ZGJYGE
.FKDGNGPJSKVBNG FKDGNGJRGBN
= K[KB DGNC NFRP QPJKKN CZF
"OKKIF \GTP[PG TEP ,FNCY"
ODZG\P DGNCF ,www.laitman.co.il
OKPTV ZVSP QMET\P ,\GV[ 17=N
\GNB[ GC NGB[N Q\KRG ,OGK NMC
.\GCG[\ NCYNG

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" 
   
  ,yes- HOT- 66 
OKRM\N OKFPM OKCZ \BH OT .GRKPKC FKHKGGNJN UEZR O[ BGF "KJKNBKZF \GCZ\"
.OKIP[PG OKRRTZ ,FC[IP KZZGTP ,OKRKKRTP ,OK[EI
\PMIG ZFGHF ZVS \GRGZYT \B FKHKGGNJF LSP NB FRG[BZN BKCP "OTN FNCY" WGZT
OT KCKJYBZJRKB Z[Y ,K\GMKB QMG\ N[ ZGYP \GYVF NT SSGCP GNGM WGZTF .FNCYF
.OKRGGYP OKTXPBC OD \ZG[Y\G OKVGXF

| 270
OKZGTK[ GC GBXP\ .FPPKC \GT[ 24 FIV[PF NMN \GKRM\ QGGDP ZE[P WGZTF
,\GKDGHG LGRKI ,\GCZ\ ,FKNBGJYB \GKRM\ ,OKPEY\PNG OKNKI\PN OKSZGY ,\GBXZFG
.OKENKN EIGKPC \GK\GMKB \GKRM\G
GFH .Z[V\FN QMGP BNG ,\GK\KPB \GCG[\ [VIP[ KP NMN \KC QKTP FGGFP WGZTF
.\GTP[P N[G ZD\BPG K\GMKB QMG\ N[ ,FCFB N[ ,OGI N[ WGZT
,www.kab.co.il Z\BC BGXPN GNMG\ BNPF OKZGEK[F IGN \B
1=700=509=209 QGVNJC WGZTF \GZKMHPC GB

www.kab.co.il " 
" 
NN[ QKC .\KJR\GBF FNCYF \PMI B[GRC ONGTC Z\GKC UKYPFG NGEDF QMG\F NJZGV
:BGXPN GNMG\ NJZGVF KRM\
,QKKN=QGB OKKCKJYBZJRKB OKZGTK[ ,KRMET OKZGEK[ IGN ,66 WGZT N[ KJRZJRKB ZGEK[
,FZK[T FKKZVS ,FNCYF KBZC \GCZ\G FKNBGJYB B[GRC OKZPBP ,OKVKNYG \GKRM\
FNCY OGZGV ,C[IP KYI[P ,FIV[PNG OKENKN OKRM\ ,FEZGFN OKZK[G FYKHGP
.EGTG OKPEY\PNG OKNKI\PN FNCY KEGPKN ,KCKJYBZJRKB

" 
" 
YKRTP EGPKNF .\K[KB \K[DZ FKGGI OT KPEYB EGPKN OKCN[P FNNMPC EGPKNF KNGNSP
FKMZT ,OKKHMZPF FK\GEGSK OT \GZMKF ,FNCYF \PMIG ZFGHF ZVS NT UKYPG CIZ TEKP
.FN[ EIGKPF EGPKNF QVGBG
[GPK[ LG\ ,ECMF NB NYFP ,\RCGPG FZGZC ,FJG[V FZGXC ZCTGP EGPKNF ZPGI
.OKNCGYPF KNGED KEK NT GC\MR[ OKZPBPG ZGYP KC\MC
FBZGFC ZK[T QGKSKR KNTC ,OKKTGXYP OKIRPG OKZGPP CMZGP FNNMPC OKXZPF NDS
.\KJR\GBF FNCYF \PMI \BZGFC \GKEGIKK \G[KD IG\KVCG
.WZBF KCIZ NMC OKNTGV FNNMPF KVKRS

   


N[ ,K"ZBF N[ ZGYP KC\M :OKZVS N[ CIZ QGGDP FTKXPF ZGBN FBXGF "OTN FNCY"N
,ZYIP KZVS ,QPJKKN CZF KZGTK[ LG\P KPXT EGPKNN OKZVS ,["CZF N[G ONGSF NTC
.FIV[PF NMN OKZVSG FNCYF \PMI OT \GZMKFN OKZVS

271 |