LI GII THIU

C.ng vi s tin b ca khoa hc v cng ngh, cc thit b in t ang v s

tip t c dc ng dng ngy cng rng ri v mang li hiu qu cao trong hu
ht cc lnh vc kinh t k thut cng nh i sng x hi.
Vic gia cng x l tn hiu trong cc thit b din t hin di u da trn c
s nguyn l s v cc thit b lm vic da trn c s nguyn li s c nhng u
im hn hn cc thit b in t lm vic trn c s nguyn l tng tj c bit
l trong k i thut tnh ton. B vy s hiu bit su sc v in t s l khng
th thiu dc di vi k s din t hin nay. Nhu cu hiu bit v k thut s
khng phi ch ring di vi cc k s in t m cn i vi nhiu cn b k
thut cc ngnh khc c s dng cc thit b in t, p ng nhu cu ln lao
nhyt anh V c Th cn b ging dy Khoa in t - Vin thng Trng i hc
Bch Khoa H Ni chn dch cun "C 8 k thut in t s - Gio trnh tinh
gin'' ca B mn in t Trng di hc Thanh Hoa B&c Kinh. "C s k thut
in t 8 - Gio trnh tinh gin'' l mt tp gio trnh c son tho dy
cho sin h vin trong Trng i hc vi thi gian 120 tit (khng k thi gian thc
nghim), Gio trnh ny gii thiu mt cch h thng cc phn t c bn chn dng
trong cc mch in t s, kt hp vi m t s6 mch in hnh, gii thch cc khi
nim c bn u cng in t s, cc phng php phn tch cng nh cc phng
php thit k logic c bn. Ton b gio trnh bao gm nhng kin thc co bn v
cu kin bn driy mch cng logic, c s i s logic, mch logic t hp, cc mch
trigt cc mch logic dy, s sn sinh cc tn hiu xung cng nh s sa dng
xung, cc khi nim c bn v chuyn i s - tng t v tng t " s. Tt c
gm 8 chng. Sau mi chng du c phn tm tt ni dung d dc gi d dng
ghi nh, cc cu hi gi v cc bi tp dc gi kim tra mc nm kin
thc sau khi hc mi chng, Cch cu trc gio trnh rt logic i t n gin
n phc tp, t d dn kh, phn trc to tin d kin thc cho phn sau. Cch
trnh by vn r rng khc trit. Ni dung tng chng rt ch&t lc, b qua
c nhng dn d i ton hc di dbngy nhng vn m bo tnh c bn, ct li
ca vn , cc khi nim mi c nhn mnh ng mc, Trn c s cc kin
thc c bn kinh in gio trnh c gng tip cn cc vn hin i, ng
thi lin h vi thc t k thut, v d trong gio trnh hu nh b qua cc
mch din xy dng trn c s cu kin ri rc m ch yu ni v cc mch in
xy dng trn c s mch t hp vi in t (IC). Trong khi ch yu gii thiu cc
h thng xy dng trn c s cc IC c nh u c trung bnh thch dng
cp n cc h thng xy dng trn c s cc IC c n u siu ln,
Chng ti ngh, dc gio trnh ny, c gi mau chng nm dc nhng vn d
ct li ca k thut din t s, tng cng nng lc gii quyt cc vn k thut
trong thc t cng nh bi dng nng lc t hc.
 Bi vy cun sch gio trnh ny trc ht thch hp cho c gi mun t hc.
Cc hc sinh cao ng k i thut ngnh Din t - Vin thng, lm ti liu b tr
cho sinh vin cc trng i hc, v ni chung cho t t cd nhng ai quan tm n
k i thut in t s.
Cng cn ni thm rng thut ng ting Vit chng ti dng trong bn dch ny
l cn c vo cc thut ng c dng trong qu trnh ging dy ti Trng i
hc Bch khoa H Ni, rt c th c nhng thut ng cha tha ng, mong dc
gi gn xa gp kin. Cc kin xin gi u Khoa in t - Vin thng, Trng
Di hc Bch khoa H Ni hoc Ni xut bn Gio dc.
Xin trn trng cm an.

XUN TH

Ch nhim
K H O A I N T - VIN TH N G
T R N G I H C BCH K H O A H NI
 Chng 1

NHNG KIN THC c BN V CU KIN BN DN

1.1. CC KIN THC CO BN v l VT LIU BN DN

1.1.1. Vt liu dn in, cch in v bn dn

TVong i sng hng ngy cng nh trong thc tin sn xut, mi ngi u bit
rng, bc ng nhm st... l vt iu dn in tt ; cn nha, s, da, thy tinh...
l vt liu cch in tt (d cho c cao p t vo vn khng c dng in chy
qua chng ).
c tnh dn in ca vt liu bn dn nm gia dn in v cch in.
V sao vt iu li c tnh dn in khc nhau nh vy ? nguyn nhn cn bn
l d cch lin kt gia cc nguyn t vi nhau v kt cu bn thn nguyn t
trong vt liu. Chng ta u bit rng, nguyn t c to thnh t ht nhn mang
in dng v cc in t mang in m, cc in t chia thnh nhiu tng vy
quanh ht nhn v khng ngng chuyn ng.
Vt liu dn in : So snh tng i vi vt dn khc, trong kim loi, ccin
t lp ngoi ca nguyn t b ht nhn ht yu ; c rt nhiu in t khng b
rng buc vi ht nhn tr thnh in t t do. Nhng in t t do ny tr thnh
cc ht dn mang in. Di tc dng ca in trng ngoi, chng dichuyn ct
hng v hinh thnh dng in. Do kim oi dn in tt nht.
Vt liu cch in : Trong vt liu cch in, lc rng buc vi ht nhn ca
cc in t rt ln ; chng khd c th tch khi ht nhn, nn s in t t do
cc k t ; do d tnh nng dn in rt km.
Vt liu bn dn : Cu trc nguyxi t ca vt liu bn n tng i c bit.
Cc in t lp ngoi khng d dng tch khi lin kt vi ht nhn nh vt liu
dn in, m cng khng rng buc qu cht vi ht nhn nh vt iu cch in.
Do , c tnh dn in ca nd nm gia vt liu dn in v vt liu cch in.

1.1.2. Hin tng dn in trong vt liu bn dn sch

Vt liu bn dn thun khit c gi l bn dn sch m c trng v tnh
bn dn ph thuc nguyn t ha hc. Ht dn in ca bn dn sch in t
hoc l 16 trng.
 L trng. lm r l trng l g, u tin ta hy quan st cu trc nguyn
t ca hai nguyn t bn dn l Ge v Si biu th trn hnh 1.1.1. Chng c c
im chung l tng ngoi cng u c 4 in t. Cc in t ny c gi l in
t ha tr. Nguyn t c hda tr bng s in t ha tr ca chng. Vy Ge v Si
l cc nguyn t hda tr 4.
Khi vt liu bn dn Ge, Si c ch
to thnh tinh th th t trng thi sp
xp ln xn thng thng, chng tr thnh ' s \\
trng thi hon ton trt t ca cu trc // 0 '\ '
tinh th ca cc nguyn t. Khi , khong
cch gia cc nguyn t u bng nhau,
vo khong 2,35 , 10""^ /m. Bn in t ^
lp ngoi cng ca mi nguyn t khng (b)
nhng chu s rng buc vi ht nhn bn (^)
thn nguyn t d, m cn lin kt vi 4
nguyn
f
t gn
,
k xung quanh.
I
Hai
-
nguyn
,
. , , , uA ..A .
Hnh 1 -1 -1 . S cu trc phng ca nguyn t
' A

t ng canh
* nhau co mt
i in
r t gp g e - \
/
nguyn l Ge(b).N * A / u s

chung. Mi mt in t trong i va
chuyn ng quanh ht nhn nguyn t.
ca nd, va cd mt trn qu o ca nguyn t i tc gdp chung. S lin kt ny
c gi l lin kt ng hda tr. Xem hnh 1.1.2

' o' \ o-*/0 rong ^

' I \
I ' I I I I

_ 'Ac

/ '7 ^ '-
' ' / '
Hnh I - - 2 .
S biu th mi lin kt / Hnh 1 - 1 - 3 .
ng ha tr ca linh th Si. So cu tr c tinh th bn n sch.

nhit nht nh, do chuyn ng nhit, mt s in t gdp chung thot

khi s rng buc vi ht nhn tr thnh in t t do, d l ht dn in t.

iu ng ch y l, sau khi mt in t gp chung trong i tr thnh

in t t do th li mt l trng, nh hnh 1.1.3 biu th. c mt l trng
nh th, th in t gp chung trong i k cn rt d dng ri vo l trng ,
to thnh s di chuyn ca cc in t gdp chung. S di chuyn ny, d xt v
hiu qu hay xt trn hin tng, u ging s di chuyn ca ht mang in tch
dng. phn bit vi s di chuyn ca in t t do, ta gi y l s di chuyn
ca l trng. Ht mang in tch dng y l l trng.
Vy l trng cng l loi ht mang in. Khi t in p ln vt liu bn dn,
th cd hai thnh phn trong dng in chy qua n : thnh phn dng in do in
t t do di chuyn c hng v thnh phn dng 16 trng do in t gtp chung
dch lp l trng. S khc nhau ca hai thnh phn ny l in t mang in m,
cn l trng mang in dung. Vy trong vt liu bn dn, khng nhng cd ht
dn l in t, m cn c ht dn l l trng. l c im quan trng ca s
dn in bn dn.
Vt cht vn ng khng ngng, chuyn ng nhit lm cho trong vt liu bn
dn khng ngng sn sinh ra in t t do v ng thi xut hin cc l trng c
s lng tng ng. V in t l l trng c sinh ra thnh cp, nn ta gi chng
l cp in t - l trng. Mt khc, trong qu trnh vn ng, in t v l trng
gp nhau, trung ha in tch. Qu trnh ngc li c gi l ti hp. S pht
x v ti hp ca cp in t - l trng thng cn bng trong iu kin nhit
nht nh. Khi y, tuy qu trnh pht x v ti hp khng ngng din ra, nhng
s cp in t - l trng vn gi nguyn mt gi tr no .

1.1.3. Hin tng dn in trong bn dn pha tp

S phn tch trn y l i vi bn dn sch n tinh th. Trong loi vt liu
, tuy rng c thm ht mang l trng, nhng s lng ton th ht mang vn
rt t, kh nng dn in vn km, cho ni ng dng t, nh phng php khuch
tn tp cht c ch vo bn dn sch n tinh th nn iu chnh chnh xc c
c tnh in ca vt liu bn dn.
V d, khuch tn mt lng nh B vo n tinh th Si th s lng ht mang
16 trng trong vt liu bn dn tng mnh, lm cho kh nng dn in tng mnh,
nh vy vt liu bn dn c ng dng v cng quan trng.
Cht bn dn p . Hnh 1.1.4 (a) trnh by s cu trc lin kt ng hta tr
do nguyn t Si v B to ra sau khi khuch tn B vo n tinh th Si.

Hnh 1 -1 -4 . 0@)<Z3>@)CZ3@C*
Khuch ln tp cht vo ^
n lnh th Si :
a) Khuch tn B to thnh >@ I^(l)Z3C* >>c3B cz3> c-
bn dn p ; +5
b) Khuch tn p to thnh
D)<,
bn dn N. ^ /*\ /#>

(a) (b)

(Mi tn ch vo l trng) (Mi tn ch vo in t)

V S lng nguyn t B rt nh so vi Si nn cu trc tinh th bn dn cn

bn khng i. Ta bit rng, B l nguyn t ha tr 3, ct ba in t lp ngoi.
Nn khi n cng vi nguyn t Si to thnh lin kt ng hda tr th hnh thnh
l trng. lhuch tn tp cht B ri th mi nguyn t B u cung cp mt l trng,
lm cho s lng ht mang l trng trong n tinh th Si tng ln rt nhiu. Vt
liu bn dn oi ny hu nh khng c in t t do, dn in c ch yu da
vo l trng, nn c gi l vt liu bn dn 16 trng, gi tt cht bn dn p.
Trong cht bn dn p, nng l trng ln hn nhiu nng in t, nn l
trng c gi l ht mang a s, in t l ht mang thiu s.
Cht bn dn N. Nu khuch tn nguyn t ha tr 5 nh p, Zn... vo n tinh
th Si th xy ra tnh hnh khc hn. Sau khi nguyn t Si vp to thnh lin
kt ng hda tr, chi c 4 trong 5 in t lp ngoi ca p tham gia lin kt, cn
li mt in t rng buc yu vi ht nhn d dn tr thnh in t t do. Vy
trong loi bn dn ny, s lng ht mang in t rt nhiu, chng l ht mang
a s ; s liig ht mang l trng rt t, chng l ht mang thiu s. Cht bn
dn ny dn in e ch yu da vo in t, nn gi l vt liu bndnin
t, gi tt l cht bn dn N. Xem bnh 1 1 4b.

1.2. IT BN DN

1.2.1. c tnh ca chuyn tip PN

1) Chuyn ng ca ht dn trong /
chuyn tip PN
,e e \
Khi cht bn dn p ghp vi
6 fe 0 Q ,
cht bn dn N thnh mt khi
th tt yu xy ra s khuch tn
ht dn do nng khng u
ca chng : l trng trong khu a) Bn dn p ; b) Bn dn N
vc p khuch tn sang khu vc
N, in t trong khu vc N khuch
__t^ng
tn sang khu vc p. Xem hnh ngho kit
1 .2 . 1 .a, b. khu p khu N
Nh qu trnh khuch tn m
0 \ Q e
l trng khu vc p gim nh to
thnh vng on m, cn in t e- e- ' 1 0 j e r . ^ .
- o -----------
khu vc N gim nh to thnh
0 0 0 1 1 . ^ .
vng ion dng.
Vy nn sinh ra in trng
c) Chuyn lip PN trng thi cn bng
trong ti hai bn vng tip gip.
in trng ny c hng ngc
lnh 1 -2 -1 . Chuyn ng ca ht dn trong chuyn lip PN
vi hng khuch tn ca dng
(Mi tn d cng ch in tiing trong)
in, nh mi tn t khu vc N
sang khu vc p trn hnh 1 . 2 .1 c
ch r. in trng trong cn tr skhuch tn cal trng sang khuvc N v
ca in t sang khu vc p. Trngthicn bng ng xy ra khiin tch khng
gian vng tip gip khng tng na. Khi cn bng ng, vng tip gip hnh thnh
s thiu vng ht dn, nh hnh 1 .2 . 1 c biu th, vng c gi l vng in

8
tch khng gian, hay cn c gi l vng ngho kit, chnh l chuyn tip PN,
rng ca nt chng vi mi ^m, c th cho rng ch bao gm cc ion khng
th di chuyn c.
Khi cn bng ng, qua chuyn tip PN khng ch c s khuch tn ca ht dn
a s (l trng trong khu vc p v in t trong khu vc N), m cn c s tri
dt ca ht dn thiu s (in t trong khu vc p v l trng trong khu vc N).
S tri dt l s di chuyn ca ht dn c nh hng ca in trng trong.
in trng trong ch cn tr s khuch tn ca ht dn a s, m li tr gip
s tri dt ca ht dn thiu s sang pha khu vc i phng. Vy trng thi
cn bng ng, ngoi dng in khuch tn ca l trng t khu vc p sang khu
vc N, th cn c dng in tri dt ca i trng theo hng ngc li, tt nhin
bng nhau v s tr. Tng t, dng in khuch tn v dng in tri dt ca
in t cng trit tiu nhau. Vy nn khng ct dng in chy qua chuyn tip
PN trong iu kin khng c tc ng ca n trng ngoi hay ca cc yu t
kch hot khc (chng hn s kch quang)
2) Chuyn tip PN c in p thun t vo
Hnh 1.2.2 biu th in trng ngoi hng
thun t vo chuyn tip PN : cc dng
ca ngun ni vo p, cc m ca ngun ni vng nho Kt
vo N. Khi d, in trng ngoi ngc hng 1- H
vi in trng trong, lm suy yu in trng !' 1
trong, nn in tch khng gian v b rng . 0 N
vng ngho kit u gim nh ; in t trong ! !
khu vc N v l trng trong khu vc p u - tro/7ff
----^ _
d dng hn vt qua chuyn tip PN, hlnh ------------- y ----
thnh dng in khuch tn ln. V dng
in tri dt do s rt t ht dn thiu s
to ra, th nh hng ca nd i vi dng ^
in tng l khng ng k. Vy chuyn
tip PN cd in p thun t vo bin thnh
trng thi dn in, v in tr ca n khi ^-2-2- Din trng ngoi hung thun,
d rt b.
3) Chuyn tip PN c in p nghch t vo
Hlnh 1.2.3 biu th in trng ngoi hng
nghch t vo chuyn tip PN : Cc dng
ca ngun ni vo N, Cc m ca ngun ni vnfnho klt
vo p. Khi d, in trng ngoi cng hng
!0 0 e!
vi in trng trong, lm cho in tch khng
gian v b rng vng ngho kit u tng " 0 0 ! N
! 0 0
ln, gy kh khn cho s khuch tn, dng
in khuch tn gim nh i nhiu. Dng
E ngo/
in tri dt cn bn khng i, l phn ch
yu ca dng in tng i qua chuyn tip I i
PN. Dng in ny (khi c in p nghch
t vo) gi l dng in nghch. Khi nhit
khng i th nng ht dn thiu s
tnh D n irng ngoi hng nghch.
:hng i, nn dng in nghch khng ph thuc in p nghch t vo (trong
i hn nht nh), v th dng in nghch cn c gi l dng in bo ha
Ighch. V s lng ht dn thiu s rt nh, dng in nghch rt nh, nh xp
; 0. Vy chuyn tip PN c in p nghch t vo bin thnh trng thi ngt.

1.2.2. Cu trc it v c tuyn Von ampe

m n h 1 -2 -4 ,

c i tr c v k hiu i i bn dn ' * ^
/p bao v
d S dl onof do y dn
a) oi tip xc im : CQ't
\
b) ioi lip xc mt ;
Si o iP
c) oi b mt ;

d ) k hiu.

hp ddydn caiot
kim l
c//n ip PN
Si o o iN (0 )
^hp kim A-S

day don
eat
w
(t>)
{d

1) Cu trc it
it bn dn l chuyn tip PN ct thm dy dn ra ngoi v v bc bo v ,
Lem hnh 1.2.4
c im ca it loi tip xc im l din tch chuyn tip PN rt nh, v
h in dung ca chuyn tip PN rt nh, thch hp vi tn s cao (vi tram
ilHz). c im ca i6 t loi tip xc mt l din tch chuyn tip PN ln, cho
)hp dng in hng thun t ln, thng dng lm bng chinh lu (nn dng) ;
ihng in dung ca chuyn tip PN ln, chi c th lm vic vi tn s tng i
hp. it mt Si c din tch chuyn tip PN kh ln, cd dng qua kh ln, ph
lp yu cu chnh lu cng sut ln. it tip im Si c din tch chuyn tip
ng i nh, in dung ca chuyn tip PN kh nh, nn thng lm btng chuyn
nch (ni - ngt mch) trong mch s, mch xung.
2) c tuyn von - ampe ca it
Quan h gia dng in i qua it chuyn tip PN v in p trn 2 cc ant
ca n c biu th bng cng thc sau :
:att

V qv

I = I (eVx - 1) = I (e KT
- _
1)
I : dng qua it, Ig : dng in bo ha nghch
V : in p ngoi t trn 2 cc ca it
KT
Vt = : ng lng in p ca nhit , vi K = 1,381. 10^^ J/K

10
 ,-19
q = 1 , 6 .1 0 c. Vy = nhit trong phng 300K th
11600
V, = 26 mV

/
( 1 .2 . 1 ) l c tnh von- ampe ca it bn mA V

dn l tng (cn gi l phng trnh it

30
bn dn). Khi in p thun t vo V ln do n g A
t/ '^
V - + 20.
gp vi ln VT> e^T > 1 th c tuyn 0w
10-
von-am pe ca it l mt hm s m,biu
Va iO 10 0
th thnh on OA trn hlnh 1.2.5. Khiin
\o 0.5 f'.o V[y)
V
dng 'A
p nghch t vo kh ln, = 0 , ghch
I = - Ig . nhit xc nh th Ig khng
i (khng i ph thuc V), biu th thnh
on OB trn hnh 1.2.5.
Hnh 1 -2 -S . c tuyn V - A ca Dit.

a) Phn dng thun : on^^trn hnh

1.2.5. Khi in p thun tng i nh, in trng ngoi vn khng p o in
trng trong, m in trng trong ngn tr dng in khuch tn, nn dng in
thun vn rt nh, it th hin mt in tr ln. Khi in p thun vt qu gi
tr xc nh (Vjj c gi l in p m, ph thuc vo nhit v vt
liu bng bn dn) th in trng trong b khc phc, in tr ca it rt
nh, dng in thun tng nhanh theo in p. ca it Si thng l 0,5V,
vng cht ca it Ge khng r nh vy, nn c th cho rng Vq ca it Ge
xp x 0,1 V.
b) Phn dng nghch : on(g)trn hnh 1.2.5. Khi t in p nghch ln it,
dng in nghch rt b. nhit nh nhau, dng nghch ca it Si nh hn
nhiu so vi it Ge (cp /iA i vi it Ge, cp nA i vi it Si). Dng in
nghch ca it c 2 c im l : tng nhanh theo nhit , trong mt gii hn
nht nh ca in p th khng ph thuc vo in p.

c) Phn nh thng : khi t in p nghch ln n mt gi tr xc nh ln

it, th mi lin kt ng hda tr b ph hoi, bt ra nhiu in t, lng ht dn
thiu s tng vt. in trng mnh lm cho in t va p vo nguyn t, sinh
ra cc cp in t - l trng mi, tng vt s lng ht dn. Hai yu t ny
dn n hin tng nh thng in (Xem hnh 1.2.5). Tng ng, Vg c gi
l in p nghch nh thng. Nu in p nghch t vo it xp x hoc ln
hn Vg, li khng c bin php hn ch dng in mt cch thch hp th dng
in ln, in p cao s lm it bn dn qu nng n ni hng vnh vin,
l nh thng nhit.

V in tr ca dy dn ni v ca bn thn vt liu bn dn, ngoi ra

cn c nhiu nhn t khc nh hng, nh dng in d chng hn, nn c
tuyn V - A ca it thc s o c c khc t nhiu so vi c tuyn V -
A l tng (1.2.1).

11
 1.2.3. Hiu ng in dung ca it bn dn
I) in dung ca chuyn tip
it bn dn ngoi c tnh dn in mt chiu, cn c hiu ng in dung,
trc ht l in dung ca chuyn tip. in dung ny c to ra trong vng
ngho kit. Nh ni phn trc, trong vng ngho kit ch cc cc ion khng
dch chuyn, tng ng vi in tch tn tr ; s thiu vng ht mang dn in
lm cho in tr sut kh ln, nh l ca in mi ; dn in cao hn ca
vng p v vng N tng ng kim loi ; khi cd in p xoay chiu t vo th
in tch vng ngho kit bin i theo . Hin tng ny y ht nh in dung, v
th gi in ung ca chuyn tip, k hiu i Cg.
Tc dng ca Cg nh sau :
Nu cd in p thun t vo chuyn tip
PN th ht dn a 8 chuyn ng ti tip
gip, S lng in tch trong vng ngho
rc ^) //,it in
kit gim nh, vng ngho kit tr nn hp op hun
hn, tng ng s phng in, xem hnh
1.2.6a. Cn nu cd in p nghch t vo
chuyn tip PN th ht dn a s ri xa tip
gip, 8 lng in tch trong vng ngho
kit tng ln, vng ngho kit tr nn rng
hn, tng ng s np in, xem hnh
1.2.6b. Hin tng phdng np in y ht
n dung, ch cd iu khc in dung ca
Sao khi di
chuyn tip Cg ph thuc in p t vo, in p
ch khng phi l hng s. Khi t vo in ngh}
p nghch, Cg tuy b nhng u song song
vi in tr rt ln ca chuyn tip, nn tc
dng li r rt. Cn khi t vo in p
thun, Cg tuy ln nhng u song song vi
in tr rt nh ca chuyn tip , nn tc
dng khng r. Vy nn, vi nh thin in
p nghch, ta phi ch n s tn ti ca
Cg. Nht l khi m vic tn s cao, cng
nn xem xt nh hng ca Cg . Thng
thng g i tr in dung ca chuyn t i p Cg Hnh 1-2-6. Hiu ng in dung :
t v i p F n m t h a i tr m pF. a) Phng in ; b) Np in.

2) in dung khuch tn
S hnh thnh in dung khuch tn khng ging in dung chuyn tip. in
dung khuch tn l kt qu s tlch ly ca in t trong khu vc N v l trng
trong khu vc p sau qu trnh khuch tn.
Hnh 1.2.7. trnh by (trng hp t vo chuyn tip in p thun) s bin
i nng ht dn thiu s trong khu vc p (in t) . iip (0 ) l nng in
t ti tip gip bn khu vc p. UpQ l nng in t trong khu vc p khi cn

12
bng. Kii in p thun tng, tng ng vi
xu th dng in tng ln l gradin nng
ht mang phi tng ln (v dng in
khuch tn t l thun vi gradien nng )
V vy, s phn b nng t ng cong
1 bin i thnh ng cong 2 , to ra s
tch, ly nhiu hn ht dn, lm tng thm
mt lng in tch AQ. Ngc li, khi in
p thun gim, s phn b nng t ng
cong 1 bin i thnh ng cong 3. Ngha
l, nu in p thun tng hay gim th tng
ng c s b sung hay thoi gim c ht
dn. S tch ly in t trong khu vc p Hnh 1 - 2 - 7 .
hoc ca 16 trng trong khu vc N bin i S bin di nng ht dn thiu
theo in p ngoi t vo tng ng vi s trong khu vc p th e o in p
mt in dung gi l in dung khuch tn thun t vo.
Cr> . Gi tr
tX vca
; u a Cj3 t
v.y ll
thun
buuu vi
V U I dng

in. Vi in p thun t vo, Cj3 tng i ln. Vi in p nghch t vo, Cj5

nh n mc cd th b qua.

1.2.4. c tnh ng m (chuyn mch) ca it bn dn

it bn dn trong mch s thng lm vic trng thi ng m. VI vy chng
ta ht sc ch iu kin ng m v c im cng tc trng thi dng m.
Vi kha dng m H tng, khi ng mch thi in p
trn hai u ca n lun bng 0 bt k dng in chy
qua nd l bao nhiu, kh ngt mch dng in chy qua -
phi bng 0 bt k in p trn hai u ca n l bao
nhiu, hn na thi gian chuyn i trng thi phi tc
9
th. Tt nhin khta tng m l tng nh vy khng tn
ti trong thc t.
Hnh 1 -2 -8 .
it bn dn dng lm cu kin tng m th gn l
Phung hng dng in
tng n mc no ? Chng ta hy xem xt it Si.
v in p ca it.
1) iu kin ng v c im ng

T c tuyn V - A ca it bn dn, ta bit rng khi in p thun t vo

Vjj > Vq (Vjj l in p m) th it bt u dn in, sau dng in tng
nhanh theo V j . Vjj = 0,7V, c tuyn kh dc, I q bin i kh nhiu trong
pbm vi Vp xp x 0,7V. Vi vy, trong vic tnh ton v phn tch mch s thDg
y Vq ^ 0,7V m iu kin dn in ca it Si. w khi it dn in, in
p ri trn ni c c lng l 0,7V.

2) u kin ngt v c im ngt

T c tuyn V - A ca it bn dn, ta bit rng khi Vq < Vq th Ip rt li.

V vy, trong vic tnh ton v phn tch mch s thng ly = 0,5V lm
iu kin ngt mch ca t. V trng thi ngt mch, c ng rng Iq = 0 .

13
 3) Thi gian hi phc nghch
Trong hnh 1.2.9 khi in p vo Vj bin i t + &
w-
+ Vj n - V2 , nu it l khda ng m l tng,
th dng sng dng in qua ti c dng hnh b : 0
dng thun bng dng nghch = 0 Hnh c biu (^ )
Rl
th dng sng dng in thc t dng thun bng \
V, i
c t bin vi dng in nghch ch sau ~ Ka
Rl Rl t
thi gian hi phc nghch tj.g th it mi tin n
trng thi ngt mch, dng in = 0. VI vy, nu V r. 1
tn s in p vo V l rt cao, n ni b rng t
na chu k m ca V b hn thi gian tj.g, th it
cn u tc dng dn in mt chiu na.
Chng ta phi xem xt vn : khi in p vo * I'* 1 /_
% i &
bin t Vj thnh - ri m it vn thng.
Chng ta bit rng, vi in p nghch trn O.vI/R
it, dng in tri dt l ch yu, trng thi n
nh, s lng ht dn thiu s to thnh dng in
tri dt rt nh, it h mch. Nhng khi it dn
Hnh 1 -2 -9 . Qu trnh qu ca it
in vi in p thun t vo, ht dn a s khng
a) mch in
ngng khuch tn sang khu vc bn kia chuyn tip,
b) E> th sng l tng
(l trng khu vc p khuch tn sang thnh ht dn
c) D th sng thc
thiu s ca khu vc N, in t khu vc N khuch
tn sang thnh ht dn thiu s ca khu vc P) lm
cho s tch tr kh nhiu ht mang thiu s hai bn chuyn tip PN. Do d, bng
t vo in p ngc, th cc ht dn thiu s hnh thnh dng in tri dt tng

i ln. l dng in I = - ^ thi im cd t bin m, it vn thng. Ch

sau khong thi gian hi phc nghch tj.g tiu tn ht s ht mang thiu s
tch tr th dng in nghch qua it mi tin n Ij = 0 .
4) Mch in tng ng
Cc hnh 1-2-10, 1-2-11 trnh by mch in tng ng i vi dng in mt
chiu ca it Si.

oy

(a) 4 0-

(o) C)
/I ^

Hnh 1 -2 -1 0 . M ch in tng ng gn ng ca Hnh 1 - 2 - l . Mch in ing ng n gin ;

it Si : a) thun : b) nghch. a) thun ; b) nghch.

14
 1.2.5. Cc tham s c bn ca it bn dn
1) Dng in chinh lu trung bnh cc i Ip. d l dng in trung bnh hng
thun cc i c cho php chy qua it trong thi gian s dng di, tr s ny
c xc nh bi din tch chuyn tip PN v iu kin ta nhit. Trongs dng
it, cn ch iu kin ta nhit v bo m dng in trung bnh < Ip, it
khi hng.
2) in p nghch cc i Nu in p nghch t vo it t n in p
nh thng Vg th dng in nghch tng nhanh, tnh dn in mt hng ca it
b ph hoi, thm ch dn n nh thng nhit lm hng it. it lm vic
an ton, thng in p nghch cc i cho php trn it bng mt na in p
nh thng.
3) Dng in nghch Ij. l tr s dng in nghch khi it khng b nh
thng. Ij cng nh th tnh dn in mt hng cng tt. Cn ch rng Ij ph
thuc r rt vo nhit .
4) Tn s cng tc. in dung chuyn tip PN v in dung khuch tn ca it
l yu t ch yu gii hn tn s cng tc, vt qu gii hn th it khng
th hin tnh nng dn in mt chiu na.
5) Thi gian Ki phc nghch Thi gian tj.g c o trong cc iu kin quy
nh v : ph ti, dng in thun, dng in nghch tc thi cc i. v d,
bng ng m Si c s hiu 2CK15, khi = 50 Q, bin dng in thun
v nghch u 10 mA, th < 5nS ( thi im kt thc tj.g th Ij = ImA,
tc 1 0 % bin )
6) in dung khng thin p. Khng thin p l iu kin khng c in p t
vo it. Gi tr in dung ny bao gm tng in dung khuch tn v in dung
chuyn tip PN. v d, vi 2CK15, in dung khng thin p nh hn 5pF.

1.2.6. it n p
it n p, mt it bn dn cd c tnh n p c sn xut chuyn dng phc
v cc thit b n p v mch in t, nd c phn bit vi cc it bn dn
khc c ng dng chnh lu, tch sng v.v...
I) Tc ng n p
thy r tc dng n p ca it n
p, ta hy xt phn nghch ca c tuyn
V - A ca it n p, hnh 1.2.12. khi in
p nghch t n mt gi tr nht nh, th
dng in nghch tng nhanh t bin, sau
ng vi phm vi bin thin rt ln ca
dng in nghch l phm v bin thin rt AVi=j2 V I V'(v;
nh ca in p nghch. t l hin tng
tl= 4 0 m A
nh thng in. iu kin s dng c
tnh n p nti trn l trong mch in it
n p phi c bin php hn ch dng in
sao cho s nh thng in khng dn n
s nh thng nhit lm hng bdng n p. _ _ ,
Hnh 1 -2 -1 2 . c tnh n p.

15
 Hnh 1 -2 -13 a l mch in tng ng
ca it n p. Tng ng vi hlnh 1-2-12,
gi tr n p Vjr = 9,8V. gi tr ni tr tng
~ AV 0,2V 14 V,
ong ^ = 5Q (o) T
\v
Hnli 1 -2 -1 3 b. l k hiu ca it n p.
(b)

2) Nguyn u nh thng
Hin tng nh thng xy ra trong chuyn Hnh 1 -2 -1 3 .

tip PN cd th do hai c ch sau y : M ch in tung ng v k hiu

ca it n p.
C ch nh thng Zene (xuyn h.m) :
khi in trng nghch t vo ln th
cc in t ng ha tr c th nng lng tch khi nguyn t tr thnh
in t t do, to ra cp in t - l trng, v lc ny s ht mang tng t bin
nn xy ra hin tng nh thng.
C ch nh thng thc l : khi in trngnghch t vo mnh, th nng
lng ht mang ln hon, ct th xy ra va chm lm bt ra cc in t lp ngoi
ca nguyn t. Nhng in t mi sinh ra ny li tham gia vo qu trnh va chm
v bt ra in t. Phn ng dy chuyn ny lm cho s ht mang tng t bin.

Thc nghim chng minh rng : i vi it n p c in p Vj, nh, tc l

vng in tch khng gian ca nd hp, th xy ra c ch nh thng Zene. Vng
in tch khng gian hp, cng in trng mnh, cp in t- trng d sinh
ra. Nhng qu trnh va chm v phn ng dy chuyn li c xc sut thp. i
vi it n p c in p n p ln, tc l vng in tch khng gian ca nt
rng, th xy ra c ch nh thng thc l l ch yu. v d, i vi btng n p
Si, th ranh gii gia hai c ch ny l 4 4- 7V, ngha l cc it n p c
< 4V thuc c ch nh thng Zene, cc it n p > 7V thuc v c ch
nh thng thc l, cn cc it n p 4V < Vj, < 7 V th thuc v c hai c ch
nh thng.

3) Tham s

a) in p n p : gi tr in p n p trn hai cc ca it n p khi nd

lm vic trong mch in n p. Gi tr ny c thay i nh, ph thuc vo dng
in cng tc v nhit . Cng loi s hiu c sn xut ra nhng cc it n
p ct sai lch v in p n p. v d : btng 2CW11 c in p n p 3,2 -- 4,5V.

b) Dng in cng tc : l gi tr dng in cng tc ca it n p c dng

tham kho. Gi tr thc ca dng in cd th nh hn, tuy rng tnh nng n
p s km hn. Gi tr thc ca dng in c th n hn, km theo tnh nng n
p s tt hn, nhng tiu hao in cng ln hn ; cn ch khng vt tn hao
cho php khi hng bng.

c) H s nhit : l h s biu th s nh hdng ca bin i nhit i vi

gi tr in p n p. v d ; btng 2CW2D c h s nhit l + 0,095%/ c , tc
nu nhit tng thm l c thi gi tr in p n p cng tng thm 0,095%.
Gi s V2 = 17V t = 20c thl t = 50 ;

16
 = 17 + X (50 - 20) X 17 = 17 + 0,48 = 17,48V

Ni chung, bng n p ct Vj, < 6 V th h s nhit l m, btng np cd

> 6 V th c h s nhit l dng (t l c im ca hai c ch nh
thng). Btng n p c xp x 6 V b nh hng nhit l khng ng k.
Vy nu cn mc n p chnh xc, thng chn c 6 V, hoc chn hai bng
c h s hit ngc nhau ri mc ni tip chng b tr ln nhau.
d) in tr ng : l t s gia s gia in p vi s gia dng in tng ng.
in tr ng thay i theo dng in cng tc, dng cng ln thi in tr ng
cng nh. V d, bdng 2DW7C, 5m th in tr ng l 18 Q, 10 mA thi
8 Q, & 20mA th l 2 Q Chng hn, khi dng in cng tc tng t 20mA n
30mA, th bin thin tng ng ca in p n p l ;
(30 - 20) X 10"^ x 2 = 20 X 10"^ V = 20mV.
J Cng sut tiu hao cho php : tham s xc n nhit tng cao cho
php. Nu bit in p n p ca bdg th tnh c dng in cng tc cc i
cho php bng t s gia cng sut tiu hao cho php vi gi tr in p n p.
V d, bng 2DW7A c = 6 V, cng sut tiu hao cho php 200mW, vy dng
in cng tc cc i cho php l :
200 mW ^
6V ...
1.3. TOANZITO
S ch to ra tranzito
l mt nhy vt v cht
ca k thut in t. Hin
(6) Wo
nay, ta thng dng cng a o /if
ngh quang khc, kuch
tn ch to tranzito. Xt
v cu trc, ta phn o
thnh tranzito N P N v
tranzito PNP.
Hnh 1.3.1 trnh by cu
trc tranzito NPN.
Tranzito cd hai chuyn
tip PN : chuyn tip emit chuu7 ffp C o(P)
(cc pht) v chuyn tip eniio^ colecto^ ^
colecto (cc gdp) v ba khu
vc : emit, baz (cc gc),
colect. Tranzito c 3 in
cc l dy dn in ly ra &(N) C (p )
t ba khu vc ni trn, k
N PN PNP
hiu l e (emit), b (baz),
c (colect). Dng cht bn (b) ic)
dn p lm khu vc emit v
khu vc colect, cht bn
Hnh 1 -3 -1 . Cu trc v k hiu ca tranzito.
dn N lm khu vc baz

2a-CSKT... 17
cu trc nn PNP. Hnh l.s .lc l k hiu ca hai loi tranzito, mi tn ca cc e
biu th chiu dng in ki chuyn tip emitd c in p thun, mi tn hng
ra ngoi i vi tranzito NPN, mi tn hng vo trong i vi tranzito PNP.
Nguyn l cng tc ca hai loi tranzito ging nhau. Di y gii thiu nguyn l
tranzito NPN.

1.3.1. l c dng khuch i v s phn phi dng in trong tranzito

Tc dng khuch i ca mch in khuch i l ly nng lng t ngun ring
nng mc nng lng tn hiu u vo (nh) thnh mc nng lng ln hn
ca tn hiu u ra.
) Chuyn ng ca ht dn v s phn phi dng in
Hinh 1.3.2, trnh by s chuyn ng ca ht dn trong tranzito.
Ngun + 12 V thng qua in tr t in p thun vo tranxito.
a) Tnh hnh din t pht x t vng e uo vng b ;
Chuyn tip e ct in p thun Vg > Vg, s
chuyn ng khuch tn mnh hn chuyn ng
tri dt, in t ca vng e khng ngng vt
qua chuyn tip PN ti vng b, l trng ca vng
b khng ngng vt ti vng e, cng to ra dng
in cc emit Ig. Do c im k thut ch to,
nng l trng vng b rt nh so vi nng
in t vng e, nn dng in l trng cd th
b qua.
b) Tnh hnh khuch tn v ti hp in t
trong khu vc b : 1-3-2- Chuyn ng ca ht
v nng in t vng gn e rt ln, cn tranzito.
nng in t vng gn c rt b, nn in t
sau khi n b th c th tip tc khuch tn n c. Trong qu trinh khuch tn
ny, in t lun gp phi l trng ca khu vc b, l trng b ti hp trit tiu,
nhng ngun cc b b sung l trng, to ra dng in cc baz Ig. cd c
nhiu in t khuch tn n c, khi ch to tranzto, ngi ta lm vng b rt
mng, nng tp cht vng b rt nh, xc sut ti hp s rt b.
c) Tnh hnh cc e thu thp in t :

Khc vi tnh hinh xy ra chuyn tip e, khi in t n chuyn tip c thi gp

in trng nghch. in trng ny cn tr in t khuch tn vo khu vc b, dng
thi gom gtp cc in t khuch tn t b n, to ra dng in cc colect

Trong tranzito c cu trc xt trn, dng in bao gm c in t v l trng,

nn i khi c gi l tranzito ng ht phn bit vi cc loi tranzito cu
trc khc.

2) Tc dng khuch i dng in

Ittm tt s chuyn ng ca ht dn trong tranzito, hnh 1.3.2 biu th bng
mi tn hng dng in t. VI vng b rt mng, nng l trng li thp, nn
a s in t khuch tn t e s vt qua khu vc b ti c c, to thnh I q ;

18
 Ic .
ch mt phn nh chy ti b to thnh Ig. Sau khi ch to, tl l ~ l xc nh,

vy nn c th iu chnh bng thay i Ijj. T cd tc dng khuch i dng

in ca tranzito.
H s khuch i dng in mt chiu ca tranzito c biu th l :

Cn h s khuch i dng in xoay chiu ca tranzito c biu th l :

Al,
(1-3-2)
AI.
Ni chung, p p.
Xt v quan h in p, gia b v e l in p thun, Vgg ch bin i b cng
c th sinh ra bin i ng k ca Ig (c tnh thun ca chuyn tip PN), nh
tc dng khuch i dng in ca tranzito, kt qu c c s bin i rt ln
ca l,. S bin i dng in ny sinh ra s bin i in p trn hai u in
tr cc colect Thnh phn xoay chiu ln gp bi ln thnh phn xoay
chiu Vgg. Vy tc dng khuch i dng in chuyn thnh tc dng khuch
i in p.

1.3.2. c tnh u vo v c tnh u ra ca tranzito

c tuyn V-A ca tranzito phn nh ton din quan h dng - p gia cc cc.
Trn thc t, nhng c tuyn ny l biu hin bn ngoi ca tnh nng dn in
cc chuyn tip PN. Xt gc s dng, c tuyn tranzito thng c dng.
Cc s tay v bng bn dn thng cho c tuyn u vo v c tuyn u ra
ca tranzito. Hnh 1.3.3 gii thiu mch in o c tuyn tranzito.
1) c tnh u vo
d l quan h gia Ig v Vgg trong mch
vng u vo ca tranzito.
- Khi = 0, tng ng s ngn Rc
mch ce ; quan h Ig v Vgg. l c tnh
V - A ca 2 it ct p thun ni song song Ic0
(mt it ca chuyn tip e, mt it ca
chuyn tip c)
Khi = 2V. C in p nghch t
ln chuyn tip c thu ht mnh in t t
e, to thnh Q. Vy vi nh nhau, th
Ig gim nh, c tuyn dch sang phi. Hnh
1.3.4 l c tuyn u vo ca tranzito
3DG4C. Vi cc gi tr khc nhau, th Hnh - 5 - i . Mch o c tuyn lranzito.
c tuyn u vo c thay i cht t. Khi
Vqp ln > IV), ng vi mt gi tr Vgg l s in t xc nh khuch
tn ti khu vc b, tuyt i s s in t ny b ko n c, v vy dng Ig khng

19
gim nh r rng khi ^CE tng thm. Nn c tuyn
u vo ch cn cho mt ng nh hlnh 1.3.4.
2) c tnh u ra ^
l quan h gia v ^CE trong mch vng u imA)
ra ca tranzito khi Ig l tham s (xc nh). Hnh 1.3.5
biu th c tuyn ra ca tranzto 3DG4C. T c tuyn 0.1
trn hnh 1.3.5, ta c th thy 3 khu vc cng tc ca 0.08
0.06
tranzito.
OM
- Khu vc ct. Tong ng vi Ig < 0. i vi 0.02
tranzito NPN Si, khi Vg < Vg (Vgg < 0) th tranzito
O 0.2 OAO.S 0.8 1.0
h mch. Nh ta thy c tuyn thun ca chuyn
tip PN, khi Vgg < 0,5V (in p vng cht Vq = 0,5V),
th vng e cn bn khng c in t chuyn sang vng Hnh 1 - 3 - 4 . Dc tuyn u vo.
b, tng ng Ig = 0, = 0. Tht ra, khu vc ct khng
tng ng trng thi h mch tranzito, v
chuyn ng nhit m tn ti dng in rt
nh trong mch cc colecto. IcEo, gi l dng
in xuyn. Dng in xuyn nh di fiA nn \slQ 8
khng c th hin trn c tuyn. r
^ ^ 0.6

- IQiu vc khuch i. Tng ng vi in

p thun trn chuyn tip e v in p nghch ----- l a - 0.2 mA
r -------
trn chuyn tip c, th phn c tuyn u ra to 20 SO V c(v)
gn nh nm ngang, l khu vc khuch i.
Hnh / - 3 - 5 . D c tuyn u ra.
i vi tranzito Si, khi Vgg > 0,5V, v vi
in p nghch no chuyn tip c, thi hu
ht in pht x t e, qua b, u n c, vy I q Ig, Ig rt b. Khi Ig bin i
AIc
th bin i theo, . khng ph thuc ng k vo hn na 1 , tc

l tranzito khuch i mnh dng in.

- Khu vc bo ha. Trong mch in ca b khuch i tranzito nh hnh 1.3.2
biu th, cd in tr ti. Nu ngun in E q khng i, khi Iq tng thl gim.
Nu b n mc lm suy gim kh nng thu gtp in t ca colecto, thi I q
khng tng hoc tng khng ng k theo Ig tranzito mt i tc dng khuch
i, tc l nd trong trng thi bo ha. Mc bo ha ph thuc Ig v !(-.
Chng ta gi trng thi = Vgg l bo ha gii hn, trng thi < Vgg l
qu bo ha. in p bo ha ^CES t l thun vi Ij,. V d, tranzito Si cng sut
nh ct < 0,4V, tranzito Si cng sut ln (I. > 1A ) cd ^CES ^ IV, tranzito
Gg cd |V(,gg| nh hn.

1.3.3. c tnh chuyn mch ca tranzito

Tranzito l cu kin chuyn mch (kha) c bn nht trong mch s, n cd trng
thi lm vic hoc khu vc ct, hoc khu vc bo ha, cn ch trong khonh
khc ca qu trnh qu (chuyn t bo ha sang ngt hoc t ngt sang bo
ha) tranzito mi lm vic trong khu vc khuch i. Nh hnh 1.3.6 biu th, khi
in p vo = 0 th tranzito ngt, khi Vj = + 3V th tranzito thng bo ha.

20
VI vy iu kin dng m ca tranzito v c im
cng tc ch ng m cn c chng ta ch
c bit.
I. iu kin thng bo ha v c im
iu kin ;
Khi bo ha gii hn, hJ
3
V cE =VcES. Ic X. T"
ov_n_
t mch hnh 1.3.6

Hnh 1 -3 -6 . Chuyn ha trng thi cng tc

ca lranzito.
^CES !
^CS ~ R. R-
L

Vy tranzito s thng bo ha khi

(1-3-3)

(1 -3 -3 ) l iu kin lm cn c xt on phi chng tranzito thng bo ha.

- c im :
T c tnh u vo v c tnh u ra, ta bit rng tranzito Si sau khi
thng bo ha, Vgg = 0,7V, ^CE - '^CES ^ ,3V ging nh kh ng m trng
thi tip thng.
2. u kin ngt v c im
- iu kin :

BE
< V = 0,5V (1-3-4)

Vq l in p vng cht ca chuyn tip e. T c tnh u vo ta bit rng,

khi Vgg < 0,5V th tranzito c bn h mch, v vy (1-3-4) l iu kin lm cn
c xt on phi chng tranzito ngt.
- c im : Ig = 0 , q 0 ging nh ci chuyn mch trng thi h mch.

3. Thi gian chuyn mch

Qu trnh chuyn mch ca tranzito tng t nh it bn dn, cng c qu
trnh kin lp v tiu tn in tch, cn c thi gian nht nh. Tranzito chuyn
t ngt sang thng bo ha phi cn c thi gian ng ; chuyn t thng bo
h sang ngt cn thi gian ngt ^ o ff
Xem hnh 1.3.7, y l mt v d c th.
Khi in p vo bin di nhy vt t - Vg n + V g , tranzito khng lp tc
thng in, m sau mt thi gian tr td (t thi im t bin thun
Vj n thi im Ij, = cng thm thi gian tng trng tj. ( Ij, tng t
0,1 n 0,9

21
 Vy ton = t ^ + t r 1
y=zv
Khi in p vo
bin i nhy vt t
+Vg 2 n -V g j dng
in khng lp tc ^^Icmax
v 0 (h mch), bao
c=+5V
gm thi gian tn tr
tg (t thi im t
bin nghch V n 50
c
thi im Ig =
>^Icmax^ cng thm 20
thi gian suy gim
tf ( Ij, suy gim
n 0 ,1
^Cmax^
Vy = t, + tf
2
Hnh 1 - 3 -7 , Thi gian ng m ca tran lo :
a) Mch in ;
Ni chung, thi b) Dng sng.
gian ng m ca
tranzito t^_,
on 'off c
ns, v > t tg > tf. Ngha l, gi
tr thi gian tn tr tg l yu t ch yu
xc nh tc dng xn tranzito
4, Mch in tng ng
Hnh 1.3.8 biu th mch in tng ng
ca tranzito i vi dng in mt chiu khi
dng v khi m.
Hnh /- 3 - S .
Mch in tng ng :
1.3.4. Cc tham s c bn ca a) Khi Ihng bo ha ;
tranzito b) Khi ngt.

Thm s ca tranzito c trng cc tnh nng

k thut v phm vi s dng ca n.
1) H s khuch i dng in

AI,
I, AI.

Hnh 1.3.9 trnh by s khc bit gia

j5 v p.

^C2 ^C1 C1
=
^B2 ^B1
thch hp tnh ton tn hiu xoay chiu bin
nh. ^ thch hp tnh ton tn hiu mt
chiu, hoc tn hiu xoay chiu bin ln. Khi

22
c tuyn ct dng cc ng song song cch u v b qua Ico th /3 = /5.
S mch in 1.3,3 c gi l b khuch i tranzito mc chung emit v e
l cc chung cho u vo v u ra. /3 l h s khuch i dng in ca b khuch
i tranzito mc chung emit. Hnh 1.3.10 l b khuch i tranzito mc chung
baz v b l cc chung cho u vo v u ra.
H s khuch i ng in ca mch
ny l t s gia dng in u ra A Ig. v
dng in u vo A q, k hiu a.

a.3.5)

Do s vn ng ca ht dn trong
tranzito m a = 0,90 -- 0,99 = 1.
Hnh 1 -3 -1 0 .
v ; /3 = (1-3-6)
1 a Mch khuch i mc chung baz.
Gii thch (1-3-6) nh sau :
AI, AI, Alc
AIe = Alc + AIb /3 = AI. AI
AIe - AIc

2) Dng din nghch

a) Dng in bo ha nghch gia cc c v cc b, k hiu l dng in
nghch ca colect khi h mch emit, khng ph thuc v^, v c gi tr khng
i nhit cho trc, Nti chung QQO tranzito cng sut nh,
bdng Gg cp JA, btng Si cp nA. Nu yu cu tranxito lm vic trong phm vi
nhit rng , th nn chn bng Si.
b) Dng in xuyn I(2 Q l dng in colect khi h mch baz, nhng tng
ng vi in p V^E no d, = (1 + I(;,gQ.

Cc dng in nghch I qbo ^CEO nh gi cht lng tranzito. Nu

tranzito ct khuyt tt trong qu trnh ch to th Icgo tng ln sau thi gian
s dng.

3) Tham s gii hn
Trong tnh hung no , nu tranzito lm vic ch vt tham s gii hn
cng cha chc b hng. Tuy nhin, tt nht l thit k tranzito lm vic khng
vt tham s gii hn.
a) Dng in colect cc i cho php /3 s gim nh khi (c th

yS = ^ gi tr danh nh). Thng i vi tranzito cng sut nh th = vi

mA, i vi tranzito cng sut ln = vi A.

23
 b) in p nh thng :
- in p nh thng nghch BVggQ. y l gi tr in p nghch cc i cho
php t ln chuyn tip emit khi h mch colect. Nu vn hnh vt BVggoth
chuyn tip emit b nh thng. Ni chung cc bng hp kim cd BVggjj tng
cao, bng b mt cao tn BVggQ c vi V, thm ch khng n IV.
- in p thng nghch BVpQQ khi h mch emt. SU khi VcB tng n mt
gi tr nht nh th 1^.00 t bin tng mnh, dn ti nh thng thc l. BVqp
c gi tr tng i cao (xc nh bi in p nh thng thc i vi chuyn
tip colect)
- in p nh thng nghch khi h mch bazd. BV(^gQ
c) Cng sut tn hao cc i cho php
coecta Tham s ny quyt nh nhit
ca bng. Thng nhit lm vic cc
i ca bng Si c 150c, ca bng Ge c .
Z
70c, nhit cao hn lm hng bng. Hnh
1.3.11 biu din gii hn lm vic an ton 's
c a b n g ng v i = V , X cho,
m -^
ng hypecbo. ............. '
10 3tO 0 Vc[
Vng ca c tuyn u ra nm di v
bn tri ng hypecbol l vng lm vic an
ton. Thng c th m rng vng lm vic Hnh Vng lm vic an ton
an ton bng lm mt bng (lm mt bng tng ng PcM = 300mW.
qut gi, lm mt bng ngm du, lm mt
bng phin ta nhit)

1 3 .5 nh hng ca nhit n Cc tham s ca tranzto

Hu ht cc tham s ca tranzito u ph thuc nhit . Vy nn cn nm
vng quy lut s thay i tham s theo nhit , bo m mch in thc t
lm vic tt trong phm vi nhit cho.
1) Nhit nh hng ti QgQ
^CBO dng ht dn thiu s khu vc colect. S lng ht dn thiu s ph
thuc r vo nhit . Nghin cu cho bit rng 1^30 nhanh theo hm s m
ca bin s nhit . Nti chung, khi nhit tng 10c th tng gp i.
Nhng ca bng Si nh hn nhiu ca bdng Ge. Bng Si cht lng cao
th l;go lOnA, ngha l vn khng nghim trng lm.
2) Nhit nh hng ti /3
/3 cng tng theo nhit . Hnh 1 -3 -1 2 cho thy rng khi nhit tng t 15c
ln 4 5 c th /3 tng khong 30%. Khi , vi Ig khng i, tng theo nhit .

3) Nhit nh hng ti
i vi bng Si th
V g g = 0 ,6 -i- 0 ,8 V .

i vi bng Ge th
Vb e I = 0,1 - 0,3V..

24
 Hlnh 1 -3 -1 3
v c tuyn u
vo ca bdng Si
tng ng cc
nhit -7 0 c ,
20C, 150c.
Hnh v cho bit
vi Ig khng i,
Vgg gm khi
nhit tng.
N di chung, H
s nhit ca
|V be I khi t
in p thun HlHh - 3 - 1 z inh
vo chuyn tip S ph thuc ca S ph thuc V bb ca bng S
em it k h o n g bng Si vo nhit . vo nhit .
- 2 ^ - 2,5mV/C,
ngha l nu
nhit tng lc th Vgg I gim 2 -i- 2,5mV. Quy lut ny l chung cho bdng
Gp v bng Si.

TM TT

Ni dung ch yu ca phn ny l tc dng khueh i, c tuyn v tham s

ca tranzito.
1. Tc dng khuch i ca tranzito i vi tn hiu xoay chiu thng qua vic
iu khin nng lng ngun ly ra trn t mch u ra mt nBg ng tng
i ln.
2 . S chuyn ng ca in t v l trng qua cu trc hai chuyn tip FN ca
tranzito a ti tc dng khuch i. bg NPN, khi l in p thun, in
t ca khu vc emit chy sang khu vc baz, vng tip gip hnh thnh nng
Dp (0) t l vi Vg, sinh ra dng in khuch tn t l v gradien nng . v
khu n c baz rt hp nn xc sut xy ra ti hp y nh, phn ln in t n
c colect, b in trng chuyn tip colect thu ht, to thnh dng in colect
Iq. Qu trinh trn y chng t Vgg sinh ra dng in t, nhng phn ln li to
thnh dng colect. Vy Vgg iu khin Dng in xoay chiu do in
p xoay chiu tri ti mch colect s ln hn dng xoay chiu Ig v in p xoay
chiu Vgg. Quan h Vgg vi l phi tuyn, v th da vo quan h t l gia Ig,
Ig vi ta gi tranzito lng cc l cu kin iu khin dng in.
3. Tranzito cd th mc thnh b khuch i mc chung emit, hay mc ciung
baz, hay mc chung colect. C th da vo c tnh ngoi ca chng phn
tch c tnh cng tc ca chng, y chng ta gii thiu c tnh u vo
v c tnh u ra ca b khuch i tranzito mc chung emit.
4. C th phn c tuyn u ra ca tranzito thnh 3 vng : vng khuch i,
vng bo ha, vng ct. nh ngha vng khuch i l vng m chuyn tip PN
ca khu vc e cd in p thun, chuyn tip PN ca khu vc c cd in p nghch.

25
Vng bo ha tng ng vi in p thun trn c hai chuyn tip. Vng ct tng
ng vi in p nghch trn c hai chuyn tip. Tuy nhin s phn bit 3 vng l
tng i, vng bo ha gii hn khng mt hon ton tc dng khuch i,
vng ct dng in colect khng tuyt i bng 0 .
5. Tham s ca tranzito c trng cho tnh nng v phm vi s dng ca nt.
Tham s c tham kho kt hp vi c tuyn khi thit k mch. Cc s tay v
cu kin bn dn cung cp tham s v c tuyn ca tranzito.

1.4. BNG BN DN TRNG (FET - Field Effect Transistor)

Khi tranzito lng ht lm phn t khuchi,chuyn tip PN ca mch u

vo c phn cc thun, ngha l yu cungun tn hiumtcng sut nhtnh.
Trong nhiu ng dng, chng hn nh o in p h mch ca mch hai cc, iu
d dn n sai s o rt ln. Bng bn dn trng l phn t khuch i m hu
nh khng yu cu dng in u vo. Bng bn dn trng l mt cu kin bn
dn ct chuyn tip PN dng hiu ng in trng iu khin dng in... Ngoi
u im khng yu cu cng sut ca ngun tn hiu (iu khin bng in p tn
hiu), Bdng bn dn trng cn c cc u im : tin cho vi mch ha, chu nh
hng yu ca bc x v nhit . Bdng bn dn trng, vit tt l FET, ngy
cng c s dng rng ri.
FET c phn thnh hai loi ln : IGFET v JFET. IGFET l tranzito hiu ng
trng cd cc ca cch in vi knh dn (Isolated Gate Field Effect transistor),
JFET l tranzito hiu ng trng chuyn tip PN (Junction Field Fffect transistor).
FET l cu kin dn in bng ht n a s. c ixn dn in chi bng ht
d n a s l m cho nd cn c gi l t ra n z it o n cc. p h n n y c h n g ta 8
xem xt nguyn l lm vic, c tnh v tham s ca FET.

1.4.1. IGFET

IGFET c ch to theo cng ngh MOS (Metal - Oxide - Semiconductor tc

l c cu trc kim loi - oxyt - bn dn)
1. Cu trc v nguyn l lm vic
Hnh 1.4.1. trnh by cu trc bng MOSFET. Bng kl thut quang khc, khuch
tn v cc phng php khc, ngi ta to ra hsd khu vc N trn phin p. Khu
vc N bn tri ni vi cc ngun (k hiu l s - Source). Khu vc N bn phi ni
vi cc mng (k hiu l D - Drain). Ngi ta gn mt in cc trn tng oxyt
S1O2 , vo khong gia s v D, d l cc cng (k hiu l G - Gate). t l cu
trc btng MOSFET. Nh hnh v, s v phin ni t, t vo in p thun
Vpg. Khi , in dung to ra bi G v c in p Vq 5 , b mt phin s
cm ng cc in tch m. Nu Vq 5 ln th in tch cm ng ln hnh
thnh lp N, do lin kt s v D li (hnh a). Lp N gi l knh dn. in
^GS t n mc ngng to ra knh dn, gi l in p m, k hiu l v^.
Vq 5 cng tng th knh dn cng rng ra. Hnh c gii thiu k hiu MOSFET knh
dn N, trong B l k hiu cho phin , mi tn chi hng vo knh dn N t
phin B. Cc cng G c th v gia hoc lch v pha s. Cng cd khi khng

26
cn v B, ngm hiu
B v s ni nhau ;
mi tn trn s biu
th chiu dng in
t s chy ra ngoi.
Cc mng D c
t vo in p
thun Vpg, do s (>)
c dng in cc
mng Iq tng theo
Vpg. Iq sinh ra in rr~
p ri dc theo knh s
dn, in th tng
cao dn v pha D.
Nhng khi V d s tng
n mc lm cho Hnh I - 4 - L Cu irc M OSPET :
Vqq < T j th knh a) Cng tc ti khu vc khng bao ha (V gs > V t, V gd > V t) ;
dn b tht li gn b) Cng lc khu vc bo ha (V gs > V t, V gd < V t) ;
D, xem hnh l- 4 - lb . c) K hiu.
Khi Iq khng tip
UV.V- tng
tc xxe theo V.pg. S d nh vy v, in tr vng tht ln, in p ri ln, s
tng thm ca Vpg sinh ra 2 tc ng ngc chiu i vi Iq, l vng tht ni
rng ra v in p ri trn vng tht ln hn, kt qu Ij5 hu nh khng i.
Thng gi vng cng tc Vqq > Vy l khu vc khng bo ha (vng tuyn tnh)
v gi vng cng tc ^GD l khu vc bo ha dng in (vng n dng).
Vy MOSFET ct th xem nh kha ng m (i vi tn hiu i qua s , D) chu
s iu khin bi in p cc G ; khi Vq 5 > in tr tng ng ca hai cc
SD c5 vi trm Q, ngha l trng thi ni mch ; cn khi th cd s cch
u ca chuyn tip PN phn cc nghch, ngha l trng thi h mch.
V MOSFET
khng yu cu
dng cc G nn himk) ^(rA)
c xem l cu
^tSngoo / o ho
kin c iu Ma / V5 =v
khin bng in
p. / 7V

2) c tnh cc ev
mng v c tnh \K^
trun t
2 6 8 iy y
H n h 1- 4 - 2 a ^ ^^ ^ V i,s (y )
trinh by c V r= w = V o ,= 6 V
&5
tuyn cc mng,
ngha l quan h {^) (bi
h v Vj3 s- Vng
bn tri ng Hnh 1 -4 -2 . D c tnh ca M OSPET
nt t l khu a) c tinh mng ;
b) D c tnh taiyn t.

27
vc khng bo ha, Ij3 tng theo Vpg. Vng bn phi ng nt t l khu vc bao
ha, vi Vqs xc nh thl Ij5 hu nh khng ph thuc Vjjj. ng nt dt phn
ranh gii gia hai khu vc tha mSn Vgd = hay l :
Vos - Vx
V ds > (1 -4-1)
Vi iu kin in p cc mng khng i, t c tuyn cc mng ct th
suy ra c tuyn quan h Ij5 vi Vq 3 , nh hnh l-4 -2 b . Thng gi c tuyn ny
l c tnh truyn t. R rng m ct ca c tuyn vi trc honh gi tr
Vq 3 = V.,. Gl dc ca c tuyn truyn t l h dn ca MOSFET, k hiu
l gm :
9I d
= V , - - .... (1 -4 -2 )
9V,GS
DS khngi
ni chung, gj^ tng theo I q .
3) Tr khng vo ca MOSFET
VI lp SO2 l vt liu cch in tt, nn cc sng hu nh khng yu cu dng
in, tr khng u vo cc cao ( > 1 0 ^ ), coi nh h mch i vi dng mt
chiu. V b y p in mi SO2 d cc cng cha n l;m nn in dung u
vo ca mch cc cng chng vi pF. in tch trn in ung ny cd th lu gi
mt th gian di vi in trd u vo cc cao. Ngi ta ng ng c im ny
ca MOSFET lu gi tm thi tn hiu in dung u
vo ca n, lm thnh nhiu o mch logic ng.
Nhng s kh tiu tn in tch trn in dung cc cng
cng mang li bt li sau y. in tch tnh in trn cc
c n g do h i n t ng c m n g t n h i n t o r a B s in h r a i n
p cc cao cc cng, c th nh thng lp n mi SO2 - J h
ti d, lm hdng MOSPET.
bo v MOSFET khi s c ni trn, trong cc vi mch
s, thng c mch bo v ni vo cc ch&n vi mch. Hlnh
1.4.3 biu th mt mch bo v n gin nht, l mt it Hnh 1 - 4 - 3 . Mch in
n p mc thm u vo. i t XeViB. Nu n p bo v cc cng.
tnh in ln n mc nh thng in, to ng thng
ngn mch n, do t bo v lp SO2 khng b nh thng.
4) Bn b i bng MOSPET
MOSFET c cu trc
hlnh 1.4. la s khng cd knh
dn kh i V q 5 = 0 ; chi khi
Vq 5 t n mt gi tr xc
nh th knh dn mi c
to ra, v th MOSFET ny p p
c gi l IGFET knh cha
ct sn. Ngi ta cd th ch ra; ( )
to loi MOSFET m knh
dn c sn, knh dn ny
tn ti c khi Vq 5 = 0 . Hlnh 1 - 4 - 4 . Cu tr c IG F E T knh c sn.
a) V gs = 0 : b) V gs < 0.

28
Hnh 1.4.4 biu th cu trc
IGFET knh cd sn.
i vi IGFET knh cd s . D D
sn, khi Vq 5 = 0 , l
in p thun, th Iq tn ti. L _ L
Nu t in p m vo cc
cng G, th trn knh n N
I
cm ng in tch dong, (q ) ()
m bng s t hp ca ht
mang knh dn, dn n m n h - 4 - S . Bng MOS knh n p.
tng in tr knh dn, kt a) knh cha c sn : b) knh c sn.
q u l m I q g i m x u n g . V q 5
cng m, Ij5 cng nh. Khi
Vgg l in p m ln, phan O c iu/'n c iuyh
k hiu truyn t cc m a n g
thi v s ti hp hon ton MOSPET
ca ht dn (ht dn ngho
knh dn
kit) nn Iq = 0 .
A/ ch a
Nu t in p dng
co n
vo G, knh dn xut hin Vr V<
cfs
in tch m cm ng, lm
tng dn in knh dn, knh dn
N li
kt qu Iq tng n.
c' sn
/
Vy btng MOS knh dn S Vr
N c hai loi l IGFET knh
cha cd sn v IGFET knh kinh don
. l'r
c sn.
Hnh 1 -4 -5 trinh by cu
trc bng MOS knh dn p
p
cto C
so n 7 's

vi phin l bn dn N. knh dan p

B 'fS
Nguyn l lm vic ca chng c s n
tng t nh btng MOS knh
dn N xt trn, ch lu
s khc bit cc tnh
in p. Htih 1 - 4 - 6 . 4 loi bng MOSFET.

Hnh 1 -4 -6 tm tt thnh
bng v 4 loi MOSFET. c im ca tng lo i th hin tng ng trn k hiu :
MOSFET knh dn N, mi tn xut pht t B. MOSFET knh dn p, mi tn
hng n B. MOSFET knh dn cha c sn th s, D, B cch ii nhau, biu th
knh dn cha c khi Vq 5 = 0. MOSFET knh dn c sn th s, p , B ni lin,
biu th knh dn tn t c khi = 0.

5. nh hng ca in p phin
Khi dng mt MOSFET ring l, thng thng vn ni chung cc ngun vo
phin . Nhng trong vi mch, cc nhiu MOSFET c cng phin , cc MOSFET
li ni kt thnh cc mch in logic khc nhau, nn khng th ni tt c cc
E g u n vo phin c.

29
 Khi cc ngun khng ni vo phin , i vi MOSFET knh dn p th phi
ch cd in th dng so vi cc ngun, i vi MOSFET knh dn N th phii
ch cd itt th m so vi cc ngun. M chng cd knh dn lm vng s thn
vi vng D, m vng s v vng D ch cch li vi phin nh phn cc nghc
ca chuyn tip PN.
T hnh 1.4.7
ta nhn thy
rng, khi in th s D
phin thp
hn cc ngun,
th xut hin
vng ngho kit,
vng ny cng
m rng nu
IV g g I cng ln,
Hnh 1.4.7. nh hng ca iCn p phin :
ngha knh
a ) M OSPET knh dn N :
dn tr thnh
b) D c tuyn truyn t v c luyn cc nng.
hp hn. Kt qu
l vi Vq5 khng
i t h Ij5 n h hn so vi k h i Vgg = 0 (k h i ni c h u n g ). Hinh l-4 -7 b b i u t h XV
hng thay i ca c tuyn theo Vgg. Trong hon cnh Vbs 0 thl c tuyr
cc mng h thp hn, c tuyn truyn t dch sang phi ; ngha l Iq gim,
tng. iu ny l bt li i vi c tnh ng m ca MOSFET.
Cd th tnh c s tng ca :
AV^ = c \T\^ (1-4-3)

MOSFET knh dn p ly du - vc = 0,7 0,5

MOSFET knh dn p ly du + v c = 3,0 0,7
6) Tham s ch yu ca MOSPET
a) in p m v^. MOSFET knh N thng thng c = 3 -- 6 V.

Nh ci tin cng ngh, ngi ta lm c = 2 ^ 3V.

V,GS
b) in tr mt chiu u vo R^g. Rq 3 = 10^Q
Ig
c) in p nh thng DS, k hiu BVpg.
Vi iu kin Vq 5 = 0 (knh cha cd sn), trong qu trnh tng Vds. khi nc
Ij5 bt u tng mnh t bin, thi gi tr Vpg tng ng c gi l in p nb
thng. Nguyn nhn s tng Iq mt cch t bin :
- n h th n g th c l v n g ngho k i t g n c c m ng.

~ nh thng icuyn gi a D v s. i vi mt s MOSFET cd knh dn ngn

khi Vpg khng ngng tng ln th tng ngho kit t khu vc mng m di r
khu vc ngun, di knh dn bng 0, tc l nh thng xuyn gia D v s
Sau t, ht mang a s trong khu vc ngun c in trng vng ngho kit
gia tc, chy n cc mng, sinh ra Ij3 ln.

30
 d) in p nh thng G - s, k hiu BVQg.
Trong qu trnh tng Vq 5 , ng vi gi tr no ca Vgg lm cho Iq tng r rt
l in p nh thng G-S.
e) H dn tn s thp
Vi iu kin Vjjg khng i, cng thc (1-4-2) xc nh biu th tnh
nng iu khin ca Vq 5 i vi Iq, tham s quan trng c trng kh nng khuch
i ca MOSFET.
Thng thng = vi phn mi -i- vi mAV.
g) in tr thng mch
9VDS
^on (1-4-4)
aiD V
GS

^on hng Vjg i vi I q , l nghch o dc tip tuyn ti im

cng tc xt trn c tuyn cc mng, khu vc bo ha, Ip khng thay i ng
k theo Vpg nn rt ln thng = vi chc KS2 vi trm K.
Trong m ch s, khi thng mch, MOSFET thng cng te trng thi
V q5 = 0, v v y cd t h l y g i t r t i i m g c l m i b i u , k h i u
l thn g thng = vi trm Q.
h) in dung gia cc cc
Thng thng Cqs. Cqq = 1 -5- 3pF, Cqs = 0 ,1 4- lpF
i) H s tp m tn s thp NF.
Tkp m gy ra bi chuyn ng nhit hn lon ca ht dn. v th, d khng
c tn hiu a n u vo tng khuch i th vn c in p tp m hoc dng
in tp m u ra. H s tp m NF biu th ln ca tp m, n v dB,
NF cng nh biu th tp m cng b. NF o on tn s thp. Thng thng,
NF ca FET c vi dB, b hn NF ca tranzito lng cc...

1.4.2. TYanzito hiu ng trng chuyn tip PN (JFET)

I) Cu rc v nguyn l lm vic
Xem hnh 1-4-8. Trn mt ming vt liu
bn dn N, bng cch khuch tn nng
cao ngi ta to ra hai khu vc p hai
bn, hai khu vc ny c ni vi nhau hn
thnh cc cng (G), mt u ca ming bn
dn N s l cc mng (D), u cn li l
cc ngun (S), gia D v s l knh dn
(khu vc N). Trong k hiu,chiu mi tn
biu th dig t p n N.
Hnh 1 -4 -9 biu th JFET knh dn p.
Trn m i n g v t li u b n d n p, ngi ta to
ra hai khu vc N hai bn bng phng
p h p k h u c h t n . 1-4-8. JFET knh dn N :
a) Cu trc ; b) K hiu.

31
 Hnh 1 -4 -1 0 . biu th tnh hinh cng tc ca
JFET knh dn N khi Vps = 0, Vqs bin i

Ta bit, khi chuyn tip PN phn cc p

nghch vng ngho kit m rng theo in
p nghch t vo. Trong hnh 1 -4 -1 Oa, khi
Vpg = 0 thi knh dn ln, in tr ca n
nh. Khi I Vjjg tng, vng ngho kit m
rng, knh dn nh i, in tr ca n ln
ln. xem hnh 1 -4 -lO b . Cn khi Vq 5 I tng
n Vp I, vng ngho kit hai bn ni vo
nhau, knh dn b gin on, in tr ca n Hinh 1 -4 -9 . JF E T knh dn p ;
T t ln, xem hnh 1 -4 -lO c a) c i tr c ; b) Ki hiu.

Vp c gi l in p
tht. V mt ngha no ,
ta c th quan nim JFET
l mt bin tr c iu
khin bng in p, ch cn
thay i n p nghch t
ln chuyn tip PN (Vqs) l
c th thay i in tr R
gia D v s. Hinh 1.4.11 trnh
by mch khuch i JFET :

Hnh 1-4-10.
t vo gia DS in p 'ISc dng diu khin ca V c s im thay i vng ngho kit :
DS = E, dng in a) V os = 0 ;
DS b) 1 V gs I > 0 :
Thay i V qs
R c) I V o sl * 1 V p |.
iu khin R lm cho Ijj thay
i. Nh in tr ti Rq mch cc D, Ij) thay i m
Vjjg thay i. Tn hiu xoay chiu bin nh u
vo (Vq3 ) c th sinh ra in p tn hiu bn ln
u ra (V 0 5 ). Vy JFET th hin chc nng khuh

l
i in p. "

JFET knh dn p cng lm vic theo nguyn l tng

t nh trn, ch c iu khc bit l E q phi i ngc
cc tnh m thi. HUtk 1 -4 -1 1 .
Tc dng khuch i ca JFET.

2) c tuyn ra v c tuyn ruyn t

a) c tuyn ra (c tuyn cc mng)
Xem hlnh 1.4.12. c tuyn ra biu th quan h Iq vi Vpg khi Vq 3 l tham s.
nh ng vi khu vc lm vic khng bo ha, khi t Ij tng theo Vpg. Khi

32
Vj33 tng i ln, th JFET cng tc
trong khu vc bo ha, Iq hu nh
khng tng theo Vpg. ng bin gii
gia 2 khu vc trn l tng ng
l o s - ^Gs i = iVpi,tciVD; = |Vp|.
(ng nt t qua gc 0)
Gii thch v c tuyn vng bo ha
nh sau : Khi VpQ = |V p|, tc l in
p gia D v G t n gi tr in p
tht, th vng ngho hai pha (gn D)
ni vo nhau. Nu Vj^g tip tc tng
th vng ngho kit m rng lm in Hnh 1 -4 -1 2 .
tr knh dn tng theo, dng in c tuyn cc m ng c a JFET.
l t s gia chng, do , hu nh
khng i.
Tng ng vi Vq 3 = 0, dng in c c mng khi b "tht" c gi l dng in
c c m n g bo ha, k h i u I q s s '
Khi Vpg tng n mt gi tr xc nh th chuyn
tip PN phn cc nghch nh thng, Iq tng t
bin, JFET bc vo vng nh thng ; JFET s
b hng nu khng hn ch dng.
b) c tuyn truyn t
Khi Vpg khng i, c tuyn truyn t biu
th quan h Ijj vi Vgg. Khi JFET dng lm b
khuch i, thng cng tc khu vcboha.
(H n h 1 .4 . 1 3 ). K h i V q s = 0 , t h Ij3 = Ij3ss-
Khi Vgg < 0, v vng ngho kit m rng, knh
dn hp dn, in tr ca nt tng dn, Ij5 gim
nh i. Khi V q s = Vp th Ip 5= 0. Trong khu vc
bo ha, c tuyn truyn t c biu th gn
ng nh sau :
c tuyn truyn t ca JFET.

GS
1 - (1 -4 -5 )
V.

Xc nh c Vp th tnh ra c tuyn truyn t.

3) Tham s ch yu
Tham s JFET tng t nh gii thiu v tham s MOSFET, ch cds khc
bit ch : Vp l in p tht (thay cho in p m ca MOSFET)

1.4.3. So snh FET v tranzito l n g cc

S so snh di y h thng hcja nhng vn trinh by, s tin dng cho

vic chon cu kin.

3ia - CSKT.. 33
 1) FET l cu kin iu khin bng in p, cn tranzito l cu kin iu khin
bng dng in. FET thch hp vi ngun tn hiu chi c th cung cp dng cc
b. Tranzito thch hp vi ngun tn hiu cd th cung cp dng ng k.
2) FET dn in nh ht dn a s. Tranzito dn in nh ht dn a s v
ht dn thiu s. S lng ht dn thiu s chu nh hng r ca nhit v
bc x (phng x ht nhn). Vy FET ph hp hn vi iu kin d chin.
FET c mt im cng tc, ti t h s nhit
bng 0 ; khi in p Vgg ca cc cng ct gi
tr ph hp th Iq khng thay ti tkeo nhit .
Xem hnh 1-4-14.
3) H s tp m ca FET nh hn so vi tranzito.
Thng dng FET cc tng khuch i u
c mc tp m thp. -\-1 i5

4) Cd loi FET khng cn phn bit D vi s,

in p G c th i du. Vy FET linh hot hn
trong s dng so vi tranzito. toh
fce
5) FET ct th lm vic trong iu kin dng nhi ct o
rt nh, p rt nh. Do d, FET ph hp vi vai
tr khda ng m khng tip im cng sut nh
v bin tr c p iu khin. Cng ngh ch to
FET rt thch hp cho vi mch hda. Hnh - 4 - 4 ,
c linh tm yn t ph thuc
Tm li, FET l cu kin bn dn ng dng
nhit (ca FET)
chuyn tip PN, c 2 loi knh dn (P v N), c
2 kiu cu trc (JFET v IGFET). JFET ng
dng vo vng ngho kit c sinh ra khi t in p nghch vo chuyn tip PN.
IGFET ng dng in tch cm ng do ce G sinh ra thay i rng knh
dn. Nh ng dng trn, dng in cc mng I q (do chuyn ng ca ht dn a
S trong knh dn sinh ra) c iu khin. Vy FET l cu kin c iu
khin bng in p.
Vi quan im tnh nng cng tc th FET c phn lm 2 loi : loi knh dn
c sn v knh dn cha ct sn. FET knh dn c<5 sn ngay khi ^GS - ^ cng ct
dng in cc mng. FET knh dn cha cd sn phi c in p nht nh t vo
cc cng th mi c dng in cc mng, c tnh truyn t biu th tnh nng
iu khin ca cc cng, nng lc t c c trng bng h dn c tuyn
cc mng tng t nh c tuyn colect, nhng trong khu vc p nh, dng nh
thl FET c vai tr bin tr c iu khin.
So snh tng ng FET vi tranzito : cc cng G tng ng baz B, cc
ngun s tng ng emit E, cc mng D tng ng colect c . FET c mch
u vo h u nh k h n g y u c u d n g i n , t p m b, c h u n h hng t c a n h i t
v bc x,s v D c th i n h a u , c th l m b i n tr i u k h i n b n g i n p
v tin sn xut vi mch. FET ch km, tranzito my im sau : IGFET c
th b nh thng bi in tch cm ng, cng sut u ra khng ln, tn s cng
tc khng cao.

34
 TM TT

Chng 1 trnh by nhng cu kin bn dn thng dng : it, it n p,

tranzito v FET. Phn ln cc cu kin bn dn d cd cc tnh nng khc nhau
trn c s dng s chuyn ng khuch tn v chuyn ng tri dt ca ht mang
trong chuyn tip PN. v d, s dn in n hng ca it l do c im : t
vo in p thun cho chuyn tip PN th chuyn ng khuch tn l ch yu, t
vo in p nghch cho chuyn, tip PN th chuyn ng tri dt l ch yu. l c
d n g i u k h i n c a (h o c , Ig ) i v i I q c a t ra n z it o do s k h u ch t n
v ti hp ca ht mang thiu s khng cn bng khu vc baz. FET dngin
trng thit lp bn ngoi lm thay di b rng knh dn iu khin dng
in tri dt. Tnh nng n p ca it n p l do s dng hin tng nh thng
in xy ra khi ht mang chuyn ng tri dt trong in trng mnh v.v... c
tnh ngoi ca cc cu kin bn n trn y c nhiu im chung. V d, c tnh
vo ca tranzito ging c tnh hng thun ca chuyn tip PN, cn c tnh ra
th ging c tnh hng nghch ca chuyn tip PN.

BI TP

1-1. em bng it bn dn cd v thy tinh sn en co i lp sn en t ri

mc vo song song mt fik k, khng cd ngun no c.
Hi : - k cd ch th dng hay khng khi it c chiu sng.
- Sau mt thi gian t trong t m 50c, ik k ct chi th dng hay khng.
V
1-2. Cho c tnh V-A ca it bn dn l I =20.10^^ (e^^T - 1) (A)
Gi thit = 26mV
Hi :
a - Hy tnh cc gi tr dng in tng ng cc gi tr in p sau :
0 ; 0,1 ; 0,2 ; 0,5 ; 0,6 ; 0,7 ; 0,8 m
Sau v c tuyn trn giy k .
b - Gi s ni song song pin 1,5V vo it,th dng in quait bng bao
nhiu ? S liu tnh ra cd ph hp thc t hay khng .
c - Dng ng h vn nng o in tr thun ca it, thy thang Q X 10
gi tr nh, thang Q X 100 c gi tr ln. sao ?
AV
d - Hy tnh in tr ng r = khi V = +0,5V.

1 -3 . So snh in p vng cht ca cc it bn dn cng sut nh 2 loi ; Ge

(nh 2AP9) vi Si (nh 2CP10). C th xem thm s tay cho bit : dng in
nghch bng no ln hn, in p nghch cc i bng no cao hn, tn s cng
tc bdng no cao hn.
1-4. it bn dn khi cng tc vi in p thun th c tc dng n p hay
khng. Ni tip hai it n p cd in p n p khc nhau 6 V v 8 V th c th
nhn c my gi tr n p.

35
 Chng 2

MCH iN CNG

2.1. MCH IN CC CNG RING R

Trong mch s, cng l mch in thc hin mt s quan h logic c bn no

d. Qun h lgic c bn nht c ba loi : AND (V), OR (HOC), NOT (O).
Vy cc cng lgic c bn nht l cng AND, Cng OR, cng NOT.

2.1.1. Ba loi quan h lgc c bn nht

1) Quan h lgic AND

Mt s kin ch c th pht sinh khi tt ren

c mi iu kin quyt nh s kin t u
hin hu. Quan h nhn qu ni trn c
gi l logic AND. <r
ngun
in
Hnh 2.1.1. Gii thiu mt mch in, trong
, nu c hai kha A v B u ng mch Hnh 2 - 1 - 1 .
thl n mi sng. S dng ni mch ca A, V d v quan h lgic AND.
B v s sng ca n l quan h logic AND.
Ta vit : z = A.B
Tk c z bng A AND B

2) Quan h logk OR

Mt s kin vn pht sinh khi trong s nhiu

iu kin quyt nh s kin , ch cn mt
hay mt s iu kin bt k hin hu. Quan h
nhn qu ni trn c gi l logic OR.
B
Hnh 2.1.2. gii thiu mt mch in, trong %
n
, nu A hoc B, hoc c A, B dng mch u
lm n sng nh nhau. S tng ni mch ca
, B v s sng ca n quan h gic OR. ngun
in
T vit : z = A + B
T c : z bng A OR B. Hnh 2 -1 -2 . V d v quan h logic OR.

38
 3) Quan h lgic NOT

NOT l o, l khng.
R
Trong mch in hnh 2.1.3, khi kha
A ni mch th n z tt, khi A ngt h
h mch th n z sng. S dng ni z
mch ca A v s sng ca z l quan
h logic NOT
.
Ta vit : z = s. Du ngang trn ch in
A biu th NOT.
m ^h 2~1~3.
Ta c : z bng NOT V d v quan h iogic NOT.

2.1.2. Mch AND v mch OR dng it bn dn

1) Mch AND

Mch in thc hin quan h logic AND c gi l cng AND.

a) Mch in v k hiu Xem hnh 2"1"4.
A v B l cc tn hiu
u vo. Mc thp ca tn
Eo^^EV
hiu u vo l ov, Mc cao
ca tn hiu u vo l 3V. 1
Ro
z tn hiu u ra. 3J9k

b) Nguyn l lm vic /4o- oZ z

V _J
3.7 s/

C c thy 4 tinh huDg +3V
khc nhau u vo. 1 c O V -J
th tnh ton c tn hiu
/1 B
u ra i vi tng tnh
hung mt.
Kt qu biu th quan h
1 (a)
(b )

logic gia u vo vi u
ra. Hnh 2 - 1 -4 . Cng AND it :
a) Mch in ; b) K hiu.
* Khi = Vg = 3V, hai
i t D ^ , Dg th n g vi ng u n
Eg = + 1 2 V qua in tr Rq, chng u ct in p phn cc thun, chng u dn
in. V2 = + Vj3 = 3 + 0,7 = 3,7V.
* Khi = 3V, Vg = 0. v Dg c u ant nichung. Dgckatt cin
th u vo thp hn nn chc chn d dn in hn. Mtkhi Dg dn in th
Vz = Vb + Vj5 B = 0 + 0,7 = 0,7V

DA
= V - V . = 0,7 - 3 = -2,3V

Vy chu phn cc nghch, nd trng thi ngt h mch, khng phi l dn

in nh ta tng lc thot u nhn vo mch in. in th Vt = 0,7V do Dg
dn in gi l in th ghim.

39
 Chng 2

MCH IN CNG

2.1. MCH IN CC CNG RING R

Trong mch s, cng l mch in thc hin mt s quan h logic c bn no

. Quan h lgic c bn nht ct ba loi : AND (V), OR (HOC), NOT (O).
Vy cc cng lgic c bn nht l cng AND, Cng OR, cng NOT.

2.1.1. Ba loi quan h lgic Cd bn nht

1) Quan h lgic AND

Mt s kin ch c th pht sinh khi tt ctn

c mi iu kin quyt nh s kin t u
hin hu. Quan h nhn qu ni trn c
gi l logic AND. o ngun
in
Hnh 2.1.1. Gii thiu mt mch in, trong
, nu c hai kha A v B u tng mch Hnh 2 - I - L
th n mi sng. S ng ni mch ca A, V d v quan h igic AND.
B v 8 sng ca n l quan h logic AND.
Ta vit : z = A.B
l c z bng A AND B

2) Quan h ogic OR

Mt s kin vn pht sinh khi trong s nhiu

iu kin quyt nh s kin , ch cn mt
hay mt s iu kin bt k hin hu. Quan h
nhn qu ni trn c gi l logic OR.
Hlnh 2.1.2. gii thiu mt mch in, trong
, nu hoc B, hoc c A, B ng mch u
lm n sng nh nhau. S ng ni mch ca
A, B v s sng ca n l quan h lgic OR.
J / /7
Tk vit : z = A + B
k c : z bng A OR B. Hnh 2-1-2* V d v quan h logic OR.

38
 3) Quan h lgic NOT

NOT l o, l khng.
Trong mch in hnh 2,1.3, khi kha
A ni mch th n z tt, khi A ngt
h mch th n z sng. S tng ni
mch ca A v s sng ca z l quan
'
h logic NOT
Ta vit : z = . Du ngang trn ch in

A biu th NOT.
m>th 2-1-3,
Ta c : z bng NOT A V d v quan h logc NOT.

2.1*2. Mch AND v mch OR ng t bn dn

1) Mch AND

Mch in thc hin quan h logic AND c gi l cng AND.

a) Mch in v k hiu Xem hnh 2 -1 -4 .
A v B l cc tn hiu
u vo. Mc thp ca tn
hiu u vo l ov, Mc cao
ca tn hiu u vo l 3V. 1
z tn hiu u ra. 3.9:
+3V_
b) Nguyn li lm vic Ao. -oZ
V T
C c thy 4 tnh hung +3V 3.7V
0.7V
khc nhau u vo. 'Ik ct Bo-
OV 1
th tnh ton c tn hiu
u ra i vi tng tnh
hung mt. ( )
Kt qu biu th quan h
1 (a)
logic gia u vo vi u
ra. Hnh 2 -1 -4 . crig A N D it :
a) Mch in ; b) Ki hiu.
* Khi = Vg = 3V, hai
it D^, Dg thng vi ngun
Ep = +12V qua in tr Rq, chng u c in p phn cc thun, chng u dn
in. + Vj3 = 3 + 0,7 = 3.7V.
* Ki = 3V, Vg = 0. v Dg c u ant ni chung. Dg c katt c in
th u vo thp hn nn chc chn d dn in hn. Mt khi Dg dn in th
V z = Vb + VoB = 0 + 0,7 = 0,7V

DA
= - V , = 0,7 - 3 = -2,3V

Vy chu phn cc nghch, nd trng thi ngt h mch, khng phi l dn

in nh ta tng lc thot u nhn vo mch in. in th = 0,7V do Dg
dn in gi l in th ghim.

39
 * Khi = 0, Vg = 3V. Qu trinh phn tch tng t s cho ta kt qu ;
dn, D q ngt, c ghim mc 0,7 V do dn in.
* Khi = Vg = 0. v Dg u dn. cng c ghim mc 0,7V, Sp
xp cc kt qu trn y vo bng 2 . 1 . 1 . di y :

Bng 2 - 1 - 1 ;

BNG C H C N NG D I N P M CH D I N H N H 2 - l - 4 a

V a (V) V b (V) V z (V)

0 0 0.7

0 3 0.7

3 0 0.7

3 3 3.7

Bng 2.1.1 biu th quan h tng ng cc mc in p gia u ra vi u

vo, c gi l bng chc nng. Bng cho ta thy rng mun c mc cao th
V^, Vg u phi l mc cao. Quan h l logic AND. Mch in hnh 2.1.4a c
gi l cng AND,
c) Khi nim v mc (cao v thp), l
5/ K/
dng k hiu Vh ch mc cao,
ch mc thp. Trong mch s, ta thng
dng mc cao, mc thp ch in th /
3V n mc
cao, in th thp so vi in th chun
2V g i i hon di
chung. Mc cao l mt trng thi mch
in. Mc thp l mt trng thi khc. fv .8V
g i i hn fren
ov Q.iV
Mc cao v thp khng phi l mt gi . . /V'. n h m c
tr c nh, cd mt phm vi nht nh cho i han di
mi mc. V d, trong mch in TTL,
quy nh mc cao l 3V, mc thp l 0,2V
Hnh 2 - l - S ,
vi phm vi 2 -i- 5V l phm vi ca mc
Phm vi mc cao, thp ca mch TTL.
cao, phm vi mc thp l 0 -- 0,8V.
Xem hnh 2.1.5. nu s lm vic ca
cng vt ra ngoi phm vi cho php th khng nhng sai hoc chc nng logic,
m cn c th lm hng cu kin ca mch in.
d) Bng chn l. Trong mch s, thun tin, thng dng k hiu 1 v 0 biu
th mc cao v mc thp. T bng 2.1.1, ta dng 1 thay th mc cao, dng 0 thay
th mc thp, dng A, B thay th Vg, dng z thay th V2, kt qu s thay
th l bng chn l 2 . 1 .2 ...

40
 Bng 2 - 1 - 2 : BNG CHN L CNG AND

Bng chn l ct th miu t chnh xc quan h logic gia u vo v u ra.

Bng 2.1.2. thc t l mt hnh thc trinh by ton hc ca bng 2.1.1. T bng
2.1.2, ta cd th thy tn hiu u vo A, B v tn hiu u ra z cd mi qman h
c biu th thnh php nhn logic : (trong i s Boole)
z = A.B (2-1-1)
Du biu th php nhn.
(2.1.1) ct th c l : z bng A AND B
hoc : z bng A nhn B
2) Cng OR
Mch in thc hin quan
h logic OR c gi l cng cZ
+ 5V Ao- Z
OR. v\
a) Mch din v k hiu.
Bo- -0 .7 v j~ A
Xem hnh 2 -1 -6 3.9k /I
A, B l cc tn hiu u
T -
vo, z l tn hiu u ra.
\ ()
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Tng t nh phng
php phn tch mch in
Hnh 2 -2 -6 . c g O R it :
AND, ta xt 4 tnh hung
khc nhau u vo. Kt a) M ch in : b) K hi^.
qu ta c bng chc nng 2.1.3

Bng 2 - 1 - 3 :

BNO CHC N N O D I N P C A M CH I N H NH 2 - l - 6 a .

Va V) (V) V z (V)

0 0 -0 .7

0 3 + 2.3

3 0 + 2.3

3 3 -2.3

41
 T bng 2.1.3 ta thy : ch cn cd t 1 tr ln tn hiu u vo bc k c mc
cao, th mc cao. l quan h logic OR. Mch in 2.1.6a c gi l cng
OR.
Trong bng 2 -1 -3 , ta thay mc cao bng k hiu 1, thay mc thp bng k hiu
0, thi ta c bng chn l 2.1.4
Bng 2 - 1 - 4 :

BNG CHN L CNG OR

Bng 2.1.4 l hnh thc trnh by ton hc ca bng 2.1.3. T bng chn l cng
OR, ta thy rng : mi quan h gia tn hiu u ra z vi c c tn hiu u vo
A, B c biu th bng php cng logic :
z = A+ B (2 - 1-2 )
(2-1-2) ct th c l : z bng A OR B
hay l : z bng A cng B
Cn lu rng 1 + 1 khng phi bng 2, y ta ct : 1 + 1 = 1.
V y l php cng logic, khng phi php cng s lng thng thng. A, B,
z ch cd hai gi tr ct th l 1, hoc 0. Vi 1 v 0 y biu th hai trng thi
k h c n h a u ; k h i u m c i n c a o v m c i n th p , 1 v 0 k h n g c h s lng,
z = A + B biu th quan h logic OR gia A, B.

cjf Khi nim v logic dang v logic m

Trong qu trinh chuyn t bng chc nng sang bng chn l, trn y ta dng
1 biu th mc cao, dng 0 biu th mc thp, l mc logic dng.Nu ngc
li, dng 0 biu th mc cao, dng 1 biu th mc thp th l mclogic m. V
d, t bng chc nng 2.1.1 v 2.1.3 ta c bng chn l 2.1.2 v 2.1.4, tng ng
logic dng, ta c Z = A . B v Z = A + B, mch 2.1.4a l cng AND, mch
2.1.6a l cng OR. Chnh xc hn, phi ni l : 2.1.4a l cng AND logic dng,
2.1.6a l cng OR logic dng.
Ta xt trng hp logic m : dng 0 biu th mc cao, dng 1 biu th mc
thp. T bng chc nng 2.1.1 ta s i ti bng chn l 2.1.5, t bng chc nng
2.1.3 ta s i ti bng chn l 2.1.6
Cn c bng 2.1.5, ta ct quan h logic OR z = A + B.
Vy 2.1.4a l cng OR logic m.
Cn c bng 2.1.6, ta cd quan h logic AND z= A. B

42
 B in g 2 - 1 - 5 Bng 2 - 1 - 6

B A B z
1 1 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 0

Vy 2.1.6a l cng AND logic m. 'a thy rng : mch 2.1.4a va l cng AND
logic dng, va l cng OR logic m ; mch 2.1.6a va l cng OR logic dng,
va l cng AND logic m. vy, khi phn tch chc nng logic ca mch in
cng, vic u tin phi lm r rng l logic dng hay logic m. Trong mch s,
phn ln dng mch bn dn Si v ngun in dng, nn ta thng xuyn dng
logic dng. thun tin, tr ngoi l s c thuyt minh, ta u ngm hiu l
dng logic dng trong cc vn trnh by tip theo.
u im mch cng it l n gin, r, nhc im mch cng it l sai lch
mc in v nng lc chu ti yu. Sai lch mc in ch yu l do in p thun
trn it. T bng 2.1.1 ta thy, sau khi tn hiu vo thng qua cng AND, th cc
mc cao, mc thp u dch cao hn 0,7V. Cn t bng 2.1.3 ta thy, sau khi tn
hiu vo thng qua cng OR, th cc mc cao v thp u dch xung thp i 0,7V.
Nu tn hiu i qua nhiu cng AND ni tip nhau (hoc OR), mc in dch lch
rt ln, c th dn ti sai logic.

2.1.3 Cng NOT +J2V 4 2 .5 V

1) Mch in v k hiu
1k l lO c

Xem hnh 2.1.7 1I zoK> r a

Z=A
T
Vj (A) l tn hiu u vo *v-
^ 0.3 V
Vq (Z) l tn hiu u ra 3.2V
0.3 v l 1 et vao
Eq l ngun in ghim
D q l it ghim
a)
2) Nguyn l lm vic

Trong cng NOT (b o), Hnh 2 - 1 - 7 . Cng N O T :

tranzito cn lm vic ch a) M ch din ; b) Ki hiu.
ng m. Khi Vj mc
thp thi T ngt h mch, Vq mc cao. Khi Vj mc cao th T thng bo ha,
Vg mc thp. Nh vy mch cd chc nng logic NOT. Tc dng ca ngun m
Eg l bo m T ngt h tin cy khi Vj mc thp. Eq v D q c tc dng gi
mc cao u ra gi tr quy nh. phn tch nguyn l cng tc cng NOT, ta

43
hy p dng phng php c bn dng phn tch mch l : gi thit, phn tch,
tnh ton, so snh, kim tra, tm kt qu. By gi ta xt tnh hung Vj = 3,2V v
0,3V.
* Khi Vj = 3,2V.
Gi thit : cn c vo nhng yu t cho i vi mch in, hy gi thit
trng thi cng tc ca tranzito v it. Gi thit rng tranzito T thng bo ha,
it D q ngt. Vi gi thit nh th, tng ng ta c : Vg = 0,7V ; = Vj. =
VcEs - 0.3V ; Idq = 0
Tnh ton : cn c vo cc thng s mch cho, tnh dng v p.
Hinh 2.1.8 l mch in tng ng ca mch u vo khi T bo ha.
Va - V b 3,2 - 0,7
Il = l,67mA
R. 1,5

Vb - E b 0,7 - ( - 1 2 )
h = 0,71mA
R2 18
Ig = Ij - I2 = 1,67 - 0,71 = 0,96 mA I8k tJ_

Vd q = VCES - E q = 0,3 - 2,5 = -2,2V e

^CES E, 12
V Ics = = 12 mA
R, R, Hnh 2-1-8, M ch tUOng ung khi
Vi = 3,2V
^CS 12
= 0,4 mA
T 30
Kim tra : cn c kt qu tnh ton, i chiu iu kin dng m, c th bit
gi thit hp l hay sai. Nu sai th phi xt li gi thit, a ra gi thit hp l
ri th tnh ra kt qu. Trong v d ca chng ta, v Ig > Igg, Vqq < 0,5 nn gi
thit ban u l hp l.
Ig
Ngi ta a ra khi nim : su bo ha l t s dng in . Trong mch
BS
2.1.7a, khi Vj = 3,2V, su bo ha ca T l :

B 1,02
= 2,55
BS 0,4
Kt qu : cn c vo c im cng tc ch
tng m ca tranzito v it, ta tnh ton kt qu.
VI T bo ha, n n V q = V (-5 = 0,3V ; u r a ct f.SM.
mc thp. lk
V j - ^ 0.3 V
Cn lu rng cc bc phn tch mch in ni
trn l trnh t chung. Trong tng bi ton c th, H
c th p dng y hay i tt n kt qu.
* Khi Vj = 0,3V
Hnh 2-1-9, Mch tong Udng
Hnh 2.1.9 l mch in tng ng ca mch
khi Vi = 0,3V.
u vo khi Vj = 0,3V v tc dng ca ngun m

44
Eg, in th ca baz nh hn 0,3V, nn T ngt mt cch tin cy, ng thi it
ghim D q thng.
= E q + Vqq = 2,5 + 0,7 = 3,2V.
u ra cd mc cao.
Tbm li, mch in hnh 2.1.7a ng l cng NOT. V khi Vj l mc cao th
l mc thp, khi Vj l mc thp th Vq l mc cao. Bng 2.1.7 l bng chn l ca
cng NOT.

Bng 2 - 1 - 7 : BNG CHN L CA CN G NOT z =

A z

1 0

3) Nng lc chu ti

Ph ti l cc mch in khc ni vi u ra cng NOT. Cn c tnh hnh thc

t mch s, ngi ta phn loi ph ti thnh hai loi : ph ti dng in ht 1^
chy vo*cng NOT, ph ti dng in phun t cng NOT chy ra.
a) Ph ti dng in ht
Xem mch hnh 2.1.10. khi tranzito T thng bo ha, th dng in ph ti chy
vo colecto, to thnh ph ti dng in ht. + Ij^, vi 1^ tng theo s
lng ph ti. Khi 1^ tng,
Iq tng, tng ng Igg tng -+fiV+.SV
ln, lm gim su bo
ha ca tranzito.
N u 1^ tn g n mc
Ig < Igg, iu kin bo ha
khng tha mn, tranzito
chuyn vo vng khuch i,
in p ra tng theo Ij^, thm
ch xp x mc cao +3,2V,
th chc nng logic ca cng
NOT b mt. Vy cn hn
ch 1^ trong mt gii hn
xc nh.
Gi tr cc i cho php
^Lmax thuc vo su
bo ha v ca tranzito.
Xt mch hnh 2.1.10. Khi Hnh 2 -1 -1 0 .
bo ha Ig = 1,02 xnA = Igg Cng N O T ni vi ph ti dng in ht.

I = = 30 X 1,02 = 30,6 mA.

45
 tranzito bo m bo ha, th Icmax ^ 30,6mA
Ic m a x = S I b = 30 X 1,02 = 30,6mA
E, 12
~ ~ ^RC = 12 mA

Vy iLmax = Icmax - Ir C = 30,6 - 12 = 18,6 mA

t l gi tr cc i cho php ca dng in ph ti chy vo cng NOT. Ta
gi n l nng lc ph ti dng in ht. ng nhin tc l

^Lmax ^CM ~ ^RC

T s phD tch trn y, ta nhn xt rng : bin php ch yu nng cao
nng c chu ti dng in ht ca cng NOT l tng su bo ha,
Khi tranzito ngt, Iq = 0, dng in ti 1^ v u chy vo ngun ghim Eq,
vy ; Iq = II + I r c

Chi cn Iq khng vt qu dng in cho php i vi D q v Eq l mch lm

vic bnh thng.

b) Ph ti dng in phun
Xem hnh 2.1.11. khi tranzito ngt h mch,
dng in 1^ t cng NOT chy ra ph ti, to
thnh ph ti dng in phun.
Ic = 0

, 1 2 - 2 ,6 - 0 ,7 ^
1

Khi II tng th Iq gim nh. Hnh 2 -1 -1 1 . Cng N O T ni vi ph ti

Nu II > Ir = 8 ,8 mA, cung cp dng dng in phun.

*'C
cho ti, s n hn 8 , 8 m, in p ri trn R. tng ln, m cho :
Vc = Ec - Ir c - Rc 3,2V
Khi d, D q ngt, mt i tc dng ghim mc, me cao ca in p u ra gim
xung, dch lch khi gi tr nh mc. VI vy, ph ti dng in phun cc i I,
khng c php ln hn gi tr khi tranzito ngt.
Kh tranzito bo ha :
= 0,3V

E c -V o 12
^ = 12 mA

Khi 1^ tng, gim, cd li cho iu kin bo ha. Tuy nhin, 1^ khng c

vt qu 12 mA mc thp ca in p u ra khng b lch qu ln khi gi
tr nh mc.

46
 4) Nng lc chng nhiu

Nhiu v gn stng ngun ... u c th lm cho tn hiu u vo lch khi gi

tr nh mc. nng cao tin cy, ta mong mun mc in u ra vn duy tr
g i t r n h m c k h i m c tn h i u u vo b i n i t ro n g m t p h m v n h t n h .
V vy, chng ta gi lch ch php ca mctnhiu u vo khi u ra nh
mc l kh nng chng nhiu.
a) Tn hiu vo mc thp
Khi Vj = 0,3V, tranzito ngt h mch, Vq = 3,2V.
Nu Vj tng ln, n Vgg = 0,5V th tranzito thng.
Vi mch ghim, d tng theo Vj, trong gii hn I, < nn D q vn tip
tc thng, Vq duy tr 3,2V. Vy mch ghim nng cao nng lc chng nhiu thun
(Vj tng) ca cng NOT. Ngoi ra, nh baz ni vi Eg (-12V), m in th baz
Vg (ng vi mc thp u vo) gim nh, lm cho phm vi lch cho php i vi
Vj (tng) c m rng, cng gdp phn nng cao nng lc chng nhiu thun.
b) Tin hiu vo mc cao
Khi Vj = 3,2V, tranzito thng bo ha, = 0,3V
Nu Vj gim xung, dng in baz gim nh, lm gim su bo ha ca
tranzito. Nu Vj gim n Ig < Igg th tranzito chuyn sang vng khuch i,Vg
tng ln (t l nghch vi Vj). Vy Vq duy tr mc thp 0,3V thi phi tng
su bo ha ca tranzito. Tranzito cng bo ha su th nng lc chng nhiu nghch
(Vj gim) ca cng NOT cng mnh. Nhng tng su bo ha th tc chuyn
mch gim, tiu hao in nng tng.

5) c tnh ng

Xem hnh 2.1.12. khi

Vj t bin th tri Ec= +1V E^=-fZ.SV + 5^
qua qu trnh qu . Khi
Vj t mc cao xung mc
thp, qu trinh Vq t mc -oi.
thp chuyn ln mc cao
quyt nh bi thi gian 90-
ngt (t bo ha n
ngt) v thi gian np
in ca (in dung Et = - i2 V
ti).
o )
Khi Vj t mc thp ln
mc cao, qu trnh Hnh 2 -1 -1 2 . D c tnh ng ca cng NOT.
chuyn t mc cao xung a) Mch in ; b) D ng sng.
mc thp quyt nh bi
thi gian m (t ngt
n bo ha) v thi gian phdng in ca (in dung ti). Qu trnh Vq tng
(sn trc, sn dng ca xung Vjj) di hn qu trnh gim (sn sau, sn
m ca xung Vq). v thi gian np in di hn thi gian phtng in
(np qua phng qua tranzito bo ha).

47
 2.1.4. Cng NAND v cng NOR (cng V-O, cng HOC O)

Cc mch cng it ct nhiu nhc im : mc lch nhiu, chu ti km, chng

nhiu km. v vy chng t dng dng ring r, m phi kt hp vi cng NOT ;
s lin kt to ra cc cng NAND, NOR c ng dng rng ri. (u im ca
cng NOT l khng lch mc, chu ti kh, chng nhiu tt).

1) Cng NAND

a) Mch din v k hiu

Xem hnh 2.1.13 +/ 2 V +2.5V
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Mch in hnh 2.1.13
gm hai phn ; phn cng
AND it bn tri ng
nt t v phn cng NOT
bn phi ng nt t.
Vy quan h gia u ra B
v u vo l NAND (V -
O). Biu thc hm
logic ca NAND l :
z = TB " " * 2 -1 - 1 3 . c n g NAND.

Bng 2.1.8 l bng chn l ca cng NAND

Bng 2 - 1 - 8 :

BNG CHN L CNG NAND

A B z

1 l 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 0 1

2) Cng NOR

a) Mch in v k hiu
Xem hnh 2.1.14
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Cng NOR trn hnh 2.1.14 gm phn bn tri l cng OR it v phn bn
phi l cng NOT

48
 Hm logic ; z = A + B
e= + f2 V =
0 0
Bng 2.1.9 l Bng chn
Chg OH it csng N O T

l ca cng NOR
ik
0 Z

l^f.
IJ m g = r- v I

o = -/fV
A B

Hnh 2 -1 -1 4 . Cng N OR.

Bng 2 - 1 - 9 :

BNG CHN L CNG N O R

A B z

1 1 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

0 0 1

2.2. MCH IN CNG TTL

Vi mch TTL l vi mch n phin : cc phn t tch cc, cc cu kin, dy

ni ca ton b mch logic u gia cng trn mt phin bn dn. TTL l vit
tt ca t "tranzito - tranzito logic", xut pht t hnh thc cu trc mch in
u vo, u ra ca vi mch s u dng tranzito.
Cn c vo s lng cu kin c gia cng trn mt din tch xc nh ca
phin bn dn, cc vi mch s thng c phn loi thnh : nh (SSI), va
(MSI), ln (LSI), cc ln (VLSI). SSI thng cha hn chc cng, MSI thng cha
ngoi trm cng, LSI thng cha khng qu vi nghn cng, VLSI th cha ti
mt vn cng tr ln.
Hin nay, cng TTL ph bin di dng SSI v MSI. Cng TTL tiu hao cng
sut ng k nn c khd khn i vi ch cc vi mch VLSI.

4a - CSKT... 49
 2.2.1. cng NAND TTL

1) Mch in v nguyn l lm vic o+f.

3/cl
a) Mch in v k hiu. Xem hnh 2.2.1.
Trn hnh 2.2.1 l mt mch in in hnh
ca cng NAND TTL. N gm 3 b phn :
tranzito nhiu emit Tj v Rj lm thnh cp
u vo, tranzito v R2, R3 lm thnh cp s%
gia, cc tranzito T3 , T4, T5 v R4 , R5 lm
thnh cp u ra.
Gi thit cc tran zito c p = 20 Hnh 2 - 2 - 1 . Cng NAND TTL

b) Nguyn l lm vic
u vo, thng qua cc emit ca Tj thc hin chc nng AND. Tj o
pha to ra tn hiu ngc pha colect v emit. Nhng tn hiu ngc pha dng
kch v Tj, u ra chu ti ni vo Vq. Khi bt k mt emit no c mc
thp ca tn hiu u vo, th T u tr thnh bo ha ; do , T2 v T 5 ngt,
cn Tj v thng, u ra th hin ti ni vo emit. Vq mc cao.
Khi tn hiu u vo ton b u l mc cao, th Tj ngt. Do , v Tj bo
ha, c n T3 thng, T4 ngt. Vg m c th p .

Quan h logic gia u vo vi u ra l NAND (V-O) ;

Mch in 2.2.1 l cng NAND.
Di y c th hda s phn tch trn bng tnh ton :
Gi s emit m i din ngu nhin cho mt tn hiu u vo mcthp
Vl = 0,3V =
Khi , in th baz ca Tj b ghim Vg = IV

V b. = = 0,3 + 0,7 = IV (2 - 2 - 1)

5 - 1
1,33 mA} (2 - 2- 2 )

V trng thi lm vic bnh thng thl dng baz khng chy ngc, ngha
I q = 0, Igg^ = 0

Ib. > IBS. Tj bo ha su, khi :

Vb = ^CE + + 0,3 = 0,4V

Do , ngt, Tj ngt, T3 v T4 thng. u ra ph ti emit.

V Ig rt nh, Vg = E c - Ib R2

Vy V = V - BE 3 5 - 0,7 - 0,7 = 3,6V (2-2-3)

(2.2.3) chng t rng tn hiu u ra mc cao.

50
 Gi s to n b c c t n h i u u vo u cd m c cao (Vp = 3,6V)
Tk th gi thit rng khi chuyn tip emt ca Tj vn thng vi in p
thun : Vg = v + Vgg = 3,6 + 0,7 = 4,3V

Tng ng, chuyn tip colect ca Tj v hai chuyn tip emit ca T2 , T5u
Vg
phn cc thun, xp x = 1,4V , chng u thng

Gi thit s dn n : Vg = Vgc + Vgg + VgE = 0,7 + 0,7 + 0,7 = 2,IV

(2-2-4)
Vg b ghim in th 2, IV, gi thit chuyn tip emit Tj thng thun l sai.

= V = 3,6V

Vy = Vb^ = = 0,7 + 0,7 = 1,4V

Ngha l ta i n h qu : chuyn tip emit ca Tj phn cc nghch, chuyn
tip colect ca Tj phn cc thun, Tj cng tc ch m emit v colect o ngc
vai tr. Trong ch ny, h s khuch i dng in J3 rt nh, thng S - 0,01.

5 - 2,1
^ =. 0,97mA

Lu cd 2 emit, ta c :
Ig = Ig + 2/3 Ig = 0,97 + 2 X 0,01 X 0,97 == ImA

N u T 2 b o h a , th :

Vc = Vgg + = 0,7 + 0,3 = IV

Ep - Vp Ep - Vp . _ ,
cs, = - ' b.

= - = 0,27mA

Iq > Igg^. V T 2 bo ha, = IV, T3 thng dn, in th baz T4 :

Vb, = Ve^ = = 1 - 0,7 = 0,3V

Do d ngt. Cn Tj thi :

h, - \ IR3
Ip = I_ + ! = 1+ 5,33 = 6,33mA

Ib = " Ir = - 1,94 = 4,36 mA

I^S = 0(T4 ngt) ; Igs= 0 T5 bo ha ;= 0,3V (2-2

51
 Sp xp kt qu tnh ton trn y, ta c bng chc nng 2.2.1

Bng 2 - 2 - 1 :

BNG CH C NN G D IN P CA M CH IN H N H 2.2.1

Va (V) Vb (V) Vz (V)

0.3 0.3 3.6

0.3 3.6 3.6
3.6 0.3 3.6
3.6 3. 0.3

p dng logic dng, ta c bng chn l 2 .2 .2 (suy ra t bng 2 .2 . 1 )

Bng 2 - 2 - 2 ;

BNG CHN L CA C N G NAND

A B z

0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Bng 2.2.2 chng t rng z = A . B, quan h logic NAND, kt lun rng m.ch
in hnh 2.2.1 l cng NAND.

2. c tnh

A - c tnh truyn t din p

Xem hnh 2.2.2. c tnh truyn t in p biu
t h q u a n h gi a i n p u r a V q vi i n p u
vo Vj.
Phn tch : c tnh cd 4 on AB,BC, CD, DE.
on AB : Vj < 0,6V, Vq = khng ph thuc
Vj. Tj thng bo ha. T2, Tj ngt. T3, T4 thng.
Tranzito T5 ngt, Tj l u ra ca cng NAND ;
vy ta cd th nti cng NAND ngt. Hnh 2 -2 -2 . c tnh truyn t
in p ca cng NAND TTL.
on BC : Vj = 0,6 1,3V. Vj tng th Vq gim
nh (t l nghch). Vg = = 0,7V ; T 2 ch
khuch i. v Vg < 1,4V nn Tj khng th thng. T3 v T4 u ch thng
vi ti emit. Vv trn c bn, Vq gim tuyn tnh theo s tng ca Vj. BC l on
tuyn tnh ca c tnh truyn t.

52
 on CD : Vj = 1,4V. t bin gim khi Vj tng. v = = 0.3V
CD l on qu ca c tnh truyn t.
on DE : Vj > 1,4V. l mc thp v khng thay i theo Vj na. Vj tng
lm Igj ton b chy n colect Cj, tr thnh dng baz ca Tj. Q2 lm T2 bo
ha, kt qu ngt, T5 bo ha, Vq = = 0,3V. T5 bo ha th Vq = V l
khng thay i theo Vj. Tj l u ra ca cng NAND, tng ng Tj bo ha,
DE c gi l on bo ha ca c tnh truyn t, cng NAND trng thi
bo ha.
Cc tham s :
Hnh 2.2.3 trnh by cc thaia 3 CI8.
tng NAND TTL c th xc nh t
c tnh truyn t. Ngoi mc in p
ra Vqpj = 3,6V, Vqi^ = 0,3V ta cn xc
nh c :

a) Din p ngng V- {V)

Phn qu ca c tuyn phn
ranh gii s ngt thng ca T5, tng
ng mc cao thp ca in p ra
V th ta gi l in p ngng Hnh 2 -2 -3 . Cc tham s xc nh theo

tng ng vi ranh gii . Trn hnh c tinh truyn t.

2 .2.37 t a th y :

Vt = + Vbes = 0,7 + 0,7 = 1,4V

l tham s quan trng, mu cht khi phn tch trng thi cng tc ca cng
NAND TTL. Khi Vj > th NAND bo hoa, u ra c mc thp. Khi Vj < v
th NAND ngt, u ra c mc cao.
b) Mc ng v mc ngt
* Mc in p ng cng V q p p . D l mc logic thp u vo cc i cho php
bo m mc u ra bng 90% ca mc cao chun. Trn hnh 2.2.3.,
VoFF = 0.8V,
* Mc in p m cng Vq^. d l gi tr cc tiu chophp i vi mc logic
cao u vo bo m mc logic thp chun u ra. Trn hnh 2.2.3,
Von = 1 . 8 V.
V q pp v Vqj^ l hai tham s thng dng, n a ra gi tr gii hn cho s bin
thin cho php ca mc tn hiu u vo trong iu kin cng lm vic bnh thng.
Mun cng NAND ngt tin cy v a ra mc cao chun th Vj phi nh hn ^O FF-
Mun cng NAND thng bo ha tin cy v a ra mc thp chun th V| phi ln
hn Vqj^.
c) Mc tp m cho php di vi tn hiu du vo
* i vi mc thp. Mc tp m cho php Vnl i vi tn hiuu vomc
thp l in p tp m (nhiu) xp chng vi tn hiu sao cho vnbo mmc
cao u ra khng nh hn 90% mc cao chun.

53
 T hnh 2.2.3., ta ct :
Vnl = Vopp - (2 - 2 - 6 )

V o F F = 0,8V = 0.3V Vnl = 0.5V

* i vi mc cao. Mc tp m cho php i vi tn hiu u vo mc cao
l gi tr cc i cho php ca in p tp m xp chng vi tn hiu sao cho vn
bo m mc thp chun u ra.
T hnh 2.2..3, ta cd :

^NH ^IH ^ON (2-2-7)

Von = 1.8V V iH = v = 3V Vnh = 1 .2 V

V n l. l th a m s c tr n g k h n n g ch n g n h i u c a cng, t r s c a c h n g
c n g l n b i u th k h n n g ch n g n h i u c n g cao.
nh hng ca nhit v ngun :
Ndi chung, bin i ca nhit v ngun in l nhn t ch yu i vi tnh
truyn t in p.
- nh hng ca s bin i nhit . Xem hnh 2.2.4, Xu hng tng qut l :
khi nhit tng th V q, V qj^ tng, cn V j gim. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca xu
h ng n y l Vgg c a t ra n z ito cd h s n h i t
khong -2,2 -2,5 mV/C.
Trong mch in hnh 2.2.1, ta c :

^OH ~ ^BE3 ^BE4

^CESl ^BE2 ^BES ^BE2 ^BE5
Nhit tng thi Vgg gim, dn n Vqj^ tng
v V.. gim.
- n h hng c a s b i n i i n p ngun.
Xem hnh 2.2.5
Hnh 2 -2 -4 .
Vqj^ tng theo : nh hung ca nhit .

Khi Cng NAND a ra mc thp l lc T5 bo ha o

su, v vy s bin i in p ngun Eq
tng ca o
k h n g n h h ng n g k n V q l - ^ ^CESI ^BE2> ^BE5
b i n i r t n h theo E ^ , n n Vrp c n b n k h n g th a y n a p ^
i theo E c- g i m thap

B - c tnh &u vo v c tnh u ra

V---------

Cn tm hiu y c tnh u vo v c tnh

u ra ca cng NAND TTL phighp tt chng Hnh 2 - 2 - 5 .
vo mch in. Cc c tnh u vo u ra c xt
nh hng ca ngun in.
y s cng ng vi cc vi mch TTL khc, nu cu

54
trc mch u vo, u ra v tham s ca chng
tng ng.
* c tnh u vo
a) Dc tnh V-A u vo. Xem hnh 2.2.6. c
tnh ny biu th mi quan h gia dng in u
vo vi in p u vo.

fnh 3-3~. D c tnh V -A u vo

ca cng NAND T T L

Theo chiu dng quy c trn hnh 2.2.7,

Khi Vj < Vt th Ij < 0
Khi Vj < 0,6V th T2, T5 ngt.

Ec - V bei - V,
(2- 2 - 8)
1 Ri
Hnh 2 -2 -7 , Chiu ng ca Vi, Ii.
Al 1
dc c tuyn on ny

Dng in ngn mch u vo : t l dng in u vo khi Vj = 0, k hiu

Ijg. Khi Vj l m c thp, cng NAND TTL th hin ti dng in ht i vi n g u n
tn hiu Vj, m Ij5 l dng in cc i ht vo Vj. i vi mch in 2.2.1 th :
5 - 0,7
^IS - = - l,4mA
R,
Khi Vj > 0,6V th ?2 bt u thng. Cc chuyn tip b - c v b - e ca tranzito
u thng hng thun, Igj c mt phn chy n chuyn tip colecto (b - c), hnh
thnh Ig 2 - Vj l ngun n p (chnh l in p u ra ca cng NAND khc c ni
tr rt b), m chuyn tip colecta c ni tr rt ln, vy Ij = ~Ibi>

tuyn vn xp x Sau khi tip tc tng n Vj > 1,3V th Tj bt u thng,

Vg4 b ghim xp x 2, IV. Nu Vj li tng thm mt cht thi Tj s c trng thi

cng tc o ngc vai tr gia emit v colecto. IChi t, rt nh, do vy :

^BCl ^BE2 ^BE5

(2-2-9)

V d, Rj = 3kS, = 0,01, Ij = IQuA

Sau t, hu nh khng tng theo Vj.

55
 Dng in u vho : d l dng in u vo khi Vj = (mc cao), k hiu
l Ijj^. Khi u vo mc cao, th cng NAND TTL th hin l ph ti dng in
phun vi ngun tn hiu Vj.
b) c tnh ph ti
u vo
Hnh 2.2.8 biu th
tnh hnh thc t ; u
vo cng NAND TTL
thng ni t qua mt
in tr Rj. Trong
phm vi nht nh, Vj
s tng theo Rj. Hnh
2.2,9 biu th c tuyn
quan h Vj vi R, gi
l c tuyn ph ti Hnh 2 -2 -8 . Tnh Vi. fnh 2 -2 -9 . c lnh ph ti u vo.
u vo. TVc khi

thng, thl : Vj = ^ ^ (c - V b e i)
(2 -2 - 10 )

Khi rt nh, Vj rt nh, u vo tng ng mc thp, u ra mc cao.

Khi R rt ln, v d R = 3kQ, t (2-2-10) tnh c Vj = 2,5V. Nhng gi tr
n y k h n g D g v l l c d Tg thng. Ch c n R t n g n l c Vj = 1,4V, tng
ng Vg = 2, IV th T 5 thng. Vi tc dng ghim mc ca cc chujrn tip colecta
Tj, chuyn tip emit T2 v T 5 khi T]^, Tj, Tj thng nn Vgj gi nguyn mc 2 ,IV
d R tng thm. Trn hnh 2.2.9, Vj = 1,4 l gi tr cc i.
Da vo mch in hlnh 2.2.1 ta s tnh ton ch mch NAND TTL khi
R: = 3kQ nh sau.

5 - 2,1
Ibi = = 0,97 mA

Vbi - Vb ei 2,1 - 0,7

= 0,47 mA

'b2 = ^Bl Ir = 0,97 - 0,47 = 0,5 mA

Gi thit T2 bo ha, nn

V c2 = V bes + V c e s 2 = 0,7 + 0,3 = IV

^C2 ^C2
'CS2 %3 ~
= 5,3 mA

CS2 5,3
BS2
= 0,265 mA
2. 20

Ig2 > I b s 2 chng thc g i thit T2 bo ha.

56
 v v ^ 2 = IV ngt. vi Tj ta cd :

B5 = LE2-, - I^R3

+ Ig2 - 5,3 + 0,5 = 5,8 mA

Ve2 BE5
'R3 1.94 mA

^B5 - ^E2 Ij^3 = 5,8 - 1,94 = 3,86mA

V ngt, 1(^55 = 0, Igg5 = 0

M I3 5 > I q s5 nn T5 thng bo ha, u ra c mc thp.

Vo = CES5 0,3V
T thy rng, tuy u vo tn hiu khng phi l mc cao, nhng u ra l
mc thp.
'Itm li, khi R tng i b th cng NAND ngt, mc cao u ra.
Khi R| tng i ln th cng NAND bo ha,mc thp u ra.
Khi R gi tr khng b khng ln thiNAND m vic khu vc tuyn tnh.
in tr dng cng -RoFF- pbp ca Rj bo m
cng NAND ngt h mch v tn hiu u ra t 90% mc cao chun.
in tr m cng i?0 N' i tr cc tiu cho php ca R 3 m cog
NAND ni thng mch v tn hiu u ra t mc thp chun, T nh ngha trn
ca R q f f ^0N> ^ *OFF N A N D n g t h m ch v u r a
c mc cao, khi Rj > Rqj^ th cng NAND thng bo ha v u ra ct mc thp.
Vi R q f f < R < Rqn cng NAND lm vic khu vc tuyn tnh. V d, mch
in hnh ca cng NAND TTL trnh by trn hinh 2.2.1 thl
^OFF 700 Q, Rqj,j 2kQ
c) Phng php x l khi c du u vo v nh hng ca n i vi dc tnh
u vo
Khi s tn hiu u vo t
hn s u vo ca cng
NAND, th c u vo d tha. -0+,
trnh to thnh ngun O+.
nhiu, u vo d khng c
php h l lng, m phi
ni vi ec dng ngun, hay B
l ni song song vi u vo
" jh \h
c tn hiu. Xem hlnh 2.2.10
v 2.2.11. Phng php hnh
2 .2 . 1 0 khng i hi thm dng
in ngun tn hiu. Phng
php hinh 2 .2 .1 1 lm tng Hnh 2 -2 -1 0 , Hnh 2 - 2 - I I .

tin cy (phng khi u vo b Ni u vo d Ni song song u vo

t) nhng cn thm dng in vi cc dng ngun. d vi u vo cn dng.

57
ngun tn hiu. Do kh nhg chu ti ca tng u ra mch TTL tngi mnh,
nu tn hiu u vo ly t u ra TTL th chng ta nn dng phngphp ni
u vo d song song vi u vo cn dng khc.
*) c tnh u ra
a) u vo mc thp ^ I---------- ---- o+fc
Trc y ta xt trng hp khng ti ; khi u
vo mc thp thi Tj, Tj ngt v u ra mc cao
^OH ~ 3,6V. Hnh 2.2.12 trinh by trng hp c ti Rj^
mc u ra vi chiu dng in ti t emit T4
chy n R^.
Khi I, = 0, R5 = lOOQ
Hnh 2 -2 -1 2 .
V Iq3 rt b Du vo mc thp,
u ra c ti.
. . _ V3 3 -V 3 E3
^Rj ^C3 ~ %3 R

Vb3 = Ec - IB3R2 Ec = 5V (2-2-11)

^BE3 5-0,7
'r . = ----- R------- 3 A

= E. - Ir Rj = 5 - 1,4 X 0,1 = 4,86 V

Vy : VcE3 = Vc 3 - (Vb3 -

= 4,86 - (5 - 0,7) = 0,56V

Vy Tj bin gii vng bo ha, cn T4 vng kbuch i. T3 v T4 l dng
mch khuch i ti emt vn lm vic bin gii vng khuch nn c in
tr u ra nh. Gi thit tng n xp x 5mA, khng thay i my so vi
k h i k h n g ti, do :

Ir = Ie 3 + II = 1.4 + 5 = 6,4mA

Vc3 = Ec - Ir Rs = 5 - 6,4 X 0,1 = 4.36 V

^CE3 ~ ^C3 0^B3 ^BEs)

= 4,36 - (5 - 0,7) = 0,06 V
Vy T3 bo ha su, quan h gia Vqj^ vi 1^ nh sau :

^OH = ~ ^CES3 ^BE4 ^Rj^5

IR3 * II

nn E, - (Vces3 + Vbe4) - k ^ s (2 - 2 - 12)

^CES3 ~

(2.2.12) chng t rng, khi > 5mA, thl t l nghch vi Ij^.

58
 Xem hlnh 2.2.13
b) u vo mc cao
Theo quan h logic ca cng NAND, u ra cd
mc thp. Lc d, dng in colect T5 cng l
dng qua ti 1^, vi phng hng t mch ti
vo T5 . Xem hnh 2.2.14. Hnh 2.2.15 biu th c
tuyn ra khi u vo mc cao (s ph thuc
^OL dng in baz T5 rt li
(4,36 xnA), T5 bo ha su, in tr tip gip colect
c a T 5 r t nh (h n ch c f ).
Hnh 2 -2 -1 3 , c tnh ra
Khi u vo mc thp.

Hnh 2 -2 -1 4 ,
D u vo m c cao
u ra c ti. Hnh 2 -2 -1 5 . c tnh ra khi u vo mc cao.

Do , khi II tng th tng chm, v Ij^ tng tuyn tnh vi nhau. Mt

u im na ca s bo ha su T5 l V ql khng thay i ng k theo nhit
v in p ngun.
c) Thi gian truyn t
Hnh 2.2.16 biu th xung u ra cng NAND
khi a n u vo mt xung vung l tng.
Xung u ra khng nhng b tr m cn c sn
xung xu. Khi in p u vo t bin t mc
thp ln mc cao, th in p u ra s chuyn
t mc cao xung mc thp sau thi gian tr
v thi giansn m t. Khi in p u vo t
b i n t m c cao x u n g m c th p th i n p u
ra s chuyn t mc thp ln mc cao sau thi
gian tn tr v thi gian sn dng t_.
^ o * c, r 2-2-16, Thi gian injyn t
Thng gi k h o n g th i g ia n t t b i n dng ca NAND TTL.
ca tn hiu u vo n thi im in p ra
gim cn 1,5V l thi gian truyn t thng tpj ; tng t, thng gi khong thi
gian t t bin m ca tn hiu u vo n thi im in p ra tng n 1,5V

59
l th i g ia n tr u y n t n g t tp 2> T ron g c c s ta y k th u t v vi m ch , ta n h n
c thi gian truyn t trung bnh :

*n1 +
pd = (2 -2 -1 3 )

Rt kh tnh ton chnh xc gi tr tpjj, ndi chung tpj c xc nh bng thc

nghim o lng.
D - Ch tiu ch yu
*) Mc cao tn hiu u ra Vqj^.

Khi bt k u vo no c mc thp th u ra u phi l mc cao Vq^. Trn

c tnh truyn t in p, Vqpj l in p u ra tng ng vi on AB. V
^OH c o khi khng ti, nn tng ng vi khi im ca c tuyn u ra.

*) Mc thp tn hiu u ra Vq^.

lhi tt c u vo u c mc cao th u ra phi l mc thp Vqj^. Trn c

tnh truyn t in p, Vql l in p u ra tng ng vi on DE. Thng
VoL c o khi ph ti chun, vi dng in ph ti chy vo u ra tranzito
Tj. (Ph ti ht).

*) Dng in ngn mch u vo Ij5

t l dng in chy qua u vo no ni t. Trn c tnh u vo, Ij5 tng

ng vi gi tr dng in im ct ca c tuyn vi trc tung. V dng in
Ijg t u vo chy ra ngoi, nn trn c tuyn th hin gi tr m. Khi o gi
tr Ijg ca mt u vo bt k, nhng u vo khc u c ni vo mc cao, ch
trong iu kin d thi Ijg o c c gi tr cc i. Tuy vy, v dng in d giao
thoa b khng ng k, nn cng c th mc k cc u vo khc l lng vic
o n gin.
*) Dng in u vo

Khi mt u vo bt k c mc cao thcng c dng in chy vo u vo

t. Dng in ny bao gm hai b phn : dng in emit ca trng thi
o v d n g i n d g iao th o a gi a u vo v i c c u vo d k h c c n i
t. Chiu dng in ph hp vi quy c nn ct u dng. Gi tr tng
ng vi phn nm trn trc honh trong c tuyn u vo (c tnh V - A u
vo hnh 2 .2 .6 )
*) Mc in p m cng Vqn
u ra ct mc thp chun khi ph ti ln nht, th u vo phi mc cao.
Gii hn di ca mc cao u vo gi l in p m cng Vqj^. Ngha l, in p
u vo phi ln hn Vqj^j cng NAND thng. T c tnh truyn t in p
c th thy rng Vqj^^ phi ln hn mt cht.

60
 *') Mc in p ng cng Vqpp

^OFF l mc in p u vo tng ng in p u ra t 90% ^OH chun.

T c tnh truyn t in p c th thy rng V q p p tng ng vi vng tuyn
tnh ca c tuyn, v gi tr th ln hn 0,6V mt cht. Vy in p u vo phi
nh hn V q p p cng NAND ngt (Tj h mch).
*) H s ti u ra Ng

Khi ti l cng NAND cng s hiu, th h s ti u ra N q l s lng cc i

cc cng NAND mc song song lm ti m mt cng NAND gnh c.
Cn c vo h s ti u ra dng in ngn mch u vo Ijg, dng in
u vo Ij^j, ta c th tnh c dng in ph ti cc i trng thi thng
Ngljg, trng thi ngt ca mt cng NAND.

*) Dng in ngun khi NAND thng v ngt Igj, Ijg2

Igj l dng in yu cu ngun in cung cp cho cng NAND khi cng NAND
thng vi ton b u vo h mch v u ra khng ti.
1^2 l dng in yu cu ngun in cung cp cho cng NAND khi cng NAND
ngt vi u vo mc thp v u ra khng ti.
Tuy quy nh iu kin khng ti, cng cn ch r rng : ph ti nh hng ln
n Ig2 v NAND phi cung cp dng cho ti. Ph ti nh hng nh n Ig v
bo ha.

Cn c vo Igj, Ig2 v Ej, c th tnh c tn hao

khng ti trong hai trng hp.
*) Thi gian truyn t trung bnh tp^
Trn y l nh ngha vi gi thit tn hiu u I I

vo ct dng xung l tng. Thc t,xung uvo vn

c sn dng v sn m. Vy phi ly gi tr 1,5V-f.
l chun cho thi im t bin t mc thp ln mc
cao, v ngc li, cho tn hiu vo,trn c s d xc
\ f V 1 o n1
inh t t - . Xem hnh 2.2.17.
Xc nh thi
" m * 2 -2 -1 7 .
"
gian tnayn t.

Bng 2.2.3 l ch tiu ch yu ca cng NAND TTL tng ng mch hnh 2.2.1.
Trong thc t, sn phm vi mch NAND TTL rt phong ph, nn cn tham kho
ti liu k thut ca hng sn xut c tham s chnh xc ; nhng tham s
sai lch ng k vi tham s in hnh ca bng 2.2.3.

61
 Bng 2 - 2 - 3 : CC CH T I U C H YU C A C N G NAND TTL

T tn tham s K hiu n v Du kin o Phm vi

D ng ngun khi thng

D ng ngun khi ngt
Ie2i
IE
mA
mA
u vo h ; u ra khng li ; Ec == 5V
Vi = 0 : Khng ti ; Ec = 5V
10
5
Mc ra cao
VO
VoH
Lm V V i = 0,8V ;khng li ; Ec = 5V 3,0

lH A
Mc ra thp V V i = l ^ V : IL = 12,8mA ; Ec = 5V 0,35
D ng ngn mch u vo lS Vi = 0 : Ec= 5V 2,2
D ng in u vo 4A Vi - 5V ; Du vo khc ni t : Ec - 5V 70
Mc m cng Von V VOL = 0.35V : IL = 12,8 mA ; c = 5V ,8
Mc ng cng Voff V VOH == 2 J V ; khng li, E c 5V 0,8
H s ti u ra Vi = 1,8V ; VOL < 0,35V ; E c = 5V 8
Thi gan truyn t
No
tp ns f = 2MHz ; No = 8 : Ec - 5V 30

3) Cc hnh thi ci tin mch cng NAND

S ng dng vi mch s thc y s pht trin nhanh chdng ca k thut

in t. ng thi, thc tin ng dng cng a ra yu cu mi cao hn i vi
vi mch s. c bit l cc yu cu v : tc cao, tiu hao gim, nng lc chng
nhiu, tch hp v.v... tha mn yu cu d, ngi ta ci tin loi vi mch s
ct, hoc sng ch cc vi mch s mi. Di y, gii thiu hai kiu mch ci
tin ca cng NAND TTL c dng rng ri.
a) Mch c ngun phng in, hnh 2.2.18
Trong mch
ci tin 2.2.18b,
mch tnh cc
T* ^
th R3 trong
mch 2.2.18a.
Mch ci tin
l mch ngun
iu khin hnh
thnh mch
phng in cho Hnh 2 -2 -1 8 . M ch NAND TTL c ngun phng in :
baz Tj. a) M ch gc ; b) Mch ci tin.

* Ci tin c tnh truyn t in p V6iv)

V emit T2 ch c th thng qua mch emit 3.0 -
T5, Tg, nn trc khi Tj, Tg thng th mch ci
2.0
tin chng khc g mch gc v khng cn giai
on thng m Tj vn cha thng. Trong mch 1,0
gc, giai on thng m Tj cha thng tng VAV)
ng phn tuyn tnh trn c tuyn truyn t o 0 3 .0

in p. Hnh 2.2.19 l c tnh truyn t ca 2 -2 - J 9 . D c tnh truyn t in p

mch 2.2.18b, khng cd phn tuyn tnh na. ca mch ci tin hnh 2 .2 .l 8 b.

62
 T hnh 2.2.19, ta nhn thy mc tp m cho php khi u vo mc thp ca
mch ci tin ln hn mch gc r rt, = IV.
* Ci tin thi gian truyn t.
Khi Vj t bin t mc thp n xp x 1,4V th c Tj, Tg u bt u thng,
thi im bt u thng, hu nh ton b dng emit T2 chy n baz T5, cung
cp cho Tj xung dng rt ln (vt qu gi tr cn Tj thng bo ha), v vy
gim nh thi gian tr thng mch ca Tj. C th t c iu d l v ni
tip baz ca Tg, s np in in dung chuyn tip emit Tg chm hn s np
in in dung chuyn tip emit Tj. Kt qu Tg thng chm hn Tj mt cht.
Cn sau khi T thng th mch Tg phn dng cho baz T5, gim nh dng baz
t r n g th i B. n h , g i m bt ho h a c a T 5 , C(5 li oho s t n g tc q u t rn h
ngt mch ca T5 .
Sau khi in p u vo c t bin m, ngt u tin. Tip t, in tch
tn tr ca Tj s c phng qua mch Tg. Lc ny Tg vn thng bo ha, biu
th mt in tr nh ca mch phng in. Kt qu, Tj nhanh chng ri vng bo
ha v ngt h mch.
Vy mch tch cc Tg, Rj, thay th R3 em li s ci tin : rt ngn thi
gian tn tr ng, rt ngn thi gian tr thng, dn n rt ngn r rt thi gian
truyn t trung bnh.
Hin nay mch in hnh 2.2.18.b l cng NAND TTL c dng rng.
b) Mch in chng bo ha
Ta bit rng, tc ng m ca tranzito chu nh hng ln ca thi gian
tn tr. su bo ha ca tranzito trc tip quyt nh thi gian tn tr, bo
ha cng su, in tch tn tr cng nhiu, thi gian tn tr (thi gian tiu tn
in tch tn tr) cng di. i vi cng NAND TTL th thi gian tn tr l
phn ch yu ca thi gian truyn t. Ngi ta tm cch hn ch su bao ha
ca tranzito, gim c in tch tn tr, rt ngn thi gian tn tr, kt qu gim
nh thi gian truyn t.
Trong mch in chng bo ha, ngi ta gii
quyt vn qu bo ha ca tranzito bng phng
php ghim mc nh SBD (Schottky Barrier Drcxe -
it ro th Stki). Hnh 2.2.20 gii thiu nguyn
l phng php ny. Ngi ta u ni SBD song
song vi chuyn tip b-c ca tranzito ; nh vy r * fd
>o-
dng in baz c phn qu mc chy qua SBD,
m khng phun in tch tn tr qu mc vo
vng colect.
SBD c ch to t kim loi tip xc bn dn. (!>)
SBD ct my c im sau y so vi it thng : Hinh 2 -2 -2 0 . IVanzito khng bo ha
- in p m tng i thp, khong 0,4 -H a) mch in ; b) K hiu.
0,5V (in p m ca it thng 0,7 -- 0,8V)
Sau khi chuyn tip b -c ca tranzito chuyn sang phn cc thun, SBD thng
trc s ghm in p thun gia b - c mc 0,4 -- 0,5V.

63
 - SBD khng cd hiu ng tn tr in tch, v vy SBD khng a thm thi
gian tr vo mch in.
- Cng ngh ch to SBD l cng ngh ch to vi mch TTL, v th vic ci
tin ny khng gy kh khn cho sn xut.
Nh cc c im trn, vic dng SBD gii quyt n tha vn qu bo ha
ca tranzito lm cho c th xem tng th tranzto v SBD nh mt <u kin, c
gi l tranzito Stki, k hiu nh hnh 2.2.20b.
Hnh 2.2.21 l mch in in hnh ca NAND
TTL chng bo ha. Mch in ny ng thi s
O+Ec
dng ngun phdng in v chng bo ha, kt qu
rt ngn thi gian truyn t trung bnh xuttg
di lOns. Trong mch ny, vi khng bc vo
trng thi bo ha nn khng cn SBD. T cng
c SBD nn in p ri trn chuyn tip b - c
ca T khi trng thi lm vic o l thp hn
so vi mch gc. Do t dng in u vo gim
nh, in tr u vo tng cao. Nhc im ch
yu ca mch chng bo ha l nng lc chng
nhiu hi km. V in p ri trn T5 thng tng Hnh 2 -2 -2 1 .
ln lm mc thp ca tn hiu u ra tng ln. Mch NAND TTL chng b ha.
Mt khc, in p ri trn Tj thng tng lm dn
n gim nh in p ngng v^. Vi vy mc tp
m cho php i vi tn hiu u vo mc thp mch gc.
Ndi chung, ngi ta thng dng vi mch TTL Stki tiu hao cng sut b (h
v mch 74 LS). Trong loi vi mch ny, khng ch p dng phng php ngun
phng in v phng php chng bo ha, m cn tng ln co in tr. Nh vy
tc cng tc cao, cng sut tn hao gim nh.

TM TT

1) Chng ta tho un c tnh ngoi ca cng NND TTL, tc l quan h

gia p v dng ca mch in. c tnh ngoi bao gm : c tnh truyn t n
p, c tnh u vo v c tnh u ra. s dng chnh xc v mch TTL, cn
hiu r cc c tnh ngoi trn.
2) Chng ta bn cc qu trnh lm vic bn trong cng NAND TTL hiu
su v vn dng tt cc c tnh ngoi.
3) Trong iu kin cng ngh ch to hin nay, gi tr in tr trong mch in
c sai lch ln, nn c tnh ngoi ca vi mch cng s hiu cng sai lch nhau.
S liu nh lng da vo hnh 2.2.1 tnh. Mc ch s gii thiu v s liu l
gip c gi c khi nim cp s lng thc t ca tham s cu kin.
Vi nguyn nhn ni trn, cc s tay kl thut khng cho c tuyn, m ch cho
phm vi c th ca c tnh ngoi, v th, chng ta phi nm vng xu hng bin
i ca c tnh ngoi.

64
 2.2.2. Cc loi mch cng TTL khc

Trong h thng s thc t, tnh nng logic cn thit v cng a dng. Do ,

ngoi cu kin c bn l cng NAND, chng ta cn s dng nhiu cng khc : cng
NOR, cng NORAND, cng AND, cng 0R , cng XOR, cng h colecto v cng ba
trng thi v.v...
Tuy rng chng loi cng rt nhiu, nhng cc loi cng u c cu trc tng
t cng NAND, hoc bao gm cc b phn cu trc nn cng NAND. Trn c
s nm vng nguyn l cng tc v phng php phn tch ca mch in cng
NAND, chng ta d dng tm hiu mch in cc loi cng khc. Di y, chng
ti gii thiu ngn gn mt vi cng thng dng.

1) Cng NORAND

Xem hnh 2.2.22.

So snh vi cng NAND, mch in hnh
2.2.22 cd thm T j, T2 v Rj. Phn mch thm
ging nh phn mch Tj, T2 v Rj. u ra
ca v T2 ni song song vi nhau 2

im p v Q. Bt k hoc T2 thng, u
lm Tj thng bo ha, T4 ngt, u ra c
mc thp. Ch khi no c v T2 ng thi
ngt, th u ra mi cd mc cao. Vy quan
Hnh 2 -2 -2 2 . Mch cng N O RA N D TTL.
h gia u vo vi u ra ca mch ny
l : khi nhdm u vo Aj -- A3 hoc nhm u vo B Bj u l mc cao th
u ra l mc thp, cn ch cn mt nhm u vo khng phi ton l mc cao
th u ra l mc eao. Quan h logic ny l NORAND (V - HOC - DO).
T hnh 2.2.22 ta thy, quan h AND gia cc tn hiu u vo trong minhm
do tranzito nhiu emit Tj, Tj thc hin, quan h ORgia hai nhdm do s Bi
song song T2 v thc hin, tc dng NOT do tng mch in u ra thc hin.
Cng NORAND cd k hiu nh hnh 2.2.23. Biu thc logic ca cng NORAND l :
z = Aj . A2 . A3 + B j . B2 . B3 (2-2-13)

2) CngXOR

Quan h logic XOR l quan h khng

ct tn hiu u ra khi cc mc u vo K
tng ng, cn chc cd tn hiu u ra L
khi cc mc u vo khng tng ng.
Mch in thc hin quan h logic XOR A A. Kr
(hm khng tng ng) gi l cng XOR.
Hnh 2.2.24 l mch in thc ca cng
XOR. Trn hinh, phn bn phi l tng
t vi t n g ra v t n g g i a ca cn g 2-2-23. Hai cch k hiu ca cng NORAND.

5a-CSKT. 65
NAND. Tg v ni song song vi cc emita v colect, v vy khi mt trong hai
tranzito ny thng bao ha th u ra s ct mc thp.
Khi A, B u l mc cao, Tj o cc, Tg v thng bo ha, c mc thp.
Ngc li, nu A, B cng mc thp th v Tj u ngt, T y v Tjj thng bo
ha, Vq vn l mc thp.
Nu A hoc B, mt trong hai u vo c mc thp, u vo kia c mc cao th
Tj phn cc thun thng bao ha, T(J ngt, T 4 hoc T5 ct mt tranzito thng bo
ha (ng vi mt u vo cd mc cao) lm cho baz T7 c mc thp. V li, emita
ca T4 v Tg ni t qua it, sau khi ct mt trong hai tranzito thng bo ha,
in th baz T7 c IV lm cho ngt. Tg v T 7 u ngt thi Tjj tt nhin cng
ngt, u ra c mc cao.
Bng 2-2-4 ; B N G CH N L CNG X O R

A B z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

- K

Hnh 2-2-24. M ch cng X O R TTL. tnh 2-2-25. K hiu cng X OR.

Biu thc hm logic XOR :

z = AB + B = A 0 B (2 -2 -1 4 )

Dc l : z bng A XOR B

3) Cng NAND h colecta

T>ong mch cng NAND TTL, d tn hiu u ra tch

cc mc cao hay thp, th in tr u ra u rt nh.
^ vy, chng ta khng th thc hin quan h logic AND
i vi cc tn hiu u ra ca cng NAND bng cch u
ni song song u ra ca chng. Hinh 2.2.26 gii thch ti
sao khng th. Gp trng hp mt u ra c mc cao,
mt u ra c mc tbp, th tt s xut hin dng in
r t tn o h , t t ra n s it o T , c a cng ngt c h n t r a D z i t o ^ toSng
Tj c . cn g thng^ Dng in n iy khng nhag tng co
mc thap u ra cng thng, m cn lm hng cng ngt.

66
 Cd th ni trc tip u ra cc cng NAND h
colect thc hin quan h logic AND i vi
tn hiu u ra ca cc cng NAND. Hnh 2.2.27
gii thiu mch in hinh NAND h colecto. (Open
collector - OC). Colecto ca tranzito Tj u ra
h l lng.
Di y, ta xt cch tnh in tr mc
ngoi vi mch. Xem hnh 2.2.29. Gi th c n cng
NAND h colect, u ra ni chung (song song)
c quan h logic AND, ph ti l m u vo
ca cng NAD. Hnh 2-2-27.
Khi n cng o c u ngt, in p u ra Vg Mch cng N AND h colect.
mc cao. bo m mc cao u ra khng nh
hn gi tr chun, th khng th qu ln. Di
y l cng thc tnh gi tr cc i ca Tj :

E c - V oh
(2-2 -1 5 ) HnA 2-2-28.
nI
K hiu cng NAND h colect.

^OH l gi tr chun in p ra mc
cao ca cng o c. Iqh l dng in d khi
tranzito u ra cng o c ngt. Ijj^ l dng
in u vo ca mi ph ti. o/t
Khi bt k mt cng o c no thng, Vq tOH
l mc thp. Tnh trng bt li nht l IlH
khi m dng in ph ti chy vo cng o c n<
duy nht ang thng. Khi , cn bo m OH m >
mc thp u ra vn nh hn gi tr chun. IlH \

Cn c tnh hnh d c biu th

hlnh 2.2.30, ta tnh c gi tr cc tiu
lOH
ca :

Ec - V ql
(2 -2 -1 6 ) Hnh 2 -2 -2 9 ,
^m in
^LM- IlL Tnh gi tr cc i ca R l.

^LM tr cc i cho php ca dng

in ph ti ca mi cng oc.
IjL tc l Ijg, dng in ngn mch u ^ to - | 1 1 1 -
vo ca mi cng ph ti.
Gi tr la chn i vi Rl phi l gi tr
gia khong hai gi tr v R, _

ng nhin, cc loi cng TTL khc cng I

I 1 1
1
1 1
ct th c hnh thc h colect... 1 1
4) Cng NAND u ra 3 trng thi (Three 1
State - TS) 4
Khc vi cng NAND thng thng, u
ra cng TS ngoi trng thi mc cao, trng Hnh 2 -2 -3 0 , Tnh gi tr cc liu ca R l.

67
thi mc thp, cn c trng thi cm
(tr khng cao).
Hnh 2.2.31 l mch in thc t ca
cng TS. Cd th cho rng cng TS ny
bao gm 2 cng NAND v it D 2 . Phn
bn phi l cng NAND c ngun phng
in. Phn bn tri ct cng NAND, trong
khng dng mch Daliton m ch ct
tranzito Tg tng ra. Emit ca T3 ni
tip vi it Dj bo m T 3 ngt tin
cy khi v thng. Hnh 2 -2 -3 1 . cng NAND u ra 3 trng thi,
Khi u vo c ct mc thp, T4 a
ra tn
tin hiu
hiu_mc
mc cao cho Tc. 5 . Fhn
Phn mch bn phi thc hin hm logic
Vq = z = A . B = V jj. Vj2 . Khi u vo c c mc cao, T4 a ra tn hiu mc thp
cho T5 , lm cho Tg, T 7 , TjQ ngt. ng thi, mc thp u ra thng qua D 2
n baz Tg, ghm n xp x IV, lm Tp ngt. T u ra nhn vo, mch in
trng thi tr khng cao.
Chng ta gi phn mch bn tri l phn iu
khin ca cng TS, u vo c l u iu khin.
Cn phn bin phi c gi l phn truyn s liu,
cc u vo Vjj, Vjg l u vo s liu. Gi trng (o)
thi TS khi c cd mc thp l trng thi cng tc,
khi c c mc cao l trng thi tr khng cao.
Hnh 2.2.32 l k hiu cng TS. Hnh a l loi
(i>)
cng TS cng tc khi u iu khin mc cao.
Hlnh b l loi cng TS cng tc khi u iu khin
mc thp (c khuyn trn). Khi s dng cng TS
cn ch tn hiu iu khin. Hnh 2 -2 -3 2 , K hiu cng TS ;
n g dng quan trng nht ca cng TS l ghp a) TS cng tc vi c mc cao ;
knh cc tn hiu cn truyn lun lu trn mt dy b) TS cng tc vi c mc thp.
dn. Xem hnh 2.2.33.
Thng gi dy dn AB tip nhn cc tn hiu l Bus.
Nu cc tn hiu iu khin c , C v C ct th t thi
gian mc cao, th cc tn hiu d liu ca 3nhdm u
vo Vu. V 12 ; v ; , , v;^ ; v i , v 2sau khithc hin quan h
Co-
logic NAND s a ra Bus lun lu theo th t thi gian
tng ng.
Cu trc Bus c dng rng ri trong my tnh in
t s hin i.
Cn ch rng, cc cng TS ni vo mt Bus lm
cv vic bnh thng th mt thi im bt k ch cho php
mt cng TS duy nht trong trng thi cng tc. bo
m iu kin ny, khi cc cng TS chuyn i trng thi,
Hnh 2-2-33, V d ng dng i c h u y n t t r n g th i c n g t c s a n g t r n g th i
cng TS. j. khng cao phi nhanh hn tc chuyn t trng thi

68
tr khg cao sang trng thi cng tc. Nu khng, s xy ra s c c hai cng
TS thng ni vi Bus. Lc t, nu u ra mt cng mc cao, u ra cng kia mc
thp, s sinh ra dng in rt ln t cng mc cao n cng mc thp. Kt qu,
khng nhng sai v logic ca tn hiu, m cn c th lm hng mch in cng.

2.2.3. CC MCH CNG TRANZITO KHC

Trong mch in vi mch s tranzito, vi mch TTL cd ng dng rng ri nht.

V vi mch TTL ct cc u im : tc ng m cao, in p ra ln, kh nng
chng nhiu kh, kh nng chu ti kh. Tt nhin, cn c cc loi mch cng
tranzito khc c nhng c im s dng ring.
1) HTL (High Threshold Logic = Vi mch s mc ngngcao)
in p ngng ca HTL tng i cao, thng 7 ^ 8 V. Vy nn mc-tp m
cho php ln, nng lc chng nhiu cao. Nhng tc HTL tng i thp. HTL
rt ph hp vi cc thit b iu khin ca cng nghip. Cc thit b ny khng
cn tc cao hn, nhng cn tin cy cao. M nng lc chng nhiu l tiu
chun quan trng nh gi tin cy ca thit b iu khin.
2) ECL (Emiter Coupled Logic = Vi mch s' ghp emit)
...u im ch yu ca ECL l thi gian ng m ngn,kh nng chu ti
ln, tp m ni b thp, t l thnh phm khi sn xut cao. Nhc im ch
yu ca ECL l mc tp m cho php nh, tiu hao cng sut ln, mc in p
ra thay i theo nhit . ECL c dng nhiu trong SSI v MSI cd tc cao
v tc siu cao.
3) I^L (Integrated Injection Logic = Vi mch s tch hp phun)
tha mn nhu cu v vi mch c ln (LSI), ngi ta c gng tng n mc
cao nht tch hp ca vi mch. Trn din tch hiu dng ca ming bn dn Si
(v d, 6 X 6 mm) cn ch tc c ti a s phn t logic. Mun th th, mt l
mi phn t logic phi n gin v mch v ch chim din tch nh, hai l tiu
hao cng sut ca mi phn t logic phi cng nh tiu hao cng sut tng ca
ming Si trong gii hn cho php. Cng TTL khng tha mn iu kin ny.
u nhng nm 70, I^L c nghin cu thnh cng sn xut LSI. Mi phn
t logic ca I^L ch chim din tch rt nh, c 0,0026mm^ v dng in lm vic
ch di InA ; tch hp n 500 cng/lmm^ ( tch hp ca vi mch TTL c
2 0 cng/lmm^).

u im ch yu ca I^L l : n gin, p thp, dng cc nh, tch hp cao.

Nhc im ch yu ca I^L l : tc dng m tng i thp v bin in
p ra nh.

2.3. MCH CNG MOS

Cng MOS l mch'cc phn t dng m s dng MOSFET. V chc nng logic
th cng MOS khng khc g cng TTL. Cng MOS c rt nhiu chng loi.

69
 y chng ta ch xem xt cc cng MOS in hnh : Cng NOT, cng ANND,
cng NOR, cng truyn dn CMOS. Nhng mch in MOS phc tp hn u c
th quy v cc cng trn, nh l b phn hp thnh ca nt.

2.3.1. Cng NOT h MOS

1) Cng NOT h MOS ph ti in tr hnh (2 -3 -la )

Cng NOT bao gm

mt MOSFET knh
dn N cha c sn ni
tip vi in tr ti Rjj.
a) c tnh tnh
Khi Vj, l mc thp,
< V j thl T ngt.
Vo = VoH =
Khi Vj l mc Cao,
Vjpj > th T thng.

Vo = V oL

Vy quan h gia
v Vj l lgc NOT.
(O)
Hnh 2 -3 - 1 . Cng N O T ph ti in tr :
Gi nh Ej3 = +12V a) Mch in ; b) c tnh truyn i in p.

VjH = 12V ; VjL = 1V ;R d = 40KQ.

Khi Vj = VjL = IV , v Vj < Vt ; T ngt ; = Vqh = E q .

Khi Vj = Vj = 12V , ^ Vj > V, ; T thng ; = VoL

E,'D
OL = (2 -3 -1)

Rq^ l in tr ca T khi T thng. T cng thc (2.3.1) ct th bit rng Vql

ph thuc Rj3 , Rj3 cng ln thl V q l cng nh. ng thi sau khi Rj3 tang ln th
cng sut tiu th ca cng NOT trng thi thng gim nh. Vy s tng gi tr
ca Rj c li cho c tnh tnh.

Hnh 2.3. Ib trnh by c tnh truyn t in p ca cng NOT h MOS c

c t thc nghim. T c tuyn ta thy, Rq cng ln th c tuyn cng dc,
VoL cng nh, s lm vic ca cng cng gn l tng.

T c th xc nh mc tp m cho php i vi tn hiu u vo t c tnh

truyn t in p.

70
 Xem hinh 2.3.2. Vjj^ l mc thp u vo, Vj^
l mc cao u vo, Vq^ l mc m cng, V q p p

l mc tng cng, cn c cc biu thc (2.2.6) v

(2.2.7), ta c :

Vnl = ^OFF '"iL

Vnh =

c tnh truyn t in p cng dc thl mc

tp m cho php Vj^|^ , Vj^]^ cng ln. Vic tng
gi tr in tr ti Rjj cng cd i cho vic tng
cng kh nng chng nhiu.
fK.h 2 -3 -2 .
b) c tnh ng Xc dnh mc tp m cho php.
Hnh 2.3.3. trinh by ti in dung ca
cng NOT h MOS. u ra ca cng ny ni
vo u vo bao cng khc, thng thng b
qua in tr ti (v rt ln), nn ti ca cng
c tnh dung khng.
Gi s cd xung vung l tng a n
u vo, ta hy xt c tnh ng p ng
ca cng. So vi qu trnh np, phdng in
th thi gian ngt, thng ca MOSFET c th
b qua. Khi Vj t bin ln mc cao, T thng
ngay, Cj phng in qua T, Vjjg gim n
Hnh 3 -3 -3 .
V qj^, h n g S th i g ia n m c h p h d n g i n t n g
Mch np, phng iCn ca C l.
i nh.
Khi Vj t bin xung mc thp, T ngt ngay, Ep np in cho qua
Rd . V ds tng n ^OH ~ D-
Thng chn Rj) tng i to xc nh tnh truyn t in p tnh tt,
nn tc np in chm hn nhiu 80 vi tc phng in. Vy thi gian sn
dng ca in p ra l nhn t ch yu hn ch tc ng m ca cng MOS.
V d, Rp = 40kb, Cl = 2pF, = 2,2 Rj5 . Cj = 176ns, Vy s tng Rq l bt
li cho s tng tc cng tc, v lm tng din tch chim ch trn ming Sj ca
Rj3 cng bt li cho tch hp ca vi mch. Trong thc t, ngi ta thng thay
Rq bng mt MOSFET, to nn cng NOT h MOS c ph ti l ngxin iu khin.

2) Cng NOT h MOS vi ph tdi l nguSn iu khin

Cn c vo c im ca MOSFET lm ph ti, ta phn cng NOT thnh 4

loi sau :
a) Cng N O T bo ha
Hnh 2.3.4 l mch in in hnh ca cng NOT h MOS vi ph ti l ngun
iu khin kiu bo ha. Mch gm hai MOSFET knh cha cd sn (cc vi mch

71
ly phn t hnh 2.3.4 lm c sc gi l E/EMOS).
Thng gi l bng khuch i, T2 l bng ph ti. Eoi+OV)

V G (cc cng) v D (cc mng) ca ni lin, nn

H
Vqq 2 - ^ 2 lc no cng lm vic ti vng bo ha
'I -
ca c tnh cc mng. -oK
Khi Vj = 0 gi thit in p m ca bng Vr
Tj l = 2V , Tj ngt, vy

Vo = Vqh = Ed - V t = 10 - 2 = 8V
Hnh 2 -3 -4 .
Khi Vj = 8V (= V jh ), th Tj thng Cng NOT bo ha.

'D
Vo = = ^ONI ; nu Rqn 2 ^^ONl
^ONl ^^ON2
Cng NOT bo ha khc phc nhc im phi dng in tr ti gi t ln
nhng cng tn ti cc yu km sau mc cao u ra tng i thp,
(Vqj^ = Eq - V^) v ni tr bdng ph ti tng i ln (dung ha gia yu cu
c tn h tr u y n t i n p l t n g , m c th p u r a th p v y u c u c t n h
ng tt).
b) Cng NOT khng bo ha
<E = + iO V
Hnh 2.3.5 l mch in in hnh ca cng NOT h
MOS vi ph ti l ngun iu khin kiu khng bo ha.
Mch tng t nh kiu bo ha (nn u l vi mch
E / EMOS), ch khc mt iu l cc tng ni vo ngun 014

ring Eq. Hn na, T2 lun lun cng tc vng khng

bo ha vi Vqs - Vds > V^.
Khi Tj ngt, Vq = Vq^ = Ep, bin ra ln hn.
Hnh 2 -3 -S .
Ngoi nhc im ni tr bng ph ti tng i ln
Cng N O T khng bo ha.
th cn yu cu hai loi ngun (Eq v E q).
c) Cng N O T vi p k t i l M O SFET knh
c sn.
Hnh 2.3.6 biu th cng NOT vi ph ti l
MOSFET knh c sn (vi mch vi nhng phn t
c s nh vy c gi l E/D MOS)
Vi T2 l MOSFET knh c sn, vi Vgg = 0 vn
c dng in Iq, nn ct th ni lin cc ca (G)
vi cc ngun (S) ca bdng ph ti, Mc cao u
ra ca cng NOT l Vqj^ = Ejj.

Vq52 - Id2 i tr kh ln trong ton

<y

b phm vi bin i ng, do tn s cng tc
cao hn hai loi xt trn. c tnh truyn t Hnh 2-3-6. cng NOT vi ph ti l
in p k h dc, nn mc tp m ch o php k h ln, MOSPET knh c sn.

72
c th cng tc vi in p ngun b. Nhc im ch yu ca loi cng ny l
cng ngh ch to phc tp hn hai loi trn.

3) cng NOT h CMOS

Trong cc cng NOT

trn, khi chn gi tr in
tr ti ta gp mu thun
gia hai yu cu ca c
tnh tnh v c tnh ng. o o Vc
C th khc phc mu
thun t theo bin php
ca cng NAND TTL,
l lm cho ngt kh
(a)
Tj thng v thng khi .
Tj ngt. Cng NOT h
CMOS c thit k nh
vy. Xem mch hnh 2.3.7a
Tj vn l bng MOS loi
knh dn N cha c sn.
by gi l bng MOS
loi knh dn p cha cd
sn. Cc cc cng ca
Tj v T2 ni vi nhau
thnh u vo. Cc cc Hnh 2 -3 -7 . Cng N O T h CMOS :
mng ca Tj v T2 ni vi a) Mch in ; b, c) c tinh taiyn t in p.
nhau thnh u ra. Khi
cng tc th S2 ni cc dng ngun cn Sj ni t ngun.

Thng Eq > V^I + \V j 2 \ ; V^I v l cc in p m ca Ti v T2 .

Khi Vi = VjL = 0 , Vqsi = 0 , Tj ngt, Vos2 = -Ed> do

GS2 > 1^X21 T2 thng, Vq - Vqh - Ep.

Khi Vi = V,H = Ed . V^SI = E j3 > , Tj thng, GS2 = 0 , T, ngt,

Vy d tn hiu u vo c mc cao hay thp, th mt trong hai bdng trng

thi ngt. Do , dng in tnh xp xi 0 (ch cd dng in d c nA), cng sut
tiu hao ch tnh cd th di /xW. iu ny thun li vi mch c tch
hp cao.
c tnh truyn t in p ca cng NOT h CMOS biu th hnh 2.3.7b.
c tuyn ny c 5 on nh sau :
1) Vj < V^J , Tj ngt, thng (khng bo ha), dng in qua Tj v T2 bng
0> vy Vq32 = 0 > Vq = Ep.

73
 2) Vj > , Tj bt u thng bo ha. Cd dng in kh b i qua Tj v Tj.
THy vn king bao ha, nhng Vpg2 ^ 0. Vq bt u gim.

3) Vj = V* (xem hnh 2.3.7b), Tj v T2 u bo ha, dng in kh ln ohy qua

Tj v T2 . Tng ng vi bin i nh ca Vj l bin i ln ca Vq ; on ny l
dc nht, c gi on qu .
4) Vj tip tc tng, Tj chuyn vo vng khng bo ha, Vj5gjgim nhanh,
Vjjg2 thnh ln, dng in qua 2 bng bt u gim.
5) ngt, Tj thng khng bo ha, = 0 , Vg = 0
Ej5
on th 3 ca c tuyn rt dc, V* ~ --, vy c tnh truyn t in p
ca cng NOT h CMOS tip cn vi c tnh dng m l tng.
Hinh 2.3.7c biu th hai c tun truyn t in p tng ng bai gi tr in

p ngun khc nhau. Gi thit c tnh Tj v l i xng, th kh Vj = t

E.
2 ~ ~2~' tuyn truyn t in p xy
ED
ra ln cn Vj = --.

Khi in p vo t bin t mc thp ln mc cao, Tj thng, dng in phdng

ca C^ l chy qua ni tr nh ca Tj (xem hnh 2.3.7a)
Khi in p vo t bin t mc cao xung mc thp, Tj thng, dng in np
ca Cj l ip chy qua ni tr nh ca (xem hnh 2.3.7a). Vy qu trnh phng,
np ca Cl u xy ra tng nhanh. Tc ng m ca cng NOT h CMOS
cao hn nhiu so vi ba loi cng NOT ndi trn.
Dng sng cho trn hinh 2.3.8 cho php tnh ton
tiu hao cDg sut ng ca cng NOT h CMOS.
% T
r / i n V o d t + / i p (E o -V ^ d t].
0 I-------- T -------
VI
dV .
-c l A _ J V _
L dt
dV_ d (E o-V o)
= c,'L dt = - c , dt
thay vo biu thc trn, ta cd : Hnh 2 - 3 -5 . Dng sng.

0 0
' Ci / - VdV + Oi^ / - (E - VJd(En - VJ'

74
 = r e2 + 1 e2
~ T [2 D ^ 2 D

= CLE,f (2-3-2)

(2.3.2) Cho thy tn hao cng sut ng t l thun vi in dung ph ti c^,

tn s tn hiu f v bnh phng in p ngun Ep. V d, Ep = lOV; =20pF
f = 100kHz, t (2.3.2) tnh c p = 0,2mW.
Trong trng hp tn hiu u vo khng phi l xung vung l tng, trong qu
trnh chuyn mc s xy ra khong thi gian ngn c Tj v u thng, iu d
m cho cng sut tn hao tng in mt it so vi kt qu tnh ton theo (2.3.2).
Cng NOT h CMOS cn cd cc u im sau : phm vi in p ngun rng <t
3 n 18V), mc tp m cho php ln, h s mc ti u ra ln. My nm gn
y s pht trin ca vi mch CMOS cc k nhanh. Trong khu vc SSI v MSI, vi
mch CMOS snh kp vi mch TTL. VI cng sut tn hao nh, nn CMOS c
v tr quan trng trong khu vc LSI. Nhc im ch yu ca CMOS l cng ngh
phc tp.

TM TT

Chng ta tm hiu k v cng NOT h MOS. Chng c phn loi theo c

im ph ti. Gii thiu loi ti in tr nhm a ra nhng kin thc c s tm
hiu loi ti ngun iu khin. Loi ti sau li phn thnh E/E MOS, E/D MOS v
CMOS cn c c im btng ph ti. Bng 2.3.1. tm tt cc cng tin so snh
v n tp.

Bng 2 -3 -1 ; s o SNH C C C N G N O T PH T I L N G U N I U K HIN

Loi cng H nh thc ph ti u im Nhc im

E/E MOS Knh dn N chUa c sn cng Cng ngh n gin Bin tn hiu ra nh tc
bo ha tc vng bo ha thp.

E/E MOS Knh dn N cha c sSn cng Bin tn hiu ra ln Cn 2 ngun tc tng
khng bo ha tc vng khng bo ha di thp

E/D MOS Knh dn N c sn cng tc in tin hiu ra ln tc Cng ngh ch to phc tp

vi Vgs 0 cao, mc tp m cho php
ln

CMOS Knh dn p cha c sSn cng Tu hao cng sut nh, tc Cng ngh ch to phc tp,
lc trng thi ng m caOf bin ra ln, mc gi thnh cao
tp m cho php ln, phm
vi in p ngun rng, h s
ti du ra ln

75
 2.3.2. Cng NAND v NOR h MOS

Trn c s cng NOT h MOS, ngi ta d dng ch to tt c cc mch logic

khc, m phn t in hnh nht l tng NAND v cng NOR.

1) Cng NAND h MOS

a) Cng NAND loi EIE MOS Eo

Hnh 2.3.9. trnh by mch in cng NAND, s thc hin
ca n l thm vo mt MOSFET khuch i trong s

cng NOT. Ch khi no hai tn hiu u vo A, B ng thi
-o z
mc cao, Tj v T2 ng thi thng, th u ra z mi l
mc thp. Vql 0. Cn bt k c u vo no mc thp,
u ra z mc cao :

OH

Quan h logic ca cng l : z = A . B

Mc thp u ra l tng cc in p ri trn Tj , T2 thng. Hnh 2 -3 -9 .
Nu s u vo tng thi mc thp u ra s tng. Cc bdng Cng NAND E/E MOS.
khuch i ni tip nhau nn in th cc ngun (S) ca cc
bng no cng gn bng ti thi cng cao, tng ng in p tn hiu vo phi cng
ln th btng mi thng, vy i hi bin tn hiu vo phi ln. Hai nhc
im trn hn ch s u vo.
b) Cng NAND loi EID MOS
Hnh 2.3.10 trnh by mch cng NAND loi E/D
MOS. Nguyn l cng tc v c im ging cng NAND
loi E/E MOS. Ch c mt iu khc l mc cao u ra
cao hn (Vqj^ Er,
'D ) k/h c
s n
c) Cng NAND loi CMOS
Xem hinh 2.3.11 hai
bdng khuch i , T3 6 cH kSnh
l knh N cha cd sn. khng
Ao\Tf. c sh
Hi bdng ph ti
T2 , l knh p cha cd
sn. Hai bdng khuch i
Hnh 2 -3 -1 0 .
mc ni tip. Hai bng
1 5
n ph ti mc song song. Cng N A N t) E/D MOS.
oZ
&
Ch khi A, B u l mc cao, Tj v T3 ng thi
thng, T2 v T4 ngt, th u ra z mi l mc thp.
60 - Nhng in tr u ra l 2 ln ni tr ca mi btng
khuch i. Khi A, B u l mc thp, Tj v T3 ng
thi ngt, v T4 thng, nhng in tr u ra l
Hlnh 2 -3 -1 1 .
mt na ni tr ca mi bdng ph ti. KLhi mt u
Cng NAND CMOS.
vo mc thp, mt u vo mc cao th cc bng

76
khuch i khng thng v ch c 1
bng ph ti thng v in tr u ra
l ni tr ca n. Vy nu u ra cd
mc cao th in tr u ra ph thuc Vo
t hp trng thi tn hiu u vo.
Nu phi tng s u vo, th s > V
b
bng khuch i mc ni tip nhau tng /
ln, pht sinh vn mc thp u ra c,
b /
b tng. khc phc vn ny, ngi
---- V,
ta c th p dng nhng mch phc
c
tp hn, chng hn thm vo hai cp 0 .. ^ -l
O (cng NOT) u ra.
Trong trng hp c nhiu u vo,
trng thi u vo khc nhau cng lm Trng thi u vo nh hng n
thay i mt t c tnh truyn t in ^p-
p. Hnh 2.3.12 biu th cng NAND 3 u vo, vi cc cch u ni khc nhau
ch khi c mt tn hiu u vo. Sau yta gii thch s chnh lch ca ct
tng ng. Trng hp a : 1 u vo tn hiu, 2 u vo ni ngun.
Hai u ni ngun lm 2 bng ph ti tng ng hon ton ngt, 2 bng khuch
i tng ng hon ton thng vi nitr nh. Thng bin tn hiu u vo
ln hn tng gi tr tuyt i ca cc in p m bng ph ti v bdng khuch
i. V vy trong qu trnh t bin dng ca Vj, cd khong thi gian ngn c hai
bng (ph ti v khuch i) u thng, tng ng l on qu ca c tnh
truyn t in p. Khi t, in p u ra l s phn p trn ni tr ca hai bng
(hai bng ny cha hon ton thng nn ni tr ca chng ta l ng k, ni tr
cc bng khuch i khc nh n mc c th b qua).
Trng hp b : 2 u vo ni chung mt tn hiu, 1 u vo ni ngun. Khi
Vj tng ng vi gi tr qu , th 2 btng khuch i v 2 bdng ph ti ng
thi thng, nhng bng khuch i mc ni tip cn bdng ph ti mcsong song,
nn kt qu s phn p l tng cao mc in p ra Vq. D o , c tnh truyn
t in p dch sang phi
nh hnh 2.3.12 biu th,
Gi tr ngng cng tng
( 1
mt cht. Eo
a
Trng hp c ; 3 u vo
chung mt tn hiu. c tnh
truyn t in p dch thm
sang phi. ~------ +
7

2) Cng NOR
''Ht '-it L la
Nu trong s cng
NOT, ta thm bng khuch ra) (6 )
i u song song, th ta
c s cng NOR. Hnh Hnh 2 -3 -1 3 . Cng N O R :
2.3.13 trnh by mch in
a) E/EM OS ; b) CMOS.
c bn ca cng NOR h

77
E/EMOS v cng NOR h CMOS. V bng khuch i u song song, nn in tr
u ra khi u ra mc thp khng bao gi n hn n tr ca mt bng khuh
i thng mch ; do khng c vn mc thp u ra tng cao theo s u
vo. Cng NOR v vy c dng nhiu nht trong vi mch MOS. Nhn xt hnh
2.3.13, d mch E/EMOS hay CMOS, ch cn c 1 u vo mc cao th u ra
s c mc thp, ga u vo v u ra c quan h logic NOR
z = Tb

2^.3. Cng truyn dn v chuyn mch tng t h CMOS

Hnh 2.3.14a
biu th cng
truyn dn do ni 0
song song mt
MOSPET knh p uiVo -1^ 1- ' o
cha c sn vi

mt MOSFET
knh N cha c fC (C,J
sn ; mch ny (a) ()
c gi l cdng
truyn dn h Hnh 2 -3 -1 4 . cng iruyn dn CMOS,
CMOS. a) Mch in b) M ch tuong Udng c) K hiu
Hnh 2.3.14a
cho thy : cc ngun s ca Tj v ni chung lm u vo, cc mng D ca
Tj v ni chung lm u ra, cc cng ca Tj v ct cc tn hiu iu khin
ngc pha c v c. Gi s tn hiu iu khin c mc cao ^CH = Eq v mc thp
VcL = 0.Khi c = 1 (C= 0 ) v Vi VcH : th V osi 0 ; Vos 2 - VcH ;

thng, Tj ngt ; Cn nu Vj 0, th Tj thng, ngt ; Nu Vj I bi

Tj v ng thi thng. Itm li, khi c = 1 th lc no cng ct bng thng vi
ni tr v trm Q, tng
ng s tip thng ca
chuyn mch. E

Khi c = 0 ( c = 1), chi

cn 0 + Ejj, th l
Tj v u ngt, lc ny l
Co-
ch cd dng in d c pA
It h
chy qua, tng ng s
ngt h mch ca chuyn
mch.
VI cu trc ca MOSFET (a ) (b )
i xng, s v D c th hon
v, do t cng truyn dn
h CMOS l hai chiu, cn Hnh 2 -3 -1 5 . C huyn mch tong t

gi l chuyn mch 2 chiu. a) Mch din b) K hiu

78
Cng truyn dn v cng logic phi hp vi nhau th c th to ra mi mch
in c MOS phc tp, v d nh : to xung, m, ghi dch, gii ton, vi x l,
b nh v.v...
Mt ng dng quan trng khc ca cng truyn dn l chuyn mch tng t.
Hnh 2.3.15 gii thiu mch in thc t ca chuyn mch tng t do cng truyn
dn v cng NOT cu trc nn.
Khi c = 1 th chuyn mch ni thng.
Khi c = 0 th chuyn mch ngt h.
V vy, chuyn mch ny ct th ng ngt in p tng t vi bin ty
trong phm vi -i-

T M TT

Chng 2 trnh by cu trc, nguyn v c im ca cc cng thng

dng. Xut pht t thc t mch in a vi vch ha, nn trng tm ch nghin
cu ca chng ta l cc cng c vi mch ha.
Cd 2 loi vi mch s ph bin nht : TTL v MOS. TTL l cng ngh in hnh
trong nhdm cng ngh tranzto bao gm TTL, HTL, ECL, I^L, MOS l cng ngh
vi mch s dng MOSFET, trong in hnh l CMOS...

BI TP

1 -2 . Th no l logic AND, OR, NOT. Hy ly 2 v d cho mi logic.

2 -2 . Cho mch in it
a - Phn tch quan h logic
gia u ra vi cc JRo . Bo. Db
u vo A, B, c. %
b - Cho dng sng tn hiu Bo. Da
u vo A, B, c hnh c.
Hay v dng sng Zj v
(a) i6 )
(tn hiu vo c bin
n theo yu cu)

79
 2 -3 . Cho mch in
, Dg l it Si. inpri khiit thng l 0,7V.
o in p B v z bng ngh vn nng c ni tr
+ E o (+ 1 0 V ) 20kQ/^ Hi gi tr o c trong cc trng hp sau :
a. = 0,3V, B h
. fc
A r t- b. = lOV , B h
Db c. A ni 5k, B h
3o--------- ^
d. A ni 5V, B ni 5kQ
e. A ni 2kQ, B ni 5V.

2 -4 . Logic dng l Logic m l gi ?

2 -5 . Cho mch in
tranzito + cf+>^->
Hy phn tch, tnh
ton xc nh, trng
thi cng tc ca 1 ro
tranzito.

(a) ()

2 -6 . Mch cng it c nhc im g. Mch cng tranzito khc phc nhng

nh<j(? im trn nh th no ?
2 -7 . Cho mch in
Gi thit Vj = 5,5V , VjL = 0,3V
E c = 12V a=5V
a - Cho /3 = 30 ; Eg = 8 V. Hi tranzito c th
ngt v thng bo ha tin cy khng ?
b - bo m tranzito thng bo ha khi
Vj = 5,5V ; Eg = - 8 V th gi tr ti thiu ca
Vi o
/3 l bao nhiu ?
c - bo m tranzito ngt tin cy khi Vj =
0,3 V th gi tr ti a ca Eg l bao nhiu ?
2-8. Vi mch cho 2.7, gi cc u vo l A, B, c, D, gi thit mc
cao l 5,5V, mc thp l 0,3V, Eg = - 8 V, /3 = 30. Gi z l tn hiu u ra ca
mch. Hy vit bng chn l v hm logic tng ng ca mch vi 2 trng hp :
logic dng v logic m.

80
 2 -9 . Cho mch in TTL
a - Phn tch chc nng logic ca
mch.
b - Tc dng ca D v l g ?
Nu chuyn v tr ca D n baz
T3 th c nh hng g n s lm
vic bnh thng ca mch.
c - VjL = 0.3 V, VjH = 3,6V. Hy 0 .3 V

tnh cc gi tr Vj -i- Vj v Ij 4-
trong hai trng hp. Gi thit
= /S3 = /84 = 20 cn B = 0,01
(Tj ch o cc)
2 -1 0 . Mch tng ng u vo ca mt cng TTL
nh cho. Hy tnh dng in ngn mchu vo Ijg
v dng in baz ca Tj khi h mchIgj. Nu c ngun
-2V ni vo u vo th c xy chuyn g khng. Do l
it bo h u vo, khng nh hng n s lm vic
bnh thng.
= 5V ; Rj = 4kQ ; /3 = 0 ,0 1 .

2 -1 1 . Gi thit dng ng h vn nng ni tr 20kfA^

o in p u vo h mch ca cng NAND TTL, hi
gi tr o c trong 5 trng hp sau :
a - Khi cc u vo khc cng h mch.
b - Khi cc u vo khc ni vo cc dng ca ngun in.
c - Khi c mt trong nhng u vo khc ni t. .<
d - Khi ton b cc u vo khc ni t.
e - IChi cc u vo khc ni vo 0,35V. fe
2 -1 2 . Cho lch in : cng NAND TTL kch mch
khuch i tranzito iu khin rle. in p tc ng
ca rle l 8 V. bo m tin cy, khi u ra cng
NAND c mc cao, tranzito phi thng bo ha, hi gi
tr v R|J, Gi thit c tnh u ra ca cng NAND cho
nh hnh 2.2.13, Ej, = 12V, in tr mt chiu ca
cun dy rle l 250Q.
2 -1 3 . ckTig can nhiu u vo d, c th dng
t in nh hnh v c khng. V,o-
(Hnh v cho xung tn hiu rt hp, cho t in
tr s ln) 30ft

a-CSKT. 81
 2 -1 4 . Cho mch in in hnh u ra cng TTL. Xc 5
nh dng in ra ngn mch khi Tj ngt. Gi thit 130
- 20, r ^

2 -1 5 . Cho cc c tnh ca cng NAND TTL

Vi VjH = 3,6V : VjL = 0,3V (V qh > 3V ; V ql < 0,3V)
Hy xc nh V(V)
gn ng cc
tham s sau v 3
in vo ng 2
1
ch trn c 0
tnh : Ri(kI2)
(c)
V|L . V,H . VoL.
''^OH^ON , Vqpp
Vnl ^NH > > 3
^ON > Roff > ^IS'
1
.5
> Ilm (ht v 0 S^K 2 SO^ (/rA) 0 10 20
phun)
(cJ) U)

a - Xc nh phm vi
gi tr cho php ca R
tha mn
= A B ; F2 - B

b - Xc nh phm vi gi
tr cho php ca R,

F = BC. Cho Rj =: 1,2KQ

c - Xc nh phm vi gi
tr cho php ca R
Fi = AB ;F2 = SB . c

82
 d - Gi tr Rj v R2 phi tha mn iu kin g
Fj = AB F2 = SB c
e - Xc nh phm vi gi tr cho php ca = AB ; Fj = SB

g - Cng NAND TTL 3 u vo c th chu ti l bao nhiu cng cng loi.

h - Cho cc tranzito u c /3 = 25, hi cng NAND TTL cd th chu ti ti
a bao nhiu b khuych i o tranzito.
2 -1 7 . Cho mch
in v dng sng tn
hiu u vo. Gi thit
thi gian truyn t
trung bnh ca mi
cng l 2 0 ns, tn s Vi
o 0
lp ca tn hiu l 2,5 __ __ r^l_j
MHz. Th v : r-L j
a - D ng stng tn
hiu u ra Vq khi
b qua thi gian
(b)
truyn t.
b - Dng sng tn
hiu u ra thc t
(k n thi gian truyn t).
2 -1 8 . Chomch in : Mj v M2 l 2 cng NAND h colecto. Mi cng cho php
dng in ht cc i l 13mA (u ra mc thp), dng in d khi u ra mc
cao nh hn 2 5 0 /A . M3 , , M5 cng NAND TTL, s u vo ca M3 l 1, ca
M4 l 2, ca Mj l 3 v u u vo nhau. Gi thit dng in ngn mch ca
cng NAND TTL l
l , 6 mA, dng in d u
vo < 50;A , Ej, = 5V.
\M..
Hi Rj chn bao nhiu.
2 -1 9 . Mj l cng 3
trng thi, M2 l cng
NAND TTL. Hi in th
u ra cng ba trng thi
trong 2 trng hp u
iu khin c mc cao
v mc thp.

2 -2 0 . Cho cc mch logic TTL vi gi nh thc hin

Fj = B . CD

F2 = AB . CD

83
F j = AB + CD
\
c
F4 = AB + CD
F5 = AB . CD \\5k

R qj^j = 2 kQ jR q f f (o) (6 ) (c)
N n g lc chu t i phun Ec

< 5mA ;
N ng lc chu ti ht 100
< 15mA ;
= [>
Hi nhng mch in trn () Ce )
c th lm vic bnh thng
hay khng. L do.
2 -2 1 . Cho mch sy
in cng TTL v dng

I
sng in p tn hiu
u vo. Hy v dng
stng u ra -- F7 A /4 6 A Q A AB
\ b aA bb kb
a

ca cc cng logic.

r i_ _ r

2 -2 2 . Cho S cc
,_ n _ r L r L n _ r u n _
cng v dng sng u
vo. Hy v dng sng . ____ r n _ r i _ _ r x _
u ra ca cc cng : Z^>-
cJ
M iL A-
0 e
-=* 0
(.cl)

84
 2 -2 3 . Cho mch in cc
cng v dng sdng u vo.
Ao------w- OZe
Hy vit biu thc hm logic
u ra 0Z1 Bo-----
, Z2 , Z3 , Z4 , Z5 Mo
V v dng sng tn hiu t- o
u ra.

1
T
/l A c A
(a)

(b)

2 -2 4 . Cho mch in v dng sng

Cng 1 l cng
NAND h colecta
Khi bo ha _____ 5l/
= 0,3V. 2Z
i C l 2 3. \/
Cng 2 l cng 0.3 l/f
A
NANDTTL ct c 6 n330
3.6 V
tnh ngoi cho bi r 3
tp 2.15
Tranzito T khi (a) (b)
bo ha = 0,3V
Vbe = 0.7V
a - Hy tnh Vp , khi = 0,3V

b - Hy tnh Vp , khi= Vg = 3,6V

c - Cho = 18mA, hi u ra z c th chu ti bao nhiu cng NAND TTL

nh cng 2 .
d - Nu Rj t, mch in c th lm vic c khng. Ti sao. Tnh v^.

e - Nu R2 t, mch in c th lm vic c khng. liai sao. Tnh v^.

g - Nu Rg t, mch in c th lm vic c khng ti sao. Tnh v^.

85
 h - Cd th i cng 1 thnh cng NADN TTL nh cng 2 c c khng ?
i - Hy vit biu thc hm logic u ra z.
k - Hy v dng sng Vp , tng ng Va . Vb v ghi ch cc gi tr
in p.
2 -2 5 . Cho mch in
cng ; a ni tip vi mch +Ec:(+5)
cng ; b th lm vic bnh
thng, nhng nu a ni 0
3-5^
vi c th khng lm vic
bnh thng c. 0.sv t-dJ^ CH
330
Cho bit tham s ca

cng NAND l = 1,4V (a ) (b) (c)
Ijg ~ iA.,
Tranzito c tham s : )3 = 28 ; = 30mA.
a - Hy tnh tnh hinh cng tc trng tnh trong hai trng hp trn.
b - Hy v dng sng p v F tng ng A = 1, A = 0 trong hai trng hp
trn.
2 -2 6 . Hy phn tch mng cng NOT hnh 2.3. la.
Nu mun cng sut tn hao nh v bin tn hiu ra ln, thl yu cu c
tnh bng v gi tr Rq nh th no.
2 -2 7 . Tki sao ch dng 1bdngMOS thay th in tr tiR trong cng NOT h
MOS. Cn c c im btng ph ti, cng NOT hMOS cmy loi. Hy vmch
in ca chng.
2 -2 8 . Trnh by c im ca cng NOT h MOS v cng NOT h CMOS.
2 -2 9 . Cd cho php u vo mch CMOS h l lng khng ? c th ndi u
vo h t tng ng mc logic 1 hay khng ?
2 -3 0 . Cho cc mch in CMOS.
Hy phn tch
vit biu thc hm z 1]lOOk
logic ca chng. Hy
a4 I* U I
v s mch logic
_ + > a; -M
tng ng n gin
(a)
^
ha ca chng. (b)
(o)
A~
A-
-
-
c- : o
z F
- mk
(e; (f)

86
 2-*31. Hy phn tch
vit biu thc hm logic z -
c- hiook
cc mch in CMOS cho. -
8-
H iO k c -
D-

(b)

2" 32. Hy phn tch v v ra dng stng u ra ca mch in CMOS sau

U U l-

v -b

87
 Ph lc : B N G K H I U CC C N G

T n Cng th e o Cc k h i u t n g n g
c h c n n g lo g ic

AND
> =

OR = 5 - +
: > -

NOT - Q

XOR e
= ) > = E > -

NAND > -

NOR

NORAND

88
 Chng 3

CO s I S LOGIC

3.1. KHI NIM CO BN, CNG THC V NH L

i s logic do George Boole, nh ton hc nc Anh, sng to vo gia th k

KIX - So vi i s thng, i s logic n gin hn nhiu. Tuy i s logic cng
dng ch biu th bin s, nhng bin s logic chi ly gi tr rt n gin, 1 v
0, khng cd gi tr th ba no na. Hn na, 0 v 1 i s logic khng ch biu
th s lng to nh c th, m ch yu l biu th hai trng thi logic khc
nhau (v d, dng 1 v 0 biu th : ng v sai, tht v gi, cao v thp, cd
v khng, m v dng v.v...). Trong i s logic c mt s quy tc ging vi i
s thng, nhng li cd mt s quy tc hon ton khc vi i s thng, chng
ta cn lu phn bit trong qu trnh hc tp.

3.1.1. Php ton logic v hm logic c bn

1) Php ton logic c bn

Nh ta bit, quan h logic c bn nht ch c 3 loi ; V, HOC, PH
DNH. Vy nn trong i s logic, cng ch ct tng ng 3 php ton logic c bn
aht l : nhn logic - V,
cng logic - HOC, o
togic - PH NH. Gc
mch in thc hin 3
php ton c bn nht,
tng ng l cc cng V
(AND), HOC (OR), O
INOT)

Hnh 3 -1 - 1 . K hiu logic ca cc cng c bn.

Tng ng, hnh 3 - 1 - la : = A.B (3-1-1)

hnh 3 -1 -lb , b : Z2 =A +B (3-1-2)
hnh 3 - 1 - lc : Z3 = (3-1-3)

Ngoi baphp ton logic c bn nht trn y, chng ta cn thng xuyn gp

cc p^hp ton logic sau : V - PH NH, HOC - PH NH, V - HOC -

89
PH DNH, CNG VI PHP LOI TR... Mch in tng ng thc hin cc
php ton trn, theo th t l cc cng ; NAND, NOR, NORAND, XOR biu th
trn hnh 3 -1 -2 :

A
8 5
D
b) o) d)

Hnh 3 - 1 - 2 . K hiu logic cc cng logic thung dng.

Tng ng, hnh 3 - l- 2 a : cng NAND (3-1-4)

hinh 3 - l- 2 b : cng NOR = A + B (3-1-5)

h n h 3 - 1 - 2 C : cdng NORAND A .B + C .D (3 -1 -6 )

hnh 3 -l-2 d ; cng XOR A 0B (3 -1 -7 )

2) Bin logic v hm logic

Cc cng thc (3-1-1) -i- (3 -1 -7 ) l cc biu thc logic, trong A, B, c , D l

cc bin ogc u vo, z l bin logic u ra, du gch pha trn bin logic biu
th hm logic o ca bin . Cng thc (3-1-1) biu th quan h V gia A vi
B, Zj l hm V ca cc bin A v B. Cng thc (3--1-2) bi th quan h HOC
gia A vi B, Z2 l hm HOC ca cc bin A v B. Cng thc (3 -1 -3 ) biu th
Zj hm DO ca bin A. Cng thc (3 -1-7) biu th quan h CNG VI PHP
LOI TR gia A vi B, Z7 hm XOR ca cc bin A v B.
Ni chung, sau khi xc nh gi tr cc bin u vo A, B, c... th gi tr
bin u ra z cng c xc nh theo mt cch n tr. Vy ta gi z l hm s
logic ca A, B, c..., v ta c th vit :
z = F (A, B, c , ...)
Trong i s logic, bin s v hm s u chi ly hai gi tr ; thng dng 0
v 1 biu th. iu c c s trong quan h nhn qu ca cc s kin. M bin
s biu th mt iu kin s kin c th pht sinh. iu kin ch c th c
hay khng. Hm s biu th bn thn s kin t pht sinh hay khng. S 0 v 1
biu th k hiu ca hai kh nng i lp nhau , v trong a s trng hp,
chng khng c ngha s lng na.

3.1.2. Cng thc v nh i

1) Quan h gia cc hng s

V trong i s logic ch c hai hng 8 0, 1, cc bin logic cng ch ly mt

trong hai gi tr , v cng ch c ba php ton logic c bn nht, cho nn cng
ch c cc quan h di y ;

90
 Cng thc 1 0 . 0 = 0 (3-1-8)
Cng thc 1 1 + 1 = 1 (3-1-9)
Cng thc 2 0 . 1 = 0 (3-1-10)
Cng thc 2 1 + 0 = 1 (3-1-11)
Cng thc 3 1 . 1 = 1 (3-1-12)
Cng thc 3 0 + 0 = 0 (3-1-13)
Cng thc 4 = 1 (3-1-14)
Cng thc 4 = 0 (3-1-15)
Nhng quan h trn y gia hai hng s lm tin ca i s logic. Ngha
l, chng l cc quy tc php ton c bn i vi t duy logic.

2) Quan h gia bin s v hng s

Cng thc 5 A.1 = A (3-1-16)

Cng thc 5 A + 0 = A (3-1-17)
Cng thc 6 A . 0 = 0 (3-1-18)
Cng thc 6 A + 1 = 1 (3-1-19)
Cng thc 7 A . = 0 (3-1-20)
Cng thc 7 A + = 1 (3-1-21)

3) Cc nh l tng t i s thng

Lut giao hon :

Cng thc 8 A . B = B . A (3-1-22)
Cng thc 8 A + B = B + A (3-1-23)
Lut kt hp :
Cng thc 9 (A . B) . c = A . (B . C) (3-1-24)
Cng thc 9 (A + B) + c = A + (B + C) (3-1-25)
Lut phn phi :
Cng thc 10 A. ( B + C ) = A . B + A . C (3-1-26)
Cng thc 10 A + BC = (A + B) . (A + C) (3-1-27)

4) Cc nh l c th chi c trong i s logic

Lut ng nht :
Cng thc 11 A . A = A (3-1-28)
Cng thc 11 A + A = A (3-1-29)
nh l De Morgan :
Cng thc 12 A .B = A + B (3-1-30)
Cng thc 12 A + B = A .B (3-1-31)

91
 Lut hon nguyn :
Cng thc 13 = A (3-1-32)
Phng php chng minh cc cng thc trn l lp bng tt c cc gi tr ct
th ca cc bin v tnh tng ng vi v phi, v tri ring r. Nu ng thc
gia hai v tn ti vi tt c cc gi tr c th th cng thc l ng. Cng thc
5 v cng thc 13 rt d chng minh. Di y s chng minh lm mu cc cng
thc 1 0 v cng thc 1 2 .
V d 3 -1 -1 . Chng minh cng thc10
A + B . c = (A + B) . (A + C)
Gii : lp bng tt c cc gi tr cth ca bin v tnh nh sau

Bng 3 -1 -1

A B c B .c A + B .c A+B A+C (A +B)

(A +C)

0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0
0
0
0 01 01 0
0 ^
0
0 01 0 0
01 11 11
01 01 01 11 11
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 I 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Tt c cc gi tr ca 3 bin A, B, c to thnh 8 t hp. Bng chn l ca hm

A + B .c trng vi bng chn l ca hm (A + B)(A + C). Vy cng thc A + B .c
= (A + B) (A + C) c chng minh.
V d 3 -1 -2 : Chng minh cng thc 12
71 = + B
Gii : Lp bng tt c cc gi tr cd th ca bin v tnh nh sau

Bng 3 - 1 - 2

A B A.B A .B A B A + B

0 0 0 11 11 11
01 0 011
1 011 01 01 0
0 0 01
Tt c cc gi tr ca 2 bin A, B to t^ n h 4 t hp. Bng chn l ca hm
A . B trng vi bng chn l ca hm A + B . Vy cng thc 12 c chng
minh.

92
 5) 3 quy tc v ng thc

a) Quy tc thay th
Trong bt k ng thc logic no, nu thay mt bin no <5 bng mt hm s
th ng thc vn thit lp.
Quy tc ny ct ng dng rt ln trong bin i cng thc to ra cng thc
mi t mt cng thc bit, m rng phm vi ng dng ca cng thc bit.
V d : Cng thc bit A . B = A + B. Dng z = A.C thay vo bin A, ta c ;
(A . C) . B = T c + B = ( + C) + B hay l A . C . B = + C + I
b) Quy tc tim o ca mt hm s
z l o ca hm s z s ct c t z bng cch i du thnh du "+" ;
"+" thnh du ; "0 " thnh "1 ", "1 " thnh "0 ", bin s thnh o ca bin s ,
o bin s thnh nguyn bin s.
V d : z = A .B + c .D + 0 c hm o tng ng l
Z = (A + B ) . (C + D) . 1.

Z = A + B + C + ) + c hm o l z = A . B . c . D . E
Khi tm o ca mt hm s, nhng gch ngang no (biu th php ton o)
trn nhiu bin th vn gi nguyn. Cng cn ch_ _th t u tin x l cc k
hiu : du mc, du nh^, du cng. V d, z = A . B + c . D, theo th t php
tnh phi lm php nhn A . B v C.D trc, sau mi ti php cng ^a chng. Vy
th t x l k hiu tm o s dn ti kt qu z = (A + B ) . (C + D)
(Nu vit Z = A + B . C + D , l sai !)
c) Quy tc i ngu
Hm z v hm Z gi l i ngu, khi cc du "+" v cc gi tr "1" v "0"
i ch cho nhau mt cch tng ng.
V d : z = A.(B + C)
Z = A + B .c
z = A + B -C
Z = A . (B + C)
Z = A.B+A.(C+0)
Z = (A + B ) . (A + c . 1 )
z = (A + B ) . (A + c . 1 )
Z = A . B + A . (C + 0)

Z = A + B+ C Z = A . B . C

z = A. B. C Z = A + B + c
V i ngu l tng h, nn nu mt ng thc tn ti i vi biu thc
v tri v biu thc v phi, th i ngu ca v tri v i ngu ca v phi cng
l mt ng thc.

93
 Quy tc i ngu ndi trn cho php t cc cng thc 1 + 12 suy ra cc cng
thc 1 -- 1 2 (v ngc li)
V d :
Th bit A + B.C.D = (A + B).(A + C).(A + D)
C th suy ra A.(B + c + D) = A.B + A.c + A.D
Cn lu th t u tin x l k hiu khi tim biu thci ngu.
p dng quy t lc i ngu cd th lm cho s cng thccn chng minh gim
i mt na. Sau kh chng minh bai biu thc bng nhau, cn c quy tc i
ngu, cc i ngu ca ng thc chng minh cng phi bng nhau. Vy nn,
khi gii thiu nhng cng thc sau y, chng ta s khng a ra cc cng thc
dng i ngu ca chng.

6) Mt s cng thc ihbng dng

S dng nhng cng thc v quy tc phn trn, chng ta cd th c cng

nhiu cng thc mi, di y l cc cng thc thng dng
Cng thc 1 4 ; A.B+A.B = A (3-1-33)
Chng minh :
A .B +A .B = A.(B+B) = A
Vy, nu bin s B v o bin s B cng_nhn mt bin s A th tng hai tch
t bng A (gp A.B vi A . B c A b B, B)
Cng the 15 : A + A.B = A (3-1-34)
Chng minh :
A + A.B = A .(l + B) = A (Theo cng thc 6 , 1 + B = 1)
Vy, nu trong tng cc tch c mt s hng l tha s trong mt s hngkhc,
th s hng ct nhiu tha s hn l tha (c th b i)
Cng thc 1 6 ; A+.B = A+ B (3-1-35)
Chng minh :
Theo cng thc 10, ta cd :
A + . B = (A + ). (A + B) = 1. (A + B) = A + B
Vy, nu trong tng cc tch, cd o ca mt s hng l tha strong mt s
hng khc, thi tha s i tha (khng cn vit)
Cng thc 17 : A.B+.C +BC= A.B+.C (3-1-36)
Chng minh ;
A .B + c + BC = A .B + c + B. C( A + )
= A .B + c + B . C . A + B . C .
= A . B + A . B . C + C + CB
= A.B + c
H q u ; A .B+ .C +B.C .D = A.B+.C (3-1-37)
(lu p dng cng thc 17 v 15 chng minh)

94
 Vy, nu trong tng cc tch, xut hin mt bin v o ca bin trong hai
B hng khc nhau, cc tha s ca li trong hai s hng t lm thnh tha s
ca mt s hng tht ba, th s hng th ba l tha (ct th b i).

Cng thc 18 : A .B + A .B = A .B + A .B (3-1-38)

Chng minh ;

A .B + .B = A .B + .B = ( + B)(A + B)
= ( . A + . B) + (B . A + B . B)
= 0 + I + 4 B + 0

Cng thc 19 : A . B + A . c = A . B + A . c (3-1-39)

Chng minh :

A .B + A ,c = A . B . A C = (A + B ) . ( A + C )
= ( . A + C) + ( BA + B )
= 0 + AC + AB + BC = AC + AB (theo cng thc 17)
Vy cng thc 18 l mt trng hp ring ca cng thc 19, nu mt hm
tng ca hai tch, c mt bin trong s hng th nht v o ca bin trong
s hng th hai, th nu ly o tt c cc ha s cn li, ta s c o ca
hm cho.

7J Nkng cng thc vi XOR (php cng vi s loi tr)

nh ngha php XOR :

A B = A.B+.B (3-1-40)
Hm logic XOR = 1 khi cc bin A, B ly cc gi tr khc nhau,
v XOR = 0 khi cc bin A, B ly cc gi tn bng nhau.
Tn hm XOR, v vy, mang ngh D HOC, HOC TUYT l
o ca XOR l :

A . B = A B = A .B + A .B = A .B + A .B (3-1-41)
(p dng cng thc 19)
Hm A . B = 1 khi cc bin A, B ly cc gi tr bng nhau
A . B = 0 khi cc bin A, B ly cc gi tr khc nhau
A . B c tn l hm TNG NG
1. Lut giao hon A B = B A (3-1-42)
2. Lut kt hp (A B) c = A e (B C) (3-1-43)
3. Lut phn phi A.(B C) = A,B A.c (3-1-44)
Chng minh :
A . (B e C) = A . (B . c + B . C) = A . B . c + A . B . c
V cng thc 7 : AA = 0 , A A B = A A C = 0, nn ta c

95
ABC + A B C = ABC + A B C + A A B + A A C = ABA + ABC + AAC + BAC
= AB( + C) + ( + B)AC = ABAC + ABAC
= AB AC
Vy A.(B e C) = AB e AC

4. Cc php ton ca bin v hng s :

T nh ngha (3-1-40), ta cd : A 1 = A (3-1 -4 5 )
A O= A (3-1 -4 6 )
A A= O (3-1 -4 7 )
A e = 1 (3-1 -4 8 )

5. Lut i ch nhn qu
Nu A B = c
Thi A c = B v B c = A
Chng minh :
Vi A e B = c
Nn A 0 B B = C B
A 0 = B c
A = Be c

8) nh t trin khai

F(Ai, A2 , ......, V
= A j . F il, 2 , ;...., \ ) + \ . F(0, A^, ..... . A) (3-1-49 )

F(Aj, A2 ......... p
^ [ \ + F(0, A2 ........ . AJ] . [i + F (l, A2 , ..... . A ^ ] (3-1-50 )

Chng minh :
Thay Aj aljO vOing thc, ta c ;
F(0, A2 . ......, A)
= 0 . F(l, A2, ...... + . F(0, A2 , ..... , A)

= F(0, A2, ....., A)

F(0, A2 , ......, A)
U = [0 + F(0, 2, ....., . [ + F (l, A2 ..... \ ) ]

= F(0, A2 , ....., A).[l + F (l, A2 ......... . A)]

= F(0, A2 , ..... A).l
= F(0, A2. ....., A)
Thay Aj = 1 vo, ta c :

96
 F(l , 2 , ......, V
= l . F ( l , A2, ....., Ag + . F ( 0 , A2 . ......
= F (l, A2 , .... A) + 0.F(0, A2 , ......, A)
= F (l, 4 .... a ) + 0

= F (l, 4 .... An)

F (l, A2 , ...... An)
= [1 + F( 0, A2 ....., AJ . [1 + F(l, A^, ...... AJ3
= l.[0 + F (l, A2 ......... . A)]
= l.F (l. A2 ........, A)
= F (l, A2 , ..... , \ )
1k thy rng ng thc lun lun ng d Aj ly gi tr bt k. Vy nh l
c chng minh. Bng phng php tng t nh trn, ta c th rt ra h
qu :
Ai.F(Ai, 2 , ....... A)
= A i . F ( l , A 2, ....... , A ) (3-1-51)
+ F(Aj, A2, ..... J Aj^)
= A + F ( 0, A2, ..... , A j ( 3- 1- 52)
A j . F(Aj, A2 , ..... ,

= i . F ( 0 , A2 , ....... (3-1-53)

+ F(Ap A2, .... , \ )

= i + F (l, A2 , ....., \ ) (3- 1- 54)

p dng nh l trin khai, chng ta d dng trin hai mt hm s bt k i

vi mt bin s bt kl ca nt.

VI d 3 -1 -3 : Chng minh A .A B c = A.B.C + A.B.C

Gii : Theo cng thc (3-1-51), ta cd :

A.AB e c = A. l B c = A . B C
= A . ( B C + BC) = ABC + A B C
tin cch vit, trong biu thc logic, cc k hiu v du ngoc c th b i
theo quy tc sau :
1 - Php o i vi mt nhtm bin khnl; cn du ngoc, v gch pgang do
trn chng cng biu th r phm vi tc ng, v d : khng cn vit (A + B) ,
m ch A + B .
2 - Nu trong biu thc ct c php nhn v php cng, thi php nhn khng cn
du lun lun c hiu l lm trc php cng. V d, (A.B) + (C. D) cd th
vit thnh AB + CD, nhng (A + B).(C + D) th khng th vit thiu du ngoc.

7a-CSKT.. 97
 3.2. CC PHONG PHP BlU TH HM LOGIC

Khi nghin cu v x l nhng vn logic, ta c th dng nhng phng php

khc nhau biu th hm logic ty theo c im ca hm logic xt. Thng dng
4 phng php. l bng chn l, biu thc logic, bng Karnaugh v s logic.
Chng ta khng nhng cn nm vng tng phng php, m cn phi thnh tho
chuyn i t phng php ny sang phng php khc.

3.2.1. Bng chn l

Bng chn l l bng miu t quan h gia cc gi tr ca hm s tng ng

vi mi gi tr c th ca bin s.

1) Phng php lit k thnh bng chn l

Mi bin u vo c th ly 2 gi tr 1 v 0, nu c n bin u vo th c 2"

t hp cc gi tr khc nhau ca chng. nhn c bng chn l, ta phi lit
k tt c cc t hp gi tr ca bin u vo v gi tr xc nh ca hm u ra
tng ng vi tng t hp .
V d 3 -2 -1 : Hy k bng chn l ca hm s sau
z = AB + BC + CA.
Gii : ct 3 bin u vo, tc l c 8 t hp cc gi tr ca chng. Thay gi tr
ca mi t hp vo hm s v tnh ra gi tr tng ng, ri lit k thnh bng
3 -2 -1 . (Ni chung, khi b stt, khi trng lp, thng sp xp th t cc
gi tr bin vo theo tun t s m nh phn.

Bng 3 - 2 - 1

V d 3 -2 -2 : mt bng n ng cn ng, ngt c lp 4 ni khc nhau.

Hy vit bn chn l ca hm s logic .
Gii : gi A, B, c, D l chuyn mch ng ngt 4 ni, ng in th cc bin
ly gi tr 1, ngt in th cc bin ly gi tr 0. Gi z l trng thi n c iu
khin, n sng z = 1, n tt z = 0. Sau khi suy xt k, ta k c bng chn
l 3 -2 -2 .

98
 Bng 3 - 2 - 2

A B c D z Thuyt minh

0 0 0 0 0 4 chuyn mch u ngl, n t t

0 0 0 1 1 C 1 chuyn mch ng, n sng

0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 C 2 chuyn mch ng thi ng, n tt
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
0
1 1
0 1
1 11 1
11
C 3 chuyn mch ng thi ng, n sng

11 1
1
0
1 01 1
1 1 1 1 0 C 4 chuyn mch ng thi ng, n tt

Nu phi gii quyt mt vn logic thc t, u tin ta hy lm r u l u

vo, u l u ra, dng bin i s biu th ; tip theo cn xc nh quan h
tng ng ca cc trng thi u ra - u vo. Cui cng lit k bng chn l mt
cch chnh xc.

2) c im bng chn l

Bng chn l biu th hm logic di dng bng s, nt c cc c im ch yu

sau y :
a - R rng, trc quan. Saukhi xc nh gi tr bin u vo th c th tra bng
chn l bit gi tr tng ng ca hm u ra. Vy nn trong cc s tay vi
mch s u cd bng chn l gii thiu chc nng logic ca vi mch.
b - gii quyt mt nhim v thc t dng vn logic, th bng chn l l
tin nht. Vy nn trong qu trnh thit k logic ca mch s, vic u tin l
phn tch yu cu, k ra bng chn l.
Nhc im ch yu ca bng chn l l s ri rm nu bin s kh nhiu, khng
th dng cc cng thc v nh l ca i s logic tnh ton.
n gin, i khi ch k t hp cc gi tr u vo no tng ng hm s
ly gi tr bng 1. Nhng t hp thc t s dng khng cn, hoc lm cho hm
s ly gi tr 0 u khng cn k ra.

3.2.2. Biu thc hm s

Biu thc hm s dng i s logic dng cc php ton V, HOC, Obiu

th quan h logic gia cc bin trong hm.

99
 1) Dng chun tc tuyn (tng cc tch)

Chi ch n t hp gi tr cc bin no tng ng hm ct gi tr 1 trong

bng chn l. Trong t hp a chn, gi tr 1 vit nguyn bin, gi tr 0 vit o
bin, v kt qu vit c mt 8 hng dng tch cc bin tng ng vi t hp
xt - nu em cng tt c cc s hng nh vy, thl ta c dng chun tc tuyn
(Tng cc tch - ORAND) ca hm lo^c.
V d 3 -2 -3 : Hy vit biu thc hm s t bng chn l 3.2.3

Bng 3 - 2 - 3

A B c z
0
0 0
01 0 0
0
0 01 0
01 01 01 01
'

11 0 1 11
1 0
1 1 1 i

Gii : hm z = 1 tng ng 4 t hp gi tr cc bin

ABC = 011, 101, 110, 111. Cc s hng dng tch cc bin l BC, ABC, ABC,
ABC. Dng chun tc tuyn ca hm s :
z = BC + ABC + ABC + ABC (3-2-1)
Kt qu ny c chnh xc khng ? Chng ta c th nghim li.
Biu thc hm s chun tc tuyn cd tn gi nhn mnh hnh thc chun ca
cc s hng dng tch trong biu thc. Chng ta gi s hng chun ny l s hng
nh nht.

2) S hng nh nht

a) nh ngha
S hng nh nht l mt khi nim quan trng trong i s logic. Nh d v d
3 -2 -3 , z l hm ca cc bin A, B, c . 3 bin c 8 t hp cc gi tr kh d : 000,
01,_01_^ 011, 00j_ 101, 110, 1 U . Tng ng ta ct 8 s hng dng tch l
ABC, ABC, ABC, ABC, ABC, ABC, ABC, ABC. c im chung ca 8 s hng
ny l :
- u ct 3 tha s ;
- Mi bin s xut hin ch 1 ln di dng tha s hoc l nguyn bin hoc
l o bin.
Vy chng ta gi 8 s bng dng tch c c im trn l s hng nh nht ca
cc bin A, B, c.

100
 Nti chung, i vi trng hp n bin, s hng dng tch p c n tha s ; trong
p mi bin u xut hin mt ln, v ch 1 ln m thi, hoc di dng nguyn
bin, hoc di dng o bin ; p c gi l s hng nh nht ca n bin, n bin
c tt c 2 " s hng nh nht. mi bin u c 2 trng thi (nguyn bin v
o bin), m tt c cd n bin
b) Tnh cht s hng nh nht

Bng 3 - 2 - 4 ; BNG CHN L TO N B s HNG NH N H T C A 3 B I N s.

B ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC

T bng 3 -2 -4 , ta nhn thy cc tnh cht sau ca s hng nh nht :

- Mi s hng nh nht tng ng vi mt t hp gi tr ca bin nbng
1 , v ch c mt t hp m thi.

- Tch ca hai s hng nh nht bt k lun bng 0

- Tng ca tt c cc s hng nh nht lun bng 1
c) S hng ti thiu l phn t ca bn cu trc hm logic
Mt hm logic bt ki u ct th biu th di hinh thc l tng ca cc s hng
nh nht - dng chun tc tuyn. Hn na, hnh thc l duy nht, tc l, mt
hm logic ch cd mt biu thc duy nht biu th n di dng tng cc s hng
ti thiu. Khng nhng c th vit ra dng chun tc tuyn ca hm logic trc
tip t bng chn l, m cn cd th dng cc cng thc v nh l ca i s logic,
cng c th dng cch khai trin v bin i c dng chun tc tuyn.
V d 3 -2 -4 : hy vit dng chun tc tuyn ca hm s z = AB + BC+ CA
Gid : z = AB + BC + CA
= AB(C + C) + BC(A + ) + CA(B + B)
= ABC + ABC + A B C + BC
V d 3 -2 -5 : hy vit dng biu thc s hng ti thiu ca hm

(A + B + C) (A + B + C)

Gii : z = (A + B + C) (A + B + C)

= A + B+ C + A+ B+ C
= A B C + ABC

101
 d) K hiu ca s hng nh nht
tin vit, thng gn cho mi s hng nh nht mt k hiu. Phng php
nh sau ; t hp cc gi tr bin s tng ng vi s hng nh nht c xt,
chuyn hnh thc s nh phn sang s thp phn, con s ny l k hiu ca s Jiang
nh nht xt - v d, trong cc s hng nh nht ca_cc_bin A, B, c th A B C
tng ng t hp gi tr 000, tc l OjQ, k hiu ca_A B_c v vy l ; ABC
tng ng t hp gi tr 010, tc l 2jQ, k hiu ca A B C l m2 .
Tng t, A B C = ; A BC = m3 ; A B c = ; A B C = nij ; AB c =
ABC = . Hn na, thng dng k hiu biu th cc s hng nh nht ca dng
chun tc tuyn ; v d, trong v d 3 -2 -4 :
z = ABC + A B C + ABC + ABC thng vit thnh
z = m3 + mj + = 2 (3, 5, 6 , 7)
Tng t, trong v d 3 -2 -5 :
z = B C + ABC = z (0 , 7)

3) Dng chun tc tuyn ca o hm

Nu ly tng cc s hng nhnht tng ng vi cc t hp gi tr cc bin

m hm ly gi tr 0 trong bng chn l, ta _c^ dng_chun tc tuyn ca_o
hm. V d, t bng chn l 3 -2 -3 ta c ; z = A B C + A B C + A B C + A B C
z l o hm ca z. Nu ta li ly o ln na ca z , v trin khai theo nh
l trin khai, th ta s c dng chun tc tuyn ca z m ta c v d
3 -2 -3 :

z = z = A B B C + ABC + ABC + ABC

= A B C + B C + B C + 1 BC + l c + BC + BC + OBC
= A B C + A B C + BC + BC

= A( B C + BQC) + ( B C + c + 1 C
+ BC + c + 0 C) = A ( B . l + BC) + (BC + B . 0 )
= AB + A B C + BC
= AB(C + C) + A B C + BC = ABC + ABC + A B C + BC
ph hp (3-2-1)

4) Dng chun tc hi (tch cc tng)

Dng chun tc hi c th nhn c bng phng php sau :

T bng chn l tlm dng chun tc tuyn ca o hm, sau dng nh l
De Morgan tm o ca o hm.
V d, t phn trn ta tm c z = A B C + A B C + A B C + A BC

z = z = A B C + A B C + ABC + ABC = A B C . A B C . A B C . A B C
= (A + B + C) (A + B + C) (A + B + C) ( + B + C) (3-2-2)
Cc tha s ca hm s dng chun tc hi c tnh cht sau :

102
 - u bao gm tt c cc bin ca hm
- Mi bin u xut hin mt ln v ch mt ln trong dng tng ca tha s,
hoc l nguyn bin, hoc l o bin.
Cc tha s c tnh cht nu trn c gi l tha s ln nht. Tch cc tha
s ln nht l dng chun tc hi ca hm s.
(3 -2 -2 ) l biu thc ca hm z dng chun tc hi.
Ni chung, i vi trng hp hm n bin, tha s ln nht l mt tng ca n
S hng, mi s hng l mt bin, xut hin mt ln di dng nguyn bin hoc
o bin, v ch xut hin mt ln m thi, n bin c tng ng 2^ tha s ln
nht. Bng 3 -2 -5 l bng chn l ca ton b cc tha s ln nht tng ng hm
3 bin A, B, c ;

Bng 3 - 2 - 5

A B c A+B+C A + B + C A + B -^C A + B + c A + B + c A + B + C A + B + C A + B + c

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 i 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Nhn xt bng 3 -2 -5 , ta thy tha s ln nht cd cc tnh cht sau :

- Mi tha s ln nht tng ng vi mt t hp gi tr ca bin nd bng
0 , v ch ct mt t hp m thi.

- Tng ca hai tha s ln nht bt k lun lun bng 1

- Tch ca tt c cc tha s ln nht lun bng 0
Cch k hiu cc tha s ln nht nh sau : t hp cc gi tr bin s tng
ng vi tha s ln nht c xt chuyn hnh thc s nh phn sang s thp phn,
con s ny l k hiu ca tha s ln nht xt - V d , trong cc tha s ln
nht ca cc bin A, B, c th :
A + B + c tng ng t hp 000, chuyn thnh OjQ, k hiu M1
A + B + c 001 ^10 M
A + B + c 010 2 M,
A + B + c 011 3 M,
+ B + c 100 4 M,
+ B + c 10 1 5 M,
+ B + c 110 6

+ B + c 111 7 M,

103
 Cch vit k hiu rt thun tin. Ch rng ni v Mj l o ca nhau :

i = M
V d r m = A B C = A + B + c

mo = Mo = A + B + c = ABC

nij = A B c Mj = A + B + c

m5 =
- M.
-^^5 = A + B + C = A B C

Tha s ln nht cng l phn t c bn cu trc hm logic. Biu thc hm s

(3 -2-2 ) cd th vit di dng :
z = Mi M 2 4
M = n ( , 012 , , 4)

c im cc biu thc hm s
Mt hm logic c biu th bng biu thc cc php ton V, HOC, OV
lin kt cc bin s ca nt vi nhu. u im ca phng php biu thc
V ...
hm s l :
- Dng cc k hiu logic biu th quan h logic gia cc bin lm cho cch vit
gn v tin, tnh khi qut v tru tng rt cao.
- Rt tin s dng cc cng thc v nh l ca i s logic bin i,
lm ton.
- Tin cho vic dng s logic thc hin hm s. Ch cn dng cc k hiu
logic ca mch in cng tng ng thay th php ton xt trong biu thc hm
s, ta c mt s logic. Vn ny cn c gii thiu c th sau.
Nhc im ch yu ca phng php biu thc hm s l kh xc nh gi tr
hm ng vi gi tr bin mt cch trc tip i vi cc hm s phc tp (khng
trc quan nh bng chn l)

3.2.3. Bng Karnaugh

Bng Karnaugh l phng php hinh v biu th hm logic, trong cc g tr

hm u ra tng ng t hp cc bin u vo u c biu th y . Trn c
s bng Karnaugh ca cc bin, in cc s hng nh nht ca hm s vo cc
tng ng th ta c bng Karnaugh ca hm.

I) Bng Karnaugh ca bin logic

a) Hnh 3 -2 -1 trnh by bng Karnaugh 3 bin v 4 bin.

b) Quy tc v bng Karnaugh ca bin nh sau :
- Bng Karnaugh cd dng hnh ch nht, n bin c 2" , mi tng ng vi
mt s hng nh nht. V d, hii 3 -2-1, n = 3 tng ng bng 2^ = 8 , n = 4
tng ng bng 2^ = 16 .
- Gi tr cc bin c sp xp th t theo m vng. (Nu khng sp xp th
t theo m vng th khng cn l bng Karnaugh na !)

104
 V d : s sp xp c \ BC
ca AB v CD u l 00 01 11 10 a \ 00 01 11 10
0 0 , 0 1 , 1 1 , 1 0 (hnh 0 llo mi m3 ni2
3 -2 -1 ).
1 A ms m?
1 m 1
M vng c th suy
ra t m s nh phn
nh sau. Gi s cho
m s nh phn l
B 3 B2 BjBq, m vng
tng ng l
^3^2^ 1^ 0
tn h G = e B. CD
A B \ 00 01 11 10
CD
C th ;G ^ = Bj B ^ ; 00 01 11 10
00
Gj = B 2 Bj ; G 2 = 00 0 1 3 2
6 3 0 6 2 : 03 = B4 e 01 01 4 5 7 6
B3 = 0 e B3 = B3
11 n
(B 4 - 0). Hinh 3 -2 -2 12 13 15 14
l bng Karnaugh 5 10 10 8 9 11 10
bin v 6 bin.
Bng 3 -2 -6 l m
vng tng ng vi m Hnh 5 - 2 - ; .
nh phn (3 bit)
ng Karnaugh dc xem nh s khi ca cc s hng nh nht.

\^ D E V D EF
A \ 000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100 BC\
00 000
001
01
011
n 010
110
10
111
101
100

Hnh 3 - 2 - 2 (a) H M i - 2 - 2 (b)

Bng 3--2-

B 2 Bi Bo Gz Gi Go

0
0 00 01 0
0 0
0 01
0 1 0 0 11
0
11 01 011 0 1 1 01
01 01
11 1 01 111 1
0
0 1
0
105
 c) c im bng Karnaugh ca bin :
- u im ln nht ca bng l lm ni bt tnh k nhau ca cc s hng nh
n h t. C c k n h a u b t k trn b n g u c c c s h n g n h n h t u c tn h k
nhau v logic. S sp xp gi tr cc bin theo m vng bo m c im quan
trng ny.
Tnh k nhau bao gm 3 tnh hung sau : cc k nhau, cc u cui ca
hng v ct, cc i xng u phi c mt gi tr i nhau ca bin v ch mt
m th i. c i m n y c a b n g c h o p h p d d n g n h v p h n b i t, k i m tr a ,
tnh ton bng bng, nht l khi cd n 5, 6 bin (xem hnh 3-2-2).
Nh trn ni, nu trong hai s hng nh nht ct v ch c 1 bin ly gi
tr k h c n h a u , c n t t c c c b i n k h c u l y g i tr n h n h a u , th h a i s h n g
nh nht d cd tnh k nhau v logic, v d, trong hnh 3 -2 l, iHq cd tnh k nhau
v logic vi mp m 2 v m^.
Khi cng cc s hng nh Jh cd _th k nhau^ th bin _ nhau^trong s
b kh. V d : + mj = B C + AB^C^= A B (C J - C)_= AB ; AB l tha_s
chun g ca jn^_y AB_C + A B C = AC kh mt B v B ;
= A B C + A B C = BC kh mt A v A.
- Nhc im ch yu ca bng Karnaugh : nu s bin tng th phctp
ca bng tng nhanh. V d, nu s bin t 7 tr i th hnh v qu phc tp,hn
na rt khd xt on tnh k nhau v logic ca cc s hng nh nht. VI vy, bng
Karnaugh ch thch hp biu th hm logic c s bin t 6 tr li.

2) Bng Karnaugh ca hm logic

a) Cch v : c 3 trng hp.

Trng hp 1 : cho bng chn l ca hm.
Trn bng Karnaugh ca bin, in gi tr 1 vo m hm ly gi tr 1 tng
ng t hp gi tr cc bin ca xt, in gi tr 0 vo m hm ly gi tr 0
txig ng t hp gi tr cc bin ca xt.
V d 3 -2 -5 :
Bng 3 - 2 - 7
Cho bng chn l 3 -2 -7 (hnh bn).
Hy v bng Karnaugh ca hm z. A B c D z
Gii : 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
u tin v bng Karnaugh cho 4 0 0 1 0 0
bin A, B, c, D. 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
- Tip theo in cc gi tr ca hm 0 1 0 1 0
z vo cc tng ng ph hp vi 0 1 1 0 0
bng chn l. 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
- Kt qu : Hnh 3 -2 -3 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

106
\ CD
00 01 11 10 \c D
00 01 11 10
\C D
00 01 u 10
00 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 3 2 00 1 0 1 0
01 0 0 1 0 01 4 5 7 6 01 0 1 0 1
11 0 1 1 1 11 12 13 15 14 11 1 0 1 0
10 0 0 1 0 10 8 11 9 10 10 0 1 0 1

Hnh nh S -2 -4 . a) Cc c ghi k hiu s hng nh nht

b) Cc ghi gi tr 1 v 0 ca hm

Trng hp 2 : cho biu thc ca hm di dng chun tc tuyn trn bng

Karnaugh ca bin, in gi tr 1 vo cc tng ng vi tng s hng nh nht
c<5 trong biu thc, cc khc u in vo gi tr 0.
V d 3 -2 -6
Hy v bng Karnaugh ca hm logic
z = 2 (0 , 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15)
Gii :
- V bng Karnaugh ca 4 bin A, B, c, D
- in gi tr
- Kt qu : hnh 3 -2 -4
Trng hp 3 : cho biu thc khng chun tc ca hm
- Bin i hm cho thnh dng tng cc tch
- Trn bng Karnaugh ca bin, in gi tr 1 vo tt c cc tngng s
hng nh nht bao hm trong s hng dng tch ni trn, sau d in gi tr 0
vo cc cn li.
V d 2 -2 -7 : hy v bng Karnaugh ca hm z = (A B) (C + D)
Gii :
- Bin i hm thnh dng tng cc tch :
z = (A @ B) (C D) = A e B + c + D
= B + AB + CD D
- Xc nh mi s hng bao gm nhng s hng 00 01 11 10
nh nht no : 00 1 1 1 1
AB = hIq + nij + m 2 + nij 01 1 0 0 0
AB = mj2 + mj3 + + mj5 u 1 1 1 1
CD = iHq + + mg + mj2
10 1 0 0 0
- Kt qu v c nh hnh 3 -2 -5
(i chiu hnh 3-2-4a)
Ninh 3 -2 S .

107
 b) T bng Karnaugh k ra bng chn l v vit biu thc
Bng chn l, hm dng chun tc tuyn v bng Karnaugh u. duy nht biu
th cho mt hm, chng tt cd quan h chuyn i nhau. Thc t cc phn trn
a chuyn i ri.
u im ni bt nht ca bng Karnaugh l tnh k nhau v logic ca cc s
hng nh nht ca hm biu th r rt thnh s lin k hnh hc ca cc trong
bng, do d dng ti thiu hda hm cho. Vn ny s ging chi tit phn
sau.

3.2.4. S b logic

Trong mch s, sau khi dng cc k hiu logic biu th mt cu trc logic trn
mt bn v, ta c s logic. S logic cng i mt phng php biu th hm
logic, hn na li c u im ni bt l rt tip cn thc t. Cc k hiu logic
thng thng u cd cu kin in t c th tng ng, vy nn thng gi s
logic s mch logic.

1) Cch v s logic ca hm log

Nh trn ni, ta dng k hiu logic ca mch in t thay th php tnh logic
c trong biu thc hm logic thl c s logic ca hm.
V d 3 -2 -8 ; cho hm z = AB + BC + CA
Hy v s logic ca z. '
Gii : quan h nhn logic ca cc bin A v B, B v c,
c v A c thc hin bng cc cng AND. Quan h cng
logic ca cc s hng AB, BC v CA c thc hin bng
cng OR. Kt qu : hnh 3 -2 -6
V d 3 -2 -9 : cho hm Z = A B C D
Hy v Sd logic ca z.
Gii : quan h cng vi php loi tr gia cc bin A,
B, c, D c thc hin bng cng XOR - Kt qu xem
hnh 3.2.7.
Hnh 3-2^6.

@ \

A
CD AB D
a) b)

Hnh 3 -2 -7 ,
a) cs trc hnh thp (tr truyn dt nh) ;
b) Ci trc ni mt xch (tr iruyn t ln).

108
 2) Cch xc nh biu thc t s logic

Trn s logic, t u vo n u ra, vit biu

thc hm u ra ca tng cp, cui cng c biu
thc hm logic ton s .
V d 3 -2 -1 0 : cho s hnh 3 -2 -8
Hy vit biu thc hm logic ca s

Gii : Zj = A B

= ABC
z = ZjZj = AB ABC
3) c im ca s logic

Cc k hiu logic trong s logic c quan h ph Hnh 3 -2 -8 .

hp r r n g v c u k i n i n t t ro n g th c t, v y s . lo g ic tng i tip c n
thc t cng trnh. Trong cng tc, kh tm hiu chc nng logic ca mt h thng
s no hay l thit b c iu khin s no , thng ta cn dng s
logic, vl rng s logic c th biu th r rng chc nng logic tng tng ca
cc mch in thc t phc tp. Trong vic ch to cc thit b s, vic u tin
l thit k logic v ra s logic, ri chuyn t s logic thnh mch in
thc t.

3.3. PHONG PHP TI THlU HA HM LOGIC

Trc tip thit k s mch logic hm s c c t bng chn l thng l

rt phc tp. Nu sau khi thc hin ti thiu ha hm logic, ni chung vic
thc hin thun tin hn, khng nhng ch dng s cu kin t hn, m nng cao
c tin cy. Di y s ni n khi nim ti thiu ha, tip theo s gii
thiu 2 phng php thng dng ti thiu ha.

3.3.1. Khi nim v ti thiu ha

1) Cc loi biu thc logic v s thc hin bng mch din

T bit, mt hm logic c th c rt nhiu biu thc khc nhau. Chng ta

c th phn loi th cc hm logic thnh 5 loi cn c vo c im v quan h
gia cc s hng dng tch trong hm : OR-AND, ANDOR, NAND-NAND, NOR-NOR,
NOR-AND. V d :
z = AB + AC dng biu thc OR-AND.
z = (A + C)(+B) AND-OR

z = AB AB NAND-NAND

z = A + C+ A + B NOR-NOR

z = A.B+AC NOR-AND

109
 Khi dng cc cng logic thc hin cc hm logic ny, tin nht l : hai loi u
dng cng AND v cng OR, loi th ba dng NAND, loi th t dng NOR, loi
th nm dng NORAND
Hnh 3 -3 -1 di y gii thiu mch in cc hm ndi trn :

D AB+C
---- ^(A+OK+ B)

D
(a) (b)

o '------ c

o
(c)
(d)

D
a B+ a c

D (e)

Hnh 3 -3 -1 .

Trn thc t, khi chng ta vit mt hm logic di mt dng no , thdng

cd c khng phi l duy nht, v d, biu thc OR-AND trong vdtrn ctth
vit thnh :
z = AB + c (3 -3 -la )
= AB + c + BC ( 3 - 3 - Ib)
= ABC + ABC + BG+ BC (3 -3 -lc )

Dng cc cng AND v ORthchin (3,3.la) ta c mch n gin nht. Ni

chung, nu biu thc cng n gin th mch in cng cng n gin. Nhng i
vi cc biu thc dng khc nhau, th tiu chun v s n gin cd khc nhau. Ta
s lm r iu ny qua v d v biu thc OR-AND.

2) Biu thc OR-AND ti thiu

a) Th no l ti thiu *'
- u tin s cc s hng dng tchphi l t nht
- Nu iu kin trn bo m, thsbin ca mis hng cng phi l t nht.
V d : z = AC + BC + B + c (3-3-2a)
= AC + BC + c (3-3-2b)

110
 AB c kh b theo quy tc ca cng thc 17. R rng (3-3-2b) n gin hn
(3-3-2a) v nd t hn mt s hng.
b) ngha vic ti thiu ha biu thc OR-AND
Chng ta tp trung nghin cu phng php ti thiu hta biu thc OR-AND,
v ch cn cd biu thc OR-AND ti thiu, ta s d dng cd c cc biu thc
dng khc cng l ti thiu. C hai l do : mt l, mt biu thc logic bt k u
d dng trin khai thnh biu thc dng OR-AND ; Hai l, t biu thc dng
OR-AND t i t h i u , Gng d d n g c c c c b i u th c t i thiu d n g NAND-NAND,
NORAND V .V ..

3.3.2. Phng php ti thiu ha bng cng thc

Da vo cc cng thc v nh l trong i s logic thc hin ti thiu hda.

V trong thc t, biu thc logic rt a dng, li khng c mt cch no hon chnh
nh mt quy trnh, nn vic t n mt biu thc logic ti thiu mt cch nhanh
nht s hon ton ph thuc kinh nghim, hiu bit v thnh tho ca chng ta.
Cc v d v ti thiu ha :
V d 3 -3 -1 : Hy ti thiu ha hm z = ABC + ABC
Gii : z = ABC + ABC = AB(C + C) = AB (cng thc 14)

V d 3 -3 -2 ; Hy ti thiu ha hm z = A(BC + B C) + A(BC + B C)

Gii : z = A[(BC + BC) + (BC + BC)] = A (cng thc 14)

V d : 3 -3 -3 : Hy ti thiu hda hm z = AB + ABCD(E + F)
Gii : z = A + ABCD(E + F) = AB (cng thc 15) J
V d : 3 -3 -4 : Hy ti thiu ha hm z = AB + AC + BC
Gii : z = AB + c + BC = AB + ( + B)C
= AB + ABC = AB + c (cng thc 16)
V d 3 -3 -5 : Hy ti thiu hda hm z = AB + AC + ADE + CD
Gii : z = AB + AC + CD + ADE = A + AC + CD (h qu cng thc 17)
Vic kh i s hng hay bin trong s hng l dochng c bao hm trong
cc s hng khc. iu ny khc hn i s thng !
V d 3-3-6 : Hy ti thiu ha hm z := AB + BC + BC + AB
Gii : z = AB + BC + BC + B
z = (AB + BC + AC + AC) + (BC + B)
z = (AB + BC + AC) + (BC + B + AC)
z = (BA + BC + AC) + (BC + B + AC)
z = (BC + AC) + (B + AC) =
z =z (BC + AC) + (AC + AC)
z = BC + B + AC

111
 Cch gii trn y ng dng cng_thc 17, thm vo v bt i rt linh hot.
Chng hn nu thm vo hay bt i AC , th hm cho v d 3 -3 -6 c dng
ti thiu ha mi :
z = AB + BC + BC + AB = AB + BC + c
Theo cng thc i r , ta cd th ch vit 1 s hng AC nhng ngm hiu ct th
gp n vo nhiu nhdm. Trong v d ny, thm vo chi mt, nh gp vo hai nhtm,
nn bt i hai, kt qu l kh bt 1 s hng. Trong trng hp tng qut, ta
thng ng dng nhiu cng thc v nh l c th ti thiu ha mt hm phc
tp.
V d 3 -3 -7 : Hy ti thiu ha hm
z = AD + D + AB + C + BD + CEF + BEF + DEFG
Gii :
- Dng cng thc 14 : AD + AD = A
z = A + AB + C + BC + CEF + BEF + DEFG
- Dng cng thc 15 : Kh b AB, CEF
z = A + c + BD + BEF + DEFG
- Dng cng thc 16 ; Kh b A trong s hng AC
z = A + c + BD + BEF + DEFG
- Dng cng thc 17 : kh b DEFG, vy :
z = A + c + BD + BEF

3.3.3. Phng php ti thiu ha bng hnh v

Phng php ny dng bng Karnaugh.

I) Quy iut gp (dn) c&.s hng nh nht trn bng Karnaugh

Trn bng Karnaugh ca bin, tt c cc s hng nh nht k nhau u c th

gp vi nhau, khi gp li th c th kh b bin lin quan. C th, c 2 s hng
nh nht gp li thi kh b c mt bin, c 4 s hng nh nht gp l (thnh
mt s hng) th kh b c 2 bin, c 8 s hng nh nht gp li th kh c
3 bin. Ndi tng qut, 2" s hng nh nht gp li (thnh mt s hng) thl kh
c n bin. V rng, 2" s hng nh nht cng vi nhau (gp li), tr cc tha
s chung ri th cn li 2 " s hng dng tch, va ng bng ton b s hng nh
nht ca n bin cn kh b. T bit tnh cht ca s hng nh nht, tng ca
chng bng 1 .
Cc hnh 3 -3 -2 , hnh 3 -3 -3 , hnh 3 -3 -4 v tng ng cc trng hp ct 2, 4,
8 s hng nh nht c gp.

112
 CD
AB^ 00 01 11 10
00

01

11 (13 15)

10
--
(0 ABCD + ABCD = ABD

\c D CD
asT ,00 01 11 10 A'
00 01 10

00

01 _a) cr
II

R 10

(e)ABCD + ABCD - BCD (g)ABCD + ABCD * ABD

(c) A B C -f ABC = AB

Hnh 3 -3 -2 .

BC
00 01 n 10

i
6;

(d) B C D + A B C D + (0 A B C D + A B C D + _
BC + ABCD + A B C D = AD + AB C D +A B C D *B D
00 01 11 10

f6~

(b )A B C + A B C + A B C + A B C = B . CD
\ 00 01 11 10 \ CD
00 01 11 10
00 00-) /

BC
01 (4 5 7 0 01
00 01 11 10 11 11
10 10
(e)A B cp
+_A B D + c ( g l J c D + A B_c D + _
(c)ABC + ABC + A BC + ABC == c ABCD + A B C D = AB +A BCD +A BCD =BD

Hnh 3-3-3

8a-CSKT. 113
 CD CD
00 01 11 O AB"

00 00 [. 1 3 2]

01 A 5 7 6"\ 01

II I 42 13 15 11

10 10 8 9 11
(a) B (b) B

CD CD
00 01 11 10 AH' 00 01 11 10
00 /0
01 4 5

12 14 11 12 13

10 10 V

(c) D (d) c

fflnh 3 - 3 -4 .

2) ng bng Karnaugh ti thiu ha hm logic

Ni chung, quy trnh cd 3 bc CD

AB" 00 01 11 10
- V bng Karnaugh ca hm xt
00 rn"
- Gp cc s hng nh nht
- Chn s hng vit biu thc OR-AND ti thiu 01 4
V d 3 -3 -8 : Dng hnh v ti thiu ha hm u J2 ---13/
z = 2 (1,3,4,5,10,11,12,13) 10 l)
Gii : V bng Karnaugh ca hm z : V bng
Karnaugh ca 4 bin A,BjC,D. Trn hnh nh du tt
c cc s hng nh nht ca hm. Xem hlnh 3 -3 -5
- Gp cc s hng nh nht. m n h 3 -3 -5 .

114
 Theo phng php gii thiu trc y, khoanh vng cc s hng nh nht
c th gp. T hnh 3 -3 -5 , ta cd :
2(4,5,12,13) = BC
2 (1,3) = BD
2(10,11) = ABC
2 (1 ,5) = CD
2(3,11) = BCD
- Chn s hng vit biu thc OR-AND ti thiu.
Nguyn tc chn s hng :
- Phi bao gm tt c cc s hng nh nht ca hm
- S cc s hng c chn phi l t nht
- S tha s ca mi s hng cng phi l t nht.
Trng v d ny, cd th chn BC , A B D , ABC
Vy kt qu ti thiu ha, ta c :
z = BC + BD + ABC

3) My vn cn lu

- Vng gp phi cng to cng tt. Tng ng s cc s hng nh nht c gp

li cng nhiu ; do , sau khi gp, s hng cng t tha s.
- Mi vng gp bao gm t nht mt s hng nh nht khng ct trong vng
khc. Vng no bao gm cc s hng u c trong vng khc, th vng l
tha. Mt khc, mi s hng nh nht c th c s dng nhiu ln (c mt trong
nhiu vng khc nhau)
- Phi khoanh vng sao cho ton b shng nh nhtca hm s u c cc
vng, khng st. Cc tha s tngng ca s hng vng gp xt lmthnh s
hng ca hm ti thiu ha.
- TVong mt s trng hp, c th cd niiu cch khoanh vng, ngha l ct th
co' nhiu hm ti thiu. Nhng hm ti thiu ny cn phi c so snh, kim tra
chn ra u l hm ti thiu thc s (ti thiu ca ti thiu !)
- Khi gp cc s hng nh nht, ngha l khi khoanh vng, cd 2 iu sau y
d qun ; mt l, phi nh rng 4 4 gdc bng Karnaugh cng ct th gp vi
nhau (xem hnh 3 -3 -3 g ) ; hai l, v vng ln trc, vng b sau, kim tra xem :
mi vng cd t nht mt s hng nh nht khng c trong vng khc. Khng lu
n nhng vn ny, biu thc hm s t c khng chc l ti thiu.
V d 3 -3 -9 : Dng hinh v ti thiu hda hm
z = 2(1,4,5.3,8,12,13,15)
Gii :
- V bng Karnaugh ca hm z
xem hnh 3 -3 -6

115
 - Gp cc s hng nh nht CD
Tuy vng + nij + nij2 + mj 3 l to nht, nhng 00 01 11 10

cc rng khc bao gm m^, nij, mj 2, m j 3 , nn vng 00 T

ny tha. 01 l) Ll (l
- Biu thc OR-AND ti thiu :
11 r 0
z = CD + BD + ACD + ABD 10 i
V d 3 -3 -1 0 : Dng hnh v ti thiu ha hm

z = A e c - B (AC D + A CD)
Gii : Hnh 3 -3 - 6 .

- Bin i hm z thnh dng biu thc OR-AND

CD
AB' 00 01 11 10
z = A e c . B(ACD + ACD)
00 1 1 1

= A 0 C + B( ACD + ACD) 01 1 1
= c + AC + AB C D + BCD 11 1 1

- V bng Karnaugh nh hnh 3 -3 -7 10 1 1 1

- Gp cc s hng nh nht
Lu cc 4 gc bng c th gp l q, mj, mg,
Hnh 3 -3 -7 .
mj(j. (Nu gp thnh hai vng nh niQ, m2 v mg, xio
thl vn cha c ti thiu)
- Vit hm ti thiu : z = A c + AC + B D

4) Dng bng Karnaugh tm hm OR-AND t i thiu ca hm o

Nu trn bng Karnaugh ca hm s, ta gp tt c cc s hng nh nht ng

vi gi tr 0 ca hm xt, th ta c biu thc OR-AND ti thiu ca hm o
z .
V d 3.3.1_; Cho z = AB + BC + CA. Dng hnh v tm ra biu thc OR-AND
ti thiu ca z .
Gii :
- V bng Karnaugh ca hm z
Hnh 3.3.8 \ BC
00 01 11 10
- Gp cc s hng nh nht ng vi z = 0
0 o) 1
+ mj = A , iIq + m2 = A c , 1 1 1
La
ixIq + = Bc
- Vit biu thc hm OR-AND ti thiu ca z

z = B + BC .+ c
Hnh 3 - 3 - 8 .

116
 3.3.4. Chuyn i biu thc OR-AND ti thiu thnh biu thc ti thiu
cc dng NAND-NAND, NORAND, NOR-NOR

Sau khi nghin cu xong phng php ti thiu ha biu thc dng OR-AND,
chng ta ngh ngay n vn ; Lm th no t biu thc OR-AND ti thiu
c c biu thc ti thiu cc dng khc.

1) Tnh hon ho ca php tnh NAND v NOR

Mi php ton trong i s logic u c th quy v 3 php ton c bn AND,

OR, DO. S dng cc php ton NAND v NOR cng rt d dng thc hin 3
php ton c bn trn, v d :

Z = A . B = A .B = A + B

Z = A + B = AB = A + B
Z = A = A. l = A + 0
Vy php tnh NAND v NOR l hon ho, vn nng. Cho nn, trong cc mch
in vi mch s, cc cng NAND v NOR tr thnh cc phn t c bn, in hnh.

2) Biu thc NAND-NAND ti thiu

V trong cng tc thc t ta dng nhiu cng NAND, nn vic chuyn i biu
thc OR-AND ti thiu ha thnh biu thc NAND-NAND l cng vic v cng
quan trng.
Biu thc NAND-NAND ti thiu phi l :
- K hiu o t nht (khng k n o bin, o bin coi nh c sn)
- S cng NAND cn c cng t nht.
- S bin vo t nht(s u vo ca cng NAND t nht)
i vi mch in 2 cp cng NAND, dng phng php O 2 ln th c th
chuyn i biu thc OR-AND ti thiu thnh biu thc NAND-NAND ti thiu.
V d 3 -3 -1 2 : Hy chuyn i hm z = AB + BC + CA thnh biu thc
NAND-NAND ti thiu.
Gii : p dng nh l De Morgan n cp s hng (khng n cp bin s) :

z = AB + BC + CA = AB BC CA
Ly o ln na

z = z = A B BC CA o
Z = A B .B .C A
Mch in dng cng NAND thc hin
xem hnh 3 -3 -9

o
Hnh 3 - 3 - 9 .

117
 3) Bu thc NORAN ti thiu

Chng ta cn biu thc NORAND ti thiu khi mun dng cng NORAND
thc hin hm logic. Ni chung, cho php xut hin k hiu O kt hp vi
NORAND.
C hai phng php chuyn i t biu thc OR-AND ti thiu thnh biu thc
NORAND 2 cp ti thiu.
a) Ly DO hai ln i vi hm z
V d : z = AB + CD z D - 1
z = AB + CD
Mch in thc hin z xem hnh 3 -3 -1 0 C H
Hnh 3- 3-10.
b) Tm biu thc OR-AND ti thiu ca z
Sau ly o ln na.
V d z = AB + B

Tm biu thc OR-AND ti thiu ca
Z = AB + B
Ly o ln na, ta c
z = z = AB + AB
Mch in thc hin z xem hnh
3 - 3 - l l a (S 3 - 3 - l l b l kt qu
phng php ly o 2 ln ndi trn, r
rng phc tp hn). a B a b A B A B
a) b)
4) Biu thc NOR-NOR ti thiu Hnh 3 -3 -1 1 .

Biu thc NOR-NOR ti thiu c dng khi chng ta mun thc hin hm
logic bng cng NOR.
Biu thc NOR-NOR ti thiu l :
- S cng o t nht.
- S u vo t nht.
Cch thc hin hm NOR-NOR ti thiu (2 cp) :
- Tm biu thc OR-AND ti thiu ca z
- p dng nh l De Morgan c biu thc ti thiu dng AND-OR
- Ly o 2 ln na co' biu thc NOR-NOR ti thiu.
V d 3 -3 -1 : Hy vit hm z = AB + BC + CA di dng biu thc NOR-NOR
ti thiu.
Gii :
- Tm z dng OR-AND :

118
 V bng Karnaugh ca hm z v gp cc s BC
hng nh nht tng ng z = 0 (hnh 3-3-12) 00 01 11 10
-l c : Z = B + BC + C 0 0 1 0
- p ng nh l De Morgan c dng 0 1 l
AND-R :

z = z = AB + BC + CA = A B . B C . C A
(A + B) (B + C) (C + A) Hnh 3 -3 - 2 ,

- Ly o 2 ln cd dng NOR-NOR :

z = Z = ( '+ B p " + C )^ '+ )' = ' + B + I T c +cT

- Mch in logic xem hnh 3 -3 -1 3

3.4. S TI THIU HA HM LOGIC RNG BUC

3.4.1. Khi nim rng buc, iu kin rng buc

1) Rng buc, phn t rng buc, iu kin rng buc

a) Rng buc : Rng buc l khi nim quan trng

ndi v mi quan h quy nh ln nhau gia cc bin
dng trong mt hm logic.
V d 3 -4 -1 : Ngy l Quc t Ph n 8-3, mt n
v n t chc chiu i phim, v ch pht cho ph n
ca n v. Hy xem xt vn logic .
Htih 3 -3 -1 3 .
Gii : Cn c c th lit k bng chc nng 3 -4 -1
sau y

Bng 3 - 4 -1

Thuc n nam hay c v khng c vo rp Thuyl minh

v khng n khng

Khng nam Khng Khng

Khng nam C Khng c Inng hp ny
Khng n Khng Khng
K hr^ n C Khng c nlng hp ny
C nam Khng Khng
C nam C Khng c tnlng hp ny
C n Khng Khng
C n C C

Nu dng A, B, c biu th cc bin logic tng ng 3 ct u bng 3 -4-1 , cc

bin ly gi tr 0 /1 tng ng khng/c thuc n v, nam/n, khng/c v, v nu
dng z biu th hm logic z = 0 /1 tng ng khng/c c vo rp xem phim,
th ta cd bng chn H 3 -4 -2 sau :

119
 Bng 3 - 4 - 2

A B c z Thuyt minh

0 0 0 0
0
0 0 011 0 Khng xy ra

01 11 X

0 0 X
0
Khng xy ra

1 0 1 X Khng xy ra
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

Bng 3 -4 -2 cho bit rng, cc bin A, B, c ch ly cc gi tr cd th l 000,

0 1 0 , 1 0 0 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 1 v khng th ly cc gi tr 0 0 1 , 0 1 1 , 1 0 1 v v xem phim chi
pht cho ph n ca n v. Vy gia cc bin A,B,C ct mt quan h rng buc
nht nh, hay l ta gi chng l mt nhtm bin rng buc. Hm logic rng buc
l hm c cc bin rng buc.
b) Phn t rng buc : Cc_s hng nh nht c cc t hp gi tr khng xy
ra, nh trong v d 3 -4 -1 , l ABC , ABC , ABC . Nhng gi tr c gi l 8
hng rng buc.
Nh ta bit v s hng nh nht, mi s hng nh nht c mt t hp gi
tr cc bin tng ng nd ly gi tr 1 , s hng rng buc lun bng 0 v t
hp gi tr cc bin tdng ng n ly gi tr 1 thuc vo gi tr khng xy ra.
c) iu kin rng buc : Biu thc logic cu trc bng tng cc s hng rng
buc c gi l iu kin rng buc. V s hng rng buc lun bng 0, nn tng
cc s hng rng buc cng bng 0 , vy iu kin rng buc bng 0 .

2) Phng php biu th iu kin rng buc

a) Trong bng chn l dng du "x" biu th, xem v d bng 3 -4 -2 trn y. Gi
tr hm s tng ng t hp gi tr bin ca s hng rng buc c du cho V ,
b) Trong biu thc logic dng ng thc iu
kin rng buc bng 0 biu th. V d, t bng \ BC
3 -4 -2 ta c : 00 01 11 10

ic + BC + ABC = 0 hay l 2 (1,3,5) = 0 0 0 X X 0

hay di dng OR-AND ti thiu 1 0 X 1 0

c) Trong bng Karnaugh dng du "x" biu th,

v d, tng ng vi bng 3 -4 -2 l bng Karnaugh
Hnh 3 -4 -1 .
hnh 3 -4 -1

3.4.2. Ti thiu ha hm logic rng buc

Mu cht ca vn l dng iu kin rng buc nh th no. Ndi chung, nu

tn dng iu kin rng buc th c th nhn c biu thc ti thiu ha.

120
 1) ng dng iu kin rng buc ti thiu ha

a) Phng php cng thc

Trong phng php cng thc, ty yu cu, c th ty cng thm hoc kh b
s hng rng buc. S hng rng buc bng0 , nn thm bt 0 vo biu thc logic
khng lm thay i gi tr biu thc t. V d, bng 3 -4 -2 , ta cd : z = ABC
z = ABC + c + BC = C(AB + + B) = C(AB + l) = c
b) Phang php hnh v
Trong phng php hnh v, ty yu cu, c th ty khoanh vng qua s hng
rng buc. VI s hng rng buc bng 0 , nn s gp thm n khng in thay i
gi tr hm s. v d, hnh 3-4-1, cd th khoanh vng 4 gia, ta cd ;
z = mj + lOg + xnj + = c
Phn teh bng 3 -4 -1 , 3 -4 -2 , chBg ta s r ngha thc t ca vic ti thiu
hda dng iu kin rng buc. z = ABC ngha l ngi gc rp chiu phim phi
kim tra v, li phi phn bit gii tnh v ni cng tc ca ngi c v : Phn
phc qu. z = c ngha l ngi gc rp chiu phim ch cn kim tra v : Tht
n gin. THiy nhin, iu kin rng buc phi bo m l v ch pht cho ph n
ca n v m thi. Nu khng, ngi khng c php cng vo xem phim. Ni
mt cch tng qut, cn bo m iu kin rng buc khi ti thiu ha hm logic
rng buc. Nu khng, c th sinh ra sai lm.

2) Ti thiu ha hm hgic c bin b i tr nhau

Trong mt nhdm bin s, nu ch c mt bin lygi tr 1 th gi tr cc bin

khc phi bng 0. l cc loi tr nhau.
V d 3 -4 -2 : Cc bin A, B, c ca hm z l loi tr nhau.
Hy k bng chn l ca z v dng phng php cng thc, phng php hnh
v tm biu thc hm s ti thiu dng ORAND.
Gii ;
- Bng 3 -4 -4 di y cn c vo khi nim cc bin loi tr nhau

Bng 3 - 4 - 4 : D U X B IU T H TR N G H p K H N G X Y RA ,

A B c z
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 X

1 0 0 1
1 0 1 X

1 1 0 X

1 1 1 X

121
 - Dng cng thc ti thiu ha
z = BC + BC + ABC
iu kin rng buc ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC = 0
z = BC + BC + ABC + BC + ABC + ABC + ABC
= (BC + BC) + (BC + ABC) + (ABC + ABC) + ABC
= c + BC + (AB + ABC)
= c + BC + A(B + BC)
= c + BC + AB + AC
= (c + AC) + BC + A
= c + B + AB
BC
= A +B +c a \ 00 01 11 10
- Dng hnh v ti thiu ha v bng Karnaugh 0 fx / x \
nh hnh 3 -4 -2 .
( ^ ^X X XJ
Gp theo khoanh vng
+ mg + = A
ni 2 + + xig + = B
Hnh 3- 4- 2.
+ mg+ mj + = c
Hm ti thiu ha : z = A + B + c
i vi hm ogic m cc bin oi tr nhau, bng chn thng c dng n
gin c bit, v d, t bng 3 -4 -4 ta ct bng 3 -4 -5

Bng 3- 4- S

Bir Hm z
A 1
B 1
c 1

Hm logic c biu thc dng tn g cc bin :

00 01 11 10
Z=A +B+C
0 X 1 0 0
3) V d v ti th u ha 1 X 1 1 0

V d ^ 4 - 3 : H y t i th i u h a hm
z = AC + BC
iu kin rng buc B c = 0
Hnh 3- 4- 3.
Gid :
- dng cng thc

z = AC + BC = AC + BC + BC = C(A + B) + BC = AC + BC + IC
z = AC + 1

122
 - Dng hnh v (hnh 3-4-3)
~ Gp khoanh vng
+ mj + + nij = B
1115+1117 = AC
z = B + AC
V d 3 -4 -4 : Cho bng chn l ca hm logic rng buc (bng 3 -4 -6 ). Hy tlm
biu thc ti thiu hta ca hm dng OR-AND v dng AND-OR.
Gii : T bng chn l 3 -4 -6 v bng Karnaugh hlnh 3 -4-4.

Bng 3- 4 -6

A B c D z

0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 CD
1 0 0 0 1 AB 00 01 11 10
1 0 0 1 1
00 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 X
1 0 1 1 X 01 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 X
0 1 X 11 X X X X
1 1
i 1 1 0 X
10 1 ! X X
1 1 1 1 X

Hlnh 3- 4- 4.

~ Tm dng OR-AND :
Khi khoanh vng ijo, mjj, mj2 , nij3 , mj^, xnj5 c tn dng x l gp, ta cd ;
z = B D + BC + BD + A (3-4-1)
- Tm dng AND-OR ;
Nu trn y gp cc s hng rng buc vo vng cc gi tr 1, th y ta
chia s hng rng buc thnh hi nhdm :
mj2 v mj 4 gp vo cc gi tr 0, cn nijQ, irijj, mj2 v mj5 gp vo cc gi
tr 1. Tk c : Z = B C D + BD (3-4-2)

123
 Ly DO ln na, ta ct :

z = Z = BCD + BD
= S B C D BD
= (A + B + c + D)(B + D)

Cn thuyt minh thm iu sau y : Hm z (3 -4-1) v hm o z (3-4-2)

khng n gin l o ca nhau, nu qun i iu kin rng buc. Ni cch khc,
nu khng c iu kin rng buc th (3-4-1) v (3-4-2) khng th l cc biu
thc o ciia nhau, Xut, x ca chng l do trong qu trnh x l cc s hng rng
buc, ta gp tt c vo vng cc gi tr 1 i n (3-4-1), nhng li chia chng
thnh hai nhtm i n (3-4-2). Mun ly o chuyn i qua li hai biu
thc hm s (3-4-1) v (3-4-2), ta phi tn dng iu kin rng buc.

TM TT

Chng 3 gii thiu 3 phn ni dung chnh ; cc cng thc v nh l c bn

ca i s logic, phng php biu th v ti thiu ha hm logic.
i s logic l phng php quan trng nghin cu mch s, dng i s logic
c th tru tng hda cc quan h logic ca mt mch in thnh biu thc i
s logic, hon na, cd th dng cc php ton logic gii quyt nhng vn phn
tch v thit k mch logic.
Sau khi nghin cu cc khi nim v cng thc c bn ca i s logic, chng
ta hc tp 4 phng php biu th hm logic, l :
1 - Bng chn l
Bng chn 11 dng bng lit k biu th quan h gia gi tr hm s v t
h p g i tr c c b i n s c a n. u i m l tr c q u a n , r r n g , t i n tr u t n g
hta nhng vn logic thc t thnh vn i s logic. Nhc im l s ri
rm tng nhanh theo s bin ca hm.
2 - Biu thc
Biu thc hm logic lin h hm vi bin thng qua cc php ton logic V,
HOC, O v.v... C vi nhng trng hp quan h logic phc tp v bin logic
nhiu th biu thc l phng php biu th hmlogic n gin, gn gh bn c,
tin thc hin cc php ton logic v ti thiu ha bng cng thc.
z - So logic
y l phng php biu th hm logic tng i tip cn thc t cng trnh.
V k hiu phn t logic trong s thng thng biu th mtphn t mch
in c th, nn ng thi d l s mch logic. Trong thc t, khi tm hiu
chc nng logic ca h thng s hoc mt h iu khin s, ta da vo s
logic, v s logic bin chc nng logic ca mt mch in thc t rt phc
tp thnh s cc quan h logic r rng v c th t. Khi thit k sn
xut thit b s, u tin phi thit k logic, v s logic, ri mi chuyn sang
mch in thc t.

124
 4 - Bng Karnaugh
Bng Karnaugh biu th hm logic bng s cc s hng nh nht, dng s
k nhau v v tr hnh hc cc biu th trc quan tnh cht k nhau v logic
ca cc s hng nh nht ca hm. Bng Karnaugh l cng c quan trng ti
thiu ha hm logic.
4 phng php biu th hm logic ni trn l ct th chuyn i ln nhau. Ty
theo yu cu thc t cn gii quyt, ta chn mt phng php tt nht biu th
mt hm logic c th.
Chng ta tp trung tm hiu 2 phng php ti thiu ha hm logic, l :
1. Dng cng thc
Dng cc cng thc v nh l ca i s logic, tin hnh cc php ton logic
i ti biu thc ti thiu hta. u im l khng c hn ch no. Nhc im
l cn n kinh nghim v k xo khi ti thiu hda cc biu thc phc tp.
2. Dng hnh v
Dng bng Karnaugh ti thiu hta. u im l trc quan, n gin, d hiu,
t nhm ln. Nhc im l hn ch s bin ca hm di 6.
Trong hm logic thc t, thng c nhng quan h rng buc. Nu tn dng
iu kin rng buc ti thiu ha, thng cd c hm logic cc k n gin.
Chng ta cn hiu chnh xc cc khi nim rng buc, s hng rng buc, iu
kin rng buc v nm vng phng php biu th iu kin rng buc, phng
php x l iu kin rng buc ti thiu ha.
Cui cng cn ni thm rng, khi thit k thc t, lm gim s vi mch,
thng kt hp cc loi mch cng trong mt s mch. Khi , biu thc hm
logic ti thiu l hn hp v chi ti u khi xem xt vic s dng cc cnglogic
c chn.

BI TP

3 -1 . Ba php ton logic c bn trong i s logic l g ?

3 -2 . Hm logic v bin logic ti sao ch ly 2 gi tr 0 v 1. C th xy ra
trng hp no khc ?
3 -3 . Trong cc biu thc hm logic di y, z = 1 vi t hp gi tr no ca
c c bin A, B, c.
( 1) z = AB + BC + C
(2) z = B + B C + A C
(3) z = AB + A B C + B + ABC

(4) z = AB + BC (A + B)
3 -4 . Chng minh cc ng thc sau ;
(1) A + BC + D = . (B + C ). D

(2 ) AB + AB + c = (A e B).c

125
 (3) A + A(B + C) = A + B c
(4) B + B + AB + AB = 1
3 -5 . Chng minh cc ng thc sau :
(1) AB + BCD + c + BG = AB + c
(2) AB + BD + DCE + D = AB + D
(3) AB(C + D) + D + D(A + B)(B + C) = A + BC + D

(4) ABCD + A B C D = AB + BC + CD + DA
(5) AB + BC + C = B + BC + CA

(6 ) A e B B c c e D = AB + BC + CD + DA
(7) BC B~-rBC + C + ABC = ( + B + C ) B + BC + C + l c
(8 ) AB + B + BC = AB + AC + B
(9) ABC + ABC + BC + BC = A e B e c
(10) A B e c = ABC + (A + B + C)AB + BC + CA
3 -6 . Chng minh cc ng thc sau ;
(1) A B = 0 B= A e B
(2 ) Ae B= e I

(3) AB c = e B e C
(4) A(A B) = AB
(5) AB( A B e C) = ABC
3 -7 . Bng chn l l g ? Bn c th t biu thc logic cho k ra bng
chn l c khng ?
3 -8 . Hy lit k bng chn l ca cc hm di y. Thuyt minh quan h gia
v F.
Fj = AB + BC + CA
( 1) Fj = B + BC + CA

Fj = ABC + A B C
(2)
F2 = AB + BC + C

Fj = A e B + c
(3)
F2 = ABC + ABC + BC + BC
Fj = ACD + B + BC
(4)
F2 = ABC + ABD + BCD
3 -9 . Dng bng chn l nghim li cc ng thc bi tp 3-4.
3 -1 0 . Ni phang php tm biu thc hm s t bng chn . Bn c th trc
tip vit ra biu thc hm lop c dng ORAND v ANDOR t bng chn l khng ?

126
 3 -1 1 . Cho bng chn l ca cc hm logic Fj ^ Fj nh di y. Hy vit biu
thc hm logic dng ORAND chun tc.

A B c Fi F2 F3 F4 Fs

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0

3 -1 2 . Hy vit biu thc hm logic Fj -i- trong bi tp 3-11 dng AND-OR

chun tc.
3 -1 3 . S hng nh nht l g ? Tnh cht ca n ? Phng php k hiu n ?
3 -1 4 . Hy trin khai cc hm logic sau y thnh biu thc s hng nh nht.
(1 ) z= AB + BC + CA
(2 ) z = s + RQ
(3) z = JQ + KQ

(4) z = AB + AD + BC

(5) z = ABCD + A B C
3 -1 5 . Ni v phng php k hiu s hng nh nht. Hy dng z = SxH biu
th cc hm s trong bi tp 3-14.
3 -1 6 . Tha s ln nht l g ? Tnh cht v cch k hiu.
3 -1 7 . Hy vit biu thc cc tha s ln nht ca cc hm s trong bi tp
3-14.
3 -1 8 . Bng Karnaugh l g ? Quy lut sp xp bin s trn bng Karnaugh nh
th no ? Bn ct th vit nhanh ra k hiu trn cc ca bng Karnaugh khng ?
3 -1 9 . Bn c thnh tho v ra bng Karnaugh 3, 4 bin khng ?
3 -2 0 . Hy nti cc bc c bn v bng Karnaugh ca hm logic.
3 -2 1 . V bng Karnaugh ca cc hm trong bi tp 3-3.
3 -2 2 . Dng bng Karnaugh chng minh cc ng thc bi tp 3-4.
3 -2 3 . Dng bng Karnaugh chng minh cc ng thc 1-- 5 bi tp3-5.
3 -2 4 . S logic l g ? c im ca nd.
3 -2 5 . Bn cth v s logic t biu thc hm s cho khng ?
3 -2 6 . Hy v s logic ca cc hm s cho bi tp 3-3.
3 -2 7 . Hy v s logic ca cc hm s cho bi tp 3-14.
3 -2 8 . Hy vit biu thc hm u ra ca s logic sau y.

127
 Si Ci

H V
H

n n
o

Ai Bi Ci-1
A B c

3 -2 9 . Hy vit biu thc hm u ra ca s logic sau y.

3 -3 0 . Biu thc OR-AND ti thiu l ^ ? Vic ti thiu ha hm logic c

ngha thc t g ?
3 -3 1 . Phng php ti thiu ha bng cng thc l g ? u im ca n ?
3 -3 2 . Hy dng phng php cng thc ti thiu hta cc hm logic di y
thnh dng OR-AND ti thiu.
(1) A( + B) + B(B + C) + B
(2) ( + I + C)(B + B + C)(C + I + C)

128
 ( 3 ) AB + A B + A B + A B
(4) (A_+ AB + ABC)(A_+ B + C)
(5) (AB + (AB + AB)
(6) ABC + + _BC
(7) (AB + AB + AB) (A + B + D + A B D )
(8) + p (A + B ) D _____
(9) AC_+ AB +_B_C + A c p
( 10 ) AB + c + ACD + BCD
3 -3 3 . Hy dng phng php cng thc ti thiu hta cc hm logic di y
thnh dng OR-AND ti thiu,
(1) AB + c + BC + CD + D
(2) A(C + BD) + B(C+DE) + BC
(3) ( + B + C)(B + BC + C)(D + DE + )
(4)A + B + C D + S d .B
(5) A I + BD + DCE + D
(6) AD + BCD + ( + B)C
(7) . B + AC + BC + B C D + BCE + BCF
(8) . B + AC + CD + B C D + BCE + BCG + BCF
3 -3 4 . Hy dng phng php cng thc ti thiu hta cc hm logic di y
thnh dng OR-AND ti thiu.

( 1 ) AB + AB
(2 ) A e B .B e c
(3) BC +
(4) AB + c + BC
(5) BC + AB + AC
(6 ) AC + BD + BC
(7) ABD + AC + BCD + BD + BD
(8 ) CD + c D , AC + D
(9) B c .B + BC + C
(10) (A + B)CD + ACD + AB(C + D)
3 -3 5 . Dng phng php cng thc chng minh cc ng thc sau

(1) ABC + BC = B + BC + CA
(2) AB + I = (A + B) ( + B)
(3) ~T~C + D + BC = (A + D)BC . A + (B + C)AD. c
(4) A e B e c = ( + I + C)( + B + C)(A + B + C)(A + B + C)
(5)AB0CD = A e B C D

9a-CSKT,^ 129
 3 -3 6 . Hy tm hm o ca cc hm logic sau y (dng nh l De Morgan,
a hm o v dng OR-AND ti thiu).

(1) (A + B) c + D
(2) (B + B)(AC + BD)
(3) A . B + C + D
(4) AU + BD + BC + CD
(5) D[C + (AD + B)EJ
(6) A B c
(7) (A B)C + I T T : . D

(8 ) A + B + CD + c + D +. AB

3 -3 7 . Dng nh l trin khai ti thiu ha cc hm sau y (v dng OR-AND

ti thiu)

^1 = (A + C)(C D) -I- B D
(2) Fj = AC . BD + CD . B

(3) F3 = B + ABD. (B + CD)

(4) F 4 = ABC + ABC + BC + A B C

3 -3 8 . Dng nh l trin khai ti thiu hacc hm sau y (v dng OR-AND

ti thiu)

(1) Fj = B C + ABD + A B D + C D

(2) F2 = ABC + C(B + D ) , CD

(3) F j = AB + BC + B . ( B + A I + BC)
(4) F 4 = A(A + C)(B + C)( + C + D)( + B + D)

(5) F5 = ABC + BD( + C) + (B + D )^ c

(6 ) = AC + BC + D + B D + BE + ABFG + ABH

3 -3 9 . Quy tc gp cc s hng nh nht trong bng Karnaugh l g ? C th

gp cc s hng nh nht lin k vi s cc s hng l 3, 5, 7, 9, 15 haj' khng ?
Tki sao ?
3 -4 0 . Hy vit ra dng OR-AND ti thiu ca cc hm s biu thi di y.

BC BC BC
00 01 n 10 00 01 11 10 00 01 n 10
0 1 i 0 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(a) (b) (c)

130
 \ CD \ CD D
ab\
V
00 01 11 10 00 O 11 10 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 1 1 00 1 1 00 1

01 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1

11 n 1 1 11 1 1 1

10 1 1 10 1 1 10 1 1 1 1
1

(d) (e) (0

\ CD \ CD \ CD
00 01 11 10 00 01 u 10 A B \ 00 01 11 10
00 1 i 1 00 1 1 1 00 1 1

01 1 1 01 1 1 1 01 1 1
1

n 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1

10 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 10 1 1

(g) (h) (i)

\ CD \ CD
\ CD
ab\ 00 01 u 10 \ 00 01 11 10 \ 00 01 11 10
00 1 00 1 1 00 1 1
1 1 1
01 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1

11 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1

10 10 1 1 10 1 1
1 1 1 1

G) (k) (I)

3 -4 1 . Dng phng php hnh v ti thiu ha cc hm sau y v dng OR-AND

ti thiu
(1) F(A, B, C) = ljO , 1, 2, 5)
(2) F(A, B, C) = ij0 , 2, 4, 6 , 7)
(3) F(A, B, C) = 2^ (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(4) F(A, B, C) = j0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 6, 7)
(5) F(A, B, c, D) = j 0 , 1, 8, 9, 10)
(6) F(A, B, c , D) = j O , 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15)
(7) F(A, B, C) = 2 ^ (0 , 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14)
(8) F(A, B, c, D) = j l , 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15)
(9) F(A, B, c, D) = 1 ^ 3 , 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15)
(10) F(A, B, c, D) = l j O , 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11)
(11) F(A, B, c , D) = 2 ^ (0 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
3 -4 2 . Dng phng php hnh v ti thiu ha cc hm s di y v dng
OR-AND ti thiu.

131
 (1) F = BC + BCD + BCD + A B C D + ABCD + ABCD
(2) F = CD + BD + ABD + ACD
(3) F = AB + BCD + ABD + BCD
(4) F = B C + AD + BD + CD + AC + D
(5) F = ABCD + B + B D + BC + BCD
(6) F = B D + BC + BCD + A B C D + B C D
3 -4 3 . Dng phng php hnh v ti thiu ha cc hm s di y v dng
OR-AND ti thiu.
(1) F(A, B, c, D) = 2^(0, 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15)
(2) F(A, B, c, D) = 2^(0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
(3) F(A, B, c, D) = 2 j 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15)
(4) F(A, B, c, D, E) = I jo , 3, 4. 6, 7, 8, 11, l, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29. 30, 31)
3 -4 4 . Khi nim rng buc, s hng rng buc, iu kin rng buc l g.
3 -4 5 . Trong phng php ti thiu hda (cng thc hoc hnh v), ti sao co th
ty thm btcc s hng rng buc theo yu cu ?
3 -4 6 . Dng phng php hinh v ti thiu hda v dng OR-AND ti thiu
cc hm sau y vi iu kin rng buc AB *f AC = 0
1. F(A, B, c, D) = ljO, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
2. F(A, B, c, D) = ( 0 , 2. 4, 5, 7, 8)
3. F(A, B, c, D) = 2^(0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 9)
4. F(A, B, c, D) = ( 0 . 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
3 -4 7 . Dng phng php hnh v ti thiu ha v dng OR-AND ti thiu cc
hm sau y vi iu kin rng buc = 0
1. F(A, B, c,D) = 2j0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8) + 2^(10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
2. F(A, B, c,D) = ij3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12) + 2^(0, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15)
3. F(A, B, c , D) = Z^(0, 1, 4, 9, 12, 13) + 3, 6, 10, 11, 14)
4. F(A, B, c , D) = 1:^(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 15) + 5:^(8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)
5. F(A, B, c , D) = 2^ (0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 13) + 2^(8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15)
6. F(A, B, c , D) = 2 ^ (2 , 4, 6, 7, 12, 15) + 2^(0, 1, 3, 8, 9, 11)
7. F(A, B, c , D) = 2 ^ (1 , 2, 4, 12, 14) + 2^(5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
8. F(A, B, c, D) = 2^ (0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12) + 2^(8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15)
3 -4 8 . Cc hm logic dng OR-AND di y c phi l ti thiu cha. Nu
cha, hy ti thiu ha chng.
1. Fj = AB + c + B + BC
2. F2 = B + BC + BC + AC
3. F3 = ABD + BD + ACD + CD + BC
4. F4 = AB + CD + ABD + BC

132
 Chng 4

MCH LOGIC T Hp

4.1. C IM CO BN V PHNG PHP THIT K c a m c h

LOGIC T HP

4.1.1. Phng php biu th v phn tch c im c bn v chc nng

logic ca mch logic t hp

Cn c vo c im v chc nng logic, chng ta phn loi mch s thnh hai

loi chnh : mch t hp v mch dy (mch dy c trnh by trong chng sau)

1) c im c bn ca mch t hp

Trong mch s, mch t hp l mch m tr s n nh ca tn hiu u ra

thi im bt k ch ph thuc vo t hp cc gi tr tn hiu u vo thi im
d. Trong mch t hp, trng thi mch in trc thi im xt, tc trc khi c
tc ng ca tn hiu u vo, khng nh hng n tn hiu u ra. c im
cu trc mch t hp l c cu trc nn t cc cng logic. Vy cc mch in
cng chng 2 v cc mch logic gp chng 3 u l mch t hp.

2) Phng php biu th chc nng logic

Cc phng php thng dng biu th chc nng logic ca mch t hp l

hm s logic, bng chn l, s logic, bng Karnaugh, cng c khi biu th bng
th thi gian dng stng.
i vi vi mch c nh (SSI) thng biu th bng hm logic. i vi vi mch
c va thng biu th bng bng chn l, hay l bng chc nng. Bng chc nng
dng hnh thc bng k, vi mc logic cao (H) v mc logic thp (L), m t
quan h logic gia tn hiu u ra vi tn hiu u vo ca mch in xt. Ch cn
thay gi tr logic cho trng thi trong bng chc nng, th ta cd bng chn l tng
ng.
Nh hnh 4 - 1 - 1 cho bit, thng c nhiu tn hiu u vo v nhiu tn
hiu u ra. Mt cch tng qut, hm logic ca tn hiu u ra c th vit
di dng :

133
 Zj = f j ( X j, X2, x)

Z2 = f2(^l- *2-

*2> > *n>

^ 0
Cng c th vit di dng i ng vct nh -- ^/TT
sau
z = F(X) Hnh 4- 1 -1 :
Sc khi mch t hp.
3) Phng php phn tch chc nng logc

Chng 2 cng cp. By gi gii thiu cc bc phan tch, bt u t s

mch logic cho, cui cng tm ra hm logic hoc bng chn l :
a) Vit biu thc :tun t t u vo n u ra (hay cng c th ngc li)
vit ra biu thc hm logic ca tn hiu u ra.
b) Rt gn : khi cn thit thl rt gn n ti thiu biu thc trn y bng
phng php i s hay phng php hnh v.
c) K bng chn l : khi cn thit th tm ra bng chn l bng cch tin hnh
tnh ton cc gi tr hm logic tn hiu u ra tng ng vi t hp cd th ca
cc gi tr tn hiu u vo.

4.1.2. Phng php thit k logic mch t hp

Phng php thit k logic l cc bc c bn tm ra s mch in logic t

yu cu nhim v logic cho.

Hnh 4- 1- 2. Cc bc th it k m ch logic t hp.

Hnh 4 -1 -2 l qu trnh thit k nti chung ca mch t hp, trong bao gm

4 bc chnh :

1) Phn tick yu cu

Yu cu nhim v thit k ca vn logic thc c th l mt on vn, cng

c th l mt bi ton logic c th. Nhim v phn tch l xc nh ci no l
bin s u vo, ci no l hm s u ra v mi quan h logic gia chng vi
nhau. Mun phn tch ng thi phi tim hiu xem xt mt cch su sc yu cu
thit k. Vic l mt vic kht nhng quan trng trong qu trnh thit k.

134
 2) K bng chn l

Ni chung, u tin, chng ta lit k thnh bng v quan h tng ng nhau gia
trng th tn hiu u vo vi trng thi hm 3 u ra. t l bng k yu cu chc
nng logic, gi tt l bng chc nng. Vic riv ct v d v trc quan. Tip theo, ta
thay gi tr logic cho trng thi, tc l dng cc s 0, s 1 biu th cc trng thi
t n g E g ca u v o v u ra. Kt qu ta cc5 b n g cc g i tr thc logic, gi t t
l bng chn l. y chnh l hnh thc i s' ca Ju cu thit k.
Cn lu rng t mt bng cho niig c th c bng chn l khc nhau nu
thay gi tr logic khc nhau (tc l quan h logic gia u ra vi u vo cng
ph thuc vic thay gi tr), v d, 30 mch nguyn l hnh 4 -1 -3 dng 2 chuyn
mch A, B mc ni tip iu khin bng n z.

Sng 4- - ; BNG CH C NANG

Chuyn mch Chuyn mch bng dn

A B Z

ngt r^il ll
ngt ni t
inh 4^1- 3. M ch in hai ni ngl tt
ni n sng
chuyn m ch ni tip

Bng chc nng 4 -1 -1 c c t xem xt trc tip cc kh nng c th ca

mch in hnh 4 -1 -3 . Nu thay t h gi tr logic theo 4 cch khc nhau th t cc
bng chn l 4 l 2a, b, c, d ta c cc biu thc logic khc nhau.

Bng 4- 1 - 2 : B N G CH N L T R O N G 4 TN H H U N G TH A Y G I TR KHC NHA U

A 1 B z A B z
0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 l 1
1 1 1 0 0 0

a) 0 biu th ngt v tt b) 0 bu th ni v sng

l biu lhj ni v sng z == A.B 1 biu h ngt v t z = A + B

A B z A B

0 0 1 1 0
0 1 I 1 0 0
l 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1

c) 0 bii th ngt v sng d ) 0 bu th ni v tl _

biu Ih ni v lt z = A.B 1 biu th ngl v sng z - A + B

135
 T bng 4 -1 -2 , ta thy rng chng ta s c mi quan h logic khc nhau nu
thay gi tr theo cch khc nhau. Chng ta phi cn c vo gi tr thay th
trng thi xc nh ngha c th ca 0 v 1 (tc l ngha thc t ca
bng chn l)
Khi lit k bng chc nng hoc bng chn l, c th khng lit k cc t hp
trng thi tn hiu u vo no khng th c hay b cm. Nhng t hp ny cng
c th c lit k, nhng ti u ra, trng thi tng ng ta ghi mt u cho
"X", thng s dng cc trng thi nh du cho ti thiu ha hm logic.

3) Tin hnh ti thiu ha

Nu s bin s tng i t th c th dng phang php hnh v. Nu s bin

s tng i nhiu , khi d khng tin dng phng php hnh v, th dng phng
php i s.

4) V s d log

Kt qu vic ti thiu ha l biu thc logic OR - AND. Cn c vic chn la

loi cng logic c th, cn bin i biu thc logic t thnh dng ph hp. V d,
nu chn dng cng NAND th phi cd biu thc dng NAND, nu chn dng cng
NOR th phi c biu thc dng NOR, nu chn dng cng NORAND thl phi cd
biu thc dng NORAND.
Cn lu rng, nhng bc thit k trn y khng phi l bt buc p dng
my mc, m l nn c vn dng linh hot theo tinh hung c th ca thit k
thc t.
Trong hot ng thc tin ca loi ngi,cc bi ton, v tng ng cc mch
in ca mch logic t hp l nhiu khng k ht. Cc mch t hp hin nay thng
gp trong h thng s l b m ha, b gii m, b chn knh, b cng, b kim
tra chn l (parity checker), ROM, V .V ..
Di y ln lt gii thiu mt s mch t hp v cu trc mch, nguyn l
cng tc v c im ca chng, kt hp soi sng phng php thit k phn tch
mch t hp.

4.2. B M HA

4.2.1. Khi nim m ha

Ndi mt cch khi qut, m ha l dng vn t, k hiu hay m biu th

mt i tng xc nh. C th thy bit bao v d v m hda trong i sng nh
t tn cho tr s sinh, mi vn ng vin c mt s thay th trong thiu. Tn
tr l vn t, vn ng vin nh s theo h m thp phn. Vn t v h m
thp phn khng tin dng cho mch s. M ha nh phn l qu trnhdng m
nh phn biu th i tng xt n (i tng ny l tn hiu). M nh phn
ch c hai ch s 0 v 1, d dng biu th bng trng thi mch in, nn c
dng rng ri trong mch s, Biu th s lng nhiu th tng s bit (Binary digiT)
trong cch vit s da theo v tr. M nh phn 1 bit c 2 trng thi (0, 1) tng

136
ng 2 tn hiu. M nh phn 2 bit c 4 trng thi (00, 01, 10, 11) tng ng 4
tn hiu. Tng qut m ni, m nh phn n bit c 2" trng thi, c th biu th
2" tn hiu. Vy, tin hnh m ha N tn hiu cn s dng n bit, theo cng
thc 2" > N.
B m ha l mch in thc hin thao tc m hda. Cn c vo yu cu v c
im khc nhau ca tn hiu c m ha, chng ta ct cc b m ha khc nhau,
nh b m ha nh phn, b m hda nh - thp phn, b m hda u tin v.v...

4.2.2. B m ha nh phn

B m ha nh phn l mch in dng n bit m hda N = 2" tn hiu. Chng

ta xt v d di y thuyt minh nguyn l cng tc v qu trinh thit k b
m ha nh phn
V d 4 -2 -1
Hy thit k b m hta thc hin m hda 8 tn
hiu Y.
X(J, Y. Y j theo m nh phn. BS
c
Bi gii : /77.
B

1. Phn tch yu cu.
i tng c m hda l 8 tn hiu u vo, tc ----- ^ /I
l Yq, Y j , ..T, Y j . Cn c vo cng thc N = 2" = 8
ta thy u ra l m nh phn n = 3 bit, dng A,
B, c biu th. Xem hnh 4 -2 -1 . Hnh 4- 2- 1.
So d khi yu cu thit k
2. K bng chn
Vic m ha c tin hnh ch vi 1 tn hiu u vo mt thi im, u
vo khng cho php ct ng thi t 2 tn hiu tr ln l logic 1, tc l Yq, Y j ,
khng cng nhau. Vy quan h logic gia u ra vi u vo cd th biu th
bng bng chn l hay bng m ha.

Bng 4.2.1

c B A c B A

Yo 0 0 0 Yo 0 0 0

Yi 0 0 1 Yi 0 0 1

Y2 0 1 0 Y2 0 1 1

Y3 0 1 1 Y3 0 1 0

Y4 1 0 0 Y4 1 1 0

Ys 1 0 1 Y5 1 1 1

Y6 1 1 0 Y6 1 0 1

Y7 1 1 1 Y7 1 0 0

a) Phng n 1 b) Phng n 2

137
 Dng m nh phn 3 bit biu th 8 tn hiu u vo c th c nhiu phng n
khc nhau, Bng 4.2.1 gii thiu 2 phang n. Phvtng n 1 theo s m nh phn.
Phng n 2 l m chu k 3 bit.
3. Ti thiu hda
Yq -- l khng ng thi. Ch cn ly cc bin no lm cho hm s u ra
bng 1 cng li th ta c biu thc ti thiu hda dng OB-AND. T bng 4.2.1.a
(Phng n 1) ta cd biu thc hm s u ra :
C = Y, + s + Y, + ,
B = + y ; + y; + y;
A = Y + y ' + + Yy
T bng 4.2.l.b (Phng n 2) ta c biu thc hm 8 u ra :
C = + y + Y , + Y,
B = Y j + Y3 + Y4 + y ;
A = y ; + Y2 + Y5 + Y ,
4. V s logic
Chn dng cng NAND. Vy cn bin i dng AND-OR thnh dng NAND. C
th nh sau.
Phong n 1

c = Y, + Y, = Y^.Y^.Y^.Y,

B = + ^3 + Y, = Y2 .Y3 .y,.Y,

A = + Y3 + Y5 + Y, = Y,.Y3 .Y5 .Y,

2 :

c = Y, + Y, = Y^.Yj.Y^.Y,

B = Y , 4-Y3 + Y4 + Y, = Y2.Y3.Y,.Y5

A = + Y2 + Y5 + Y , = Y.-Y^.Y^.Y,

x x x ^

Hnh 4- 2- 2.
B m ha nh
phn 3 bit

y, Y ys 4 Yj m
r ys s Y4 my j g >

a) Mch phng n b) Mch phdng n 2

138
 Cn lu rng, trong s logic hnh 4.2.2, s m hda ca Yq c ngm nh :
Khi Yj -i- u bng 0, trng thi u ra ca mch (CBA = 000) l mca Yq,
Trong bi ton phn tch, t s logic b m ha cho, ta phn tch mi
quan h logic gia u vo v u ra, tun t cho tn hiu u vo n b m
ha, ri cn c vo mc logic (0 hoc 1) ca cc u ra mch in, txn ra m
tng ng, lit k thnh bng m ha.

4.2.3. B m ha nh thp phn

B m hta nh - thp phn l mch in chuyn m h thp phn bao gm 10

ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 thnh m h nhi phn.
u vo l 10 ch s, u ra nhdm m s nh phn, gi l m nh - thp
phn (BCD - Binary - Coded - Decimal), Cn c vo cng thc 2 N = 10, ta
c n = 4. M nh phn 4 bit c 16 trng thi (t m). Chi cn chn 10 t m ty
trong s l biu th 10 tn hiu u vo. Vy ct rt nhiu phng n.
Mt s m nh - thp phn thng dig xem gii thiu 4.2.5. Cng vi l o
nhu bit v d 4.2.1, 10 tn hiu u vo tn ti c lp nhau.
Nguyn l cng tc v qu trnh thit k ca b m ha nh - thp phn tng
t nh b m ha nh phn xt v d 4.2.1. Di y ly m 8421 lm v d
thuyt minh. Bng 4.2.2 l bng m hta BCD 8421 rt thng dng.

<VT Bng 4- 2 -2 ; BNG M H A BCD 8421

4 S t h p p h n D c B A

0 ( Yo) 0 0 0 0

i ( Yi ) 0 0 0

2( Y2) 0 0 1 0

5{Y3) 0 0 1 1

4( Y4) 0 1 0 0

5( Y5) 0 1 0 1

% s Yj y$
m Y h yj Vi i 6( Y6) 0 1 1 0

7( Y7) 0
Hnh 4- 2- 3.
8( Ys ) 1 0 0 0
Sc logic b m ha (ng ma 8421).
9( Y9) 1 0 0 1

139
 4.2.4. B m ha u tin

Trong cc b m ha xt trn y, tn hiu u vo tn ti c lp, (khng c

tnh hung c 2 tn hiu tr ln ng thi tc ng). B m ha u tin th khc,
c th c nhiu tn hiu ng thi a n, nhng mch in ch tin hnh m
hda tn hiu u vo no c cp u tin cao nht thi im xt. Vicxc nh
cp u tin cho mi tn hiu u vo l cng vic ca ngi thit k mch, tt
nhin xut pht t yu cu thc tin. By gi chng ta s xem xt nguyn l cng
tc v qu trnh thit k ca b m ha u tin qua v d c 10 u vo, 4 u
ra.
V d 4 -2 -2 :
Hy thit k mt mch in t hp m hda nh phn i vi 10 tn hiu u
vo Yq, Yj, Y sao cho mc u tin t cao nht gim dn theo chiu Y9> Yg.
Yjj. Nu cd nhiu tn hiu ng thi xut hin u vo th ch tn hiu no
c mc u tin cao nhttrong s d mi c m hda. Gi thit c tn hiu u
vo, ln tn hiu u ra u tch cc mc thp.
Bi gii
1. Phn tch yu cu
^ m Ai c
Cn c cng thc 2" > N = 10, Vy ta dng m >
* z/ //h 3
nh phn n = 4 bit.
Y9 ---- / i

Hnh
S khi b m ha u tin.

Bng 4~2-3 : BNG CH C NNG

Y9 Y8 Y? Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Yi Yo D c B A

H H H H H H H H H L H H H H

H H H H H H H H L X H H H L

H H H H H H H L X X H H L H

H H H H H H L X X X H H L L

H H H H H L X X X X H L H H

H H H H L X X X X X H L H L

H H H L X X X X X X H L L H

H H L X X X X X X X H L L L

H L X X X X X X X X L H H H

L X X X X X X X X X L H H L

140
 Bng 4 - 2 - 4 : BNG M H A u T I N

Y9 Y8 Y7 Y6 Ys Y4 Y3 Y2 Yi Yo D

X X

0 X X X X

X X X X X X

X X

0 X X X X X X X

Theo bi, s m ha thc hin theo mc u tn Y n Yq, khi cc tn

hiu cng tc ng th cc tn hiu cd mc u tin thp khng tc dng, ngha l
bt k mc logic ca n th no u khng nh hng n u ra.
2. K bng chn l - Bng m ha u tin
Bng chc nng 4.2.3 phn nh yu cu thit k, m ha theo cp u tin, nhng
bin s tng ng mc u tin thp khng tc dng g n y ra c nh u
cho "X". M nh phn 4 bit u ra c rt nhu phng n, trong bng 4.2.4 l
phng n m 8421 vi mc logic m.
3. Ti thiu ha
V cd qu nhiu bin s, nn dng phng php i s ti thiu ha. Chng
ta s dng cng NORAND trong s mch. u tin ta tm biu thc ti thiu
ha ca hm logic u ra di dng OR-AND ca hm o, ri ly o c
dng NORAND. Khi vit hm logic t bng m ha 4.2.4, mt cch hnh thc, ta
khng cn nhng v tr c du "X". Kt qu ta c cc hm logic u ra
di dng NORAND nh sau :
D = , + Y ,. 3 = , +

D = , + g
C = Y^Yg, + Y.YgY., + Y,YgY,Y, 5 + =

=W t +
c = Y ,Y ,% + + Y,Yg, + Y,Yg5 + Y.Yg^
I = YgYg, + Y9 Y3 Y 7 , +

= W 7 +W 6 + W 5Y 43 + W 5 Y4 Y2

B = Y .Y g, + Y,Yg, + Y,YgY5 Y, 3 + Y.YgY^Y.^

141
 A = Y, + Y,YgY, + YgYgY^Y.Ys + Y,Y3Y,YJ5Y,Y3 +
A = y/ + YY, + YgY.Yj + YgY,Yj3 + YgY.Y^Y^Yj
4. V 8 logic
Hnh 4 -2 -5 l s logic thc hin cc hm u ra D, c, B, A di dng cng
NORAND.
Chng ta c th nghim chng rng s hnh 4 -2 - 5 tha mn yu cu thit
k bng cch phn tch logic, tm ra quan h logic gia u ra vi u vo ca
mch logic hnh 4 -2 -5 .

Chng hn, nu tt c u vo u tch cc (mc logic 0) th DCBA = 0110,

y l m tng ng vi u vo Y (c mc u tin cao nht, cao hn Yg -i- Yq).
Nu tt c u vo khng ct tn hiu (mc logic 1) th DCBA = 1111, y l m
(ngm nh) tng ng vi u vo Yq.

4.2.5. Vi mch c va (MSI) b m ha u tin

Hnh 4 -2 -6 l vi mch c
va b m hda u tin. Tuy
rng hnh 4 -2 -5 v hnh
4 -2 -6 c i ch khc nhau,

nhng chng u c mt
chc nng logic duy nht.
u vo, u ra u tch cc
mc thp. Trong hnh 4 -2 -6 ,
n gin, cc tn hiu u
vo c k hiu 0, 1, 2,
9 (thay cho Yj, Y^,
Y). Cn c vo s logic 1 3 ^ 5 6
hlnh 4 -2 -6 , ta vit ra biu
nh 4- 2- 6, B mA ha u tin (MSI).
thc hm u ra nh sau :

142
 D = 1 ^ + 8 _______________________________

c = 9 + 8 7 + 9 + 8 6 + 9 + 8 5 - 1 - 9 + 8 4 = 9.8.7 + 9.8.6 + 9.8.5 + 9.8.4

B = 9 + 8 7 + 9 + 8 6 + 9 4 8 5.4.3 + + 8 5.4,2
= 9.8.7 + 9.8.6 + 9.8.5.4.3 + 9.S.5.4.2
A = 9 + 9 + 8 7 + 9 + 8 6.5 + 9 + 8e"4.3 + 9 + 86.4.2,2
= 9 + 9.8.7 + 9.S.6.5 + 9 .8 .6 .4T3 + 9.8.6.4.2^
9 + 8.7 + 8.6.5 + 8.6.4,3 + 8.6.4.2.

4.2.6. Mt s m th n g dng
1) M nh - ihp phn thng dng

Xem bng 4 -2 -5

Bng 4- 2 - 5 : M N H - THP PHN TH N G DNG

Cn lu rng, trong bng 4.2.5, tuy mi v tr (bit) ch c hai trng thi 0 v

1, nhng khng nht thit phi c quan h v gi tr chuyn v ca s nh phn
(nh 8421), m ni chung th 4 bit lm thnh mt t m tr thnh mt k hiu
hm xc nh no . Cng c th ndi chnh xc hn, Bng 4.2.5 gii thiu cc
oi m 4 bit hai trng thi.
a) M 8421
Trong t m 8421, mi bit 1 i biu cho mt tr s c nh. Nu cng tt c
tr s ca cc bit i biu trong t in, th ta c tr s tng ng ca s thp
phn m t m t i biu. Trong m 8421 th trng s ca mi bit l c nh,
nn n<5 thuc loi m c trng s.

143
 b) M du 3
M d 3 c to thnh t m nh phn bng cchcng thm 0011 (gi tr s
3 thp phn) vo t m nh phn tng ng.
c) M 2421
Hai loi m 2421 (A v B) u l m c trng s, nhng s tun t cc bit ca
cc t m khc s nh phn (trng s khng n tr)
d) M 5211
M 5211 cd tnh cht tng t m 2421, l m c trng s khng n tr.
e) M vng d 3 (m Gray d 3)
M vng (m Gray) s c gii thiu bng 4.2.6. M vng d 3 khng bt
u t 0000 nh m vng, m lch i 3 hag. (T m 0010 l m ha s 3 ca
m vng, li l m hta s 0 ca m d 3. T m 0110 i m hta s 4 ca ma
vng, l l m h d a s 1 c a m d 3 . V.V..) M v n g d 3 k h n g p h i l m c
trng s.
g) M dch phi
M dch phi c c im l hai t m k cn bt kl chi khc nhau 1 bit (trn
bng 4 -2 -5 , ta thy s dch sang phi ca cc bit) m dch phi khng tn dng
tt c cc trng thi ca m nh phn 5 bit. y l nhc im loi m ny (phi
thm 1 bit so vi cc loi m khc)

2) M Gray

M (iray cn gi l m vng, bng 4 -2 -6 gii thiu bng m Gray 4 bit.

Bng 4- 2 - 6 : M G R A Y 4 B IT

S t hp M Gray S Ihp M Gray

phn phn

0 0 0 0 0 110 0
1 0 0 0 1 110 1
2 0 0 11 10 1111
3 0 0 10 11 1110
4 0 110 12 1 0 10
5 0 111 13 1 0 11
6 0 10 1 14 10 0 1
7 0 10 0 15 10 0 0

Ta C th thy r c im m Gray t bng 4 -2 -6 : s bin i gi tr bit

mt v tr xc nh trong t m c tnh cht tun hon vi chu k c nh t
t-m ny sang t-m khc. Chu k ca bit th nht l 0110, chu k ca bit th
hai l 00111100, chu k ca bit th ba l 0000111111110000 v.v. ..
M Gray khng cd trng s. u im chnh ca m Gray l ch cd 1 bit khc
nhau trong 2 t m k cn. Nhc im l thiu trc quan.

144
 3) M ISO (International standardization Organization)

C quan tiu chun ha quc t ISO a ra m nh phn 8 bit, ch yu dng

truyn tin. M ny c 10 ch s (0 -- 9), 26 ch ci Anh, v 20 u, ki hiu,
tt c l 56 k t. Xem bng 4.2.7. Trong bng, cc bt c biu th bng by, bg,
bj. Bit th 8 l bit b bin t m bt k thnh t m c s bit 1 l s
chn, mc ch pht hin li truyn tin.

Bng 4 -2 - 7 M I SO

\^7bbs
000 001 010 oil 100 101 no 111

0000 NUL SP 0 p
0001 I A Q
0010 2 B R
0011 3 c s
0100 s 4 D T
0101 % 5 E u
0110 6 F V

0111 7 G w
1000 BS ( 8 H X
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y
1010 LF : J z
,
1011 + K
1100 J L
UOl CR - = M
1110 N 4
1111 / o DEL

c im cc k t trong bng 4 -2 -7 nh sau : cc ch s u c chung 3 bit

= Oil, cc ch ci cd chung 2 bit b^bg = 10 ; Cc ch s c chuyn
thnh m ISO theo kiu m nh phn ca b4b3b2bj ; th t cc ch ci A -- z (t
1 n 2 6 ) c n g l m n h p h n c a b 5b^b3b 2bj.

4) M ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange)

145
 M ng 4 - 2 - 8 : M ASCII

\b 7 U b i
K t \ 000 i 001 010 011 100 iO l 110 111
b4b3b2bi

0000 N U L i D L E SP 0 @ p \ p

0 00 i SO H DCl l A Q a q
II
0010 STX DC2 2 B R b r

ooa ETX DC3 # 3 c s 0 s

.
0 100 EOT DC4 s i 4 D T t

ClOl ENQ NAK % 5 E e

ono ACK SYN ^ ' 6 F V f V

O IH BEL ETB t 7 o w w

1000 BS 1i CAN ( 8 H X h X

lOOi ~HT EM ) 9 I Y I i y
1010 LF SU B ; J z j z

1 0 1 J. VT ESC i K [ k {

uoo FF FS . < l, \ '>

noi CR GS M J m ]
1110 SO RS . > N T n

nu S US / o 0 DEL

M ASCII, vit, tt ca cc t ct ngha l m tiu chun quc gia M trao i

tin tc. Xem bng 4,2.8. Trong d, ni cc ch s v ch ci ging nh m ISO trn
y. M ASCII thng dng cho thit b thng tin v my tnh. ASCII l m 8 bit
nh phn, vi 7 bit bj -- by biu th cc tin tc v bt th 8 l bit parity (kim tra
chn l dng pht hin li truyn tin). Bng 4.2,9 gii thch cc k hiu ch

Bng 4- 2 - 9 i N G H A CC K H I U CH C A M ASCU.

Ki hiu ngha K hiu nghia

NU L S khng t khng , v hu BS Li mt khong k t

SOH Bt u ca tu HT K bng hung ngang
STX B t u ca hnh vn LF Chuyn dng
ETX Kt Ihc ca hnh vn VT K t bng hig dc
EOT Kt thc Iniyn tin FF Diu khn chy g^
ENQ Hi CR Quay v u dng
CK Tha nhn SO Dch ra (Shift out)
BEL Chung SI Dch vo (Sbit in)
DLE Chuyn rn (D atalink escape) EM Ht giy
D Ci iu khin Ihit b 1 SB Tr ^
DCz iu khin thit b 2 ESC Chuyn m
DC3 D i i khin thil b 3 FS D u phftn cch (F ile separator)
DC4 Diu khin Ihil b 4 GS Du phn cch gi (G roup sepralor)
NAK Ph nh Rf D i phn cch ghi (R ecord Separator)
SYN ng b US Du phn cch n v (U nit separator)
E 1B Ki thc tniyn gi tin SP K>io/g trng ki t
CAN Hy b DEL Hy b

146
 4.3. B GII M

Khi m ha, mi t m nh phn u c gn mt hm xc nh, tc l mi

t m biu th mt tin tc hoc mt i tng xc nh, Gii m l qu trnh
phin dch hm gn cho t m. Mch in thc hin vic gii m c gi l
b gii m. Vy b gii m phin dch t m thnh tn hiu u ra, biu th tin
tc vn c. Ty theo yu cu s dng tin tc c gii m, tn hiu u ra ct th
l xung hay mc in p. C nhiu loi b gii m, nhng chng u cd nguyn l
cng tc v phng php thit k tng t nhau. Di y ta s thuyt minh c
th qua vi v d.

4.3.1. B gii m nh phn

B gii m nh phn phin dch cc t

m nh phn thnh tn hiu u ra.
V d 4.3.1 Hnh 4- 3- 1. S mch yu cu
Hy thit k b gii m nh phn 3 bit
Bi gii :

Bng 4- 3 -1 : BNG CHN L CA B G I I M

c B A Yo Yi Y2 Y3 Ya Ys Yfi Y7

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

1. Phn tch yu cu. u vo l nhtm t m nh phn 3 bit. u ra l 8 tn

hiu tng ng cc t m.
2. K bng chn l. Xem bng 4 -3 -1 . Cn lu rng Yq -i- Yy l 8 tn hiu c
lp nhau tng ng vi 8 t m (Mi Yj l mt hm ca cc bin vo, bng ch
l ca nd l mt ct tng ng bn phi vi 3 ct bin s bn tri. Tuy nhin
tin li, chng ta gp 8 bng chn l vo lm mt)
3. Ti thiu hda. Cn c vo bng 4 -3 -1 , ta ct :
Yq = CBA Y = CBA Y2 = CBA Y3 = CBA
Y4 = CB Y5 = CBA Yg = CB y ] = CBA
4. V s logic
Cc hm logic trn y cd th dng cng AND it thc hin (hnh 4 -3 -2 ,
hnh 4 -3 -3 ), hay cng ct th dng cng NAND (TTL) thc hin (hlnh 4-3 -4 )

147
 yg ys yj yz
.s.
1Z/
Hnh 4- 3- 2.

B gii m cng AND
dng it. /IK9V.

c c B B

Trong b gii m nh phn, nu

t m u vo cd n bit thi s cd 2A9
>7
2" tn hiu u ra tng ng vi
mi t m. B gii m ny co khi f >6
cn c gi l b gii m bin
s, v ton b cc t m ca bin >
s u vo u c gii m. >^4
>
). >3

>
> yo

T c B /

Hinh 4- 3- 3. V li s hnh 4.3.2 .

Hnh 4 - 3- 4.
B gi m
dng N A N D (TTL).

148
 4.3.2. B gii m (BCD) - thp phn

B gii m thc hin chuyn i t m y

BCD thnh 10 tn hiu u ra tng ng 10 G /// m s
c
ch s ca h thp phn (hnh 4-3-5) 8C

Xem bng chc nng 4 -3 -2 , trong H / >?
l mc cao, L l mc thp, tn hiu ra tch
cc mc logic thp. Hnh 4" 3- 5, S khi mch yu cu.

Bng 4- 3 - 2 ; BNG CH C NNG CA B G I I M T M BCD SANG M THP PHN

D c B A Yo Yi Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9

L L L L L H H H H H H H H H
L L L H H L H H H H H H H H
L L H L H H L H H H H H H H
L L H H i H H L H H H H H H
L H L L H H H H L H H H H H
L H L I-l H H H H H L H H H H
L H - L H H H H H H L H H H
L H H H H H H H H H H L H H
H L L L H H H H H H H H L H
H L L H H H H H H H H H H L

Bng 4 -3 -3 l bng chn l dng logic dng. Trong , pha tri l m BCD
08421
4 :2 1 au
a u vvo
a o ;; bn
D en pphi
n a i l
l a au
a u rra
a gii m,
g ia i m a , tch
I i c n cc
c c u logic
(6 trngl u g i c u0.. o6 t
L i u g t u m
u ia
thi) t 1010 n 1111 khng c dng. Chng khng xut hin trong tnh hung
bnh thng ca b gii m. Cc trng thi ny c nh du cho " X " trong
bng 4 -3 -3 v trong cc bng Karnaugh (Hnh 4 -3 -6 )
Ti thiu hta hm logic u ra Y bng phng php hnh v : bng Karnaugh.
C th, ta tm hm o Y (tng ng ly gi tr 0), sau t li ly o ca hm
o , ta s c hm Y cn tm.
Bng 4- 3 - 3 : BNG CHN L CA B G I I M T BCD SANG THP PHN

D c B A Yo Yi Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Y6 Y? Ys Y

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 i l 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 0 1 0 X X X X X X X X X X
1 0 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X
1 1 0 0 X X X X X X X X X X
1 1 0 1 X X X X X X X X X X
1 1 1 0 X X X X X X X X X X
' 1 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X

149
\ BA \ BA \ BA
D C \ 00 01 n 10 D C \ 00 01 11 10 D \ 00 01 11 10
00 00 1 1 1 1 00 1 1 i 1
1 1 1 1
01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1
01 1 1 0 1

11 X X X X n X X X X 11 X X X X

10 1 0 X X 10 0 1 X X 10 1 1 X X

(a) (b) (c)

\ BA \ BA \ BA
D \ 00 01 11 10 D C \ 00 01 11 10 D C \ 00 01 11 10
1
00 1 1 I 1 00 1 1 1 1 00 1 1

01 1 1 1 0 01 i 0 1 1 01 0 1 3 1

11 X X X X 11 X X X X 11 X X X X

10 1 1 X X 10 1 1 X X 10 1 1 X X

(d) (e) (0
\ BA \ ba
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10 Dv 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 0 1 00 1 1 1 0 00 1 0 1 1
01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1

11 X X X X 11 X X X X 11 X X X X
10 1 1 X X 10 1 1 X X 10 1 X X

(g) (h) (0

BA
Di 00 01 11 10
00 0 1 1 1

01 1 1 1 1

11 X X X X

10 1 1 X X

Hnh 4- 3- 6.
0)
Bng Karnaugh ca hm Y9 Yo.

Hm logic ti thiu dng NAND ca chng l ;

(a) Y = DA (b) Yg = DA

Y = DA Yg = D
(c) % = CBA (d) = CBA

= CBA = CB

150
 (e) 5 = C B A (f) ' 4 = C B

Y .5 = C B A Y 4 - C B A

(g) Y 3 = C B A (,h) 2 = C B

= C B A = C ~ B A

(i) = D C B A (j) o = D C B

= D C B A Y o = DC

S logic hnh 4 -3 -7 bao gm 10 cng NAND v 4 cng o

Hnh f gii ni> tr BCD sang thp phn.

Hnh 4 38 l vi mch MSI (n phin) thc hin gii rri t BCD sang thp
phn. IC ny ct 8cng o v 10 cng NAND 4 u vo. S gi mca C l
trit , hm logic u ra xc nh n ti. (Cn rng r.v mch hnh
4 -3 -7 , do s dng cc gi tr du cho Y ca hm logic trong ti thiu hda
xy dng s mch, nn nu u vo xut hin t rn khng c dng, th u
ra cd th hng ng sai).

Hnh 4-3-S.
Vi rncH MSI
gii rn BCD
sang thp phn. W

151
 x\nn xet s ao mnn 4--5, ta tnay : cac cong aao lam tnann mcn am va Dao
m ph ti tiu chun i vi cc tn hiu vo A,B,C,D. (S hnh 4 -3 -7 biu
th ph ti nng, khng u i vi ngun tn hiu vo)

4 3 3 . B gii m ca hin th k t

Trong h thng s, thng cn gii m cc k t m hda nh phn thnh cc

tn hiu c th hin th di dng quen thuc ca con ngi, v phng thc lm
vic ca cc linh kin hin th khc nhau l khc nhau, nn trc ht ta hy thuyt
minh ngn gn v mt s linh kin hin th k t thng dng.

l) Hai loi hin th s

3 ~ c
a) Linh kin hin th bn dn
Nguyn l :
Mt s vt liu bn dn c bit nh hp cht 1 1
GaAsP, khi lm thnh chuyn tip PN, nu c in 'Ct
p thun t vo, th c th bc x quang, tc l o/l!t/ry 1 1
bin in nng thnh quang nng. S dng cc chuyn c/
tip PN bc x quang cd th ch to cc linh kin k f l - g b)
nh it pht quang LED, n hin th 7 thanh hay
n hiu th ma trn im, v d : hnh 4 -3 -9 , mch
Hinh 4- 3- 9. H n th bn dn :
kch sng
a) LED : b) n 7 thanh.
Hnh 4 -3 -1 0 gii thiu mch in dng kch
sng thc hin bng cng NAND (TTL) hay bng
tranzito. Trong hnh, BS l LED (hay 1 thanh trong n 7 thanh). Cng M thng
hay T bo ha s lm BS sng. R l in tr hn dng. in p cng tc ca BS
c 1,5 ^ 3V, dng in cng tc ca BS c trn di lOmA. iu chinh R ct th
lm thay i sng ca BS.
c im c bn :
Quang ph pht x ca hin th bn dn
ph hp vi cm th th gic, in p cng
tc thp (1,5 3V), th tch nh, tui th
cao (hn ngn gi lm vic), tc hng
ng cao (1 -- lOOns), c nhiu mu.
Bng 4 -3 -4 . Gii thiu tham s hin th
s 7 thanh.

Hnh 4- 3- 10. Mch kch sng.

Bng 4- 3 - 4 ; THAM s C T N H D N 7 TH A N H

D in p cng Dng in d in p ngc D ng in cc

K hiu sng (FL)
lc thun (V) ngc (/ A) nh thng (V) i (mA)

BS201A > 15 (7 thanh) 1.5 - 3 <50 > 5 150 (7 thanh)

ES202A > 15 (7 thanh) 1.5 3 <50 > 5 150 (7 thanh)

152
 b) n hin s 7 thanh chn khng
Nguyn l :
Hnh 4 -3-11 gii thiu n hin th
s chn khng. Katt pht x nhit in ^1^16
t, in trng ca cc li gia tc in
t chng ng nng p vo ant. ir

Trn b mt ant cd ph lp hunh

quang oxt km s pht x quang mu
lc. Cc ant c cu trc hin s 7 Hnh 4- 3- L n hin s 7 thanh chn khng.
thanh. Chuyn mch K iu khin s
cp in p cho ant ; ant no c cp in p
th s pht sng.
Mch kc sng :
Xem hnh 4 -3 -1 2 . R l ii tr hn dng, gi
fc/ff'
tr ca R xc nh theo dng colecto cc i
ca tranzito T. Khi cng NANDM (TTL) a ra p
mc cao lm T bo ha, thi
Uncif-
E.
< I
R
Thay i R s iu chnh sng hin th. Hnh 4- 3- 12. Mch kch sng
cng l in tr hn dng. xc nh theo gi D n hin th s chn khng.
tr gii hn ca cng NAND (TTL). Khi M
1
ngt, T bo ha th Ijj = (Vqpj Vgg) X < ILM-

c im c bn :
V u im : in p cng tc tng i thp, dng in nh, hin th ph hp
th gic, n nh v tin cy, tm hin th kh ln, tui th cao.
V nhc im : cn ngun in cng sut ng k cung cp cho si t, khng
thun tin cho lp rp. Bng 4 -3 - 5 gii thiu chi tiu ch yu ca mt s n
hin s 7 thanh chn khng thng dng :

Bng 4- 3- S ; CH T I U CH YU D N H IN s 7 TH A N H CHN KHNG

in p ant Dng in D in p Dng in D in p si Dng in

K hiu
(V) ant (mA) li (V) ii (mA) t (V) si t (m A )

YS9 -1 20 < 2 20 < 2 1,2 28

YS1 3 -3 20 < 1,5 20 < 3 1,2 28
YS18-3 20 < 2 20 < 2 1.2 50
YS2 7 -3 20 < 2,5 20 2,5 1,2 80

153
 2) B gidi m hin th

Chng ta s thuyt minh nguyn H cng tc v qu trnh t h i t k ca b gii

m hin th qua v d b gii m kch cho hin th 7 fchanh LED.
V d 4 -3 -2 : hy thit k b gii m hin th kch cho hin th 7 thanh LED
vi tn hiu u vo l m BCD 8421.
Bi gii : . ^
Phn tch yu cu thit k :
J i y
Xem s khi hnh 4-3 -1 3 .
ya ri
Cc u vo D, c , B, A l / /
m BCD 8421, trong t 6 trng
thi 1010 -- 1111 khng c
s dng, nh du cho "X" Hnh 4- 3- l . B gii m 7 thanh.
x l ti thiu ha. Tn hiu
u ra a, b, g l kch
sng LED tng ng ca hin th 7 thanh. Cn c mch kch sng hnh 4 -3 -1 0 ,
tn hiu u ra b gii m phi tch cc mc thp (LED sng khi tn hiu kch
mc thp). K bng chn l ;

Bng 4- 3 -6 BNG CH C N N G B G I I M

1
D c B A a b c d e f S c hin
th

L L L L L L L L I. L K 0
L L L H H L L H H H H 1
L L H L L L H L L H L 2
L L H H L L L L H H L 3
L H L L H L L H H L L 4
l. H L H I. H L L H L L 5
L H H L L H L L L L L 6
L H H H L L L H H H H 7 /
H L L L L L L L L L L 8
H L L H L L L L H L L 9

Bng 4- 3 - 7 : BNG C H N L B G I I M

D c B A A B c D E F G

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 t 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 i 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 l 1 I 0 0 0 l 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 ;i 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

154
 Bng chc nng 4 - 3 6 c lit k t kt qu phn tch yu cu thit k.
Cc t m u vo ca m BCD8421 quyt nh s c hin th. Nhng do cu
trc khng gian ca cc LED a, bj g (hnh 4-3 -1 3 ) m cc gi tr tn hiu u
ra b gii m c xc nh sao cho :
" mc thp L ; LED sng
- mc cao H : LED tt
" cc LED sng hnh thnh s c hin th.
Bng 4 -3 -7 l bng chn l tng ng bng 4 -3 -6 .
Ti thiu ha
Dng phng php hinh v. Chng ta chn dng cng NORAND trong s . Do
d, u tin ta ti thiu hda hm o bng dng ORAND i vi cc gi tr 0 ca
hm u ra, sau t ly o th c dng NORAND i vi cc gi tr 1 ca hm
u ra.
\ BA
Xem cc bng Karnaugh hnh 4314. D C V 00 01 11 10
V d : xt LED thanh a. 00 0 1 0 0
Ti thiu ha dng chun tc tuyn i vi cc 01 1 0
trong bng Karnaugh cd gi tr 0 xc nh hm : ---- --
11 X X X X
= D+ B+CA+C (dng ORAND)
10 0 0 X X
l y o : a = a = D + B + CA + c A
(dng NORAND) (a)

BA BA \ BA
D' 00 01 11 10 DC 00 01 11 10 D C \ 00 01 n 10
00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 1 00 0 1 0 0

01 0 1 0 1 01 0 0 0 0 01 1 0 1 0

n X X X X n X X X X 11 X X X X

10 0 0 X X 10 0 0 X X 10 0 0 X X

(b) (c) (d)

BA BA BA
00 01 11 O DC 00 01 n 10 D( 00 01 11 10
00 0 1 0 00 0 1 1 1 00 1 1 0 0

01 1 1 1 0 01 0 0 i 0 01 0 0 1 0

n X X X X X X X X 11 X X X X

10 0 1 X X 10 0 0 X X 10 0 0 X X
..1
(e) (0 (g)

Hnh 4 - 3 - 4 ,
Bng K arnaugh v hm logic u ra ca cc LED hin th a, b, c, d, e, f, g.

155
 (b) b = c + BA + B A V s logic :
b = C + B A + BA S logic hnh 4 -3 -1 5 xut pht t
cc hm logic ti thiu ha bng bng
(c) c = c + B + A
Karnaugh hlnh 4 -3 -1 4 . Trong hnh 4-3 -1 5 ,
c = C+B+A tn hiu ra tch cc mc thp. V d,
(d) a = D + CB+ B + C + CBA CBA = 1000, s c hin th l 8 vi
cc LED abcdefg = 0000000 sng.
d = D + C B + B + C + CBA
DCBA = 0101, s c hin th l 5 vi
(e) = c A + BA cc LED acdfg sng v be tt.
e = CA+BA
(f) T = D + C B + C A + B A
f = D +CB + C + I

(g) g = D + C B + C B + B A
g = D + CB + CB + B

Mt dng k hiu
mch ca cng NRAND c.
(V cng NORAND, r --n r - i - , r - - , , - i n
xem phn 3 -3 -4 -3 ) ^
o
B
/V^ A .
O/^ L

/A /

Hnh 4- 3~S. B gi ma kch hin Ih LED 7 thanh.

4.4. B SO SNH

Trong cc h thng s, c bit l trong my tnh, thng thc hin vic so snh
hai s, bit s no ln hn, hay chng bng nhau. Hai s cn so snh ct th
l cc s6 nh phn, cng c th l cc k t m ha nh phn. B so snh ct
th cng tc theo kiu ni tip hay kiu song song, chng ny, ta s xem xt
nguyn l cng tc v qu trnh thit k b so snh song song qua v d b so snh
s nh phn 4 bit A = ajEjajEg v B = bjbjbjbg

4.4.1. B so soh bng nhau

B so snh bng nhau l mch in thc hin chc nng logic xt hai s ct bng
nhau hay khng bng nhau.

156
 1) B so snh bng nhau 1 bu

Xt hai bit R v bj, gi gj l kt qu so snh bng nhau gia Ej v bj, vi

gj = 1 biu th Ej = b, g = 0 biu th E 5 b. Vy ta c bng chn l 4 -4 -1 .

Bng 4- 4 -1 : BNG CHN L CA B s o SNH 1 BIT

ai bi gi Thuyt minh

0 0 1 bng nhau
0 1 0 khc nhau
i 0 0 khc nhau
1 1 1 bng nhau

T bng 4 -4 -1 , ta c
g. = a.E. + a.h . = a b . + a B = B b

C th dng nhiu s thc hin hm

logic trn, hnh 4 - 4 - la l cng hm tng
ng, hnh 4 - 4 - Ib l cng NORAND u
thc hin chc nng so snh bng nhau.

Hnh 4- 4- L B so snh 1 bit.

2) B so snh bng nhau 4 bit
Bng 4- 4 -2 : BNG CHN L B
So snh s nh phn 4 bit A = a3a2 aja^ SO SNH BNG NHAU 4 BIT
vi B = b3b2bjbQ, ta thy rng A = B
nu a3 = bg, = 2 , aj = bj, = b. g3 g2 gl go G
Vy nu gi g l cc b so snh 1 bit,
0 0 0 0 0
chng ta xy dng c bng chn l 0 0 0
0 1
4 -4 -2 . 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
T bng 4 -4 -2 , ta c 0 0 0
1 0
0 1 0 1 0
G = g y 2- o
0 1 1 0 0
vi 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
3 = agS b g 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
2 = 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
g j = Bj b j 0 0
1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
So = 1 1 1 1 1

157
 Vy ta cd :
G - 83- 2- y o

G
G = (8 3 0 0 3 ) + (E2 e b 2) + ( a i 0 bi) + (a e b ^

Hnh 4- 4- 2.
S logic
b so snh
bng nhau 4 bit.

4 .4 .2 . B so snh

B so snh l mch in thc hin chc nng ogic xc nh s no ln hn

trong hai s c so snh.

1) B so snh 1 bit

Xt hai bit E v b|, kt qu so snh l = 1 biu th a > b, li = 1 biu th

a- < b. Ta cd bng chn l 4 -4 -3 .

Bng 4- 4 - 3 : BNG CHN L C A B s o SNH 1 BIT

ai bi li mi Ihuyt minh

0 0 0 0 ai = bi

0 1 0 1 ai < bi

1 0 1 0 ai > bi

1 1 0 0 ai - bi

T bng 4 -4 -3 , ta ct :
: = a,b:
m, = -b;

Cn c vo hm logic trn y,
ta xy dng s logic hnh 4 -4 -3 ,

Hnh 4- 4- 3.
B so snh 1 bit.

158
 2) B so snh 4 bit

a) Phng php so snh hai s nh ph&n nhiu bit

Qu trnh so snh hai s nh phn nhiu bit phi bt u t bit c trng s cao
nlit, ch khi no bit c trng s cao nht bng nhau th mi tip tc so snh n
bit c trng s thp hn]in k. ngha trng s khin vic 80 snh quyt nh
bi s c trng s ln. (V d quen thuc : so snh 901 v 899, sosnhs hng
trm 9 > 8, kt lun lun 901 > 899, khng n s hng chc v hng n
v ca chng)
b) B so snh 4 bit
So snh hai s nh phn A = v B = b3b2bjbg
Kt qu so snh G = 1 nu A = B gj= 1 nu a - b

L == 1 nu A > B ; l = 1 nii & > bj

M = 1 nu A < B ; ttj = 1 nu Si < bj

Bng 4- 4 - 4 ; BNG CHN L CA L

S3 g2 gl go 13 12 h lo L Thuyt minh
1...............
X X X X 1 X X X i
1 X X X X X X A > B
1 1 X X X X 1 X 1
1 1 1 X X X X 1 1

Bng 4- 4 -5 : BNG CHN L CA M

g3 g2 gl go m3 m2 mi ITlo M Thyl minh

....
X X X X X X X 1
1 X X X X 1 X X 1 A < B
1 1 X X X X 1 X 1
1 1 1 X X X X i 1

Khi lit k bng 4 -4 -4 v bng 4 -4 -5 , cn lu ce quan h ph nh nhau

ca cc b i n logic v mt s gi tr ca bin logic khng nh hng g n hm
logic. V d : Xt bng 4 -4 -4 .
Hng th nht, I3 ~ 1 chng t > bj, gj 1 (1.JJ = 1 ph nh = 1). V
Ej, bj c trng s ln nht, nn A > B, L = 1 khng ph thuc g vo gj, gj, go,
-p Ij, Ig, nn tng ng vi cc du cho "X".
Hng th hai, 3 = 1 chng t = bj, I3 ^ 1. I2 = 1 chng t aj > b2 , v
chng cd trng s th hai, nn A > B, L = 1 khng ph thuc g vo 2 , gj, go,
lj, tng ng vi cc du cho "X".

159
 Hng th ba, g 3 = g2 = 1 chng t = bj, aj = 2 , I3 t 1, I2 1, lj = 1 )
chng t Ej > bj, do A > B, L = 1,' khng ph thuc vo gj, g^, Ij tng ng
vi cc du cho "X".
Hng th t, g 3 = = gj = 1 (ag = h^, a 2 = bj, = bj, I3 5 1, I2 ^ 1,
* 1 ) 1^ = 1 chng t > b^, do d A > B, L = 1,^ 1.Tng
gi tr 1 u nh ducho "X".
Bng 4 -4 -5 cng c tm hiu v k ra mt cch tng t.
T bng 4- 4-4 ta c : L = I3 + g^. I2 + g3g2li + gagagi^o
T bng 4 -4 -5 ta c : M = m3 + g^ni2 + gjg 2 ^ i +
S logic hm L, M thc hin bng cng AND v OE trn hnh 4 -4 -4

3 > g2 > i l tn hiu u ra

B so snh bng nhau 1 bit
S3 = 7 b

2 =
= a ^ e b i

I3, k ^1> Iq 3 > 2> i> * 0

so snh 1 bit
I3 = Ojbj ; I2 = = ajbj ; = a^b^.

m3 = ijbg ; ni2 = 2b2 ;

H nh 4 - 4 - 4 . B so snh 4 bit.

4.4.3. ICMSI b so snh 4 bit

Hnh 4 -4 -5 l vi mch MSI b so snh 4 bit

Nhn xt s hnh 4 -4 -5 , ta thy rng MSI ny c s mch ph hp vi
cc s b so snh trnh by trn, n c thm 3 cng AND v 3 u vo iu
khin a > b, a < b, a = b.
Cc biu thc hm logic u ra L, M, G hon ton khng khc g vi cc biu
thc dn trn. Bng chn l ca b so snh 4 bithnh 4 -4 -5 l bng 4 -4 -6 .
Cho 1 = m = 0 , g = 1 , t s logic hnh 4 -4 -5 , theo tng cp t u ra, ta c
th vit cc hm u ra nh sau

L = I3 + g2 + --^i + 32i^o ^3^261 !

= 13+ gglz + g3g2l + S32lo+ 0

+ a3 0 b3 a20b 2 ajeb^a^b^

M = m3 + + gjgjmj + g3g2gim^ + g^g^g^gja

160
 Hnh 4~4S . B so snh 4 bit (M SI)
a) S mch in ;
b) K h i ^ .

= m3 + + g a g s m i + g a g jg im ^ + 0

= Sjbj + ij bjjbj + ^3 bj Ej bj j

+ ag E j b j aj bj

G = gjgagigoS
^3^221^0
= ag bj 02 2 bj

1t'CSKT.. 161
 Bng 4- 4 - 6 BNG CHN L B so SNH 4 B IT

u vo so snh u vo iu khin Du ra

1 m g L M G
a3b3 a2b2 a lb i aobo A == B
a > b a < b a = b A > B A < B

33 > b3 X X X X X X 1 0 0
S3 < b3 X X X X X X 0 1 0
33 = b3 32 > bz X X X X X 1 0 0
33 = b3 82 < b2 X X X X X 0 1 0
33 = b3 32 b2 al > bi X X X X I 0 0
33 = b3 32 = b2 ai < bi X X X X 0 1 0
83 - b3 32 = b ai = bi ao > bo X X X 1 0 0
33 = b3 32 = b2 ai = bi ao < bo X X X 0 1 . 0
33 b3 32 * b2 ai = bi ao = bo 1 0 0 1 0 0
33 = b3 82 - b2 ai =* bi ao = bo 0 1 0 0 1 0
33 = b3 82 = b2 ai = bi ao bo 0 0 1 0 0 1

4.5. B CNG

Thc hin cc php tnh l nhim v c bn ca my tnh s. Trong my tnh,

cc php cng tr nhn chia u quy v php tnh cng theo mt cch no, vy
php cng l php tnh c bn nht ca my tnh.

4.5.1. B cng na

B cng na l mch in thc hin php cng na, tc l php cng2 s 1

bit. Bng 4 -5 -1 l bng chn l ca php cng na,S l tng, B v bj lcc s
hng c cng, Cj l s nh sang bit trng s ln hn. Bng chn l 4 -5 -1 ch
thc hin php tnh i vi bn thn hai s aj, b m khng k n s nh chuyn
v t bit c trng s b hn. Vy mi cd tn l cng na. T bng 4 -5 -1 t a cd :
Si = b +. 1^.. a b
ab -=
U
C. = aU
a:b:
Hlnh 4 -5 -1 l s logic v k hiu b cng na

Bng 4- S - l : BNG CHN L B CNG NA

ai bi S Ci

0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
4

Hnh 4~S~L B cng na.

162
 4.5.2. B cng

B cng na khng p ng yu cu thc t cng hai s nhiu bit. v d cng

hai s A = EgEjaja^ = 1011 v B = b3b2bjbg = 1110
bit 3 bit 2 bit 1 bit 0
1 0 1 1 A
1 1 1 0 B
0 S nh chuyn ln
0
Qua v d, ta thy ; vic cng cc bit 3, bit 2, bit1 u km theo s nh,ngha
l c 3 s hng tham gia, gm 2 bit c cng v s nh chuyn ln t php cng
bit trng s b lin k. Php cng c nh c gi l cng , mch in thc hin
tng ng c gi l b cng . (Full Adder)
Bng 4 -5 -2 l bng chn l ca b cng , trong , b l hai bit c cng,
C_j l s nh chuyn ln t bit i-1 (b lin k) S l tng v Cj l s nh (phi
chuyn ln php cng ca bit i + 1).
Tin hnh ti thiu hta bng bng Karnaugh, xem hnh 4 -5 -2

Bng 4- 5 -2 ; BNG CHN L C A B C N G

ai bi CM sl Si

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

Hnh 4- S - 2.
Bng Karnaugh
bCi.i biCi-i
ca hm logic
00 01 11 10 i\ 00 01 11 10
u ra S, C.
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

1 l 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

a) Si b) Ci

T hnh 4 -5 -2 a , ta c :
= -1 + biC.i + a5iCi_i + abCi.i
= 5 ^ iC i-i + + b C .i )
= a (b i C i_ j) +

- a bi 0Ci _j

163
 T hlnh 4-5-2b, ta ct :
C = i b C .i + a.B C i_ i + a b

= (bi + aBi)Ci_i + abi

= (a i0 b i)C i_ j + S b

Hm logic ca Cj khng dng ti gin m c a bj ging nh trong hm S

nh vy s chung li n gin. Xem hnh 4 -5 -3

Hnh 4- 5- 3.

B cng d :

a) S d logic ;

b) K hiu. /^/M

L
k FA
f

-f

4.5.3. B cng c nh ni tip

Sau khi gii thiu b cng 1 bit, by gi chng ta xem xt b cng B nh

phn nhiu bit. Cd rt nhiu mch in khc nhau thc hin vic ny. T hy xem
xt c th b cng hai s nh phn 4 bt, trong s liu c cng cc bit a
vo song song, s nh chuyn ni tip t bit thp nht ln.
Hnh 4 -5 -4 gii thiu b cng 4 bt c cu trc bng 4 b cng 1 bit. V
phi i s nh t FA bit thp hn a ln, nn php FA ca bt cao thc hin
sau php FA ca bit thp. S nh chuyn ni tip t FA bit thp ln, tng bc
mt theo s bit.
u im ca b cng cc bit song song ct nh ni tip l : mch in n gin.
Nhc im ca nd l : tc thp. nng cao tc php cng, ta phi tm
cch rt ngn thi gian thc hin FA ca bit cao, trong c cch s nh chuyn
sm t FA ca bit cao.

83 bj aj b. al b aO bo

Ninh 4 -S -4, B cng 4 bit.

164
 4.6. B CHN KNH

B chn knh cn gi l b dn knh (MUX), cng gi l b chn d liu (DATA

SELECTOR). B chn knh thc hin di dng mt mng cc cng NORAND (hay
ORAND). n g dng ca nd rt rng. Chc nng logic c bn ca b chn knh l
i s iu khin ca tn
hiu chn (n u vo iu
khin) thc hin s chn ra
mt knh (trong s 2 " knh
u vo) thng tn hiu
knh c chn n u ra
(1 u ra).

Hnh 4 -6 -1 gii thiu b

chn knh ct 4 u vo
chn.
Trong hnh, B v A l
n = 2 u vo iu khin,
D3 , D 2 , Di, D l 2" = 4,
u vo d liu c chn,
Y l u ra, cn G l u
chn chip (cho php b chn Hnh 4- 6- 1. B chn kenh (M UX).
knh lm vic).
T S lo g ic h n h 4 -6 -1 ta v i t h m lo g ic u ra :
Y = GB D + GBADj + BD2 + BAD3

= G(BD^ + BADj + BD + BAD ) 2 3 (4-6-1)

Khi G = 1 th Y = 0, tc l b chn knh b cm, nd khng lm vic

Khi G = 0 th Y = B AD q + BADj + BADj + BADj (4-6-2)

Knh no c chn, ph thuc tn hiu chn (u vo iu khin).

Nu BA = 00 th Y = Dq, nu BA = 01 th Y = Dp nu BA = 10 th Y = D2 ,
Nu BA = 11 th Y = D 3 . Bng 4-6-1 l bng chc nng ca b chn knh.

Bng 4- 6 -1 ; BNG CHC NNG B CHN KNH

B A Do Di D2 D3 G H

X X X X X X H L
L L L X X X L L
L L H X X X L H
L H X L X X L L
L H X H X X L H
H L X X L X L L
H L X X H X L H
H H X X X L L L
H H X X X H L H

165
 C th vit rt gn bng 4 -6 -1 thnh dng n gin nh bng 4 -6 -2

Bng 4- 6 - 2 : BNG CH C NN G R T GN CA B CHN KNH

L
Do
Di
D2
Di

4.7. ROM (b nh ch c - Read Only Memory)

ROM cn gi l b nh c nh, v i d liu lu gi trong ROM khng d g thay

i, d liu ni chung khng thay i, ch c ra. Phn t nh trong ROM rt n
gin, do d IC ROM cd tch hp cao. C nhiu chng loi ROM. Cn c vo
phn t nh trong ROM, th c 3 loi : ROM it, ROM tranzito lng cc v ROM
tranzito trng (MOS). Cn c cch vit d liu vo ROM, cng c 3 loi : ROM
c nh (ROM mt n - Maskable ROM), PROM v EPROM. ROM c nh khi ch
to th nh my np sn d liu thng qua cng on mt n, ni dung khng
th thy i trong qu trnh s dng. PROM (ROM cd th np chng trnh -
Programable ROM) th ngi s dng c th np chng trnh vo (bng mt thit
b c bit), nhng d liu ch c vit vo PROM mt ln m thi, sau d khng
th thay i. Ni dung lu gi trong EPROM(erasableROM) th c th thay i
(vit mi) bng mt thit b c bit. Nhng do qu trnhvit mi phinphc, nn
thng thng ch tin hnh c.

4.7.1. B nh c nh ch c (ROM)

ROM c nh c 3 phn mch : b gii m a ch, ma trn phn t nh, v

mch in u ra. Hnh 4 -7 -1 gii thiu mch n n gin nht l ROM it.
+

Hnh 4- 7- 1. _ _ _ 11_ _
R O M it.
[k H S J X ________ k i

/77^ cA/^

166
 Dng phng php phn tch logic, ta vit c :
Hm logic tn hiu trn cc dy t :
. W3 =
Hm logic tn hiu u ra :
D3 = \V3Wj = A,A. = A,

D2 = W3W2W = A,A = AjA +

= A. + Ao
Dj = W3W, =

Do = W,W^ =

Bng 4 - 7 - 1 : BNG CHN L CA ROM I T

Ai Ao D3 D2 Di Do

0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 i 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0

T bng chn l, ta thy s hnh 4 -7 -1 thc cht l mt b chuyn m t

m AjAq sang m D3D2 DjDq. Qu trnh din ra nh sau :b gii m a ch tin
hnh gii m AjAq, ma trn 4 cng AND it (u racaAND it l dy bit,
u vo ca AND it l dy t qua it ni dy bit tng ng) v b o (mch
in u ra) thc hin vic m hta i vi tn hiu u ra b gii m. Cui cng
ta cd m D 3D2DjDq.
Trong mch in hnh 4 -7 -1 , cc t m ca tn
hiu u vo v u ra cd quan h n tr. V vy,
ngi ta thng xem t m u vo AjAq l a ch
ca t m D3 D2DjDq c lu gi trong ROM, cn
bn thn D 3D 2D 2Dq c xem l ni dung d liu
c lu gi a chi tng ng AjAp. Trong ma 5^
trn phn t nh, ng ngang chn t gi tt
l dy t, ng c chn bit gi tt l dy bit.
Ch giao nhau gia dy t dy bit c gi l phn
t nh. Iki phn t nh, nu c it th d liu lu
gi l 1, nu khng c it th d liu lu gi l 0.
Ni dung d liu lu gi trong ma trn nh khng
th thay i sau khi hon thnh ch to ra ROM,
tc l ch c m khng vit c...
4 4
Hnh 4 -7 -2 l ma trn phn t nh dng tranzito
trng MOS (c ni dung nh nh mach hnh 4-7-1).
\ Hnh 4- 7- 2. Ma trn th
Tai phn t nh (ni giao nhau gia dy t v dy
^ ^ ^ ' c a ROM NMOS.

167
bit) nu cd tranzito MOS thi ni dung lu gi l 1, nu khng ct th l 0). Nguyn
l cng tc mch hnh 4 -7 -2 ging nh mch hnh 4 -7 -1 . Ch lu tn hiu dy
t tch cc mc cao. (Cng c th dng tranzito lng cc cu trc ma trn
nh ca ROM).
Khi ch to ma trn nh ca ROM, cn c ni dung cn lu gi m thit k
mt n. iu ny chi c li khi s lng sn xut ln (v ch tc mt n v cc
cng on lin quan ti thi gian, gi thnh cao). Trong trng hp s lng sn
xut khng ln, dng PROM kinh t hn.

4.7.2. B nh ch c c th ghi trnh t (PROM)

Khi xut xng, PROM cd cc phn t nh u l 1,

ngi s dng cn c nidung cn l tr m ty chn
phn t nh no khng thay i (1), phn t nh -no phi
thay i (0) thc hin thao tc vit vo b nh. Nhng
ch mt ln vit m thi.
Hinh 4 -7 -3 gii thiu mt phn t nh PROM, gm ct Cc/
mt tranzito lng cc v mt cu ch (hp kim Ni Cr...).
Khi xut xng, cu ch ca cc phn t nh u thng. Hnh 4- 7- 3.
Ngi s dng mun ghi bit 1 vo phn t nh no thi Phn t nh PROM .
gi nguyn cu ch, mun ghi bit 0 vo phn t nh no
th lm cu chl t bng dng in ln theo quy nh. Cu ch ca phn t nh
t ri th khng ct cch ^ ni li nh C c, tc l khng thay i ni dung
c na.
Ngoi hnh thc cu ch, ngi ta cn ch to PROMdng itSchottky thay
th phng n cu ch trn. Khi xut xng, tt c cc itSchottky u ngt (
trng thi phn cc ngc), tng ng bit 0. to ra bit 1, ngi s dng phi
t in p ngc ln it Schottky nh thng to thnh chp cc thng
mch vnh vin.

4.7.3. B nh ch c c th vit li (EPROM)

Thc tin lun cd nhu cu sa cha, i mi mt s

d liu no d trong ROM, do vy ngi ta khng tha
mn vi ROM c nh v PROM. EPROM gii quyt v
p ng nhu cu trn nn c ng ng rng ri. Hin
nay EPROM s dng phn t nh trn c s tranzito
FAMOS (Floating - gate Avalanche - injection Metal
Oxide Semiconductor - Bn dn oxt kim loi phun -
cc cng thc l th ni). Hnh 4 -7 -4 trnh by kt cu
tranzito FAMOS. N c bn l tranzito MOS cc cng
S knh p. im khc bit ca n l cc cng hon ton
b SO2 cch li, nn trng thi "bng bnh", v ct tn
cc cng th ni. Cc ny vn khng mang in, nn
khng cd knh dn gia cc ngun s v cc mng D,
Hnh 4- 7- 4.
tranzito FAMOS trng thi ngt. Nhng nu t in
Kt cu tranzito FAMOS.

168
p tng i ln (-30V chng hn) gia D v s, lm cho chuyn tip PN gia cc
mng D v b nh thng thc l, in t trong vng ngho kit nh in trng
mnh gia tc ln bay t vng ra ngoi. Do tc cao, c mt phn in t
xuyn qua lp oxt tng i mng ti cc cng th ni,chng c tn tr
. Qu trnh ny gi l phun thc l. Khi khng cn in p tgia D vs, v
in tch cc cng khng c li thot i, nn bo tn lu di ti cc cng, (
100c, mt nm suy gim cha ti 1%). iu chnh bin v thi gian ca in
p gia DS, th cd th iu khin lng in t phun vo. Khi cc cng c
nhiu in t (in tch m) th c th to ra knh dn gia D v s lm cho
tranzito FAMOS tr thnh thng. Nu dng tia cc tm hoc tia X chiu vo tranzito
FAMOS lm trung ha in tch cc cng, knh dn bin mt, tranzito FAMOS
tr li trng thi ngt. tin tin hnh vic kh b knh dn, khi bao gi, ngi
ta mt ca s thch anh cho vic chiu x khi cn.
Hnh 4 -7 -5 gii thiu EPROM cu trc t
tranzito trng, mi phn t nh gm mt
tranzito MOS ni tip vi mt tranzito FAMOS.
Dy t iu khin cc cng. Khi xut xng,
tt c FAMOS u trng thi h mch. /
Ngi s dng cn c vo d liu cn lu
gi, a xung in p m vo dy bit
chn, li iu khin dy t cho MOS theo
a ch thng dn. FAMOS dy bit chn
s nh thng thc l, phun in t vo cc
cng ca nd.
Khi c ra, dy t chn hng phn t nh,
FAMOS no c in t phun vo cc cng
ca n s dn in, dy bit tng ng s c
mc cao ; FAMOS no khng c in t phun
vo cc cng th h mch, dy bit tng ng Hnh 4- 7- 5. M a trn nh EPROM.
s c mc thp.
Cn lu rng tranzito FAMOS c th c nhng hnh thc cu trc khc vi
cu trc c gii thiu trn y.

4.8 MNG LOGIC LP TRNH (PLA)

Hnh 4 -8 -1 gii thiu PLA cu trc t

mt mng cng AND v mt mng cng
OR. Mng cng AND thc hin php nhn
logic cc bin s trong cc tn hiu u
vo Aq -- Tn hiu u ra Pq -i-
l tch (Hi) ca cc bin s u vo. Mng

tch --
cng OR thc hin php cng logic cc
Tn hiu u ra ca mng
OR (cng l ca PLA) l tng (Tuyn) ca
cc tch . Ttm li, u ra PLA ta c
hm logic di dng chun tc tuyn. Ngi
s dng PLA ty thit k tng ca nhng Hnh 4 -8 -1 . S khi cu trc ca PLA.

12a -C SK T ..
169
 tch no, tch ca nhng bin no. Vy cu trc hnh 4 -8 -1 c gi l mng logic
lp trnh PLA.
Mi ngi u bit rng mt hm logic
bt k c th biu th di dng chun
tc tuyn (ORAND). Vy dng PLA thc
hin hm logic dng chun tc tuyn
v cng thun tin. VI chng ta a bin 5?
logic n u vo PLA, thit k cc tch
bng mng AND, sau thit k cc tng
ca cc tch bng mng OR th u ra
PLA l hm logic chun tc tuyn cn ct.
r
>
Qua v d tng i n gin di y,
chng ta s thy c th nguyn l cng
tc ca PLA. >*'
Hnh 4 -8 -2 trinh by mng c 5 cng w. >
NAND PMOS. ^ W4 l bin s u vo.
Yq -- Y4 l hm s u ra; c im cng
tc ca tranzito trng PMOS l : thng %
dn khi in p mc thp cc cng, h
ngt khi in p mc cao cc cng. Vy
ta c bng chc nng k bng 4-8-1. Hn/i 4- 8- 2. Mng cng NA N D PMOS.

p dng logic dng (mc cao H biu th 1, mc thp L biu th 0), ta c th

vit ra cc hm Y t Bng 4 -8 -1 :
Yo = w o W,2
= W,W3W,
Y2 = W3 (4 -8 -1 )
Y3 = Bng 4-8-1 : BNG CH C N N G

Y4 = W3W,

Wo Yo W 1 W3 W4 Yi W3 Y2

L L H L L L H L H
L H H L L H H H L
H L H L H L H

H H L L H H H
H L L H
H L H H
' - H H L H
I H H H L
---------
y .i y t Yj

Wo Y3 W3 W4 Y4
L L H L L H
L H H L H H
'
H L H H L H
H H L H H L

Hnh 4 - 8 - 3 . PLA 2 cp mng cog NAND.

170
 PLA hnh 4 -8 -3 gm 2 mng cng NAND PMOS. n gin hnh v, irt chm
m biu th tranzito PMOS ti ch giao nhau. T hnh 4 -8 -3 ta cd

Zo = ,Y3
Zi =
(4-8-2)
Z3 = W 4
Z4 =

Thay biu thc (4-8-1) vo (4-8-2), p dng nh l Demoorgan ta ct :

Zo = W1W3W, +
Z j = W3
Z2 = + W3W, (4-8-3)
Z = WW +
3 2+ W W, 3

Z4 = W 1W 3W ,

Tuy rng hnh 4 -8 -3 cu trc bng hai mng cng NAND, nhng kt qu ca
cch u ni th hin hm u ra (4 -8-3) chng t rng s hnh 4 -8 -3 tng
ng hnh 4 -8 -1 . Dng s cu trc hnh 4 -8 -3 , a tn hiu u vo n u
vo mng trn (Wj), cn c tch cc bin u vo m thit k v tr tranzito MOS,
ri cn c tng cc tch m thit k v tr tranzito MOS trong mng di ; hin
nhin i vi ton b s hnh 4 -8 -3 (hai mng) th u ra ta ct hm logic
dng chun tc tuyn theo yu cu thit k.
Trong PLA c IC ha, khng ch ct cc mng OR - AND trn y, m cn
cd cc b o cho tn hiu u vo, v cc cng 3 trng thi m u ra. Vy
trn 1 chip, ta c th cu trc bt c mng t hp no. Nu thm vo chip t
mt s Flip Flop (s gii thiu sau) thl ta c th cu trc c cc mch s nti
chung (bao gm mch dy). Cng nh ROM c sn xut ra thnh cc loi ROM
c nh, PROM, EPROM, PLA cng c sn xut ra thnh cc loi PLA c nh,
PLA cd th np chng trnh v PLA cd th vit mi.
Chng ta cd th thy rng kt cu mch in mng cng trong PLA ging
nhau vi ma trn nh trong ROM. Chng khc nhau phng thc cng tc. u
vo PLA l cc bin logic, c th nhiu bin ng thi tc ng. u vo ma trn
nh trong ROM l tn hiu gii m a ch, mt ln chl tc ng vo mt dy t.
Gi s cn thc hin cng mt hm logic phc tp no , thl phn t nh ca
PLA t hn nhiu so vi s phn t nh ca ROM tng ng, v vy ng dng
v sn xut IC PLA ngy cng rng ri.

4.9. NGUY HIM CHY UA TRONG CC MCH T H p

Nguy him chy ua l hin tng trong mch t hp xut ra tn hiu gi, vn
l nhng xung nhiu qu khi tn hiu u vo chuyn i trng thi. Nu ph
ti ca mch xt nhy cm i vi xung nhiu nh Flip Flop chng hn, th cn
txn cch tr b nguy him chy ua.

171
 4.9.1. Nguyn nhn sinh ra hin tng nguy him chy ua

Trong mch s, mt cng bt k m c hai tn hiu u vo ng thi chuyn

i trng thi theo hng ngc nhau (v d, t 01 sang 10) th c th sinh ra
xung nhiu u ra. Ta minh ha iu ny bng cng AND (TTL) hnh 4 -9 -1 .
Vi chc nng ca cng AND, z = A.B. Nu AB = 01, hay AB = 10 th ng l
z phi lun lun l 0.
Hinh 4- 9- 1.

Nguy him chy ua ro (n

ca cng A N D :

a) cng A ND (TTL) ;
Krr
s-
A
b) D c tnh tniyn t
in p ca cng A ND ; / 5 /oO
c) X ung nhiu sinh ra do
nguy him chy ua. ) c)

Trong qu trnh chuyn i t 01 sang 10 c th sinh ra xung nhiu v :

1- Tn hiu A, B khng th t bin, s chuyn i trng thi u tri qua thi
gian qu .
2 - S chuyn i trng thi ca tn hiu A v B xy ra c sm mun so vi
nhau (qung ng truyn tn hiu khc nhau, tr truyn t ca mch in khng
hon ton bng nhau).
Chng hn, tn hiu A tng ln mc kha cng V q p p trc khi tn hiu B
gim xung n mc
md cng Vqj^, khi
u ra z s sinh ra
\
xung nhiu dng. Cn
trong trng hp tn
(^) 5
hiu B gim xung n
Vq^ trc khi tn hiu
A t n g n V q p p th (/)
i khng sinh ra xung
nhiu. Vy mch in
C / )
c nguy him chy ua B
khng phi nht nh y
phi c xung nhiu ( ) Zo ;^ )
u ra. Tuy nhin, ta
Mi
khng th bit trc
chnh xc s sai lch
gy ra sm mun nti ) i)
trn. Vy ngha hin
tng nguy him chy Hnh 4- 9- 2. B gii m nh phn 2 bit :
ua l kh nng sinh a) S logic :
ra xung nhiu. b) Xung nhiu do nguy him chy u a sinh ra.

172
 Hnh 4 -9 -2 l mt v d v xung nhiu Bng 4-9-2. B N G CHN L MCH I N
sinh ra do nguy him chy ua. Gi s HN H 4 - 9 - 2
tn hiu u vo chuyn i trng thi
theo chiu mi tn trn bng 4 -9 -2 . B A B A BA BA BA BA
Theo th thi gian hnh 4-9-2b, tng 0 0 1 1 1 0 : 0 0
ng sai lch thi gian qu tn hiu A
v B c th sinh ra xung nhiu u ra
cng AND M4 , tng ng sai lch thi gian 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
tr truyn t ca v c th sinh _TL
ra xung nhiu u ra cng AND Mj. 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
l nhng xung nhiu sinh ra khi BA chuyn
y
t 0 1 sang 1 0 (nh du -T~Ltrong bng
4 -9 -2 ) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

4.9.2. Phng php tr b nguy him chy ua

C nhiu phng php nhn bit mt mch t hp c nguy him chy ua.
Phng php trc quan hn c l k bng chn l cho tng cp mch in xt. Tm
xem cng no chu tc ng ca tn hiu u vo ng thi 0 sang 1 v 1 sang 0 .
Phn on kh nng sinh ra xung nhiu u ra ca ton mch xt, tc l c
nguy him chy ua hay khng. Nu ph ti ca mch xt nhy cm vi xung nhiu
th cn tm cch tr b nguy him chy ua. Di y gii thiu my phng php
thng dng.

1) a vo xung
kha M4 Ct
Trn hnh 4 -9 -3 ,
xung m l xung - >
khda a vo trong
thi gian qu M6 >
i\i
khta cng Mp M4 .
(Nh trnh by 4
trn, Mj v M4 cd Mi
nguy him chy
L_ I I
ua). Xung P j phi
ng b vi chuyn 1 4 \_
i trng thi tn )
hiu vo v khng
Hnh 4-9-3. Cc phng php tr b nguy him chy ua.
nh hn thi gian
qu At.

2) a vo xung m

Trn hnh 4 -9 -3 , xung dng P 2 l xung dng m thng mch, a vo sau

thi gian qu , lc mch t n trng thi n nh mi, m thng Mj v
M4 . Tn hiu u ra ca Mj v by gi c dng xung b rng bng xung m

173
Pj. V d, khi tn hiu u vo BA = 11, Z3 khng tc thi chuyn ln mc cao,
ch khi xut hin P2 , Z3 mi hnh thnh xung dng.

3) Mc thm t lc

VI xung nhiu do nguy him chy ua to ra l rt hp (hp hn thi gian qu

At) nn c th mc thm mt t in lc (in dung khng ln) u ra
tr b. l trn hnh 4 -9 -3 . i vi mch TTL, cd in dung vi trm pF
l suy gim bin xung nhiu n mc khng ng k.

4) Sa i thit k logic

Khi nguy him chy ua do mt bin s chuyn i trng thi gy ra, th cd

th dng sa i thit k logic tr b. Xt v d sau.
Gi s hm logic cho l z = AB + AC
S logic ca hm ny l ng nt
lin trn hnh 4 -9 -4 .
Khi B = c_= 1 th
z = AB +_AC = A . 1 + A . 1
z = A + A
Hm logic ny chng t xut hin nguy
him chy ua khi tn hiu u vo A
chuyn i trng thi. Cn c cng thc
17 chng 3(3-1-36), ta cd :
z = AB + c = AB + C + BC
Tng ng ta thm cng Mj (ng nt
t) trn s hnh 4 -9 -4 , khi B = c =
1 thi u ra M5 l mc thp, kha
khng th sinh ra xung nhiu u ra
m n h 4- 9- 4. Sa i thit k
na.
logic tr b nguy him chy ua.

Hnh 4 -9 -5 l bng Karnaugh ca hm logic AC

z = AB + AC. Ta cd th nhn bit nguy him
chy ua kh xem xt bng Karnaugh : Hai s
hng C v B l in k. ( m3 = BC lin k
= ABG). Tk cng da vo bng Karnaugh 0 0 0
(1
m tim cch tr b nguy him chy ua = thm
vo hm logic mt s hng tng ng hai in
1 0 0 0
k m 3 v niy, s hng BC (nt t trn hnh 4 -9 -5 ),
vy z = AB + c + BC.
Xt thm v d di y.
V d 4-9-_^xt xem mch t hp thc hin
hm s z = A B C + BD + ACD ct nguy him chy
ua khi mt bin s chuyn itrng thi. Nu Hnh 4- 9-S . Bng Karnaugh
c th tm cch tr b. ca hm logic z.

174
 ACD

CD
AB\ 00 01 11 10
00 1 11 0 0
1 i 'I
01 0 LU 1 0 -A B C
-------^
_-'J l___J1 1i i1
M 1
| J ---------1 1
11 0 1 c i ; \ )
10 0 0 0 A 1

1
Hnh 4- 9 - 6 : Bng Karnaugh ca hm logic.

Hnh 4- 97. Sd logic.

Bi gii :
V bng Karnaugh ca hm logic
z = ABC + BD + ACD
nh hnh 4 -9 -6 .
Hai s hng A B c v BD_lin _k, hai s hng ACD_y BD cng lin k. Vy c
nguy_him chy ua. (Khi A = C = D = 1 t h l Z = B + B , khi A = B = c th
z = D + D)
Cch tr b nguy him chj;_ua l thm vo hai s hng tng ng cc lin
k (nt t trn hnh 4 -9 -6 ) A CD v ABC, Hnh 4 -9 -7 i s logic ca hm :
z = A BC + BD + ACD + CD + ABC
s tuy phc tp thm, nhng tr b nguy him chy ua.
Chng ta hy so snh 4 phng php tr b nguy him chy ua a trinh by
trn y. Hai phng php u tng i n gin, khng lm tng s linh kin.
Nhng chng b hn ch ch phi tm c xung khda hay xung m. Nhng xung
ny c yu cu chnh xc cao v b rng v thdi gian. Mc thm t lc c u im
n gin d m, nhng lm xu dng sng u ra, iu l khng th chp nhn
trong mt s tnh hung no . Phng php sa i thit k logic kh l l tng
khi cc IC c sn cc cng cn cha dng n trong mch.

TM TT

Trong chng ny, chng ta gii thiu mch logic t hp. Mch t hp do
cc phn t logic c bn cu trc nn. c im ca mch t hp l tn hiu u
ra thi im bt k no cng ch ph thuc vo tn hiu u vo thi im d
m khng lin quan g n trng thi vn cd ca mch.
Mch t hp l v cng nhiu, ta khng th xem xt ht trng trnh by trn
y. Trng tm ca chng ta l nm vng c im mch t hp v phng php
chung thit k, phn tch mch t hp. v vy, chng ta gii thiu mt cch
chn lc b m ha, b gii m, b so snh, b cng , b chn knh, ROM, PLA...

175
trong qu trnh , ta xem xt phng php phn tch v phng php thit k
mch t hp,
Khi phn tch mch t hp cho, ta c th vit ra hm logic u ra cho tng
cp ca s , ri tin hnh ti thiu ha hm logic biu th r rng quan
h logic gia u ra vi u vo. Cc bc thit k mch t hp c gii thiu
trong phn u. Cn lu thm rng phi xem xt nguy him chy ua khi ph
ti nhy cm vi xung nhiu. Nu cd, phi tm cch tr b. (Nu ph ti ch tip
thu mc in mt chiu u ra th khng cn kim tra nguy him chy ua).
Vic ti thiu hda hm logic l rt quan trng. V vic ny lm cho mch logic
n gin, kinh t. Chng ta mong mun mch in cng t linh kin cng tt, s
u vo ca mch cng cng khng th qu nhiu.

BI TP

4 -1 . c im mch t hp v mt chc nng logic v cu trc mch.

4 -2 . Gii thiu phng php phn tch mch t hp.
4 -3 . Nhim v thit k logic mch t hp l g ? Thuyt minhccbc thit k.
4 4. Phn tch nguyn l cng tc mch b m ha di y
a - B m ha h m no.
b - Khi chuyn mch W3 ni, trng thi
u ra Y2, Yp Yq nh th no.
c - Khi chuyn mch ni, trng thi ^4 fs

u ra Y2 , Yp Yq nh th no.

0
n ^

\
^7

p/r
_

4 -5 . Hy thit k mch in kim tra l cd 3 u vo, 1 u ra. Chc nng

logic ca mch nh sau : nu cc tn hiu u vo cd s l mc cao th u ra
c mc cao, ngc li u ra c mc thp.
4 -6 . Th no l m hda v b m ha. Ti sao c th xem tn hiu u vo b
m ha l cc bin khng cng nhau.
4 -7 . Hy thit k b m ha vo l s thp phn, u ra l m vng d 3.
(Bng 4 -2 -5 )
4 -8 . Hy thit k mch kim tra chn l ca m nh phn 8 bt. Nu s bt
trong t m l chn th u ra l 1. Ngc li, l 0.

176
 4 -9 . Gii m v b gii m l g ? Ti sao nhng trng thi u vo no khng
xut hin ct th gip x l ti thiu ha.
4 -1 0 . Hy thit k b gii m nh phn 4 bt.
4 -1 1 . Hy thit k mch in ly biu quyt a s 3 u vo, 1 u ra. Chc
nng ca mch l : tn hiu u ra c mc theo a s mc tn hiu u vo. Xem
bng chn l di y :

Du vo
A B
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 0
1 1
1 1
u ra
c
0 0
1 0
0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
0 1
1 1

4 -1 2 . Hy thit k mch t hp
tha mn bng chn l sau :
A B c z

0 0 0 0
0 0 l 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

4 -1 3 . Hy thit k mch t hp chuyn t m nh phn 4 bt sang m Gray.

4 -1 4 . Hy thit k mch t hp chuyn t m vng d 3 sang m BCD 8421.
4 -1 5 . Hy thit k mch t hp, u vo DCBA l s nh phn 4 bt, u ra l
z. Khi DCBA chia ht cho 3 th z = 1, nu khc th z = 0.
4 -1 6 . Trong b gii m kch hin th bn dn 7 thanh hnh 4-3 -1 3 , khi u vo
DCBA xut hin 1010 -i- 1111 th u ra b gii m xut hin trng thi g. Hin
th 7 thanh tng ng s hin th s g ?
4 -1 7 . B so snh l g. Hy k bng chn l so snh A = v B = bjb^.
u ra l G, L, M.
4 -1 8 . B cng na, b cng l p . Hy v cc b cng cu true t cng
NAND.
I
4 -1 9 . Hy thit k b tr, u vo l s tr, s b tr v s nh chuyn v t
bit thp ln. u ra l hiu s v s nh chuyn ln bt cao h0fi.
4 -2 0 . Hy thit k b nhn, u vo l 2 s nh phn 2 bl
ra l tch s (s nh phn 4 bit).

177
 4 -2 1 . B chn knh l g ? Chc nng c bn ca n l Di y l bng
chc nng b chn knh ;
Hy vit hm logic u vo chn u ra

W - Hy v B logic thc c B A w
hin. (Dng b o, v cng L L L Do
NRAND) L L H D
L H L Di
Do. ... Dn u vo d L H H D3
iu. H L L Da
H L H D5
H H L D
H H H D?

4-22. Di y l bng chc nng ca chuyn mch - chn knh u ra 3 trng

thi :

Du vo chn u vo d liu iu khin ra D u ra

Ghi ch ;
B A Co Ct C2 C3 G Y
z ltr n g thi
tr khng cao
X X X X X X H z
L 1. L X X X L L
L L H X X X L H
L H X L X X L L
L H X H X X L H
H L X X L X L L
H L X X H X L H
H H X X X L L L
H H X X X H L H

4 -2 3 . ROM l g. C nhng loi ROM no. c im tng loi.

4 - 2 4 . Hy vit hm chun tc tuyn ti thiu hta ca u ra Dg, Dj, Dj,
D q ca ROM it hnh 4 - 7 - 1 . Hy v s logic thc hin bng cng AND
v cng OR.
4 -2 5 . Hy thit k b chuyn m dng ROM ma trn phn t nh 16 X 4,u
vo l m nh phn 4 bt BjBjBiBq, u ra l ma Gray 4 bit G3 G2 G1GQ.
4 -2 6 . PLA l g ? So vi ROM th c ^ khc bit.
4 -2 7 . Hy dng PLA thit k b chuyn m bi tp 4-25. Mng cng AND
c 8 u vo, 7 u ra, mng cng OR c 4 u ra.
4 -2 8 . Nguy him chy ua l g ? Lm th no phn on nguy him chy ua
trong mch t hp.
4 -2 9 . Cho bng chn sau, hy thit k b gii m tng ng
Hy xt xem kh nng nguy him chy ua ca mch (gi s th tbin i
tn hiu u vo theo nh bng)

178
 u vo Du ra

4 -3 0 . Trong hnh v di y, nu tn hiu u vo chuyn i trng thi theo

hng ngc nhau, th tn hiu u ra ct chc to ra xung nhiu kbng. iu kin
no thi sinh ra xung nhiu ? iu kin no th khng ?

t>

179
 Chng 5

MCH FLIP - FLOP

5.1. MT S CU TRC MCH THNG GP CA FLIP - FLOP

Tn hiu s nh phn ltn hiu c bn trong mch s FF lphn t c bn

lu tr (nh) tn hiu nh phn, v mt bt tn hiu nh phn cd th nhn mt
trong hai gi tr 0, 1 nn FF ti thiu cn c chc nng sau :
1 - Ct hai trng thi n nh, trng thi 0 v trng thi 1,
2 - C th tip thu, lu tr v a ra tn hiu vo.
ng nhin, thc tin cn ra cc yu cu khc. Tit ny trnh by vn :
mch in nh th no m bo cc chc nng ni trn.

5.1.1. Flip flop RS c bn

1) Cu trc mch v k hiu

*. 47
Hnh 5 -1 -1 trnh by s logic v k
hiu logic ca Flip Flop RS c bn. Mch
in gm hai cng NAND ni ghp cho. R, L J.
s l cc tn hiu u vo, du gch ngang
trn k t biu th tn hiu hot ng
mc thp (mt khuyn trn trong k hiu
logic biu th iu t). Nti cch khc, u
vo mc thp biu th ct tn hiu, u ir . ir )
vo mc cao biu th khng c tn hiu.
Q v Q biu th trng thi ca FF, ng
thi biu th u ra.
inh 5- 7- 7. Flip Fop RS c bn :

2) Nguyn l lm vic a) S logic ; b) K iiiu ogic.

a) Hai trng thi n nh

Khi khng cd tn hiu, tc l R = s =
trng thi 0_v trng thi 1. y, chng
gi Q = 1, Q = 0 l trng 1. trng
cng B 1 ^ B ngt, duy tr Q = 1. M Q
cng vi s = 1 lm cho cng A thng, duy
1, mch c h_ trng thi n nh -
ta gi Q = 0, Q= 1 l trng thi 0,
thi 0, v Q = 0 hi tip n u vo
= 1 li hi tip n u vo cng A,
tr Q = 0. Do , mch hon ton t

180
 dng duy tr trng th^ 0. Tng _t^, trng thi 1, Q = 1 v R = 1 lm cho
cng B thng, duy tr Q = 0. M Q = 0 li lm cho cng A ngt, duy tr Q = 1.
Vy trng thi 1 cng c t gi.
b) Qu trnh tip thu tn hiu
Gi s FF trng thi 0, chng ta a mt xung m vo cMu s. Mch in s
chuyn bin nhanh sang trng thi 1. V xung m u vo s, sau thi gian tr
truyn t 1 cp cng tpjj th cng A t thng sang ngt, u ra Q t 0 sang 1.
Li sau thi gian tr truyn t 1 cp
cng na, th cng B t ngt sang
thng, u ra Q t 1 sang 0. Vy sau
thi gian 2tp^ FF hon thnh chuyn
bin trng thi t 0 sang 1. Lc_ny,
f
d cho mt tn hiu u vo, v Q = 0
hi tip dn n u vo cng A, FF
cd th t ng duy tr trng thi 1, m
' khng tr li trng thi 0. v th, xung
xn u vo c gi l xung kch.
Gi s FF_ trng thi 1, a xung
m vo u R. Qu trnh tng t s
Hnh S - l - 1.
xy ra, sau thi gian FF chuyn
Dng sng ca Flip Flop RS c bn.
t trng thi 1 sang trng thi 0. (xem
dng sng hnh 5-1 -2 )
V tn hiu _u vo s cth v ch cd th thit lp FF trng thi 1, tn
hiu u vo R c th_v ch cd th xda FF v trng thi 0, nn thng gi s
l u vo t (set) v R l u vo xa (Reset).

Nu xem xt qu trnh chuyn bin trng thi t m hn, chng ta s thy rng :
v hai mch NAND ni ghp cho nn khng nhng FFc th t gi khi khng cd
tn hiu, m cn xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng trong mch FF mi khi c
xung kch to iu kin FF nhanh chng hon thnh chuyn trng thi, v d,
trong qu trnh thit lp 1, h s gim n mc m cng, mc'u Q s t ^ g ln,
hi tip n u vo cng B, lm cho cng B chuyn t ngt sang thng, Q gim
mc, hi tip n u vo cng A, li_ cng lm cho cng A ngt su hn, Q tng
mc hn na, kt qu cng lm cho Q gim mc thm... C vy, sng dn gid dp
nh bo tp, nh thc l, lm cho cng A ngt rt nhanh, cng B thng rt nhanh,
FT chuyn trng thi t 0 sang 1 trong thi gian cc ngn. Thng qua u Reset
R, cng c qu trnh phn hi dng tng t. Chnh v th, d cho sn trc
xung kch (xung m) khng dc lm, th u ra ca FF ta vn nhn c cc
xung c sn rt dc.

c) Khng cho php dng thi a tn hiu vo c R v s . Khi dng loi FF ny

n^phn t nh, khng_c_php ng thi a tn hiu kch vo c hai u vo
R, s,jt c l trng _thi R = s = 0 b cm. Do c tnh mch cng NAND, khi
R = s = 0 th Q, Q ng thi bng 1, phn t nh m khng phi l trng thi 0,
cng khng phi l trng thi 1 nh th th u cn l phn t nh na ! Mt
khc, khi R, s ng thi t 0 v 1 (b tn hiu) th trng thi ca FF l bt nh,
co th l 0, cng c th l 1. V rng nhng nhn t quyt nh trng thi FF lc
ny l khng c cch no bit trc chnh xc c, chng hn s khc nhau rt

181
nh c tnh ng ca ha cng NAND hay tnh hung nhu thi im xt. ng
nhin, nu hai u vo R, s l khng ng thi, trng thi FF c th xc nh sau
khi b tn hiu.
d) Bng chc nng v phng trnh dc trung
T dng k hiu Q" biu th trng thi FF trc khi tip thu tn hiu, gi l
trng thi hin ti, dng k hiu biu th trng thi FF sau khi tip thu tn
hiu, gi l trng thi tip theo. Quan h logic gia v Q", R, s biu th bng
bng chc nng (bng chn l) m t s chuyn i trng thi xy ra nh bng
5 -1 -1 di y

Bnz S - 1 - 1 ; BNG CH C N N G CA F L IP FLO P RS

CO BN
\ r

R lH+1 00 01 11 10
0 0 1 X 0

1 1 1 X 0

Hnh S -1 -3 .
Bng Karnaugh ca Q
n+l

Trong bng, bai trng thi Q"RS = 011, 111 l b cm, tng ng nh du
cho (x ) ct Q''^ trong khi ti thiu hta c th s dng.
Chng ta ct th xem Q", R, s l cc bin logic, l hm logic ca cc bin
trn. T bng 5-1 -1 ta v bng Karnaugh ca nh hnh 5 -1 -3 . Cn c vo
bng Karnaugh ta c phng trnh c trng sau ca FF :
= s + RQ"
RS = 0 (rng buc t trng thi cm)
Bng chc nng v phng trinh c _
trng l phng php biu din s hc Q
quan h logic gia trng thi hin ti
Q", cc tn hiu u vo R, s vi trng
thi tip theo ca Flip Flop RS c bn. I I
Chng miu t y chc nng logic [ Q
ca nd.

3) FUp Flop RS c bn dng cng NOR /? 5

Xem hlnh 5 -1 -4 , so snh vi hnh

5 -1 -1 , ta thy c 2 im khc bit :
v tr R, s o v mc tch cc ca tn
hiu cng o (khng c du gch
Hnh 5 -1 -4 . Flip Flop RS c bn dng cng N O R .
ngang). Cc u vo R, s mc cao
a) Sd logic b) K hiu logic
biu th c tn hiu, mc thp biu

182
th khng c tn hiu. Cn cvo tnh cht cng NOR, chng ta c th tm hiu
nguyn l cng tc v vit ra bng chc nng, phng trnh c trng ca mch
ny.
Khi R = s = 1 th Q, Q ng thi bng 0, l trng thi cm.

4) c im c bn

u im : mch n gin, c th nh 1 bt, l c s cu trc cc FF hon

ho hn.
Nhc im : tn hiu trc tip iu khin trng thi u ra, ng dng b hn
ch, tn hiu vo rng buc ln nhau (khng trng thi cm).

5.1.2. Flip flop RS ng b

1) Cu trc mch v k hiu

khc phc nhc im ca loi Flip

Flop RS c bn l trc tip iu khin, ngi
ta thm vo hai cng iu khin v mt tn
hiu iu khin, nn tn hiu u vo c
truyn qua cng iu khin, xem hlnh 5 -1 -5 .
Cc cng A, B lm thnh Flip Flop RS c CP/
bn, cc cng c, D l cng iu khin, CP
l tn hiu iu khin, thng l xung ng
h hoc xung m chn mch. Trong k hiu
logic, u CP ct du A, tn hiu ny tch
cc vi sn dng ca xung.
Hnh S -1 -5 . Flip Flop RS ng b :
a) S logic ; b) K hiu logic.
2) Nguyn l lm vic

Khi CP = 0, cc cng c, D b ngt, FF b cm, duy tr trng thi c. Khi

CP = 1, cc cng c, D thng thl FF sn sng (tip thu tn hiu), n tip thu
tn hiu u vo R, s. D dng thy rng tnh hung cng tc ca mch lc ny
ging nh Flip Flop RS c bn. Nu R = 0 ; s = 1, u ra cng c mc thp,
FF lp trng thi 1. Ngc li, nu R = 1 ; s = 0, u ra cng D mc
thp, FF b xda v trng thi 0. Nu R = s = 0 thl cc cng c , D u a ra
mc cao, FF s duy tr trng thi c. Nu R = s = 1 thl cc cng c, D u
a ra mc thp, dn n Q v Q u l mc cao, l trng thi cm. Cd th
thy rng bng chc nng v phng trnh c trng biu th quan h logic gia
vi Q", R, s khng khc g ca Flip Flop'RS c bn, chng qua chng ch
ng trong iu kin CP = 1. Tc l cc quan h logic trong bng 5 -1 -1 i
vi Flip Flop RS ng b chl ng khi no xut hin xung ng h (CP = 1)

3) Mch cht D

Hlnh 5 -1 -6 l s logic mch cht D, n c cu to trn c s mch Flip

Flop RS ng b nhm gii quyt vn rng buc ln nhau ca cc tn hiu u

183
vo R, s. u ra cng c ni n cc u vo Gng A, E.
Khi CP = 0, cng c , E ngt nn Flip Flop duy tr trng
thi c. Khi CP = 1, nu D = 0 th u ra c mc cao,
u ra E mc thp, Flip Flop trng thi 0 ; nu D = 1
th u ra c mc thp, u ra E mc cao, Flip Flop
trng thi 1. Vy tc l D mc no th Q ng mc
y. Phng trnh c trng ca mch cht Flip Flop D l :
= D vi iu kin CP = 1 (5-1-2)

4) Dng cng NORAND d cu trc Flip Flop RS ng b

v mch cht D. (Cng NORAND xem me 3 -3 -4 -3 )

Vi iu kin tin quyt CP = 1, mch trn hnh 5 - l- 7 a

c bng chc nng trng hp vi bng 5 -1 -1 v phng
trnh c trng trng hp vi phng trnh 5 -1 -1 , mch
trn hnh 5 -l-7 b ct phng trnh c trng trng hp vi
phng trnh 5 -1 -2 .

Q Q

n I I

c/)

Hnh S -1 -7 . Flip Flop cu trc t N O R A N D :

a) Flip Flop RS ng b ; b) Mch cht D ; c) c n g N O RA N D ; d) K hiu rt gn ca NORAND.

5) c im c bn ca Flip Flop RS ng b

u im : iu khin chn m mch. Khi c xung ng h CP = 1 th Flip Flop

tip thu tn hiu vo, cn nu CP = 0 Flip Flop b cm.
Nhc im : trong thi gian CP = 1, tn hiu vovntrctip iu khin
trng thi u ra ca FF, c mi rng buc R v s trnh trng thi cm, tuy
nhin cu trc ni mch ca mch cht D gii quyt iu ny.

5.1.3. Flip Flop RS master slave

Mch ny gii quyt trit vn trc tip iu khin, d l nhc im ca

cc loai FF trn.

184
 1) Cu trc mch v k hiu

Trn hnh 5 -1 -8 c hai Flip Flop RS

ng b ni ghp dy chuyn vi nhau,
mt l FF master, mt l FF slave, xung
ng h cung cp cho chng l o nhau
(qua mch o I).

2) Nguyn l lm vic

a) Khi CP = 0
Cng G, H ngt nn FF master ngt.
CP = 1, cng c , D thng nn FF slave
sn sng, n tip thu dn hiu u ra
master, do Q = Q^, Q = Q^.
b) Sau t bin sn dong CP
CP = 1 master thng qua cc cng G,
H tip nhn tn hiu u vo. Vy :
Qn+l _ C + RO*^ H nk 5 -1 - .
vi iu kin CP = 1
RS = 0 Flip Flop RS
m aster slave ;
CP = 0 slave b ngt, u ra, Q, Q duy
a) Sd logic ;
tr trng thi c. b) K hiu logic.
c) Khi sn m xung ng h CP
CP t bin xung 0, master b ngt.CP tbin ln 1,slave tipnhntn hiu
c master ghinh t thi gian CP = 1,ngha lslave chuyn i trng thi.
Vy :

= s + RQ" (5-1-3)
RS = 0
vi iu kin xut hin sn m xung ng h CP.
Flip Flop RS master slave tuy rng master tip nhn tn hiu u vo trong
khong thi gian CP = 1, nhng u ra lc vn khng chuyn i trng thi,
chi khi xut hin sn m xung ng h CP thi u ra mi chuyn trng thi.
Ngi ta gi s kin ny l kch bng sn m. FF c trng thi u ra khng
chu nh hng trc tip ca cc tn hiu u vo R, s bt k lc no. Vy vn
trc tip iu khin c gii quyt. Trn hnh 5 - l- 8 b u vo CP cd du
biu th rng tnh tch cc ca tn hiu CP l sn m ca n.

3) c im c bn

u im : cu trc iu khin master slave gii quyt vn trc tip iu

khin, trong khi CP = 1 tip thu tn hiu, sn m ca CP kch chuyn trng thi
u ra.
Nhc im : vn cn rng buc gia R v s khi CP = 1

13a-'CSKT. 185
 5.1.4. Flip Flop JK master slave

I) Cu trc mch v k hiu

Loi Flip Flop RS m aster

slave ndi trn vn cn rng
buc R v s , nguyn nhn chnh
l khi R = s = 1 u ra cc
cng G, H u mc thp, dn
n tinh hung khng mong
mun l = 1 v = 1.
Cn ch mt iu sau :
Xt mch Flip Flop Ri^ master
slave khi CP = 1, Q v Q khng
i trng thi v o ca nhau.
Ch cn em mc cc u ra Q
Hnh 5 - 1 - 9 .
v Q a n u vo ca G, H
Flip Flop JK
th c th Uc phc tnh trng
m aster slave :
c v u bng 1 , gii
a) Sd logic ;
quyt vn rng buc gia tn
b) K hiu logic.
hiu u vo.
phn bit vi Flip Flop RS
master slave, mch ci tin khng
dng tn R, s na, m y tn
mi l J, K cho cc u vo, v
tn ca mch ci tin l Flip Flop
JK master slave, gi tt l Flip
Flop JK (hnh 5-1-9).

2) Nguyn u lm vic

Theo s trinh by trn y v s ci tin ca Flip Flop JK, ta thy nguyn l

cng tc ca n ging nh ca Flip Flop RS master slave, ch khc bi s tng
ng sau ca cc tn hiu u vo :
s = JQ" (5-1-4)
R= KQ (5 -1 -5 )
p dng cng thc (5-1-3), ta ct ;

= s + RQ" = JQ" + KQ"Q" = JQ" + KQ" (5 -1 -6 )

Vi iu kin xut hin sn m CP
Cng thc (5-1-6) l phng trinh trng ca Flip Flop JK n phn nh quan
h logic gia vi Q", J, K. Nh Q" v Q" phn hi v cng iu khin G, H
m J v K khng cn rng buc ln nhau.

186
 Tc dng cc u vo d Hnh 5 -1 -1 0 ,
b R'd> Q Q Flip Flop JK
m aster slave :
(di b : Asymchronous) a) S logic ;

a) Cdc du VLO ng b. b) K hiu iogic.

Bt k lc no th cc
u vo J, K ch tc ng
khi ct s iu khin ng
b ca xung ng h CP ;
v vy J, K l u vo ng
b. (Cc u vo R, s ca
Flip Flop RS master slave
ng b cng l cc u vo
ng b).
b) Cc u vo d b
phn trinh by trn
n gin, cha_v cc u
vo d b Rjj, trn hnh
5 - l- 9 a . Cd th bit v tr master
cc u vo d b ny trn "
hinh 5 -1 -1 0 . dng ca
cc u vo khng
chu iu khin ng b ca CP
3)
xung_ ng h CP, vl vy
Sjj l cc u vo d b.
Nh_trn hnh 5 -1 -lO a ch r, ni n u vo B, F, G. Do t, xung m u
vo khng nhng xda c master v slave m cn ngt cng G, trong thi gian
CP = 1 khng cho phj0 J = 1 thit lp master trng thi 1, iu bo m
trng thi 0. Tng t ni n u vo A, E, H, Xung m u vo Sjj bo m
trng thi 1. Trn k hiu logic (hnh 5 -1 -lOb), khuyn trn u vo Sjj, biu
th tnh tch cc ca chng l mc thp.

4) Vn mt n chuyn

Trong thi gian CP = 1 th master ch chuyn i trng thi mt ln, hin tng
ny gi l mt ln chuyn. Nh ta bit, cc trng thi o nhau ca Q v Q
phn hi v H, G tng ng lm cho mt trong hai cng (H hoc G) b ngt, nu
nit_u vo c tn hiu th c th v ch chuyn i trng thi mt ln. v d :
khi Q = 0, Q = 1, cng G b kha, J khng tc dng, tn hiu ch cd th t u
vo K, qua cng H, xda master v 0. mt khi trng thi 0 ri^d tn hiu
K bin i th no, master vn duy tr trng thi 0. Ngc li, khi Q = 1, Q =
0 th H b khta, ch c tn hiu J mi tc dng, thng qua cng G, t master ln
1 , mt khi trng thi 1 ri, master s duy tr.

Vn mt ln chuyn khng nhng hn ch tc dng ca Flip Flop JK master

slave m cn lm gim nng lc chng nhiu ca nd. Chng hn, khi CP = 1 m
J, K i trng thi nhiu ln th cng ch c mt ln chuyn m thi. Mt khc,

187
thi im mt ln chuyn trng thi c th ri vo sn dng, gia xung, hay
sn m ca xung ng h CP. Nu nh khng bit chnh xc quy lut tn hiu J,
K th khng c th xc nh trng thi tip theo ca Flip Flop. Vy khi s dng
Flip Flop JK master slave, thng u yu cu trng thi J, K duy tr khng i
trong thi gian CP = 1. th th qu trnh lm vic ca Flip Flop ni gn li
l : sn dng tip thu, sn m chuyn. Nu nhiu xp chng vi J, K sao cho
gy ra mt ln chuyn sai trong khi CP = 1 th tn hiu nhiu d tip tc tc
ng n h thng. Vy vn mt ln chuyn l nguyn nhn lm gim nng lc
chng nhiu ca mch ny.

5) Flip Flop JK master slave trong mt v IC

Hnh 5 -1 -1 la trnh by s logic tng ng ca Flip Flop JK master slave

trong mt v IC. Master bao gm hai NORAND, slave kh n gin, CP mc cao
cm, mc thp cho php. Nguyn l cng tc khng khc mch hnh 5 -1 -1 0 ni
trn.

6) c im c bn ca Flip Flop JK master slave

u im : J v K khng b rng buc lnnhau,cc ICca chng c sn xut

nhiu, s dng rng ri, tnh nng u vit.

Nhc im : vn mt ln chuyn, thng yu cu J, K duy trkhng i

trong thi gian CP = 1.

Sd
T
r
CP
>)

Hnh S - l- 1 1 .
Flip Flop JK
m aster slave
trong v IC :
a) S logitc
tng ng ;
b) K h i ^ logic.

188
 5.1.5. Flip Flop JK kch bng sn xung (Edge triggered FF)

I) Cu trc mch

Mch trn hnh 5 - 1 - 1 2 l Flip Flop JK

kch bng sn xung, n gii quyt vn
mt ln chuyn ca Flip Flop JK m aster
slave. Khi CP = 0, CP = 1, hay khi sn
dng ca CP cc tn hiu J, K u khng
tc dng. Ch trong thi gian sn m ca
CP th Flip Flop mi chuyn trng thi
theo phng trnh c trng di y :

= JQ " + KQ"

2) Nguyn l lm vic

a) Khi CP = 0 cc cng G, H b khta, J, K

' khng tc dng, Flip Flop duy tr trng thi c.
b) Khi CP = 1, cc cng c , D, G, H thng,
nhng :
Hnh 5 - 1 - 1 2 .
Flip Flop JK kch bng sUn xung.
Zj = Q" Z2 = Q"

Z3 = Z5Q" = . Q" = j . Q

= KQ"Q" = CQ"

QH+l =_
+ Z3 = Q" + UQ" = Q"

= Q" + KQ" = Q"

Vy FF duy tr nguyn trng, JK u khng tc dng.

c) Khong thi gian sn dng ca CP, do tc dng tr ca cc cng NAND
G v H m cng c, D thng trc ;
Zj = Q" Z2 = Q"

Tip sau mi c : 23 = JQ" ; = KQ"

V vy,

= Zj+ Zj = Q" + = Q"

= Q" + KQ" = Q"

J v K cng khng tc dng.

d) tnh hung mch trong khong sn m ca CD khc hn. Do tc dng tr
ca cc cng NAND G v H m c , D ngt t r c :

189
 Zj = Zj = 0
m u ra cc cng NAND duy tr = JQ" , == KQ trong khong thi gian
tpj na. D dng thy rng trong tpjj d, cc cng NOR A v B, cc cng AND E
va F cu trc nh mt Flip Flop RS c bn, vi
S = Zg = J Q " R = Zg = K Q "

Cn c vo phng trinh c trng ca Flip Flop RS c bn, ta c :

= s + RQ" = JQ" + KQ"Q" = JQ" + KQ"

Do Q", Q" phn bit hi tip v u vo H v G nn J v K khng b rng
buc ln nhau.
Vy loi mch in ny khng nhng c tnh nng tt nh l Flip Flop JK master
slave v cd c im kch bng sn m xung ng h CP m cn khng ct vn
mt ln chuyn.

3) c im c bn

u im : kch bng
sn m xung ng h CP ;
y l loi FF tnh nng u
vit, chng nhiu tt v s
dng linh hot.
Nhc im : mch in
dng tc dng tr ca cc
cng NAND gii quyt vn
mt ln chuyn, do ,
yu cu cng ngh ch to
phi tinh xo bo m
mch in cng tc tin cy.
Hinh 5 -1 -1 3 gii thiu
^xn_ cc u vo d b )
Rjj, Sjj. Cc u vo ny to
thun li trong st^ dng.
Hnh S -1 -1 3 . F lip F lop JK kch bng sUn xung :
Xung m u vo thit
a) S logic ; b) K hiCu logic
lp, xung m u vo
xta. Trong s v k hiu
logic ca nt, du ngang v khuyn trn biu th rng tn hiu tch cc mc thp.

5 .1 .6 . F lip F io p D (mch cht D ci tin gii quyt vn iu khin

trc tip)

1) Cu trc mch in

Xem hinh 5-1 -1 4 , thm vo mch cht D hai cng E v F.

190
 2) Nguyn l m vic

a) Khi CP = 0
Cc cng c, D b kha, Zj = Zj = 1, Flip Flop
c bn bao gm cc cng A v B duy tr trng
thi c.
- Nu D = 1 th Z4 = D . Z2 = 1 . 1 = 0

Z3 = = o = 1
CP trong vai tr tn hiu u vo i vi cng
c thng, cng D ngt.
- Nu D = 0 th = 1 Z3 = 0
CP trong vai tr tn hiu u vo i vi cng
c ngt, cng D thng.
M ? b) Thi gian sn dng ca CP
- Nu D = 1 th D b ngt, CP ch c th thng
Hnh S -1 -1 4 . Flip Flop D.
qua cng c m, vy Zj = Zj CP = 1. 1 = 0
_ Zj = 0 dn n ba tc ng sau : mt l kch Flip Flop thit lp 1, Q = 1,
Q = 0 ; hai l ngt cng D, ngn tr Z2 chuyn sang mc thp, ngha l ngn tr
s to ra tn hiu kch chuyn Flip Flop v trng thi 0 ; ba l Zj a n u
vo cng E bo m Z3 = 1, do t duy tr Zj = 0 sut thi gian CP = 1, tc l
duy tr tn hiu t Flip Flop trng thi 1.
ng ni t u ra cng c n u vo cng E gi l ng duy tr trng thi
1 ca FF. ng ni t u ra cng c n u vo cng D gi l ng ngn tr
trng thi 0 ca FF. Mt khi Zj = 0 a n u vo cc cng D, E v sinh ra
cc tc ng ni trn ri th d tn hiu D c thay i cng khng th nh hng
n trng thi 1 ca FF.
- Nu D = 0 th cng c b ngt, CP chl c th thng quacng D m, vy
Z2 = Z1Z4 CP = 1 . 1 . 1 = 0

Z2 = 0 dnn hai tc ng sau : mt lxda FF v 0,Q = 0, Q = 1 ; hai l

lm cho cng F b ngt, bo m Z4 = 1, do t duy tr = 0, tc l duy tr
trng thi 0 ca FF. Z4 = 1cn duy tr Z3 mc thp, ngn tr s to ra tn
hiu Zj = 0 kch chuyn FF v trng thi 1.
C th thy rng ng ni t u ra 'cng D n u vo cng F va duy tri
FF trng thi 0, va ngn tr FF chuyn v trng'thi 1. Chi cn = 0 a
n u vo cng F th d bin hda th no, tn hiu D cng khng lm thay i
trng thi ca FF c na.
Ttm li :
= D vi iu kin xut hin sn dng ca CP (5-1-7)
Hn na, khi a c tc dng duy tr nguyn trng v ngn tr chuyn i
sang trng thi khc trong sut qu trnh CP = 1 thl tn hiu D khng cn tc
ng n mch na. v vy, y l mch iu khin sn trc v kch bng
sn dng CP.

191
 3) Tc dng ca cc u vo tnh 5-1-15.
d b P'iip F*op D
_ _ _ _ trong v IG :
R, , s , Sjj
s dng thm thun
tin, Flip Flop D cn c thm
cc tn hiu tch cc mc
thp cc u_ v Set
( S , Sjj) v Reset (R , Rj)
Hnh 5 -1 -1 5 biu th s
logic tng ng v k
hiu logic ca Flip Flop D
trong v IC.
R, s ch dng trong thi
gian CP = 0, nu khng c
th phn tc dng duy tr
ngn tr ni trn. Chng hn
khi CP = 1 v FF ang duy
tr trng thi l_^Nu c xung
m u vo R th cd th
xut hin trng thi cm :
Q v Q ng thi m cao.
Hn na, xung m R kt
thc trc CP, do tc dng
duy tr trng thi 1, FF vn _ _
trng thi 1, cn nu CP kt thc trc R th FF c th xta v 0. S dng s
t FF vo trng thi 1 cng gp vn tng t, ch khc l n phn tc
ng vi vic duy tr trng thi 0 .
, Sjj khng b trng thi CP hn ch. V d, xung m u lm FF v 0,
nu CP = 1 v FF ang duy tr trng thi 1 th = 0 khng ch xa FF v 0
m cn thng qua ng ni n cng c , F bt buc mch ang duy tr 1 ngn
tr 0 phi tr thnh duy tr 0 ngn tr 1. Cng vi l do tng t, xung m u
cng c th lm cho FF chuyn sang trng thi 1 mt cch tin cy.

4) c im c bn

u im : iu khin sn xung, kch vi sn dng CP, trong thi gian

CP = 1 mch t gi nguyn trng.
Nhc im : trong mt s trng hp, s dng khng tin bng Flip Flop JK.

5.1.7. Flip Flop CMOS

Cc loi Flip Flop CMOS trong V IS ct c im tiu hao nng lng rt t,

nng lc chng nhiu rt mnh, ph hp vi nhiu in th ngun khc nhau. Nh
s dng cc cng chuyn mch (xem mc 2 -3 -3 ) nn kt cu mch in n gin.

192
 c 1

D- TO,

T
|>n 1 S*V
/lis/r c TG4

i
T2

CP
3)

Hnh 5 - 1 - 1 6 .
F lip F lop D M aster slave CMOS :
a) So logic ; b) K hiu logic.

1) Flip Flop D h CMOS

a) Cu trc mch v k hiu

Xem hnh 5-1-16. FF master bao gm cc cng NOR 1, 2 v cng chuyn mch
TG2 . FF slave bao gm cc cng NOR 3, 4 v cng chuyn mch TG4 . TGj l cng
iu khin u vo. TG3 l cng iu khin gia master v slave, c v c l cc
tn hiu ng h o nhau. Rp, Sq l cc u vo d b Reset v Set tch cc
mc cao. D l tn hiu vo. Q v Q l cc u ra.
b) Nguyn l cng tc
- Khi CP = 0, c = 1, c = 0, TGj v TG4 thng, TG2 v TG3 ngt. Tn hiu
vo D thng qua TGj n NOR 1, Zj = D, Z2 = D. Nh TG4 thng, slave t gi.

- Klii C P = , C = 0 , C = 1, TGj v TG4 ngt, TG2 v TG3 thng. ng tn

hiu vo b ngt. Master t gi nh ng hi tip qua TGj. Slave chuyn i trng
thi theo mc tn hiu Zj, tc l a tn hiu u vo D nh ra u ra, vy
FF D ny c kch bng sn dng CP. Phng trnh c trng l :

= D vi iu kin xut hin sn dng CP (5-1!)

193
 2) FF JK CMOS

Hnh S -1 -1 7 . FF JK M aster slave CMOS.

Hlnh 5 -1 -1 7 l s ci tin ca mch FFD hnh 5-1-16.

Cn c s logic, ta c :

D = (J + Q")KQ" = JKQ" +

D = JK + JQ" + KQ" = JQ" + KQ"

Thay vo (5-1-8), ta c :

= JQ + KQ" vi iu kin xut hin sn dng CP (5-1-9)

y l phng trnh c trng ca FF JK master slave CMOS.
l c dng tn hiu u vo d b Rp, Sj3 ca hai mch hnh 5 -1 -1 6 v 5 -1 -1 7
ging nhau.

5.2. PHN LOI FLIP FLOP THEO CHC NNG, s CHUYN I

LN NHAU

Cc loi FF trnh by trong mc 5-1 trn y : RS master slave, JK master

slave, JK sn xung, D u c tn hiu ng h iu khin ; vy chng c gi
l FF nh thi theo xung ng h CP. Cn c vo s khc bit tnh nng k>gic
di tc dng iu khin ca CP, ta phn FF thnh 5 loi : RS, D, T, T, JK. Cc
loi d cd th chuyn i ln nhau theo phng php xc nh.

194
 5.2-1, Phn loi Flip Flop theo chc nng
Q
1) Flip Flop RS

a) nh nghm
Flip Flop RS l mch in c chc nng thit lp trng A _
(p
thi 1 (Set), trng thi 0 (Reset) v duy tr (nh) cc trng
thi cn c vo cc tn hiu u vo R, s v tn hiu s R
C f>
ng h CP. Nhng iu trnh by trong tit trn v RS
Hnk 5~2~L
l ph hp vi nh ngha ny. K hiu logic ca mch trn
K h i ^ logic ca
hnh 5 -2 -1 , phng trinh c trng biu th chc nng logic
FlipFJop RS.
ca n l :
= s + RQ"
RS = 0 (5-2-1)
Vi iu kin xut hin sn m CP
R = 0, s = 1, l-C P (sn m) th Qn + 1 = 1

R = 1, s = 0,CP th = 0

R = 0, s = 0 ,T C P th = Q" (duy tr)

R = 1, s = 1trng thicm.
b)Phng php biu th chc nng logic
Bng chc nng l bng tn hiu u vo kch
Bng chc nng ca Flip Flop RS 5 -2 -1
Bng 5 - 2 - 1 dng hinh thc bng iit k cc trng thi
logic biu th chc nng logic ca n.
Q" R s
Bng tn hiu u vo kch ca Flip
0 0 0 0 Flop RS 5 -2 -2 ct phn bn tri k ra cc
0 0 1 i yu cu chuyn i trng thi ca FF, v
0 1 0 0 c phn bn phi k ra cc u kin tn
0 1 1 X
1 0 0 1
hiu u vo kch cn bo m t
1 0 1 1 n cc yu cu tng ng. Nu cc iu
1 1 0 0 kin c bo m th FF s chuyn i
1 1 1 X
trng thi theo yu cu mt khi xung ng
h cho php. V d, yu cu Q" -*
Bng S--2-2 : kiu duy tri 0 > 0 th iu kin cn l
s = 0 (khng ph thuc vo R, R = x).
R s Nu yu cu chuyn 0 1 th iu kin
li E = 0, s = 1.
0 0 X 0
0 1 0 1 Nh trn ni, cc quan li logic ca
1 0 1 0 bng 5 -2 -1 v 5 -2 -2 u ct chung mt
1 1 0 X iu kin : xut hin sn m CP, nu
iu kin ny khng tha mn, FF duy
tr nguyn trng.

195
 Phng trinh c trng v phng trnh kch
Phng trnh c trng dng hm logic miu t quan h gia vi Q" v
cc tn hiu u vo, do n rt tin dng cng c ton logic (cc cng thc v
nh l ca i s logic) (5-2-1) l phng trnh c trng ca FF RS.
Phng trnh kch dng hm logic ca tn hiu u vo kch biu th, phn sau
s trnh by r hn.
c) D hnh trng thi
Hnh 5 -2 -2 l hinh trng thi
ca FFRS, n biu th trc quan quy
/ S = 0 U lut chuyn i trng thi ca FF di
tc dng nh thi ca CP.
Hai vng trn biu th hai trng thi
^R^/ logic ca FF. Mi tn biu th hng
chuyn trng thi. Bn cnh mi tn,
Hinh 5 - 2 - 2 , D hnh trng thi trn gch cho l gi tr tn hiu u
ca Flip Flop RS.
vo kch - tc l iu kin chuyn i
trng thi.

Hnh 5 -2 -2 cho bit rng :

Khi Q" = 0 vi R = X, s = 0, L CP thi +1 =

vi R = 0, s = 1, CP thi Q" + l =

Khi Q" = 1 vi R = 0, s = X, L. CP th +l =

vi R = 1, s = 0, "1 CP thi Qn + 1 =

d) th thi gian dng sng

th thi gian dng sdng biu th trc quan quan h tng ng nhau v mt
thi gian ca cc trng thi FF, cc tn hiu u vo R, s v xung ng h CP.
(hnh 5-2 -3 ).
Trn hnh, dng stng CP, R, s l bit.
v ra dng stng Q, ta cn ch :
- Nu khng cho trc th ct th ty gi
nh trng thi ban u ca Q
- Cn c vo bng chc nng, phng trnh
CP
c trng hoc hnh trng thi xc nh
trng thi Q tip theo. /e
- Sau khi xut hin sn m CP th Q chuyn
s
i trng thi. Mi lc khc Q duy tr trng
thi c. Q

Trn y, 4 phng php biu th chc nng

logic ca Flip Flop (a, b, c, d) l lin quan mt Hnh 5 -2 -3 .
Ih thi gian dng sng FFRS.
thit vi nhau, ct th chuyn hda ln nhau.

196
 2) Flip Flop D

a) nh ngha
Flip Flop D l mch in ct chc nng thit lp trng
thi 0 theo tn hiu u vo D = 0 v thit lp trng thi
1 theo tn hiu u vo D = 1 trong iu kin nh thi
ca CP.
Flip Flop D c gii thiu tit trn tha mn nh CP D
ngha ny. Phng trinh c trng ca FFD hnh 5 -2 -4
Hnh 5 -2 -4 .
l :
K hiu logic F F D.
Q" + 1 = D (5-2-2)
Vi iu kin xut hin sn dng CP
D = 0, 'L CP th = 0
D = 1, ~ - CP th = 1
b) Bng chc nng, bng tn hiu u vo kch, hnh trng thi th
thi gian dng sng (bng 5-2-3, 5 -2 -4 hnh 5 -2 5, 5-2 -6 )
Trng thi u Q = 0, kch bng sn dng
Bng 5 - 2 - 3 : BNG CHC NNG CA CP. Dng s n g CP v D l b i t . v
FF D dng sdng Q, ch mc D khi L CP.

Q D

0 0 0 1 ) =
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1
D=0/
Hnh S -2 -S . hnh trng thi ca F F D .

Bng 5 - 2 - 4 : BNG U V,
KCH CA FF D

Q" q R+ I

0 0 0
o J ~
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1 nh 5 -2 - 6 . Dng sng ca F F D. '

a Q Q
3) Flip Flop T

a) nh ngha Z1--
Flip Flop T l mch in cd chc 7"T
T CP T CP
nng duy tr v chuyn i trng
thi ty thuc tn hiu u vo T
trong iu kin nh thi ca CP. Hnh S -2 -7 . K hi logic F F T

Flip Flop JK gii thiu tit trn,

197
nu J = K = T thl to thnh FF T, k hiu nh hnh 5 -2 -7 . Phng trnh c
trng ca FF T l :
Q" = J Q " + KQ" = TQ" + TQ"
= T Q" (5-2-3)
Vi iu kin xut hin sn m CP

T = 0, L CP th = Q" duy tr nguyn trng

T = 1,~I- CP th = Q chuyn i trng thi
b) Bng chc nng (bng 5-2 -5 ), Bng u vo kch (5-2-6), hnh trng thi
(hnh 5 -2 -8 ), th thi gian dng sng (hnh 5-29) ca Flip Flop T.

Bng 5 - 2 - 5 ; Bng S - 2 - 6 :

T qO + 1
Q Qm-1 Q T

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 i 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0

T=1/

L
T = f /
L
Hnh 5 -2 -8 . Hnh S -2 -9 .

Trn^ thi u ca FF T 0 v kch bng sn m ca CP.

4) Flip Flop r

Flip Flop T l mch in chi c<5 chc nng

chuyn i trng thi trong iu kin nh thi I I I I I I I I
ca CP. FF T l FF T m T = 1 (T lun lun LJ L J L J _j L.,
__r T _ _ r i_ r
I I 1 I

gi mc cao)
Phng trnh c trng ca Flip Flop T l :
Hnh 5 - 2 - i .

Qn + I = T 0 Q " = i e Q "n =
_ cin
Q (5-2-4)
E> th thi gian dng sng
ca Flip Flop T .
Vi iu kin xut hin sn m CP.

198
 SJ FUp Flop JK

a) nh ngha
Flip Flop JK l mch in c chc nng thit lp trng
thi 0 , trng thi 1 , chuyn i trng thi v duy tr trng
thi cn c vo cc tn hiu u vo J, K v ng h CP.
Trong k thut s thng yu cu FF c 4 chc nng
nti trn ca FF JK, ngha l FF JK rt vn nng, rt linh
hot. FFJK kch sn master slave gii thiu tit 5-1
tha mn nh ngha ny. Phdng trnh c trng ca FFJK
Hinh S -2 -1 I .
C(5 k hiu logic trn hnh 5-2-11 l :
K hiu logic ca F F JK.
= JQ" + CQ" (5-2-5)
Vi iu kin xut hin sm m CP

J = 0, K = 1, 7 CP th Qn +l = 0

J = 1, K = 0, 'L CP th QH + 1 = 1

QH + 1
J = 1, K = 1, CP th = Q" chuyn i
J = 0, K = 0, ~I_CP th QH + 1 = Q" gi nguyn trng
b) Bng chc nng (5-2-7), bng u uo kch (5-2-8), hnh trng thi (hinh
5 - 2 - 1 2 ) , d th thi gian dng sng (hnh 5-2-13) ca Flip Flop J K :

Bng 5 - 2 - 7 Bng 5 - 2 - 8 :

Q" J K Qn+1 J K

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 X
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 X 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 X 0
1 1 0

CP

JK=1X/ L
J-J

K_
I

JK -K 1 /
r
Hnh S~2--2, Hnh $-2-^13,

199
 Trn hnh, trng thi u ca FF l 0, kch bng sn m ca CP. Trong ki hiu
logic ca 5 loi FF trn, u CP c khuyn trn chng t nd hot ng vi sn
m, khng c khuyn trn chng t n hot ng vi sn dng. Khi v th
thi gian dng sng, ta phi c bit ch quy c ny, ch khi xut hin sn
xung CP th FF mi chuyn i trhg thi theo phng trnh c trng ca nd,
thi im khc FF gi nguyn trng thi.

5.2.2. S chuyn i ln nhau ca cc loi Flip Flop nh thi theo CP

1) Phng php v ngha ca s chuyn i

a) nghia
- a s FF trn th trng l loi JK, D. K thut s yu cu tt c cc loi
FF. Nu bit cch chuyn i th ct th pht huy tc dng ca loi FF c sn.
- Phng php chuyn i cd tnh ph bin, do gip ch nhiu vic thit k
mch in.
- Gip i su tm hiu chc nng logic ca cc loi FF.
b) Phng php :
- Phng php chuyn i l
nhng cng vic cn lm tm
logic chuyn i, tm phng
trnh hm logic tn hiu kch i
vi FF xut pht (hnh 5-2-1 4 ).
F F ic /
- Dng cng thc : dng cc
nghim phng trnh c trng
1 ^
tm logic chuyn i. Cch ny
F F tin cho trinh by vit, ct th
c /tu y e n dng i s logic x l, nhng cn
vo ^ x u tp h t 1 a
) 1 k xo nht nh ; trong phm vi
5 loi FF c th, chng ta ct th
CP nm vng phng php ny.
L J
- Dng s ; bng chc nng,
bng u vo kch, bng Karnaugh.
Hnh S -2 -1 4 .
Phng php ny ct phin phc
T duy v chuyn i t F F xut pht thnh F F ch.
cht t, nhng trc quan, t sai.

2) FUp Flop JK chuyn i thnh Flip Flop D, T, RS

Phng trnh c trng ca FF JK (Flip Flop xut pht)

= JQ" + CQ" (5-2-6)

a) J K - * D
Phng trnh c trng ca FF D (Flip Flop ch)

= D (5-2-7)

200
 Dng cng thc : chuyn dng (5 -2 -7 ) sang dng (5-2-6)
= D = D(Q" + Q") = DQ" + DQ"
So snh vi (5-2-6), ta c ;
J = K
(5-2-8)
K = D
(5 -2 -8 ) l logic chuyn i cn tm, cng l phng trnh u vo kch ca FF
JK. Da vo ta v ra mch in hnh 5-2-15.
Dng s :
Cn c vo bng chc nng ca FF D v
bng u vo kch ca JK lit k bng
s dng JK -* D nh sau :
0 i---1 T Q
Bng S - 2 - 9 : BNG s DNG JK - D c >
l I K J
Q" D Q" J K
c/>
0 0 0 0 X
0 1 1 1 X
1 0 0 X 1 Hnh S -2 -IS .
1 1 1 X 0 Mch Flip Flop t JK tr thnh D.

Bng chc nng ca FF D biu th yu cu chuyn i. Vi Q", D xc nh

v c tc dng nh thi ca CP th cng xc nh theo bng chc nng ca
FF D. y, Q" v l trng thi hin ti v trng thi tip theo ca Flip
Flop D (ch) v cng l ca FF JK (xut pht). Vy quan h tng ng gia
Q" v Q' cng phn nh yu cu kch ca FF JK, ri cn c vo bng u vo
kch m xc nh gi tr tng ng ca J, K. Gi tr ca Q" v D quyt nh
gi tr ca do cng quyt nh gi tr ca J, K. Vy J, K v nh
nhau, u l hm s ca Q" v D. Quan h hm s ny di dng bng c gi
l bng s dng.
T bng s dng 5 -2 -9 , ta v bng
Karnaugh v tm c phng trnh u
vo kch, nh hnh 5-2-16. Kt qu ca
hai phng php (dng cng thc v 0 X X
0 1
dng s ) trng hp.
X X 1 1 0
h) J K -* T

Phng trnh c trng ca FF T J = D K = D

= TQ" + TQ"
So snh trc tip vi (5-2-6), ta c
Hnh 5 - 2 - . Bng Karnaugh ca J, K.
phng trnh kch ca FF JK
'J = T
(5-2-9)
K = T

14- CSKT. 201

 Mch in xem hnh 5 -2 -7 phn trn. Cho T = 1 ta cd FF T.
c) J K -* RS
a a
Phdng trnh c tnng ca Flip Flop RS
= s + RQ" Q a
RS = 0
Bin i
== R + RQ" = S(Q" + Q") + RQ" f t f
s CP R
= SQ" + SQ" + RQ" = SQ" + RQ" + SQ"(R + R) Htnh 5 - 2 - 7 .

= SQ" + RQ"+ RSQ" + RSQ" Mch Flip Flop l JK

tr Ihnh RS
= SQ" + RQ"+ RSQ" = SQ" + RQ"
So snh vi phng trinh c trng ca Flip Flop JK, ta c logic chuyn i
J = s
(5-2-10)
K = R
S logic : xem hnh 5 -2 -1 7

3) Flip Flop D chuyn i thnh Flip Flop JK, RS, T, T

Phng trnh c trng

ca FF D
= D
D -* JK
JK : = JQ" + KQ"
t D = JQ" + KQ"
(5-2-11)
Mch in hnh 5 -2 -1 8

CP

c; d- t '

Hnh 5~2~9. M ch Fip Flop t D \r ihnh RS, X T .

202
 Hnh 5 -2 -1 9 l mch inchuyn i theo logic chuyn i sau y :
D = s + RQ" (5-2-12)
D = TQ"+ TQ" = T Q" (5-2-13)
D = Q" (5-2-14)

4) Flip Flop T chuyn i thnh Flip Flop JK, D, RS

Phng trnh c trng ca Flip

Flop T
= T Q"
T ^ JK
JK : = JQ" + KQ"
I
So snh, ta co' :
T e Q" = JQ" + KQ" cp
Dng cc cng thc ca hm XOR Hnh S -2 -2 0 . Mch Flip Flop t T tr thnh .K.
(xem mc 3 -1 -2 -7 ) ta bin i :
T = (JQ" + KQ") e Q"
\ JK
Q " \ 00 01 11 10
= (JQ" + KQ")Q" + JQ" + KQ" Q" 0 0 0 I i

= JQ" + JQ" . KQ" Q" 1 0 1 1 0

= JQ" + JQ"KQ"
= j + KQ" (5-2-15) Hnh 5 -2 -2 1 . Bng Karnaugh ca T.
xem hnh 5 -5 -2 0

Bng S - 2 - I 0 ; BNG s DNG T JK

C th i n kt qu trn
Q" J K T
theo phng php dng s
0 0 0 0 0 nh sau :
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
Xy dng bng s dng
0 1 1 1 1 T - JK (bng 5 -2 -1 0 ). Tm
1 0 0 1 0 logic chuyn i bng bng
1 0 1 0 1
0 0
Karnaugh (hnh 5-2-21).
1 1 1
1 1 l 0 1

Tng t, ta tm logic chuyn i T -* D, T RS nh sau :

T = D e Q" (5-2-16)

T = SQ" + RQ" (5-2-17)

Xem mch in chuyn i hnh 5 -2 -2 2

203
 a) T - D b) T - R S
Hnh 5 -2 -2 2 , M ch in chuyn i Flip Flop t T tr thnh D, RS.

5 Flip Flop RS chuyn i thnh Flip Flop JK, D, T, T

Phng trnh c trng ca Flip Flop RS :
= s + RQ"
RS = 0
RS JK
JK : = JQ" + KQ"

So snh, ta c : s = JQ"
R = K

Bng 5 -2 - 1 1 : BNG s DNG RS JK

Hnh 5 -2 -2 3 ,
Mch Flip Flop t RS tr thnh JK.
Q" J K Q R s

0 0 0 0 X 0 V iu kin rng buc

0 0 1 0 X 0 RS = 0 nn ta phi kim tra.
0 1 0 1 0 1 Khi J = K = 1 ; Q" = 0 th
0 1 1 1 0 i
1 0 0 1 0 X R = I^ = 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 X s = JQ" = 1
1 1 1 0 1 0

Khng tha mn RS = 0.
Ta bin i li
\ JK
qV ' X -
= JQ" + KQ"
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
X X 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
= JQ" + KQ"Q"
0 1 1 1 X 0 0 X
0 So snh li, ta cd :
(a) (b) s = JQ"
(5-2-18)
R = KQ"
Hnh S-2-24. Bng Karnaugh : a) R ; b) s

204
 Hnh 5 -2 -2 3 trn y l mch in chuyn i RS -> JK (tha mn iu kin
rng buc RS = 0)
Ik ct t h n h n c c n g m t k t q u n h t r n b n g p h n g p h p d n g 3
di y ;
Xy dng bng s dng RS -* JK (bng 5-2-11). Tm logic chuyn i bng bng
Karnaugh (hnh 5-2-24). Ch iu kin rng buc RS = 0 khi xy dng bng
5 -2 -1 1 .
R = D
Tng t, ta tm logic chuyn i RS -> D (5-2-19)
s = D
R = TQ"
RS -* T (5-2-20)
s = TQ"
R = Q"
RS -H T (5-2-21)
s = Q"
3) Rs D

Q
/e
>

CP
c) T'
b) T

Hinh 5 -2 -2 5 . Mch in chuyn i Flip Flop t RS tr thnh : a) D ; b) T : c) T .

5.3. C TNH CNG TC XUNG V CH TIU CH YU CA

FLIP FLOP

5.3.1. c tnh cng tc xung ca Flip Flop

Mun s dng chnh xc FF, khng nhng cn hiu chc nng logic ca FF, m
cn cn nm vng c tnh cng tc xung ca FF, tc l nhng yu cu m FF
a ra cho xung ng h, tn hiu u vo v s phi hp gia chng.

1) c tnh cng tc xung ca Flip Flop D

Xt mch FF D trn hnh 5 -1 -1 4 (mc 5-1-6), trc khi xut hin xung ng
h th mch in trng thi 'chun b. Lc ny, mc tn hiu u vo Dquyt
nh mc u ra ca cc cng E, F. Khi xut hin sn trc xung ng h,trng
thi u ra ca cc cng E, F thng qua cc cng c, D iu khin FF chuyn trng
thi. Vy mc u ra E, F phi t n trng thi n nh trc lc xuthin
sn trc xung ng h. Nhng t lc bt u ct tn hiu u vo Dn lc

205
u ra cc cng E, F a n nh phi qua mt khong thi gian, gi l thi gian
xc lp ca FF. Vy tn hiu u vo phi n sm khong so vi xung
ng h CR
T hnh 5 -1 -1 4 ta thy rng k t tn hiu n u vo D, th u ra F n
nh phi sau thi gian tr truyn t 1 cpcng tpjj, u ra E n nh phi sau
thi gian tr truyn t 2 cp cng 2tpjj, vy thigian xclp ca Flip Flop D l
= 2tpjj. Tip theo, t khi xut hin sn trc CP cho n khi FF hon thnh
chuyn i, tc l n khi trng thi mi n nh, l khong thi gian tr truyn
t ca FF (tpjj). Gi s trng thi ban u ca FF l 1, mc u ra cng E l
thp, mc u ra cng F l cao! Th th d dng thy rng, xung u ra cng D
chm sau CP thi gian tr truyn t 1 cp cng lm cho cng B t thng sang
ngt vi thi gian tr truyn t bn thn cng B. Cng A cng chuyn t ngt
sang thng vi thi gian tr truyn t bn thn cng A. Vy u ra Q, chuyn
trng thi t mc thp ln cao c thi gian tr tp|(j tng i ngn hn so vi thi
gian u ra Q chuyn trng thi t mc cao xung thp tp^i (tp|h = 2 tpj,

Ngoi ra, bo m FF chuyn i tin cy, tn hiu u vo cn c thi gian

tc dng di. Khi D = 0, k t khi bt u sn dng ca CP, phi sau tp^
th cng D mi a ra mc thp ; mc logic ny phn hi n u vo cng F mi
sinh ra tc dng duy tr nguyn trng ngn tr chuyn i. Trc lc t n s
n nh ny, tn hiu u vo khng c php thay i, nu ngc li, trng thi
mi ca tn hiu u vo cd th ph hoi s chuyn i bnh thng vn ct. Vy
sau khi xut hin sn trc CP, tn hiu u vo cn phi duy tr thm mt thi
gian, gi l thi gian duy trl Trong trng hp D = 0 th = tpjj.
lhi D = 1, sau khi xut hin sn trc CP mt khong thi gian l th
cng c a ra mc logic thp, lm cho D, E b khda, sinh ra tc dng n nh.
Mt khc, s bin i mc tn hiu u vo cng cn mt khong thi gian nh
th (tpj) tc ng n D, E. Vy cho php tn hiu vo thay i ngay sau kh
kt thc sn trc xung ng h CP, tc l t^ = 0.
Sau khi xt .c hai trng hp D = 0, D = 1, ta thy thi gian duy tr tn hiu
u vo ca FF D cn thit l = tpj.
Cn c vo thi gian tr u ra FF chuyn
trng thi tpjj| v thi gian xc lp ta c th
bit rng cn thit ca xung ng h. D rng ----- rr
(theo mc cao) t^j.j ca CP phi ln hn tpjj| set %\
phn mch RS c bn trong FF D chuyn i tin wn
CP-
cy. rng (theo mc thp)
ln hn bo m tn hiu u vo thi A-
a tht
gian n nh u ra cng E, F trc khi xut
hin sn dng ca CP. Vy chu k xung CP
phi ln hn tpj^j + 'sei> tc l tn s cc i ca Kinh 5 - 3 - 7 . Dng sng ca FFD.
(Iheo mch hnh 5 1-14)

206
CP b hn ch nh hn ------. v d, = 20ns, t + = 5 t^ = lOOns,
Shl ^sei ^ ^
fmax = 10MHz.
Xem hnh 5 -3 -1 biu th quan h thi gian va trnh by trn y.

2) c tnh cng lc xung ca FF master slave

Xt mch FF hnh 5 -1 -1 1 (mc 5-1-4).

Kh xut hin sn dng c p th tn hiu u vo J, K tc ng n master.
V J, IC, CP ng thi ni n cc cng E, H nn tn hiu u vo ch cn xut
hin khng chm hn s xut hin sn dng CP, vy t,'set 0.

Sau khi xut hin sn dng CP

S chuyn i ca master ch hon thnh sau thigian tr truyn t 2 cp
cng NORAND. Nu thi gian tr truyn t ca cng NORAND bng 1,4 ln ca
cng NAND th rng (theo mc cao) ca xung ng h CP cn thit l :

tvvH ^ 2 ,8 tpj
Sau khi xut hin sn m CP, Slave chuyn
i, u vo master b kha, nn tn hiu u
vo J, K c th khng cn duy tr, tc l
t, = 0
K t khi bt u ^ n m CP, cho n khi
n nh trng thi Q, Q l thi gian tr truyn
t. V xnch in cc cng c, D rt n gin,
ta c th cho rng thi gian tr truyn t ca ^pt/
chng bng na ca cng NAND. Vy
Hnh 5 - J - 2 . Dng sng ca
Sih = i-5tpd> V i =
rng (theo mc thp) ca CP cn thit l ; FFJK maste-savc.
(Iheo mch hnh 5 - 1 - l )
phr
Do , yu cu i vi xung ng h

mn = 2,8tp^ + 2,5tp^ = 5,3tp^,

1
max =
5 ,3 1pd

Hnh 5 -3 -2 biu th quan h thi gian.

5,3.2. Cc chi tiu ch yu ca vi mch (IC) Flip Flop

1) Tham s tnh

Kt cu mch in u vo, ra ca Flip Flop di dng IC rt ging vi

cc cng NAND h TTL. Nhng c tnh u vo u ra cng vy.Nn cchnh
ngha v phng php o lng cc tham s ch yu ca c tnh u vo, u ra
cng c bn ging nh ca cng NAND TTL. Cc ch tiu ch yu l :

207
 Dng in ngun /g
Trong mch in cng dng in ngun khi mc u ra thp v khi mc u ra
cao khc nhau rt xa. Trong mch in Flip Flop bao gm rt nhiu cng, thng
khng ng thi thng c hoc ng thi ngt c, nn d trng thi mch in FF
thay i th dng in ngun cng khng thay i ng k. Vy thng thng ch
a ra mt gi tr dng in ngun v quy nh rng tt c cc u vo u phi
treo khi o lng dng in ngun.
Dng in ngn mch u vo /j 5
Ln t ni t cc u vo, ta o c dng in ngn mch u vo tng
ng. C th nhn thy cc hnh 5 -1 -1 1 v 5 -1 -1 5 rng mi mt trong cc u
vo R, s, Rjj, Sjj, CP, D, J, K v.v... c ni vi mt s khc nhau tranzito nhiu
emt. Do dng in ngn mch u vo ca chng cng khng bng nhau. S
tranzito cng nhiu th tr s dng in tng ng cng ln.
ng in d u vo /jj^
L dng in chy vo u vo xt khi u vo d ni n mc cao. Dng in
Ijj^ cng ph thuc vo s tranzito nhiu emitd c ni n u vo xt.
Mc tin hiu du ra cao Vqpi v thp
Khi FF trng thi 1, ^u ra Q mc cao, Q mc thp. Khi FF trng thi
u ra Q mc thp, Q mc cao. Vy ch cn o ng ring mc u ra Q,
Q khi FF trng thi 1 v 0 l ta c v Vqj^.

2) Tham s ng

Ct 2 tham s ng thng dng nh sau :

Thi gian tr truyn d t trung bnh ^pd
tpjj c nh ngha l thi gian t khi sn xung ng h tc ng (v d, sn
m ca CP i vi FF JK master slave, sn dng ca CP i vi FP D) n khi
trng thi mi to ra u ra ca FF a n nh, (hnh 5 -3 -3 ).
Thng thng thi gian tr truyn t ca u ra t mc cao xung mc thp
tp^i ln hn t mc thp ln mc cao tp|jj. Trong cc s tay IC, ngi ta chi cho
bit gi tr trung bnh

*-plh *phl
CP
Q
Hnh S - 3 - 3 . r Q /
T hi gian tr tm yn l ca IG F lip Flop : tpl^
a) Kch vi sn m :
7W

b) Kch vi sn dng. )

208
 Thn s ng h cao nht
Khi FF ni thnh T thi tn s ng h cao nht cho php l Khi o lng
^ma)? hnh vi ph ti nh mc cho, v kt qu s ph thuc vo
tnh trng ph ti. Bng 5 -3 -1 v 5 -3 -2 gii thiu cc ch tiu ch yu ca IC FF
Z63 v 1C FF D62.

Bng S - 3 - 1 : CH T I U CH YU CA FF JK M A STER SLAVE IC Z63B

T = 25, = 5V

T ham s K hiu Dn v iu kin o Ch tiu

u vo h mch
D ng in ngun lE mA < 15
Du ra khng ti

D ng in ngn J, K Vi = 0 < 1,5

Iis mA
m ch u vo
R, s, CP < 4,5

Dng in d J, K V| = 5V < 20
u vo IlH uA Cc u vo khc
R, s < 60
ni t
CP < 80

Mc cao u ra VoH V IL = 160 M 3 -- 4

Mc thp u ra VOL V II - 12m c 0,35
T n s ng h cao nhi max MHz II = 12mA C l = 15pF < 10

B ing 5 - 3 - 2 : CH T I U CH YU CA FFD IC D62B

T = 25 c ; E p = 5V

Tham s K hiu n v iu kin o Ch tiu

D ng in ngun Ie mA Du vo treo, u ra khng ti < 10

R, s, D < 1,5
Dng in ngn
Sd , CP Iis iA Vi = 0 < 3,0
mch u vo
Rd < 4,5

R, s, D < 20
Dng in d
S d , CP IlH fiA V i = 5V < 40
u vo
Rd < 60

M c cao u ra VOH V L = 160 M 3 ^ 4

Mc thp u ra VOL V IL = 12m < 0.35
T n s ng h cao nht fmax MHz II = 12mA C l = 15pF c 10

209
 TM TT

1- Tnh cht c bn ca FF
FF l linh kin logic c bn ca mch s. FF c hai trng thi n nh, di
tc dng ca tn hiu bn ngoi cd th chuyn i t trng thi n nh ny sang
trng thi n nh kia, nu khng cd tc dng tn hiu bn ngoi th nt duy tr
mi trng thi n nh vn c. VI th, FF c th c dng lm phn t nh ca
s nh phn.
2 - Quan h gia chc nng logic v hnh thc cu trc ca FF.
Chc nng logic v hnh thc cu trc l hai khi nim khc nhau. Chc nng
logic l quan h logic gia trng thi tip theo ca u ra vi trng thi hin
ti ca u ra v cc tn hiu u vo. Do chc nng logic khc nhau m FF
c phn thnh cc loi RS, E, T, T, JK. Cn do hnh thc cu trc khc nhau,
FF li c phn thnh cc loi RS c bn, RS ng b, m asterslave, duy tr
ngn tr...
Mt FF cd chc nng logic xc nh c th thc hin bng cc hnh thc cu
trc khc nhau, V d, cc FF cu trc oi masterslave v FF cu trc loi duy
tri ngn tr u cd th thc hin chc nng logic ca FF T. Ngha l cng mt
cu trc c th m trch nhng chc nng khc nhau, v d, hnh thc cu trc
mastersave khng nhng lm thnh FFRS, m cn cng ct th lm thnh cc loi
FF nh D, T, JK
Vy nn cn ch khi nhm ln hai khi nim trn y. Hin nay, nh
cng ngh sn xut IC ngy cng hon thin, m mthay nhiu FF c tng
trong mt v IC. Trong nhng chng trnh by tip y, chng ta u coi FF nh
mt linh kin logic cn bn ; chng ta chl tm hiu i th qu trinh hot ng
v mch in rut IC.

BI TP

5 - l^ X t mch in FFRS c bn hnh 5 -1 -1 , th v ring tng dng sng u

ra Q, Q trong ba trng hp sau y :
1- u R ni t, s tip nhn xung ;
2 - u R treo, s tip nhn xung ;
3 - R = s, s tip nhn xung.
5 -2 . Cho s lgic^ca FFRS c bn v dng sdng Rjj, Sjj nh hinh di y.
Hy v dng sng Q, Q.

1___ r
r r
k,

210
 5 -3 . Xt mch in FFRS c_bn hnh 5 -1 -1 , cho dng sdng u vo nh hinh
di y, hy v dng sdng Q, Q

n _

5 -4 . Cho s logic FFRS ng b v cho dng sdng nh hnh di y

1 - Nu c im khc bit vi FFRS c bn
2 - Hy v dng sdng u ra Q.

CP.

5 -5 . Xt so hnh 5 -l-7 .b
Cho dng sng nh hnh bn,
Hy v dng sng Q, Q.

5 -6 . Hy phn tch chc nng logic ca s hnh bn, so snh vi FFRS c

bn. _
(Gi : tham kho hnh 5 - l- 7 a )

5 -7 . Xt s logic di y, hy v dng stng u

ra theo cc dng sng CP v dng sng u vo Vj
cho.

211
 5 8 . Xt s logic di y, hy v dng sng u ra tng ng vi dng sng
CP, Vj cho.

^01
CP J i_rL _r~ L _n
^oz

5 -9 . Xt s FFRS ng b hnh 5 -1 -5 . Gi s trng thi u ca FF l 0

Hy v dng sng Q, Q tng ng vi dng stng CP, R, s cho di y :
5 -1 0 . Cng vi cc dng sdng
cho trong bi tp 5-9 (CP, R,
S). Hy v dng sdng Q, Q ca CP 1I 1 I !_ 1 1_ f~
mch in hnh 5 -1 -7.a
L_

----------- L

5 -1 1 . Cho cc mch in c s di y v dng sdng A, B, c. Hy vit biu

thc hm logic v v dng sng ca Qj, Q2, Q3

5-12. Xt s FFRS masterslav_hinh 5-;;l-8. Cho dng sng CP, R, s nh

bi tp 5-9. Hy v dng stng Qm, Qm , q, Q tng ng.

212
 5 -1 3 . Xt s FFJK
masterslave hnh 5 -1 -9 . Gi s TT
CP
trng thi u FF l 0. Hy
I
v dng sdng Q, Q tng ng vi
dng stng CP, J, K cho di y J n _
5 -1 4 . Tip tc xt s hnh
5 -1 -9 . , n
1- Th no l vn "mt ln
chuyn". Hy thuyt minh iu ny
da vo s logic.
2 - Hy v dng sng Q (gi s trng thi u l 0) trong ba trng hp di
y.

cp

T r u tg / / ^
/_r

rr/ 0 |
n n

T.
Trng h/ 0
n

5 -1 5 . Xt s FFJK masterslave IC hnh 5-1-11.

Cho dng sng CP, J =
I__ K = Kj . K2 . K3 nh hnh
bn.
Gi thit trng thi ban u
ca FF l 1.
Hy v dng sdng Q, Q tng
ng.

5 -1 6 . Xt s FFJK kch bng

sn hnh 5 -1 -1 2 . Cho dng sng
CP
CP, J, K nh hnh bn. Gi s trng
thi u ca FF l 0. Hy v dng
sng Q, Q. T

K.

213
 5 -1 7 . Xt s FFD CMOS hinh 5-1-16.
Cho dng stng_CP, D nh hnh bn. Hy v n _ n _ n _ n _
CP
dng sdng Q, Q.
5 -1 8 . Xt s FFJK CMOS hnh 5-1-17.
Cho dng sdng CP, J, K nh trong bi tp
5-16. Hy v dng stng Q, Q.
5 -1 9 . Xt s FFD CMOS
hnh 5 -1 -1 6 . Cho dng sng CP,
D, Sjj, Rj3 nh_hnh bn. Hy v
dng sdng Q, Q.
CP rTL_m_rTUTLj

L
5 -2 0 . Gi thit trng thi ban
u Qj = 0, Q2 = 0. Hy v_dng
sdng cc im A, B, Qj, Qj, c ,
Q2> Q2 mch in.

5 -2 1 . Ct nhng phng php

no miu t chc nng logic ca
Flip Flop.
5 -2 2 . Gi thit trng thi ban u ca cc FF l 0. Hy v dng sng Q.

L -1 l. J ^ p L
CP- / < >z CP >3 c p 0> 1^ CP 5 CP
Q Q Q Q

s 7~ 3 Ty
Cf> >7
Ks H ^^1 p k -lri
CP-dt
C
K 3
D
c/> >2

c Q
CP- .13 ^ J U T T L
K
5 -2 3 . Cho cc s
: c
I - Q "v 3 J Q 1 ,
Fj, F 2 l FFD >^2 NO N c>v5
Q K
F*. F 4 l FFJK
masterslave CF CP Ta CP

214
 1 - Hy vit biu thc hm
logic trng thi tip theo Cf-
n+ 1
Q ca cc FR I I
A
2 - Cho dng sdng A, B, I i

c, CP nh hnh bn. c a
! ! ! I
n u Sq ca hinh F2 , u c U u ~1 j
Rp ca hlnh F3 . Hy v dng
sdng Q ca cc mch Fj, F2 ,
5 -2 4 . Hy v dng sng Qj, Q2 ca mch in di y tng ng vi cc dng
sdng cho.

u----------- u------------
- n _ rL _ L _ n J i_
rA
B- l L_JliL_n

5 -2 5 . Cho cc s v dng sng

1. Hy vit
biu thc hm Q / - - P ^
logictrng thi > \ CP ->F
/T ( K
tip theo '
ca cc FF. CP no/anp CP s
()
JBA1
2. Gi thit
trng thi ban CP rn _rr_r
u ca cc FF
A
l 0. Hy v
dng sng Q B
tng ng.

5 -2 6 . Hy v mch in cc Flip Flop t RS masterslave chuyn i thnh D,

T, T v JK.
5 -2 7 . Cho s v dng stng
Gi s trng thi
ban u ca FF l
J |---------- yJ <3 B
0. Hy v dng sng A > CP IM M IM U ]
u ra B. So snh Kff K
dng sdig A v B,
thuyt minh chc
nng mch.
5 -2 8 . Nu dng FFD cu trc mch ct chc nng nh ca mch bi tp
5 -2 7 trn y thl ni mch th no.

215
 Chng 6

MCH DY

6.1. I CNG V MCH DY

Cn c c im khc nhau v chc nng logic v cu trc mch*^in, mch s

c phn loi thnh mch t hp (combinational Circuits) gii thiu chng
4 v mch dy (Sequential circuits) s c trnh by trong chng ny.

6.1.1. c im v phng php miu t chc nng

I) c im ca mch dy

Trong mch s, mt mch in c gi

l mch dy nu trng thi u ra n nh
thi im xt bt k khng ch ph thuc
vo trng thi u vo thi im t m cn
ph thuc c vo trng thi bn thn mch
in thi im trc (trng thi trong).
Mch dy c c im nht nh phi bao
gm Flip Flop nh trng thi vn c. T
tng ny th hin thnh cu trc mch nh Hnh 6 -1 - 1 . S khi mch dy
hnh 6 - 1 - 1 gi .

2) Phng php miu d chc nng logic ca mch dy

Theo nh ngha mch dy trn y, cc Flip Flop c nghin cu chng

5 cng l mch dy, v trng thi u ra tip theo khng ch ph thuc vo
tn hiu u vo m cn ph thuc c vo trng thi (trong) Q" vn cd. Phng
php miu t chc nng logic ca Flip Flop cng thch hp vi mch dy ni chung.

a) Phng trnh logic

Xt hnh 6 -1 -1 , X(xj, X2, Xj) l tn hiu u vo thi im xt Z(zj, Z2 ,

Zj) l tn hiu u ra tj,, w (Wj, Wj, Wj.) l tn hiu u vo mch nh
(tc l tn hiu kch ng b ca FF), Y(yj, y 2, Yg) l tn hiu u ra mch
nh t_ (tc
^ l---trng
-- o thi ---7
hin ti ca FF). Quan h gia cc tn hiu trn y
C th biu th bng cc hm logic

216
 = F(X (t^), Y ( g ] (6 - 1 - 1 )
= F[W (tJ, Y(t)] (6 - 1 - 2 )
W(t) = H([X(t), Y(t)] (6 -1-3)
^-n+l im gn nhau. V yp y^, ..., Yg l trng thi ca FF cu
trc mch nh, nn chng c gi l tn hiu trng thi, hay bin trng thi,
tng ng hm Y c gi l vect trng thi, (6 -1-2) l phng trnh trng thi
vi l trng thi tip theo, Y(tj^) l trng thi hin ti. Tng t, (6 -1 -1 )
l phng trnh u ra,(6-1-3) l phng trnh kch. Ni ring trng hp Flip
Flop, X(tj^) = W(tjj), Z(tj^) = Y(tj^). Vi vy, ch ring phng trnh trng thi (6 -1 -2 )
cng miu t chc nng logic ca FF. phn bit vi mch dy ni chung,
chng 5, (6-1-2) ca FF mang mt tn chuyn bit l phng trnh c tnlng,
nh ta gi.
b) Bng trng thi
Bng lit k mi quan h gia Z(tjj), Y(tj^j) v X(tj^), Y(tjj) gi l bng trng
thi ca mch dy. (Ring i vi FF, bng trng thi c tn ring l bng chc
nng).
c) hnh trng thi
hnh trng thi l hnh v phn nhquy lut chuyn itrng thi v
hnh cc gi tr u vo, u ra tng ngca mch dy.
d) th thi gian
th thi gian cn gi l dng sng cng tc. N biu th trc quan mi quan
h tng ng cc gi tr tn hiu u vo, tn hiu u ra, trng thi mch in
v thi gian.
Nh sau ny chng ta s r, 4 phng php trinh by trn y v bn cht u
phn nh chc nng logic mch dy theo cc kha cnh khc nhau, chng lin quan
v chuyn i ln nhau. C th ty chn dng ty theo tnh hnh c th. Cng
cn lu thm rng bng Karnaugh c th miu t chc nng logic mch y mt
cch tin li.

6.1.2. Phng php c bn phn tch chc nng logic mch dy

Nhim v phn tch l tm ra bng trng thi, hnh trng thi, th thi

n.
gian ca mch dy cho, ri xc nh c im cng tc v chc nng logic ca
Hnh 6 -1 -2 l s gi v qu trinh phn tch ny.
Mch in cho

Phng trnh nh thi Phng trnh,u ra Phng trnh kch

Phng trnh
c trng
Phng trnh trng thi

Tn 1 ton

........ ............ r Sn kch CP

Bng trng thi hnh trng thi th thi gian

Hnh 6 -1 -2 , S gi qu trnh phn tch mch dy.

15-CSKT.. 217
 Di y a ra quy trnh phn tch 4 bc :
1- Vit phng trnh
Cn c vo mch in cho, vit phng trinh nh thi, phng trnh u ra,
phng trinh kch, cng tc l cc cng thc logic ca tn iiu nh thi (ngh),
tn hiu u ra v tn hiu u vo.
2 - Tm phng trnh trng thi
Thay phng trinh kch vo phng trnh c trng ca Flip Flop tng ng, ta
s tm c phng trinh trng thi ca mch in, cng tc l phng trnh trng
thi tip theo ca cc Flip Flop, v rng trng thi mch y bt kl u nh cc
Flip Flop cu trc to ra mch dy m c ckh nng nh.
3 - Tnh ton
a tt c cc t hp c th ca trng thi hin ti v tn hiu u vo phng
trnh trng thi v phng trnh u ra, ri tin hnh tnh ton, tm ra trng thi
tip theo v tn hiu u ra tng ng. y ct 4 iu ch :
- u kin nh thi tch cc ca phng trnh trng thi
- Trng thi hin ti ca mch in, tc t hp cc trng thi hin ti ca
cc FF cu trc nn mch xt.
- Khng b sdt mt t hp ct th no ca trng thi hin ti v tn hiu
u vo.
- Cn c vo gi tr ban u cho (hoc t cho) ca trng thi hin ti v
tn hiu u vo m tnh ton ln lt cc trng thi tip theo nhau.
4 - V hlnh trng thi (hoc bng trng thi, hoc th thi gian). Xem xt
kt qu tnh ton, ri v hiph. trng thi, y cn ch 3 iu :
- Chuyn i trng thi t hin ti n tip theo, ch khng phi l t hin ti
n hin ti, hoc t tip theo n tip theo,
- Tn hiu u ra l hm s ca trng thi hin ti, ch khng phi l hm 8
ca trng thi tip theo.
- V th thi gian cn lu rng FF chi chuyn i trng thi tng ng
vi sn kch ca xung ng h xut hin.
Quy trinh 4 bc trn y chung, khng bt buc phi tun theo my mc,
m nn vn dng linh hot ty tnh hung c th.

6.2. B M

6.2.1. c im v phn oi b m

1) c im c bn

m l kh nng nh c 8 xung u yo ; mch in thc hin thao tc m

c gi l b m.

218
 m l mt thao tc c bn cc k quan trng. Vy b m c s dng v
cng rng ri, t cc thit b o ch th s n cc my tnh in t s loi ln,
bt k h thng s hin i no u hin din b m.

2) Phn bi

Cn c vo s khc bit ca tnh hung chuyn i trng thi cc Flip Flop

t r o n g b m , n g i t a p h n t h n h h a i lo i l n : b m n g b v b m d b .
Trong b m ng b, cc Flip Flop u chu tc ng iu khin ca mt xung
ng h duy nht, l xung m u vo. Vy s chuyn i trng thi ca chng
l ng b. B m d b th khc, c Flip Flop chu tc ng iu khin trc tip
ca xung m u vo, nhng cng c FF chu tc ng iu khin ca xung u
ra ca FF khc (cd va tr nh thi ca xung ng h). Vy s chuyn i trng
thi ca cc FF khng cng lc, tc l d b.
Cn c vo s khc bit v h s m ca b m, ngi ta phn thnh cc
loi : B m nh phn, b m thp phn, b m N phn. Nu gi n l s ch
s v tr trong m s nh phn, (cng tc l s Flip Flop c trong b m), gi N
l s trng thi tch cc (cng tc s trng thi m ha c dng khi lp
m) th i vi b m nh phn N = 2", i vi b m thp phn N = 10. B
m nh phn v b m thp phn l trng hp ring ca b m N phn. T
thng gi N l dung lng b m hoc di m b m, hoc h s m.
Cn c tc ng ca xung m u vo m s m ca b m tng hay gim
m ngi t phn thnh ba loi : B m thun, b m nghch, b m thun
nghch. (B m thun : u p Counter, b m nghch : Down Counter)

6.2.2. B m ng b

I) B m nh phn ng b

B m nh phn ng b ndi chung cu trc bng Flip Flop T.

a) B m thun nh ph n ng b
Cu trc mch :
Hlnh 6 -2 -1 di y l b m
thun nh phn ng b 4 ch s.
B m cu trc bng 4FFJK
ni thnh loi T v 4 cng NAND,
CP l xung m^ u vo ; chi c CP
cc u ra Q, Q ca FF.
Nguyn u lm vic : Hnh 6 -2 -1 . B m nh phn ng b 4 ch s.
Vit phng trnh
- Phng trnh nh thi c ? ! = CP2 = CP3 = CP4 = CP (6-2-1)
Xung ng b ca 4FF u l xung m u vo. Trong mch dy ng b, cc
xung ng h ca cc FF u ging nhau, mi khi mch in chuyn i trng thi,
cc iu kin nh thi nti chung u bo m, vy nn phng trnh nh thi
thng khng cn vit ra.

219
 - Phng tr^ h u ra ct th khng cn vit v khng c tn hiu u ra no
khc ngoi Q, Q.
- Phng trnh kch Ti = 1

T2 = Q?
(6 - 2 - 2 )
T3 = Q- Q5
t] = Q

Tm phng trnh trng thi

Phng trnh c trng ca Flip Flop T = T Q + TQ*^
Thay phng trnh kch vo phng trnh c trng, ta c :

= 1 i + ^Q x = Q?
= t 2_q ^ + T2 = q"q;;_+
(6-2-3)
+ T3 Q5 =
Q f ' = T4 Q + T ,q ^ = Q + Q* Q5 Q5>

Tnh ton

Gi nh cc trng thi Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 tun t, thay vo phng trnh trng thi

(6 -2 -3 ), ta c bng kt qu 6 -2 -1 , l cc trng thi tip theo

Bng 6 - 2 - 1 : K T Q U TN H TO N

q: Q Q Q o f o f*

V hnh trng thi

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 T bng 6 -2 -1 ta v ngay c
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 hnh trng thi, l hnh
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
6-2-2 .
0 l 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Nhn xt hnh 6 -2 -2 , ta thy
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
mch in 6 - 2 - 1 lm vic ca b
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 m nh phn ng b 4 ch s
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 i
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 (>-*
0 0 0 1 ^ 0 1 0 -^ 0 1 1 -*
0 1 0 0 -K)
1 0 1 -*
0 1 1 0 -K
) 1 1 1

nh 6 -2 -2 . hnh trng thi ca b m

220
 c im
c im ca b m nu r trong tn "b m nh phn ng b 4 ch s.
Di y trnh by thm v s chuyn v ca b m.
Chuyn v song song
Mch in 62 - l thc hin chuyn v song song. Khi nim chuyn v dng
trong b cng , tng ca 1 vi 1 l 0 , vi chuyn v (nh) ln s c trng s
ln hn l 1. T gc php cng s nh phn m xt, qu trnh cng tc ca b
m c th ndi l khng ngng cng s 1 vo s c trng s b nht ca s nh
phn, ng thi tun t chuyn v ln s c trng s ln hn, kch FF tng ng
chuyn i trng thi. Phng thc chuyn v song song ca mch hnh 6 -2 -1 th
hin ch tn hiu chuyn v (nh) t u ra Q ca mt FF a n u vo ca
FF trng s ln bt k u ch co tr truyn t hai cp cng 2tp^. Xt thm yu
cu CP duy tr mc cao yu cu thi gian chuyn ca FF th chu k m
ngn nht c th ca b m (tc l khong thi gian cc tiu gia hai sn m
xung m lin k) :
MIN = 2 tp d + tph, + t ^ H (6-2-4)
Vy tn s cao nht ca b m l
1
MAX (6-2-5)
MIN

Nhc im ca phng thc chuyn v song song l ph ti cc FF khng u

nhau, cc FF trng s cng b th ph ti cng nng, cn cc FF trng s cng
ln cng lm u vo chuyn v.
Chuyn v ni tip
Xt mch in hnh 6 -2 -3
fD H>
J Q J Q I Q
Phng thc chuyn v ni tip khng 5 fs
c khuyt im ni trn ca phng A
thc chuyn v song song, tuy vy, thi 1
gian chuyn v t s trng s b nht
n s trng s ln nht li ko di hn.
Hnh 6 -2 -3 .
Gi s c n trng s, thi gian chuyn B m thun ng b chuyn v ni tip.
v l thi gian tn hiu chuyn v i
qua 2(n - 2) cng t FF trng s b nht n FF trng s ln nht. Do tn
s cc i ca b m chuyn v ni tip tng i thp :
1
M AX
(6 - 2 - 6 )
2 (n - 2) tp, + phl + t'WH
b) B m nghch nh phn
ng b

S logic Hnh 6 -2 -4 .

Tng t nh trn, dng CP
phng php phn tch cn bn

Hnh 6 -2 -4 . B m nghch nh phn
tm hnh trng thi, hnh
chuyn v song song ng b 4 ch s.
6 -2 -5

221
 0000-0001'M)01(K-0011'<-0100M)101-*011(>-^)m

HI,i->-i. 110
Z- 1101
Z -*!.100Z-1011z1010-T1001-*1000
i l

Hnh 6 -2 -S . D hinh trng Ihi ca b m nghch.

So snh hnh 6 -2 -4 vi hlnh 6 -2 -1 , ta thy s khc bit ca b m nghch so

vi b m thun l u ra Q (o) ca FF cung cp tn hiu chuyn v._Vy t
b m thun sn c, nu ta tho dy ni u Q, ri u ni v o u Q, ta 8
cd b m nghch.
c) B m thun nghch nh phn ng b
Kiu mch c du vo diu khin m thun, m nghch.

Hnh 6 -2 -6 a . Chuyn V) song song.

Hnh 6 -2 -6 b m thun nghch nh phn ng b c u vo iu khin xt

s hnh 6 - 2 - 6 . T thy b m gm b m thun v b m nghch gp li
vi nhau, cd t h G mt s cng iu khin. Tn hiu iu khin m thun hoc
m nghch thng qua cc cng iu khin thc hin s iu khin bin b m
thnh m thun hay m nghch. S dng phng php phn tch logic, ta tim
hnh trng thi nh hinh 6 -2 -7 .

222
 B m trn y, ngoi u vo m CP ra, cn c u vo iu khin m
thun hoc m nghch. Vy nd c gi l b m thun nghch nh phn ng
b kiu ct u vo iu khin thun hoc nghch.
Trong hnh trng thi, con s trn du gch xin biu th tr s tn hiu M
iu khin thun/nghch, tng ng M = 1/10.

1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/
0000-H)001- 0010- 0011- 0100-* 0101-* 0110 - o m

1 /t Al/
1111l l i o ^ l i o i * - 1 1 0 0 ^ 1011*- 1010- lOOi 1000
.1/ I/ 1/ 1/ 1/ I/ 1/

(a)
0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/
OOOO-OOO*- 0010 -0011 *-0100 * - 0101 *- 0110 * - 0111
0 /4 TO/
llU -*lll -*-1101 -* 1100 -* 1011 1010-* 1001 - 1000
0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/
(b)
1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/
0011 ^OO 0101 ^ 0 1 1 0 ^ 0 1 1
0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/
0/ 0/ i t l /
Hnh 6 -2 -7 .
0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/
D6 hnh trng Ih ca b m thun
1 ; 1100 5^1010 ;^ 1 0 0 1 ^ 1 0 0 0
nghch :
1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ a) Khi M 1 ;
(c) b) Khi M 0 :
c) Kh xl gp M 0.1.

Kiu mch c 2 u vo xung ng h

223
 AAAAAAii
CP, niuirmizzi:zT_ruinjLrLi_r:
n __n _ji_n ::::::i__ rL_n_ji_j:

/a th a n

!nch

Hnh 6 -2 -9 . Dng sng b m thun nghch 2 u vo xung ng h.

Xt s hlnh 6 -2 -8 . Mch c hai u vo xung m (ng h). Khi a xung

ng h vo u m thun, lc u m nghch mc thp, ch c cc cng
iu khin na trn thng, cc cng iu khin na di ngt, mch thc hin m
thun. Khi a xung ng h vo u m nghch, lc d u m thun mc
thp, chl c cc cng iu khin na di thng, cc cng iu khin na trn
ngt, mch thc hin m nghch.
Khi m thun, xung chuyn v (u ra thun) sinh ra vo lc t m Q4Q3Q2Q1 =
1111 ( = 15jq) chuyn thnh Q4Q3 Q2 Q1 = 0 0 0 0 . Khi m nghch, xung chuyn v (u
ra nghch) sinh ra vo lc t m Q4Q3Q2Q1 = 0 0 0 0 chuyn thnh Q4 Q3 Q2 Q 1 = 1 1 1 1
(= 15jq). Xem dng sng b m trn hnh 6-2-9.
N u cn t n g d u n g l n g m th cd th m c dy chuyn (n i ti p n h a u ) cc
mch m hnh 6- 2 -8 ; trong mch mc dy chuyn, u ra m thun ca b m
p h a t r c n i v o u v o m t h u n c a b m s a u l i n k , u r a m n g b ic h
c a b m p h a tr c n i v o u v o m n g h c h c a b m s a u li n k.

Trn c s mch in hnh 6 -2 -8 , ngi ta thm cc u voxta, lp, vo s

liu ; ngi ta cng dn tn hiu u ra ca Q ca4 Flip Flop ra ngoi, do to
thnh IC b m 4 bt, chng hn TI 193.

Hnh 6-2-10. B m thun Ihp phn ng b.

224
 B m thp phn l b m theo m nh - thp phn, v tng ng vi nhiu
kiu m ha ca m nh - thp phn, nn cng ct nhiu kiu b m thp phn
khc nhau, y ch gii thiu b m thp phn dng m nh - thp phn 8421.
a) B m thun thp phn ng b (Hnh 6-2-10)
Cu trc mch in :
Mch in cu trc bng 4 Flip Flop JK v cng chuyn v (nh) u ra c, xung
m u vo l CP.
Nguyn l cng tc
V it ph ng trn h
Phng trnh nh thi CPi = CP2 = CP3 = CP4 = CP
(6-2-7)
c =Q4" Q?
Phng trnh kch = K = 1
J2 = Q Q? K2 = Q
(6 - 2 - 8 )
j = K3 = Q

J4 = Q3 Q2 Q? K4 = Q
(u vo J ca trn hinh 6 -2 -1 0 v 3 ng, c th hiu rng t c cng
AND 3 u vo tng ng)
Tm ph ng tn h tr n g thi
' = JiQ + Kj Q;- = Q;*

= J2 Q2 + Q2= Q? Q? 5 +Q? Qr
= J3 Q5 + K 3= Q2"Q Q5 (6-2-9)
1 = J, Q K, Q= Q5Q2" Q Q + Q?
T nh ton
Bt u t gi tr Q5 Q5 Q" Q" ~ phng trnh trng thi (6 -2 -9 )
v phng trnh u ra (6-2-7), ta c kt qu bng 6 -2 -2

Bng 6 - 2 - 2 ; KT Q U TN H TO N

1+1 c
o: Q Q q ; *^3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

225
 hln h tr n g thi /0 /0
1110 liil 1010 1011 noo
Cn c vo bng 6 - 2 - 2 , ta c
/i /1 /0
quan h chuyn i trng thi Q
sang v gi tr u ra c, do /0 /0 /0 /0 /1
t v c hlnh trng thi hnh 0000 - 0001 0010 0011 0100 'H- 1101
6- 2 - 11. /1 /0
Cn lu rng, nhng trng lOl
1001 1000 -^0111 0110 -0101
thi lin tip nhau ca mch in, /0 /0 /0 /0
mt trng thi thi im xt l
i vi trng thi trc lin Hnh 6 -2 -1 1 . hnh trng thi ca

k ( pha tri bng 6 - 2 - 2 ), ng b m thun thp phn ng b.

thi Q" i vi trng thi sau

lin k ( pha phi bng 6 - 2 - 2 ), vy nn trong hai hng lin nhauca bng 6 - 2 - 2 ,
mt trng thi pha phi hng trn s ngthi pha tri hng di.Kt qu,
khi v hnh trng thi ta phi khng b st bt k trng thi kh d no c
hnh 6 - 2 - 1 1 .
Nhn xt hlnh 6-2-11 :Mch in hlnh 6 -2 -1 0 ng l b m thp phn
dng m 8421.Xem th dng sdng hlnh6-2-12.
Gi thit b m hnh 6 -2 -1 0
b m hng n v ca h thp
CP
t I I I i I I I I phn. Hnh 6 -2 -1 2 chng t rng
I

^1 - i H - J H - J H J L i l
M -
l
khi mch in chuyn i n
_ I _J I L trng thi 1001 (= 9 j0 >, tn hiu
chuyn v (nh) tr thnh mc
cao, nhng tht ra khng tc ng
ngay, m i n sn m xung
I
ng h CP th 10 xut hin, thi
c -i_ tn hiu c mi kch Flip Flop
Hnh 6 -2 -1 2 , hng chc ca h thp phn
Dng sng b m thun th p phn dng m 842. chuyn i trng thi, ng thi
b m hng n v tr v 0 , tc
mch in tr v trng thi 0000. Tt nhin Flip Flop hng chc cng c kch
bng sn m.

TVng th i c s dng, tr n g th i cm , t khi n g

Nh tng nti trc y, nhng trng thi t m c dng khi m hta (bin
m) gi l trng thi c s dng, nhng trng thi t m khng c dng khi
m hda gi l trng thi cm. Trong h n h 6-2-11, cc trng thi t m 1010 +
1111 l trng thi cm, v chng khng c dng khi m ha 8421.

226
 K h i V m t n g u y n n h n n o t, c h n g h n d o n h i u g y r a , m c h i n r i v o
trng thi cm, di tc ng ca xung ng h CP, m mch in c th tr li
trng thi c s dng, ta ni mch ct th t khi ng.
Di tc dng ca xung m u vo, b m vn cng tc tun hon, tnh
hung bnh thng, s tun hon u n theo chu k v trng thi ban u mi
chu k gi l s tun hon c s dng. Ngc li, s tun hon trong trng thi
cm gi l s tun hon cm. Chng ta s r thm tnh hung ny khi trao i
tit 6 -3 sau y.
Hnh 6-2-11 chng t rng b m thun thp phn theo m 8421 ndi trn
l c th t khi ng.
b) B m nghch thp phn ng b
Mch in hnh 6 -2 -1 3
kh n gin, chng ta
CP
d dng phn tch theo
phng php tong t Q " i> J Q T Q
dng trn. K Q K Q Ks
C hai cch cu trc
b m thp phn ng U
ra
b nhiu s t b m 1
s. Cch th nht l ni
dy chuyn cc b m 1
s, u ra ca b m Hnh 6 -2 -1 3 . B m nghch thp phn ng b.
trng s b ni vi u
vo b m trng s ln tip theo. S lm vic ca b m 1 s l ng b, nhng
s lm vic gia chng l d b.
Cch th hai l ni u ra ca b m trng s b vi tt c cc u vo ng
b ca 4FF b m trng s ln tip theo, cng ni n u vo cng chuyn v
u ra ca b m ny, cn cc xung ng h ca cc b m u l xung m
u vo CP. Trong cch th hai, khng nhng tng b m 1 s l ng b, m
s lm vic ca ton b mch ni ghp m nhiu s cng l ng b.
c) B dra thun nghch thp phn dng b
ra
ttiu n I n g M />
A )-?

/V
mn^^/c

Hnh 6~2~4. B m thun nghch thp phn ng b kiu iu khin thurv'nghch.

Xt hnh 6-2-14, 4FFJK mc thnh cc FFT.

Khi tn hiu thun/nghch M = 1, b m l thun, M = 0 b m l nghch.

227
 Phng trnh nh thi CPj = CPj = CP 3 = CP 4 = CP (6 -2 -1 0 )

Phng trinh u ra (6 - 2 - 1 1 )

(6 - 2 - 1 2 )
Phng trnh kch Ti = 1

T2 = MQ-Q + MQ;>Q5Q5Q

= MQ;*Q^ + MQJCQ^ + Q5 + Q^)

T3 = MQ;>Q5 +M QQ^Q^Q^Q^ (6-2-13)

= MQJQ 5 + MQ^Q^Q^ + Q^)

= M QQ +M Q ?Q ^Q 5 +MQ;>Q^Q5

= M(QQ + Q Q 2 Q 3) + M Q 1 Q 2 Q 3
Vi M = 1, t (6-12-11), (6-12-12), (6 -12-13) ta c :
c = B = 0 (6-2-14)

Tj = 1 T2 = T3 = QQ5 T, = Q?Q5 + (6-2-15)

Thay gi tr (6-2-15) vo phng trinh c trng ca FFT l

Qn + 1 ^ rp Q n 4 . f Q

Ta cd : = Q;> + W Q 2

+ ^ Q 5 Q f ' = (Q;>Q + Q Q 5Q )Q + Q?Q + Q^Q^Q^Q"

(6-2-16)
Gi nh trng thi hin
1/00 1/00
ti, tun t thay vo
(6-12-14) v ( 6-12-16) 1110 1111 UOl ----- 1100
tnh ton, kt qu ta ct 1/10 1/10
hnh trng thi hinh 1/00 1/00 1/00 1/00
6 -2 -1 5 . 0000 0001 0010 oon 0100
Ct th thy rng, khi 1/10 1/00
M = 1, mch in thc 1001 1000 - 0111 0110 ^ 0101
hin m thun thp phn 1/00 1/00 1/00 l/oo
theo m 8421 v c th t 1/10
khi ng. 1010 -------- 1011
1/00

Hinh 6 -2 -1 5 .
D hnh trng thi khi M = 1.
(Gii thch k h i ^ bn cnh mi t n : M/CB)

228
 Khi M = 0, t (6-2-11) (6-2-12) (6-2-13), ta cd :

c = 0 B = QQ^QQ' (6-2-17)

Tj = 3 = Q? (Q2 + Q3" _
(6-2-18)
T3 = Q?Q^(Q^ + Q) : T, = Q?Q5Q5
Thay gi tr (6 -2 -1 8 ) vo phng trnh c trng ca FFT, c phng trnh
trng thi nh sau :

Q r ' = Q

Q r ' = Q Q a + Q 5 + + Q l (Q 2 + Q 3 + Q ) Q "

= Q iQ "(Q 3 + Q4 ) + Q1 Q2 (6-2-19)

Q r ' = Q ? Q 2 (Q 3 + Q 4) + Q ? Q " (Q 3 + Q ?) Q3

= Q?Q^Q5Q? + (Q? + Q5)Q^

Gi nh trng thi hin ti, 0/00 0/00 0/00 0/00

tun t thay vo (6 -2 -1 7 ) v 0000 0001 ---- 0010 -*--- 0011 < 0100
(6 -2-19) tnh ton, kt qu 0/01 0/00
ta c hnh trng thi hnh 1001 1000 * 0111 0110 0101 M/CB
6 -2 -1 6 . 0/00 0/00 0/00 0/00
C th thy rng, khi M = 0, 0/00
mch in thc hin m 1010 - l o n ^ n o o - 1101 1110 ^ 1111
nghch thp phn theo m 0/00 0/00 0/00 0/00 0/00
8421 v cd th t khi ng.

Hnh 6 -2 - 6 ,
D hnh irng thi khi M 0.

p f f S 'ft /f s S m f S 'fr /r s '/ ff fj p ffie o

Hnh 6 -2 -1 7 . Cch ghp ni nhiJ b m thun nghch thp phn ng b 1 s thnh nhiu s.

229
 Phng php ghp ni nhiu b m thun nghch thp phn ng b c trinh
by hnh 6-2-17.
Khi b m trng s b c = 1 th b m trng s ln M = 1, Tj = 1, nd
s cng tc ch m thun.
Khi b m trng s b B = 1 thl b m trng 8 ln M = 1, Tj = 1, n
s m nghch.
Kh_ b m trng s b c = B = 0 th b m trng s ln
M = M = Tj = 0 v nt ngng m.

Xem li hlnh 6-2-14, s s dng Flip Flop T, xung CP lin tc a n ng

thi tt c u vo ng h ca cc FF. Trng thi u vo T quyt nh s chuyn
i trng thi ca FF. T = 1 th FF phi chuyn i, T = 0 th FF phi khng
chuyn i.
Hnh 6 -2 -1 8 di y gii thiu mch in b m thun nghch s dng Flip
Flop T-.

l?tff
<gJc/r

VO m ngAch

/ ctim A/r
I

Hnh 6 -2 -1 8 a . S logic b m thun nghch thp phn ng b kiu 2 u vo ng h.

Flip Flop T S chuyn i trng thi mi khi xung ng h n. Xu^ng CP l

phi i qua cc cng iu khin mi n c u vo ng h ca FF. Vy FF
mun lt th cng phi m, FF cn gi nguyn trng thi th cng phi ng. Xung
m thun, xung m nghch c a n bng hai u vo ring bit. Khi a

^ i_ J i_ J T _ jL n _ _ n _ n _ A _ n _ A _
n _ n j ~ u T n _ n _ r "
1____ I I___ \ I____r 1 _
4 u u
u
1
-
u u

c- u u

S r s ________ n
(cA/y/)
Hnh 6~2~8h.
Dng sng b m hnh 6 - 2 - 18a inng hp m Ihun.

230
vo xung m thun th b m thc hin m thun. Khi a vo u vo m
nghch th b m m nghch. Khng cho php hai u vo ng thi ct xung m.
Khi ghp ni b m, ch cn ni u ra m thun ca b m 1 s trng 8 b
vi u vo m thun ca b m 1 s trng s ln hn k tip, tng t cho
m nghch, ngha l ni dy chuyn.
S dng phng php phn tch logic, tham kho phn 6 - 2 - 2 - lc , tng t, ta
ct th tlm hnh trng thi ca mch in hnh 6-2-18a. Cn dng sng th xem
hnh 6-2-18b.

3) B m N phn ng b

S dng FFj ta c<5 th ty xy dng b m ng b vi h s m N bt k

(N phn) v dung lng bt k. Xem hnh 6-2-19.

7 -5 JQ
K A

CP CP
b) N= 5

r -< t < 1:
J Q T J- Q
>Fi =t>/ 1 -^' >A -
J('s K 5
p

CP CP
c) N : 7 ) / = / /

H nh 6 -2 -1 9 . B m ng b N phn.

6.2.3. B m d b

1) B m nh phn d b

em Flip Flop T mc dy chuyn vi nhau th c b m nh phn d b, kt

cu kh n gin.
a) B m thun nh phn d b H
Cu trc mch din CP *0 >
Q
Xem hnh 6 -2 -2 0
Nguyn li lm vic Hnh 6-2-20. B m thun nh phn di b.

V it ph n g trn h
Phng trnh nh thi CPj = CP, CP2 = Q, CP3 = Q2 (6-2-20)

231
 Flip Flop T s lt (chuyn i) 'mi khi xung ng h xut hin.
P h ng trn h tr n g th i

Q" ^ ^ = Q" vi iu kin xut hin sn m CP

= Q" vi iu kin xut hin sn m Qj( 6 - 2 - 2 1 )
Q" ^ ^ = Q3 vi iu kin xut hin sn m Q2
Trong (6-2-21) ghi r iu kin nh thi.
T nh ton

Gi thit trng thi ban u l Q3 Q2 Q" = 000, tun t thay vo (6-2-21)

tnh, ta c kt qu nh bng 6 -2 -3 .

Bng 6 - 2 - 3 : K T Q U T N H TO N

Q Diu kin sn m
Q3
0 0 0 0 0 1 CPi
0 0 1 0 1 0 CPi CP2
0 1 0 0 1 1 C Pi
0 1 1 1 0 0 C Pl CP 2 CP3
1 0 0 1 0 1 CPi
1 0 1 1 1 0 C Pl CP 2
1 1 0 1 1 1 CPi
1 1 1 0 0 0 C Pl C P 2 CP3

Lu khi tnh n cc iu kin nh thi : Ch vi iu kin xut hin sn

xung kch th FF mi lt ng nh phng trnh quy nh, nu khng th FF
duy tr nguyn trng (khng lt), v d, khi Q3 Q2 Q" = 000 v vi iu kin sn
m xung n u vo xut hin, do CPj = CP nn Fj iu kin nh thi
thc hin lt theo phdng trnh = Qj , c th Qj = 0 nn = 1. M
CP 2 = Qj tuy rng Fj lt t 0 sang 1, nhng FF kch bng sn m, ngha l
cha tha mn iu kin nh thi, nn F2 duy trl nguyn trng, = Q" = 0.
Fj cng khng lt.

Li xt trng thi Q3 Q2 Q = 011 v vi iu kin xut hin sn m CP, Fj

lt trc, Qj xut hin sn m lm 2 lt tip, Q2 xut hin sn m lm Pg lt
sau cng, trng thi b m chuyn t 011 thnh 100. Trong bng 6 -2 -3 cd ghi
ch iu kin nh thi c tha mn khi b m chuyn trng thi.
V d h n h tr n g th i (hnh 6 -2 -2 1 )
000 001 - 010 - 011

111 no 101 100 CP jnjiijL?ij5i_ji_f7LjL

l _ r ~ L J L _J~L

Hinh 6 -2 -2 1 . Hnh 6 -2 -2 2 .
D hnh trng Ihi b m. D ng srig b m.

232
 Hnh 6 -2 -2 2 l dng sng, ta thy r c im kch bng sn m ca cc FF
b m.
Nhn xt cc hnh 6 -2 -2 1 v 6 -2 -2 2 : Mch in hnh 6 -2 -2 0 s d b m
thun nh phn 3 s d b.
B m thun d b kch bng sn dng (Hii 6 -2 -2 3 )
Nguyn l cng tc ca s mch
hnh 6 -2 -2 3 cng ging s mch
hnh 6 -2 -1 0 . Nhng Flip Flop T c
s dng trong s i hi phi kch
bng sn dng. Vy u vo ca
FF tr^ng s ln phi ni vi u ra C P ___ f n j z U i L R L F L J f i L M J s l

o, Q ca FF trng s b hn k r ~ L _ r ~ L _ i L
tip. %-
CP2 = Q i. CP3 = Q2 <^3
Ch cn ch c im iu kin
nh thi kch bng sn dng th tnh 6 -2 -2 3 , B m tlun nh phn
ta d dng hiu c mch m hnh d b kich bng sn dng.
6 -2 -2 3 .
Hnh 6 -2 -2 4 l s mch in b m thun nh phn d b 3 s.
y Flip Flop T c cu trc t Flip Flop JK v Flip Flop D.

J Q Q 7 Q
) CP u

K 0 K Q K 0

Hnh 6 -2 -2 4 . -Q 0
a) dng Flip Flop JK ; ) CP
b) dng Flip Flop D. [ r c D Q D TS

b) B dm nghch nh phn d b
S b m ny trn hnh 6 -2 -2 5 s dng Flip Flop T.

Q n Qr
U 0
CP CP l_
^5
Hnh 6 -2 -2 5 .
a) Kch bng sn m ; b) Kch bng sun dng.

Khi khng ngng a xung m CP vo b m nghch, tnh hung chuyn i

trng thi ca mch in nh bng 6 -2 -4 , hnh trng thi hnh 6 -2 -2 6 v dng
sng hnh 6 -2 -2 7

1-CSKT.. 233
 Bng 6 -2 - 4 ; BNG CHC NNG

f 1 4-1 n +1
Q'
C Pl C P 2 CP3
CPl
CPl CP2
CPi
C Pl C P 2 CP3
CPi
C Pl CP 2
CPi

000 001 010 ^ 011

Ui 110 101 - 100

. r n J L _ r - L _ n .

HUth --2-26.
hnh trng thi.

HUt 6 -2 -2 7 .
a) Kch bng sn m ;
b) Kch bng sn dng.

Hnh 6 -2 -2 6 chng t r rng rng s tr ca b m l gim khng ngng theo

ch m nghch nh phn.

c) Quy lut ni ghp cc b m nh phn d b

S ni ghp gia cc b m nh phn d b kh n gin. u ra Flip Flop

trng s b ni vo u xung ng h ca Flip Flop trng s n. Quy lut n i
ghp xem bng 6 -2 -5 .

Bng 6 - 2 - 5 ; Q U Y L U T N I G H P C C B D M N H PH N D B

C ch kch ca F lip F lo p T
Quy lut ni ghp
sn dng sUn m

m thun CP. Q i - I CP * Q i - I

cn nghch CPi = Q i - I CP - Q i - I

Trong bng trn CPj l xng ng h ca Flip Flop Fj, Q _ J v Qj _ J l tn hiu

ra ca Flip Flop F j_j c trng s b hn lin k vi F. Nu dng loi Flip Flop
kch bng sn dng thi xung ng h CPj ca Fj ni vo Q _ j ca F j , nu

234
dng loi Flip Flop kch bng sn m th CP ni vo Qj _ 1 cu trc b m
thun. Cn cu trc thnh b m nghch thl ngc li.
d) Dc im b m d b nh phn
u im : Cch ni ghp b m v Cu trc b m u n gin
Nhc im : Tn s cng tc thp, xung nhiu qu t trng thi m ha
ny sang trng thi m ha khc ln.

2) B m thp phn d b

a) B m thun thp phn di b

Cu trc mch in

Hnh 6 -2 -2 8 .
B m th u n Ihp
phn d b.

S hnh 6 -2 -2 8 bao gm 4 Flip Flop JK v hai cng. CP l xung m u

vo, c l tn hiu chuyn v (nh) a n b m trng s ln hn
Nguyn l lm vic
V it p h n g trn h
Phng trnh nh thi CPj = CP CPj = CP4 = CP3 = Q2 (6-2-22)

Phng trnh u ra : (6 -2-23)

Phng trnh kch :

= 1 h = Q"

J3 = K3 = 1 J4 = Q Q K4 = 1 (6-2-24)

(Tm quy c rng cc u vo trng l ni vo mc logic 1, u vo no

c nhiu ng ni coi nh c mch AND)
l i m p h n g trn h tr n g th i
Thay gi tr (6 -2 -2 4 ) vo phng trinh c trng ca Flip Flop JK, ta c :

= jjQ> + KjQ!= Q5* vi iu kin xut hin sn m CP

= J 2 Q2 + ^ ^ 2 = Q4 Q2
Q3 * = J 3 Q5 K3 Qj = Q3 vi iu kin xut hin sn m Q2
^= J 4 Q" + K4 Q" = Q3 Q2 Q4 vi iu kin xut hin sn m Qj

(6-2-25)

235
 T in hn h tnh ton
Gi nh trng thi, tun t thay vo (6-2-25) v (6-2-23) tnh ra kt qu
nh bng 6 -2 -6 . Khi tnh ton cn lu iu kin nh thi. Ch khi sn m
xung kch tng ng xut hin th trng thi Flip Flop mi chuyn n trng thi
k tip theo phng trnh.

Bng 6 - 2 - 6 : BNG TR N G TH I C A B DM THU N THP PHN D B

Q" Q" .n +1
Q" Q
CPl
C P l CP2 C P4
CPi
C P l C P2 CP3 CP4
CPi
C P l CP2 C P4
CPi
C P l CP2 CP3 CP4
CPi
C P l CP2 CP4

CPi
C P l C P2 CP3 CP4
CPi
C P l CP2 C P4
CPi
C P l C P2 CP3 CP4

/0
1110 1010 1011 1100
V hn h tr n g th i /0 /0
/1
Cn c vo kt qu tnh ton /1 /0 /0 /0 /0
bng 6 - 2 - 6 c th v hnh trng 1111 o o o - 0001 0010 0011 0100 1101
thi nh hnh 6 -2 -2 9 . hnh ny /1
chng t rng mch in c s /1 /0

hnh 6 -2 -2 8 l b m thun thp 1001 ^ 1000 0111 0110 0101

phn d b theo cch m ha 8421, /0 /0 /0 /0
hn na mch in cd th t khi
ng. Xem dng sng hnh 6230. Hnh 6 -2 -2 9 ,
hnh trng thi b m thun thp phn d b.

. f > J \ s iJ A h h A A h -

i 1
1

1

1
1 u1
c
Hnh 6 -2 -3 0 .
Dng sng b m thun thp phn d b.

236
 b) B m nghch thp phn d b (hnh 6-2-31)
Phng php phn tch nh trn.

CP Q J
/r o P fr Q
n h 6 -2 -3 1 . B m nghch thp phn d b.

V cch ghp ni cc b m thp phn d b 1 s thnh b m nhiu ch s :

ghp ni dy chuyn, u ra ca b m trng s b c ni vo u vo CP ca
b m trng s ln hn k tip.
c) B m N phn d b (hnh 6-2-32)

I Q TT
CP- ct> 7 2_ J Q J Q Q
Km R K CP- cf>;
/r qU K
)Nz5
b) N - 7

c ) / : //
Knh -2 -3 2 . B m N phn di b.

d) Xa v ci d t ban u cc b m d b

Xda b m l a tt c Flip Flop ca b m v trng thi 0 trc khi bt

u cng tc. i vi FIip Flop D c mch n nh theo nguyn l duy tr - ngn
tr th cn chn u vo l mch tin cy xa Flip Flop v 0 (u vo R b
trng thi xung ng h CP nh hng). V trong b m d b, u vo CP ca
cc Flip Flop cd th l 1, cng cd th l 0.

Ci t ban u l lm cho b m trc khi bt u cng tc phi sn trng

thi quy nh bng cch iu khin u vo d b. Cng vi mt nguyn nhn
nti trn, i vi Flip Flop D duy tr - ngn tr th cn chn u vo ; u vo
ny khng b nh hng ca CP (nh u vo S). i vi b m nghch d b,
u tin t tt c Flip Flop v trng thi 1, sau theo trng thi quy nh m
xta nhng Flip Flop c chn v 0, t c mc ch l ci t ban u cho
b m. S d nh vy vi trong b m nghch d b, FF trng s b lt t 0 sang
1 s a ra tn hiu chuyn v (nh) cho FF trng s ln hn, lm n lt. Do
lm hng s ci t ban u. i vi b m thun d b, khi ci t ban u
thng qua u vo d b, u tin t tt c FF trng thi 0, sau t mi chn
FF lp 1. Nu dng cc tn hiu o nhau ng thi a vo u Rj, ci
t ban u th khng cn lo b nh hng g na.

237
 <.2.4. B m IC c trung (MSI)

Cc vi mch MSI b m c nhu chng loi, chc nng mnh, dng tin li.

I) V d phn tch

Hnh 6 -2 -3 3 l b m thun thp phn ng b MSI.

Mch in bao gm 4 Flip Flop D .v nhu cng, 4 u vo d liu A, B, c, D
mt u lp s, mt u xa R, hai u vo p, T bn u ra Q^, Qg, Q q , Qj3 v
u chuyn v (nh).
a) Phng trnh u ra v phng trnh trng thi
Phng trnh u ra v phng trinh trng thi
Phng trnh u ra c = + f = T (6-2-26)

Hnh 6 -2 -3 3 . B m MSI.

Phng trnh kch

Da = R S A + R S + R PT = R S A + RSPT +

Db = R + sB + 1' + s + R PTQ^ e Qg PTQ;^ +

Dg = R S B + RS PTQ]^ Qg (6-2-27)

= R+ SC +R + S+ R + Qg e Q c
Dc = R S C + R SPTQ ^Q g e^
Dj3 = R + S D + R + S + R PTQ^ + PTQ^ + QS + Qc Qd
Dj3 = R S D + RS PTQ^Q^ PTQ^^QgQ^ e
238
 Phng trnh trng thi
Thay gi tr (6 -2 -2 7 ) vo phng trinh c trng ca Flip Flop D, ta ct :

= R S A + RS PT e Q"

= R S B + RSPTQ]^ e PTQ^Q^
(6-2-28)
= R SC + r s p t q ;^ Qg e

= R S D + RSPTQI^Q^ PTQ^^QgQ^ e

b) 4 ch cng tc
Xa
R = 0, vi s xut hin sn dng xung ng h CP, b m b xa.
Thay gi tr R = 0 vo (6-2-28), ta c :

= 0 = 0 = 0 = 0

Ci t ban u
R = 1, s = 0 vi s xut hin sn dng CP, b m thit lp s, tc l a
d liu u vo DCBA vo b m.
Thay gi tr R = 1 s = 0 vo (6 -2 -2 8 ), ta c :
n+l
= A = B = c QS

Duy tr nguyn trng (nh)

R = s = 1, P.T = 0 vi s xut hin sn dng CP, b m duy tr trng thi
vn c, tc l cm lt.
Thay gi tr R = s = 1, PT = 0 vo (6 -2 -2 8 ), ta c
n+1 _ r\n n + 1 _ on
Q
m
R = s = 1, p = T = 1, b m thc hin chc nng m.
Thay g i t r R = S = P = T = l vo (6 -2 -2 6 ), (6-2-28), ta c :

r ' -

Qg + Q Q5 Q" (6-2-29)

= Q S Q Q S + Q S

c = (6-2-30)

Nu t Qa = Qi Qb ^ 2 ^ 3 > Qd ^ 4 (6 -2 -2 9 )
(6 -2 -3 0 ) hon ton trng hp vi cc cng thc (6 -2 -9 ) v (6 -2 -7 ) ca b m

239
thun thp phln ng b. Do t ct th dng chung bng chc nng, hnh trng
thi (bng (6 - 2 - 2 ) v hnh (6 - 2 - 1 1 ))
Qua trnh by trn y, cn c phng trnh u ra v phng trinh trng thi
(6-2-26) v (6 -2 -2 8 ) c th lit k thnh bng chc nng 6 -2 -7 .

Bng 6 - 2 - 7 : B N G C H C N N G B D M H N H 6 - 2 - 3 3

p T R s CP Chc nng

H H H H T Dm
X X H L t Ci t ban u
L H H H X Duy ir nguyn trng
X L H H X Duy tr c = 0
X X L X T X a

H biu th mc cao, L biu th mc thp, X biu th ty , t biu th sn

dng xung ng h.
Hnh 6 -2 -3 4 l dng sng ca b m ; hnh 6 -2 -3 4 phn nh ton din tnh
hung cng tc ca mch in hnh 6 -2 -3 3

ix u T J ijn jiJ iji_ n _ n _ r L n _ r L r

I

-----! T 1
i_ r ~ L _
d r
Z J _ ~ ____
Qe---------
Q c~ -

-Q o -~
/ rnA
(t^/)
X
r Ct
^ ^t t ^ 'b>
-(Mih D uytr-

Hnh 6 -2 -3 4 . D ng sng b m.

2) S dng b m IC cu trc b m N phn

Trn c s cc b m thun thp phn (m hta 8421) v nh phn dng IC,

bng phng php phn hi xda, chng ta ct th cu trc b m N phn.

240
 a) Cdc buc ca bn
Gi s Sq biu th 0, Sj biu th 1, Sf^_j biu th N -1, Sj^ biu th N. Phng
php phn hi xda c cc bc sau :
- Vit ra m nh phn ca

- Tm logic phn hi xa - biu thc ca

- V s logic
b) Cng thc logic phn hi d xa
Logic phn hi xa l biu thc hm s ca u xda d b Rjj ca b
m IC.

= p = n (6-2-31)
1-n

Trong cng thc : p l m ca trng thi, n l tch cc gi tr Q ca

l-n
cc FF trng thi 1 tng ng Sjj. Trong m trng thi ca Sj^ cn bao gm
n Q, l tch cc gi tr Q ca cc FF trng thi o tng ng Sj^. Nhng trong
1- n
b m N phn s dng logic phn hi xa, v cc m nh phn
+1 > + 2 ' > 2"- 1 c dng nn cli dng n gin hta hm
logic (ti thiu ha), kt qu n Q b b i c :
l-n

p = OQ^ . n Q = nQ^ (6-2-32)

1- n 1n 1- n

By gi dng bng Karnaugh 3 bin lm v d thuyt minh s ng n ca

(6-2-32).

N = 4 : Sj^ = = 100 ; Sj^ = P 4 = Q" dng ti thiu ha

N = 5 : = Sj = 110 ;= P 5 = Q3 Q1 ni . dng ti thiu ha

N = 6 : Sj^ = = 110 ; Pj^ = dng ti thiu hda

N = 7 : = S7 = 111 ; Pj^ = P 7 = Q3 Q2 Q? khng n gin hda c

V d trn y rt n gin nhng minh ha (6 -2 -3 2 ) l chnh xc.

Nu dng bng Karnaugh 4 bin, 5 bin cng thy (6 -2 -3 2 ) l ng,
c) V d
V d 6 -2 -1 : Hy xy dng b m N = 12 bng b m thun nh phn ng
b 4 s.
1 - Vit m nh phn ca Sj^

N = 12 Sj^ = Sj2 = 1100

241
 2 " Tm logic phn hi xa
Rd = n = QQ
1- n

3 - V S lo g ic

Phng php ny tn ti hai vn :

- Trng thi qu Sj^j cc ngn
1
- tin cy phn hi xa tng i km CP Or ^
r 1
1
Vn d trng thi qu Sf^
7^-
Theo t tng trn y, b m N bt u m
t n l c t s m Sj^_j nu th m m t
xung m th phi lp tc b xta v 0 . Thc t Hnh 6 -2 -3 5 . B m N = 12.
mch in phn hi xa khng p tc v 0 . _
Du tin mch chuyn i n trng thi Sj^, lm cho Rj = P = 0 . V l R j = 0 nn
b m reset, trng thi Sjjj tip theo b mt lm trit tiu tn hiu Rjj = 0. Sj^ tn
ti trong thi gian chng xp x tr truyn t 3 cp cng. Tuy trng thi qu
ca Sn l cc ngn, nhng khng th thiu ; khng c trng thi qu th
khng c cch no to ra tn hiu xa v o .
Vn tin cy phn hi xa tng di km
V c tnh cng tc xung v tnh hung ph ti ca cc Flip Flop b m l
"khng ging nhau, li un lun chu tc ng ca nhiu d nhu d t, nn cd
th xy ra tnh trng C FF vn cn gi nguyn trng thi 1, trong khi c FF
lt v o . Do Rjj = p, ta bit rng chi cn mt
FF bt kl lt v 0 th mt, ri tn hiu Rjj = 0
cng mt. Mt khi Rjj = 0 mt thl FF no khng
kp lt s khng c cch no lt v khng na.
Hnh 6 -2 -3 6 l mch in gii quyt vn ny.
Trong mch ci tin, Flip Flop RS ko di Rjj = 0
mt cht, do bo m tn hiu reset c thi
gian tc dng di b m xa v 0 chc
chn.
Binh thng Flip Flop RS cn bn (do cc cng
A, B cu trc jnn) trng thi 0 di tc dng nhtA 6-2-36. Mch ci tin a b m.
ca CP, = Q = 1.
Khi b m m n gi tr Sj^_j = = 1011, nu xut hin thm 1 xung
m CP, vo khong sn m ca nt b m lt t Sjj_j n Sj^ = Sj 2 = 1100,
lm cho p = = 0, Flip Flop RS cn bn lp 1, Q = 1, Q = Rjj = 0, b m
reset v 0, tc l lt v Sq = 0000. Chi khi no b m bt u m li t Sq,
sn dng xung CP qua cng c c o pha ri mi lt Flip Flop RS c bn
v 0, Q = 0, Q = 1 = Rjj (tn hiu xa v 0 b trit tiu). Vy thi gian Rjj = 0

242
ko di thm nhiu ; nu t s b rng xung CP vi chu kl ca n l 50% th thi
gian tng ng = 0 l mt na chu kl xung CP.

Nu b m nh phn cu trc bng mch

kch bng sdn dng xung m CP th khng
cn cng NOT (C) na, mch in nh hnh
6 -2 -3 7 .
Nu khng ct yu cu c bit cao v
tin cy, ndi chung ngi ta vn hay dng mch
in n gin hnh 6 -2 -3 5 .
S dng b m IC cu tr c b m
Hnh 6 -2 -3 7 .
N phn rt n g i n ti n l i. Cch m
n y cng kh kinh t. D ng 2 IC b m B m nhj phn kch sn dng.

nh phn 4 s cd th cu tr c b m
N = 1 + 256. Dng 2 IC b m thp phn cd th cu trc b m N = 1 -- 100.
Hnh 6 -2 -3 8 biu th b m N = 84 cu trc t 2IC b m thp phn.

Hirtl/ y/
/ngc/rc K/ I /rJfgc^

CP %%
/V=10 A/=
/?d

< p-
3)

Hnh 6 -2 -3 8 . B m N = 84 ;
a) S nguyn l ; b) Mch ci tin.

H n h 6 - 2 - 3 9 l b m
N = 12 cu trc t b m nh
phn d b 4 s (IC). Phn trong
khung nt t s ogic ca
IC. Ni v B vi nhau thl
c b m thun nh phn d
b 4 B. Ri cn c vo quy nh
phn hi xa v 0 , ta ni
Qd ^ 0 ( 1) Qc 1^0 (2 )
by gi cd b m thun d b
N = 12. Xung m CP a n
u vo A.
Hnh 6 -2 -3 9 . B m thun d b N = 12.

243
 6.3. B NH

B nh l mt linh kin quan trng ca mch s. B nh thng c dng

lu gi tm thi d liu, lnh... Mt Flip Flop ct th nh 1 bit (nhphn),m
nh m nh phn n bit phi dng n Flip Flop.

6.3.1. B nh c bn

Mch in ny ch c chc nng tip nhn tn hiu nh phn m hta v xa tn

hiu nh trc. Cn c vo s khc bit trong cch tip nhn tn hiu nh phn
m ha, b nh c bn chia lm hai loi : hai nhp v mt nhp.

1) Cch tip nhn hai nhp

i^O
Hinh 6 -3 -1 . Cch tip nhn hai nhp.

a) Cu trc mch in
Hnh 6 -3 -1 l b nh 4 bit do cc Flip Flop RS c bn cu trc nn. Mch in
c 4 u vo d liu D2 Dj, mt u vo xta, mt u vo iu khin tip
nhn d liu v 4 u ra Q4 Q3 Q2 Qj.

b) Qu trnh tip nhn tn hiu nh phn m ha

u tin phi xa v 0 : Dng xuyn m (gi l xung xta hay xung Reset) a
cc FF u lt v 0.

Sau l np s liu : Dng xung dng (gi l xung tip nhn hay xung np
s liu) m thng cc cng 1 -i- 4, a t m D4 D3 D2 Dj np vo b nh v
lu gi li.

T phng trnh c trng ca Flip FlopRS c bn, sau khi xta v 0 :

Q Q3 Q2 Q? = 00000

244
 Khi xung np xut hin :

Q r* = ^4 D3 D2 Dj
c qu trnh cng tc gm 2 bc, cho nn c gi l cch tip nhn hai nhp.

2) Cch tip nhn mt nhp (mch in 6-3-2)

Hnh 6 -3 -2 . Cch tip nhn mt nhp.

Trong hnh 6 -3 -2 , F4 F3 F 2 Fj l 4 Flip Flop RS c bn, D4 D3 D2 Dj l u

vo s liu, Q2 Qj l u ra, ngoi ra cn c u vo iu khin tip nhn.
Nu xem xt ton b cc FF v cc cng ca n mt th th mch in 6 -3 -2 thc
t l do 4 mch cht D cu trc nn, vi u vo iu khin tip nhn l u vo
xung ng h ca mch cht, tc l CP.
Phng trnh c trng ca mch cht D l
Q" ** = D vi iu kin xut hin CP.
Vy trong mch in hnh 6 -3 -2 , khi xut hin xung tip nhn, Flip Flop chuyn
i trng thi

Q r' D3 D2 Dj
tc l b nh tip nhn v lu gi tn hiu
nh phn m hda. Mch in ny hon thnh
chc nng b nh ch trong mt bc, nn
c gi l mch tip nhn mt nhp. R
rng chng ta c th dng cc loi Flip
Flop D, RS, JK cu trc b nh c bn.
Hnh 6 -3 -3 gii thiu b nh 4 bt dng
Flip Flop D. Hnh 6 -3 - 3 . B nh tip nhn
mt nhjp dng Flip Flop D.
3) IC b nh c bn

Vi mch b nh c bn bao gm cc Flip Flop v cc tng iu khin lin quan

c ch to trong mt chip. Cn c vo s khc bit v cu trc, cc vi mch b
nh phn thnh b nh n (ch c 1 b nh trong 1 v) v b nh ghp (mt s
b nh c ng gi chung trong 1 v)

245
 Hnh 6 -3 -4 l b nh 4 bit
dng Flip Flop D, ngoi ra cn
hay gp cc b nh kp 2 x 5,
2 x 6 v.v... Cc b nh do mch
cht cu trc nn thng c mch
cht 2 chiu 8 bit, mch cht 4 bit
c u vo xda v mch cht kp
2 X 4. IC b nh ghp in hlnh
c b nh 4 X 4, 8 X 2 v.v...

6.3.2. B ghi dch Hnh 6 - 3 - 4 . 1C b nh 4 Flip Flop D.

B dch ngoi chc nng u

gi ra, cn c chc nng dch tng J?SOf SO/ff
bt theo nhp xung (fiSng h. D Qf S2
liu u gi trong b ghi dch di I^ /tf /jP
tc dng ca xung dch (shift) cd
L P
th tun t dch tri hay dch phi.
CP-
I) B ghi dch mt hng X/r/c

Hnh 6 -3 -5 l b ghi dch mt /y/

hng cu trc bng Flip Flop D. J
u ra Q ca mi FF tun t ni
CP
n u vo D ca FF tip sau ;
ch ct u vo D ca FF th nht
tip nhn d liu.
C mi khi xut hin sn
dng xung ng h th d liu
m ha c dch vo Fj, ng
thi trng thi ca mi FF cng
dch n FF tip theo. Gi s t
m u vo l 1 0 1 1 , di tc dng Hnh 6~3~$. B ghi dch mt hng.
ca xung dch, th tnh hung dch
ca t ma trong b ghi dch nh bng 6.3.1. C th thy rng, sau khi c 4 xung
CP, t m 4 bt 1011 dch va ht vo b ghi dch. Lc ny, c th y ra 4
bt song song ca t m 1011 t 4 u ra Q ca cc FF.

Bng 6 - 3 - 1 : T N H H U N G D C H T M T R O N G B G H I D CH

CP T m trong b ghi dch

T h t Fi F2 F3 F4

0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0
3 1 0 1 0
4 1 1 0 1

246
 Flip Flop cui cng (u ra Q) c th lm u ra ni tip ca t m. Mun th,
chi cn qua thi gian 4 xung ng h na thl 4 bit ni tip ca t m c dch
ra y. t l phng php a ra cc bit ni tip. Vy mch in hnh 6 -3 -5
c gi l b ghi dch mt hng vo ni tip, ra ni tip / song song.
u vo b ghi dch cng ct th dng cch vo song song - Hnh 6 -3 -6 l b
ghi dch vo ni tip / song song, ra ni tip.

m n h 6 -3 -6 . B ghi dch mt hng vo ni tip / song song.

Khi vo song song thi dng cch tip nhn ra ni tip hai nhp. Nhp th nht :
xung x a a n u xta tt c cc FF, nhp th hai ; xung tip nhn a
n m cc cng tip nhn d liu u Sjj.
Trong mt chip IC hin nay, b ghi dch cd t m di nhiu bt.

2) B ghi dch hai hung

(ghi ch :
n

-

TTT ' A -
mch NORAND . > t >. i i
LJ
fcA fiA / ^ 1
xem phn 3 -3 -4 )
omiff/c/r/>A/ r/

Hnh 6 -3 -7 . B ghi dch hai hng.

Xt mch hnh 6 -3 -7 . D liu c th tun t dch t Fj n F4 (dch phi), cng

c th dch t F4 n Fj (dch tri), vy chng ta gi y l b ghi dch hai hng.

Kh tn hiu dch phi bng 1, cng AND bn tri ca mch NORAND m thng
u Q ca FF bn tri thng qua NORAND ( o mc logic) ni vo u vo D

247
ca FF bn phi (tng ng u Q ca FF tri ni vo u D ca FF bn phi
lin k). Vy khi xung dch phi xut hin, d liu c dch t tri sang phi.
Ngc li, khi tn hiu dch tri bng 1, th d liu dch t phi sang tri. u
vo l tn hiu o, qua mch NORAND o pha, tn hiu c lu gi trong b
nh. Nu tn hiu u vo khng o, th tn hiu c lu gi l o.

3) Vi mch b ghi dch MSI

O S f f s /
- A B c

-F k _ M^k_
H1-k2 _^ TLe^
'^ ^
Jas0J0j!y^ . .

Hnh 6 -3 -8 . B ghi dch MSI.

Hnh 6 -3 -8 l vi mch b ghi dch MSI 4 bit hai hng tnh nng mch. Mch
in dng phn t nh l Flip Flop RS master slave mc thnh FFD, c hai u
iu khin Sq , Sj, 4 u vo d liu song song A B c D,u vo d liu ni tip
D j (dch phi) v u vo d liu ni tip (dch tri), mt u vo xa, mt
u vo ng h CP, 4 u ra Qg Qf, Qq .

4 mch NORAND lm thnh b chn la 4 ng thng. Cc tn hiu Sg , Sj

iu khin s chn la.
Phn t nh l Flip Flop D, cd phng trnh c trng :
+1 = D
Khi SqS j = 00, t s logic, ta c :

QH+1 = ^ Q n ^ Qn+1 ^ ^ QH ^ QH+1 ^ n ^ QH. QH+1 = Q " = Qn

(6-3-1)
Xung ng h xut hin th b nh gi nguyn trng thi.
Khi SqS = 01, ta c :

= Dl = Dl , =% =% , ' = Qb = Qb (6 - 3 -2 )

Vi tc dng ca xung ng h, b nh cng tc ch dch tri tn hiu vo

ni tip.

248
 Khi S^Sj = 11 , ta c

= D = D , = C = c , = I = B, = a = a (6 - 3 - 3 )

Khi xut hin xung ng h, b nh tip nhn tn hiu u vo song song.

Khi S^Sj = 10, ta cd :

Q f ' = Dj, = D, , QS . QJ = , Q+' = QJ = Qg . q = Q = Q

(6 - 3- 4 )
Vi tc dng ca xung ng h, b nh cng tc ch dch phi tn hiu vo
ni tip.
Nu u vo Rjj c xung dng, th b nh b xa v 0. Bng 6 -3 -2 tm tt
chc nng b ghi dch gii thiu nh trn.

Bng 6 - 3 - 2 : BNG CH C NNG

Chc nng Rd So Si CP

Xa v 0 H X X X
gi nguyn trng L L L
dch tri L L H t
vo d liu song song L H H t
dch phi L H L t

6.3.3. V d v ng dng b nh

B nh, c bit b ghi dch, c ng dng rt rng ri : bin i t m nh

phn t cc bt ni tip thnh cc bt song song v ngc li, dng cu trc
b m kiu ghi dch rt tin li v.v... y trnh by lm v d v b m
kiu ghi dch.
Nu em tn hiu u ra ca b ghi dch phn hi theomtcch xc nh n
u vo ni tip (u vo ng b ca Flip Flop D) th c th cu trc
thnh b m cho nhiu m c th khc nhau. Hnh 6 -3 -9 gii thiu mt cu

Hnh 6 -3 -9 .
B m kiu ghi dch.

17-CSKT. 249
trc nh vy. Dng mch ghi logc phn hi khc nhau th c c cc b m
khc nhau. Di y trinh by my mch in thng dng.

1) B m vng
c /> .
a) Cu trc mch in >F.
>' Q Q
Ly = Qj, tc l ni u ra
CP
Qj ca Pj vo u vo ca F^. Vy khi r
cc Flip Flop to thnh mch vng, nn
Hnh 6 -3 -1 0 . B m vng.
c tn l b m vng ; thc cht b
gb dch t tun hon. Hnh 6 -3 -1 0 l b m vng n = 4.
b) Nguyn li cng tc
Bng phng php phn tch logic, ta cd th tm c hnh trng thi ca
b m vng, nh hinh 6 -3-11

c dng khng c dng

IM i 6 - 3 - i . 1000 0100 r>

'ooo 0 .0 . IOO 0110 IIO 1110
D hnh trng thi
10001 I L I
ca b m vng no n il 1010 1001 0011 1011 0111

Nhn xt hinh 6 -3 -1 1 : kh tc dng xung m u vo CP, mch tun hon

dch 1, cng c th tun hon dch 0. Nu chn dng tun hon dch 1 thi cc
trng thi ca b m l 1000, OIOQ, 0010, 0001. Kh cng tc, u tin nn ng
xung khi ng a b m vo trng thi s dng, v d 1 0 0 0 , sau hy tc
ng CP vo.
c) Vn t khi dng
6 hnh trng thi cho chng ta bit rng b m loi ny khng th t khi
ng gi nh chu tc ng ca nhiu hay s c ngu in m mch ri vo trng
thi khng c dng th b m s mfii mi nm trong vng tun hon khng
c dng ; ch c kh ng li thi mch m c th tr v trng thic dng.
Hnh 6 -3 -1 2 l b m vng 4 bt cd th
t khi ng t s logic ta ct phng
trnh kch
_
D4 = QJ Q5 Q" ^D3 = Q5 >Ft
Q
Dj = Q5 (6 -3 -5 ) cp.
Thay cc gi tr trn vo phng trinh
c trng ca Flip Flop D, ta c : m -3-/2.
B m vng 4 bit l khi ng.

(6-3-6)

250
 Gi nh trng thi u l 0000, tun t thay vo (6 -3 -6 ) tin hnh tnh, ta
c bng 6 -3 -3 -

Bng 6 -3 -3 . BNG CH C NNG

Q Q

Hnh 6 -3 -1 3 l hnh trng thi ca mch hnh 6-3-12.

0000

Hnh 5 -3 -7 3 . 1110

D hnh trng thi 1000

\
ca b m vng c 0111 - 0011 0100 1001

th t khi ng. \ OOiO

1111 1101-^110

1010 -* lOl 1011

1100
d) c im
u im ca b m vng : tt c cc Flip Flop bnh thng ch chn mt Flip
Flop trng thi 1 (nhng Flip Flop cn li trng thi 0). Vy c th ly u
ra ca b m vng t u Q ca cc Flip Flop m khng cn b gii m. Khi lin
tc cd xung CP u vo, cc u ra Q, Q ca cc Flip Flop s cho ra xung vung
lun lu. VI th mch in ny cn gi l b phn phi xung vng.
Nhc im : hiu sut s dng trng thi l thp, nh N s cn N Flip Flop
(cn dng nhiu Flip Flop).

2) B m vng xon

c im cu trc ca b m vng xon l

D = Q? (6 -3-7)

Xem s logic v hnh trng thi ca mch m vng - xon 4 bt

251
 hnh 6 -3 -1 4 c 8 trng thi c
dng. C 8 trng thi khng c G > ^mm 0
dng. Mch khng th t khi ng. -. 7 J J
Trc khi m, cn thit lp trng
thi 0 0 0 0 cho b m vng - xon.
Hnh 6 -3 -1 5 b m vng - xon 0000^1 ooo--! 100-^1110 0100^ 1010-*U01-*0110
ct th t khi ng. c dng khng c dng

0001<-0011* - 0 1 1 1 - - illl 1001-*-0010- 0101-^ 1011

Kinh 6-3-4. B m vng xon

00001000-! lOO-^l 110*-n01-^1010M)10(k~1001*M)010

0 0 0 1 < * -0 0 1 1 -0 ill^ lU

Hnh -5 -/5 .
B m vng xon 4 bt c th t khi ng.
C/=>
c im ca b m vng - xon l ch c mt Flip Flop duy nht chuyn i
trng thi trong mi ln m ; vy khng tn ti nguy him chy ua khi gii m,
hn na cc cng gii m u ch cn hai u vo. Nhc im ca b m vng -
xon vn l cha tn dng ht cc trng thi b m. Trong b m n bt (n 3)
th c 2" - 2n trng thi khng c dng.

3) B m kiu ghi dch di cc i

ni b m kiu ghi dch c di m N = 2" - 1. Mch logic phn hi ca

b m ny dng cng XOR. Bng 6 -3 -4 l logic phn hi khi n = 3 -- 12

Bng 6 - 3 - 4 . L O G IC PHN HI CA B M K IU GH I D CH D I c c DI

B ghi dch n bt logic phn hi

3 D3 = Ql Q 2 . Q l Q3

4 D4 = Q l Q 2 , Q l Q4
5 D5 = Q l Q3 , Ql @ 04
6 D = Q i 0 Q 2 , Qi Q
7 D? = Qi 0 Q 2 , Qi 0 Q?
8 Ds = Qi e Q 3 Q 4 0 Qs . Qi Qs Q 6 Q?
9 D = Qi Qs . Q i Q
10 Dio = Qi Q 4 , Qi Qs
11 D ii = Qi 0 Q 3 , Qi Qio
12 D i 2 = Qi Q 2 Qs Q? , Qi Q? Q9 0 Q i 2

252
 Hnh 6 -3 -1 6 l s logic v hnh trng thi ca b m kiu ghi dch
di cc i 3 bt. Bt k nhiu t 0, logic cng XOR l o. Vy trong b m ny,
trng thi ton 0 khng c dng, cu thnh vng khng c dng.

m nh 6 -3 -1 6 .
B m kiu ghi dch iK h f:
di cc i 3 bt : <1
a) Khng Ih t khi ng :
b) C th l khi ng.
>6
a 7
CP-

001 100 010 -101 000 100 010 101 110

\ 011 111 110 000

\001 011 *- 111

(a) (b)

Trong b m kiu ghi dch di cc i th cc trng thi ca b m tng

i c tn dng, logic phn hi rt n gin. Vy n kinh t hn b m nh
phn ng b. Nht l khi di m kh di th u im ny cng r rt.

4) Thc hin phng php t khi ng ca b m iu khin ghi dch

Cc mch c bn ca b m : vng, vng - xon, kiu di cc i v.v... u

khng th t khi ng. Mun gi nguyn cc trng thi c dng ca cc b
m, m mch c th t khi ng, ta phi gii quyt vn d nh di y.
a) Cc bc c bn :
- V ra mch in c bn v hnh trng thi ca n.
~ Sa i quan h chuyn i trng thi khng c dng, thc hin t khi
ng ca hnh trng thi.
- Tm logic phn hi
- V s logic
b) V d : thit k b m vng - xon 3 bt c th t khi ng.
V ra mch din c bn hnh trng thi ca n
Xem hnh 6 -3 -1 7

Hnh 6 -3 -1 7 . B m vng - xon 3 bit ;

a) S logic :
b) hnh trng Ihi.

000 100 110 010 khng

c dng c

001 - 011 111 101 ' dng

253
 Sa i vng trng thi khng dc dng, thc hin t khi dng
Cng vic sa i l ct t vng trng thi khng c dng, ni ghp trng
thi khng c dng ti ch t vo trng thi c dng tng ng thc hin
t khi ng. Xem hnh 6-3-18.

Hnh 6 -3 -1 8 . 000 100 110 010 .

E) hnh trng thi

ca mch c th t khi ng OO O l 111

Khi ghp ni trng thi khng c dng cn ch rng t Flip Flop tng ng
bt cao nht n Flip Flop tng ng bt thp nht Fj c quan h ghi dch bt
c nh ; trng thi hin ti ca bt cao hon ton quyt nh trng thi k tip
ca bt thp ; chng ta chi sa i c trng thi k tip ca (trong v d ny
l Fj). Cn c vo vng trng thi khng c dng vn c, trng thi k tip ca
F3 l 0. Sau khi sa i, trng thi k tip ca F3 l 1. Nu b m lc vo vng
trng thi khng c dng, n chuyn n 101, i xung CP na thi t ng theo
cch ghp ni trng thi ca chng ta, chuyn n 1 1 0 .
Tm logic phn hi
u tin cn c quan h logic cn t khi ng, ta v ra bng Karnaugh ca
Q'*'^ (trong v d ny l ), ri tlm hm logic ca
Tip theo, ta so snh vi phang trinh c trng ca Flip Flop Fn, tc l tm
ra logic phn hi.
T hnh 6 -3 -1 8 ta v bng Karnaugh hnh 6-3-19.
\ q q
T hnh 6 -3 -1 9 , ta cd : Q \ 00 01 11 10
0 1 0 0 X
+1 = + (6-3-8)
1 1 0 1
Phng trnh c trng ca Flip Flop D l :
= D
Hnh 6 -3 -1 9 .
Vy D3 = Q* + Q5Q2 (6 -3-9)
Bng Karnaugh ca
V 8 logic

Hnh 6 -3 -2 0 .

B m vng xon

c th t kh dng.

254
 Cn ndi r rng, nu mch in ct nhiu trng thi khng c dng, th trong
s c trng thi c th trc tip chuyn thnh trng thi c dng, nhng
trng thi khc cd th qua mt hay nhiu trng thi khng c ng trung gian
trc khi chuyn thnh trng thi c dng. (Th hin trong hnh trng thi
t khi ng).

6.4. B TO XUNG T Xn T

Trong cc thit b iu khin k thut s v my tnh s thng yu cu cc

php ton v thao tc phi tin hnh tun t theo quy nh trc mt cch chnh
xc. Do phn iu khin khng ch to ra cc tn hiu iu khin m cn phn
b thi gian tun t cho cc tn hiu u khin . Phng php hay dng nht
l s dng b to xung tun t (b pht xung ito r kc xmg^ tR. t
c th t thi gian trc sau ; nhng xung ny lm chun thi gian cho 8 hip
ng ca cc b phn trong ton my.
B to xung tun t thng thng
bao gm b m v b gii m nh
hnh 6 - 4 - la.
Xung ng h thi gian chun c
a vo u vo b m. Nh b gii
ma s bin i cc trng thi b m
thnh xung tun t trn cc u ra
nh hnh 6 -4 -lb .
B m hnh 6 - 4 - l a l d b. Khi
xut hin xung ng h th cc FF
khng lt ng thi m c trc c
sau so vi nhau. Ngoi ra, trong mi
n chuyn i trng thi, c th c
nhiu FF cng lt, nn sinh ra hin
tng nguy him : chy ua. Do t,
to ra xung nhiu d u ra b gii m ^ d A A A A r L T iA A
(ca b to xung tun t) ; xung nhiu u ______ i_____^_______ T
i khi c gi l tp m qu . v
d, nh hlnh 6 - 4 - lb : khi b m /-T 1
chuyn t 001 thnh 010, gi s Fj J~ 1

lt sang 0 trc khi 2 lt thnh 1,

trong thi gian qu s xut hin
trng thi 0 0 0 (ngn ngi).
Do , c xung hp sinh ra trn u
ra "0". Tng t, khi t 011 thnh 100
thl cng ct th xut hin xung nhiu
qu trn u ra "0". Cc u ra
khc cng c th xut hin xung nhiu
Hnh 6~4~L B lo xung tun l :
qu . Chng hn, trn dy "2" khi t
a) s logic ;
011 thnh 100, trn dy *4" khi t 101
b) dng sng.
thnh 1 1 0 ...

255
 C nhng phng php sau y tr b xung nhiu qu ;
1) Dng b m vng. Chng ta xem xt mch in b m vng tit 6 -3 -3 .
V u ra Q ca mi Flip Flop l xung tun t, khng cn b gii m, nn tuy
rng c th ct nhiu FF lt khi b m chuyn i, vn khng th sinh ra xung
nhiu qu .
Nh ta a ni, nhc im ca mch ny l khng kinh t : c tng thm mt
u ra phi c thm mt Flip Flop.
2) Dng b m mi ln tr s m thay i ch c mt Flip Flop lt. Thuc v
loi ny l b m dng m Gray v b m vng - xon (b m Johnson), v
d ; hnh 6 -4 -2

Hnh 6 -4 -2 . c h A h A A A -
B to xung tun l
dng b m vng - xon "1_______ I ^
a) So logic ; /-T
b) D ng sng.

3) n g dng phng php tr b hin tng nguy him "chy ua" gii thiu
tit 4.9.2. V d, dng xung m u vo kha cng gii m.

/ 7 0 t 7
Hnh 6 -4 -3 ,
D ng xung ng h
kha cng gii m
....
tr b "chy ua" : CP
B m
a) Kch bng sn m ;
b ) Kch bng sn dng.

.j~L\A_n_

Khi kch FF bng sn m CP, dng CP kh(^_cng gii m nh hnh 6 -4 -3 a .

Khi kch FF bng sn dng CP th dng CP kha cng gii m nh hnh
6 -4 -3 b . Xuig u ra by gi tuy vn tun t theo thi gian, nhng khng cn
ni st nhau na.

256
 S dng b m ng b c v khng sinh ra nhiu, v trn l thuyt cho l tt
c cc FF u lt ng thi. Thc ra, cc FF u khng th hon ton nh nhau,
ph ti v dy ni lp rp ca cc FF cng khng hon ton ging nhau, ngha l
cc FF khng hon ton ng thi cng lt, cng tc l khng th trit tr b
"chy ua" c.

6.5. B NH RAM V DNG c GHP IN TCH CCD

6.5.1. B nh RAM (Random Access Memory - b nh c / vit)

RAM l mt phn khng th thiu ca my tnh in t s. Trc y, RAM l

b nh bng xuyn t. Hin nay, RAM l b nh bn dn, ; RAM bn dn c u
im tc ln, th tch nh, dung lng ln, tit kim in nng v tin cy
cao.

1) Kt cu ca RAM bn dn

Trong my tnh in t s, c chng trnh v s liu u biu th bng s nh

phn - RAM bn dn l vi mch (IC) c ln, bao gm hng trm, nghn phn t
nh lu gi s nh phn , Nh ta bit, mt phn t nh cth nh 1 s
nh phn (Ibit). Cn c vo s bit, RAM c 2 hnh thc kt cu tchc b nh
l : nhiu t 1 bit v nhiu t nhiu bit. Trong kt cu nhiu t 1 bit, mi t
chc c s ca b nh ch nh 1 bit. Vd, RAM 1024 X 1 l b nh c 1024
phn t nh 1 bit. Trong kt cu nhiu t nhiu bit, mi t chc c s ca b nh
lu gi nhiu bit. V d, RAM 256 X 4 l b nh cd 256 phn t nh 4 bit. Tch
s ca s phn t c s v s bit mi phn t l dung lng ca b nh RAM.
V d, RAM 16384 X 1 ct dung lng 16 Kbit (1 Kbit = 1024 bi^t). Ni chung RAM
bn dn cd cu trc nhiu t 1 bit.
Hnh 6 -5 -1 l s khi in hnh ca RAM, n bao gm cc khi sau :

Hnh 6 -5 -1 .
Kt cu ca RAM.

a) B gii m a ch. Trong RAM c rt nhiu phn t nh ; phn bit,

tng phn nh c gn mt a ch. Mi ln c hoc vit ch c th lm vic
vi mt phn t nh cd a ch cho. Hoc l vit vo phn t xt, hoc l c
ra ni dung vit vo trc , qu trnh ny gi l truy nhp xut b nh. M

257
nh phn biu th a chl cn truy nhp truy xut c a vo b gii m a ch.
Sau khi gii m, d u ra ta c tn hiu tch cc mt dy tng ng m
thng ng vo / ra cho tn hiu d liu c vit / c vo phn t nh ct a
chi d.
b) iu khin dc / uit. i vi phn t nh c chn theo a ch, s c ra
hay vit vo ty thuc s iu khin ca tn hiu iu khin c / vit, v d,
mc logic 1 l c, mc logic 0 l vit. Cng ct RAM c hai trng dy tn
hiu ring iu khin c / vit,
c) u vo / ra. Bng cc u vo / ra m RAM trao i tin tc vi b x l
trung ng (CPU - Central Processing Unit). Cc ng dy d liu l hai chiu,
do tn hiu iu khin c / vit m khi c, nt l u ra ; khi vit, n l u
vo. S u vo / ra ny ph thuc vo s bit trong mt a chi. v d, RAM
1024 X 1 mi a ch l ca mt phn t nh nn tng ng chi c mt u
vo / ra. RM 256 X 4 mi a ch l ca 1 nhdm 4 phn t nh nn tng ng
c 4 u vo / ra. Cng c RAM dy d liu vo ring, dy d liu ra ring. u
ra ni chung l mch ra 3 trng thi hay mch h cc gtp (colecto)
d) iu khin chn chip. Do s hn ch v kh nng tch hp RAM trn mi
chip, b nh RAM ca my tnh phi do nhiu chip RAM ghp ni logic vi nhau.
Khi CPU truy nhp truy xut b nh theo a chl th a ch thng tng ng
vi mt chip RAM no t c chn. iu khin chn chip nhm mc ch . Nu
tn hiu chn chip dn vo chip RAM no d mc tch cc thl chip t c chn.
Tn hiu u ra b gii m ca chip xt s iu khin m thng ng vo / ra
cho vic trao i d liu gia CPU v phn t nh c a ch CPU pht ra. (Nhng
chip RAM khc khng cd tn hiu chn chip mc tch cc th khng c chn,
ngha l b ngt khi lin h vi CP)
e) Ma trn nh. Cc phn
t nh ca RAM thng c Xo
b tr dng ma trn, gi l 1
ma trn nh. u ra b gii o-l.
m a chi iu khin s r , //
ni / ngt gia phn t r
nh trong ma trn vi u r

vo / ra ca b nh. Phn d
m

t nh tng ng vi a ch cAr

c gii m c ni thng, m
nhng phn t khc b ngt. 'O/
Hnh 6 -5 -2 l ma trn -//-/- *

nh v b gii m a ch
ca RAM 1024 X 1. Ma trn
ny c hnh thc kt cu V I
nhiu t 1 bit, cu trc thnh rsf
ma trn 32 X 32, mi khi ff/Jr'ar/
vung nh trong hnh v l
mt phn t nh ; s ni
thng vi mch ngoi ca
phn t nh do tn hiu u
ra b gii m a ch iu
khin. C 10 dy a chi,
tng ng 1024 a ch ca Hnh 6 -5 - 2 . Ma trn nh RAM 1024 X 1 bt.

258
i0 2 4 phn t nh. Gii m& a ch phn lm hai ; b gii m hng v b gii m
ct. Cc dy a ch Aq, l u vo b gii m hng. u ra b gii ma hng
l 32 dy Xq , Xj , . . . , Xg l cc dy chn hng ; cc dy a chi Aj , ... ,Ag l
u vo b gii m ct. u ra b gii m ct l 32 dy Y o . Y, , , Y31 l cc
dy chn ct. Dy chn hng Xj iu khin s ni thng ca mi phn t nh trong
hng tng ng ca ma trn nh vi dy bit. Dy chn ct Yj iu khin 8 ni
thng ca dy bit mi ct tng ng vi dy d liu D , D. VI d, khi
Xp = 1 , Yq = 1, 32 phn t nh 0 -0 -- 0-31 ca hng th nht trong ma trn
nh c ni thng vi dy bit tng ng. Trong 32 i dy bit th ch c i dy
c Yq iu khin mi ni thng vi dy d liu. Vy ch c mi phn t nh 0 -0
l c ni thng vi dy d liu. Phn t nh 0 - 0 trn y c c hay c
vit, vn ny do tn hiu dy c / vit iu khin. Nu Kc th tin tc lu
tr trong phn t nh 0 -0 s xut ra dy d liu, u vo / ra v truyn n CPU.
Nu l vit thi CPU a tin tc cn c vit qua u vo / ra, dy d liu v
ghi vo phn t nh 0-0. Tng t, khi Xg = 1 , Yjj = 1 th phn t nh 31-31
c ni thng vi dy d liu, vi iu khin c / vit, CPU thng qua BUS d
liu, u vo / ra, dy d liu thc hin c ra hay vit vo phn t nh 31-31.
Hnh 6 -5 -3 l mch in tng i
n gin dng iu khin c / vit.
Cc cng 1 -- 5 lm thnh b phn
iu khin c / vit.
Khi cs = 0 ; R/W = 1 th K r = 0
= 1 thc hin c.
Khi c s = 0 ; R/W = 0 thl Cr = 1
= 0 thc hin vit.
Cc C n g 6,7 v b n d n MOS
Tj , T2 lm thnh mch u ra 3
trng thi.
Khi Kr = 0 ; = 1 th cng 11,
12 ngt, cng 6,7 sn sng. D liu
D qua cng 8 o pha, qua mch 3
trng thi ri ra u ra I/O : I/O =

D = D. Hnh 6 -S -3 . Mch iu khin c / vit ca RAM

Vy mch thc hin c.
Khi Kj = 1 ; = 0 th cc cng 6,7 b ngt, u ra ca chng l mc thp
lm cho bn dn Tj , T2 b kia, mch ra 3 trng thi th hin tr khng cao.
Trong khi cc cng 11, 12 sn sng, ng vo cho tn_hi_d liu c m
thng qua cc cng 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 vi D = I/O v D = I/O, tc thc hin
vit d liu vo b nh.

Khi C S = 1 ; K j = 1 ; K ^ = 1 , ngha l khi chip RAM khng c chn th

mch 3 trng_thi th hin tr khng cao v cc cng 11, 12 cng b Dgt, I/O b
ngt khi D, D, tc l khng c, khng vit, RAM gii thiu hnh 6 -5 -2 lu

259
gi 1 bit 1 a ch. Thc t thng dng lu gi 8 bit hay 16 bit a ch. Vy
nn phi ghp ni song song cc RAM nhiu t 1 bit. Hlnh 6 -5 4 di y gii
thiu 8 chip RAM 1024 X 1 cu trc thnh b nh RAM 1024 X 8 . Trong hnh
iy, cc dy a ch, dy c / vit, dy chn chip u ni song song, cn cc dy
I/O c dng ring r.

Hnh 6 -5 -4 .
B nh RAM
1024 X 8 bl
dng 8 chip CS
RAM 1024 X 1.

es
f24/7 ^4xr 24X7

l/ I / /

2) Phn t nh RAM tnh

Phn t nh l ht nhn ca b nh. Cn c s khc bit nguyn l lm vic,

chng phn thnh RAM tnh v RAM ng. Cn c vo cng ngh sn xut, chng
phn thnh loi lng cc v MOS. Vy hnh thc mch in rt a dng. Di
y trc tin gii thiu RAM tnh.
a) Phn t nh NMOS 6 bng bn dn
Mch in xem hnh 6 -5 -5 , v T2 lm thnh b o pha. T3 v T4 cng lm
thnh mt b o pha khc. u vo u ra ca hai b o pha ni cho nhau to
thnh mt Flip Flop RS c bn, ngha l cu trc nn phn t nh. Tj thng T 3

ngt l trng thi 0 ; T3 thng v Tj ngt l trng thi 1 - T5 , Tg l cc bng

bn dn iu khin. Dy X iu
khin T5 , Tg thng hoc ngt, do r 1
iu khin s ni thng u ra ca
Flip Flop vi dy bit. Khi Xj = 1 thl 1
T5 , Tg thng, do FF thng vi
dy bit. Khi Xj = 0 th Tj , Tg ngt, _

do FF b ngt khi dy bit.

T7 , Tg l cc bdng bn dn iu
khin s ni thng dy bit vi dy Te
d liu bng tn hiu dy Yj, nguyn
l lm vic tng t T5 , Tg. Eing
phi mi phn t nh u c ring Ye
T7, Tg ny ; m T7 , Tg l dng Hnh 6 -5 -5 . Phn t nh RAM tnh
chung cho c ct phn t nh (xem 6 bng bn dn MOS.

260
hnh 6-5 -5). Vy ch phn t nh no m cc gi tr , Yj ca n u l 1 th
mi c ni thng vi dy d liu, ngha l mi c th tin hnh c / vit i
vi phn t . "l ni phn t nh i-j c chn. Bt k thi im no th
cng ch c 1 dy Xj no c th c mc 1, v cng chl c 1 dy Yj no c
th c mc 1. Ngha l khi truy nhp truy xut, lc no cng ch c mt phn
t nh c chn ; cc phn t nh khc gi nguyn trng thi, tc lu gi
khng i ni dung ghi vo.
_____
b) Phn t nh CMOS 6 bng bn
dn (xem hnh 6 -5 -6 ). Cu trc v
nguyn l cng tc ging nh mch
hnh 6 -5 -5 . Tj -- lm thnh Flip
Flop RS c bn. , Tg l bng iu
khin s ni thng FF vi dy bit.
T-J , Tg l bng iu khin s ni
thng dy bit vi dy d liu. c
im ca mch ny l bng bn dn
ph ti ca b o pha loi MOS
knh p tng cng. Phn t nh
CMOS ch cn tiu tn rt t in
Hnh 6 -5 -6 . Phn t nh RAM lnh 6 bng CMOS.
nng (c /iW). Vy rt tin dng pin
thay th khi li in b s c nhm
gi gn thng tin ghi vo b nh.
c) Phn t nh lng cc (xem hnh 6-5-7).
Mch gm 2 tranzito nhiu emit v 2 in tr,
chng cu trc nn Flip Flop. Mt i emit ni /
vo dy X, i emit cn li ni ring r vo t (/
dy bit B, B. B if
trng thi lu gi s liu, in th dy X '
/X
c 0,3V, in th dy bit c 1,1V. Khi d, dng
in ca tranzito thng s chy ra dy X, lp
tip gip bn dn ni vi dy bit phn cc nghch
lm h mch dy bit vi FF.
Hnh 6 - 5 - 7 . Phn t nh lng cc.
Trng thi phn t nh c th l 0 (Tj thng,
ngt) hoc c th l 1 (T2 thng, Tj ngt).

Khi phn t nh c chn ( vo / ra d liu), in th dy X ln cao n

c 2,2V, in th dy bit b hn, nn dng in qua tranzito thng s chy ra
dy bit.

Gi s cn c ra, th ch cn xc nh dng in trn mt dy bit c hay khng.

Chng hn xt dy bit B : trng thi phn t nh l 1, thng, dng in ra dy
B, qua b khuch i c ra in p mc 1 ; trng thi phn t nh l 0, T2 ngt,
khng c dng in ra dy B, u ra b khuch i c khng c tn hiu (in p
mc 0 ).

261
 Gi s cn vit vo gi tr 1, th sau mch u vo ta B = 1, B = 0, tng
ng Tj ngt, thng. Dng in ca T2 chy ra dy bit B. Sau khi dy X tr v
mc thp th dng in ca chuyn hng chy ra dy X, trng thi phn t
nh khng thay i,_hon thnh vit vo n gi tr 1. Gi s cn vit vo gi tr
0. Khi , B = 0 , B = 1 tng ng thng , T2 ngt.

3) Phn t nh RAM ng

Phn t nh ng MOS s dng in dung cc ca (gate) ca bng bo dn

MOS nh tm thi d iu. Do c s d in nn in tch lu gi trn in
dung cc ca b suy gim dn. Vy d iu lu gi khng b mt i, phi b
lng in tch b d mt bng cch nh k np in b sung cho in dung cc
ca. Vic ny c gi l lm toi d liu b nh ng.
Di y gii thiu my oi phn t nh ng thng gp
a) Phn t nh ng 4 bng (xem
hnh 6 -5 -8 ). Tj v ni ghp cho
nhau. D liu (in tch) lu tr trn
Cj^ v C2 . in p trn c, , c , iu I------ ^

khin Tj , thng hoc ngt. Khi Cj
np in tch (in p trn Cj ln hn J(uff/tr/f AvC
in p ct ca Tj) v C2 khng cd in
tch (in p trn C2 nh hn in p
ct ca Tj) th Tj thng, ngt, tng
ng vi trng thi 0 ca phn t nh.
Oii C2 np in tch, Cj khng c in
tch thl thng, Tj ngt, tng ng
vi trng thi 1 ca phn t nh.
T3 v T4 l nhng bdng iu khin s
ni thng phn t nh vi dy bt.
Hnh 6 - S - 8 . P hn t nh ng M OS 4 b n g .
Tj v Tg l mch in np trc ca
dy bit, dng chung cho tt c cc phn
t nh cng ct trong ma trn nh. Khi bt u truy nhp truy xut b nh, trn
cc_ca ca T5 v Tg c xung np trc nn Tj, Tg ni thng, do cc dy bit
B, B c mc in p cao v thng n ngun Ejj. Sau khi kt thc xung np trc,
T5 v Tg ngt, dy bit cch li khi ngun Eq. Nhng do tc dng ca in dung
phn b Cg v Cg. Khi , mc in p cao ca dy bit ct th duy tri thm mt
khong thi gian na. Trong khong thi gian ny, gi s tin hnh c d liu,
dy X c mc cao, T3 v T4 thng. Gi s phn t nh ct trng thi 0
(Tj th n g , T2 ngt) th Gj c mc cao,G2 C mc thp.Lc ny Cphng in
qua Tj v T3 . Do dy bit B bin thnh mc thp. Do T2 ngt, dy bit Bvn
mc cao. Vy d liu nh trong phn t c c ra dy bit B v B. Nu lc
ny dy Y_cng mc cao th tn hiu s a n u ra ca RAM qua dy d
liu D v D.

262
 Vy mch in np trc ca dy bit cd tc dng ^ ? Trong khong thi gian
T3 , thng, nu dy bit khng c np in trc th mc cao c c ca dy
B ch do Cj phng qua np vo C g . Nu th, in tch trn Cj b suy gim.
Cg c gi tr thm ch ln hn Cj (v cd nhiu phn t ni vo dy bit). Vy c
th Gj khng gi nguyn mc cao sau_l ln c, tc l d liu b mt. Nh c
mch in np trc, in th dy bit B cn cao hn in th Gj mt t. Vy khi
c d liu, in tch trn Cj khng nhng khng h b suy gim, m cn c
lm ti nh s np in thm cho Cj qua T^.
Khi tin hnh vit, u vo d liu ca RAM s lm thay i trng thi phn
t nh thng qua dy d liu v dy bit, tc l a d liu vo lu gi trong phn
t nh.
b) Phn t nh dng 3 bng
o
Xem hnh 6 - 5 - 9 . D liu lu gi in
dung c ca cc bng Tj. in p trn c iu ddycAofi /
khin trng thi Tj. Cc dy c /vit bt v
dy chn t u ring bit. Dy chn c t
iu khin bng T3 . Dy chn vit t iu H dy
khin bng Tj. T4 l bng bn dn mch np c
trc ng chung cho ct phn t nh ca /f f
ma trn.
T.
Qu trnh c din ra nh sau. u tin
dy c bt c np trc n mc cao. Tip
theo, dy chn c t ln mc cao lm cho
Tj thng. Gi s c c np in n mc
ln hn in p ct ca T 2 lm T2 thng. Cg Hinh 6 -S -9 .
phng in qua T3 , lm cho dy c bit Phn l nh ng MOS 3 bng.
mc thp. Gi s c khng c in tch, th
T2 ngt, Cg khng c ng phng in, mc
in trn dy c bit qua b khuch i c ra a n u ra b nh.
Khi tin hnh vit, dy chn vit t cd mc cao, thng, d liu vit vo c
a n dy vit bit iu khin mc in p trn in dung c qua Tj. Vy a
d liu vo lu gi trong phn t nh.
in p trn c khi c (tc mc G2 ) ngc pha vimcindycbit.
Mc in dy vit bit khi vit cng cao cng thp nh mc Gj. Nu tin hnh
c mt cch chu k, a d liu c ra dy c bit, qua b o pha a vo dy
vit bit, ri tin hnh vit li vo phn t nh. l phng php lm ti phn
t nh mt cch chu ki.
c) Phn t nh dng 1 bng A
Xem hnh 6 - 5 - 1 0 . Mch ny chi dng 1T..
J
mt bng bn dn MOS v mt t in. D
liu lu gi d in dung Cj. Bng bn dn T -i
'X- t
iu khin s ni thng* c/vit ; a d
liu t dy bit vo phn t nh hoc a d 0
u t phn t nh ra dy bit.
Hnh - 5 - i . Phn l nh ng MOS 1 bng.

263
 Khi vit, dy bit iu khin mc in trn qua T. Khi c, iu khin
mc in trn Cg, tc a ra d liu. V d, trn Cj vn mc Vp dy bit vn

V| = 0 th sau khi c, mc in trn dy bit l Vn = V, X ^

Nhc im ca mch ny l in tch trn phn t nh b suy gim mi

ln c. Vy nn cn lm ti sau mi ln c. Ngoi ra, do nhiu phn t ni
vo dy bit nn gi tr in dung Cg tng i ln, Cg : > C. D liu c ra cd
mc in b ; gi tr mc logic 0 v mc logic 1 trn dy bit khng khc xa nhau.
xc nh mc ih chnh lch nh trn dy bit cn phi dng b khuch i
c ra c nhy cao.
Ba loi phn t nh ng trnh by trn dy u cd u nhc im. Mch 4
bng chim din tch ln trn chip nhng khng cn mch lm ti ring, qu trnh
c ra ng thi l qu trnh lm ti ; vy mch ph n gin. Mch 3 bng gim
din tch mt t nhng yu cu cc dy chn c/vit v dy d liu u ring bit,
ci mch ngoi iu khin phn hi lm ti vy dy ni vi mch ngoi
tng i nhiu hn. Mch 1 bdng n gin nht. Nhng yu cu b khuch i
c ra nhy cao v yu cu lm ti sau mi ln c ra. Vy mch in ph
ngoi phc tp. RAM tnh so vi RAM ng : S lng bn dn nhiu hn, tch
hp thp hn, nhng khng nht thit nh k lm ti, mch ph n gin, s
dng tin.

6.5.2. Dng c ghp in tch CCD (Charge Coupled Device)

Dng c ghp in tch CCD thuc cng ngh MOS pht trin t nm 1970* u
im ca CCD l cu trc n gin, gi thnh h, tch hp cao, cd th ch to
trn dy chuyti cng ngh MOS thng thng. CCD c quan tm nhiu, hin
nay ng dng trong cc b nh, x 11 tn hiu v nhip nh. Nhc im ca
CCD l tc chm hn b nh bn dn.
S khc bit trong nguyn l lm vic ca CCD l ch n dng in tch
biu th d liu, ch khng phi l dng hay p, V c bn, CCD l mt b ghi
dch ng, nn hin nay dng lm b nh ni tip.

I) Cu trc (Xem hnh 6 - 5 - 1 1 )

Trn bn dn Silic loi p (hoc

loi N), ngi ta to ra mt lp mng
cch in SO2 c 1200 . Trn lp cch

X
in ny ngi ta cho lng ng mt
lot cc in cc 10 10 vi gin
cch <3 m. Mi in cc v lp
bn dn vi lp cch in gia chng
to thnh mt t in. Vy CCD l mt
dy cc t in MOS cu trc nn.
Nhng t in ny l phn t nh m
c hay khng co in tch biu th cc
mc logic 1 hay 0. in tch np vo Hnh -5~ n .
S mi ct ca CCD.

264
 c th dch chuyn t t in n sang t in kia tng t nh s chuyn dch
mc trong b ghi dch ta bit.

2) Lu gi in tch

Gi s a in p dng + Vj vo in cc. Nhng phn t l trng (ht dn

a s) trong lp Silic bn di in lc b y i khi to thnh mt tng hao kit
(Xem hnh 6-5-12).
dy ca tng hao kit tng theo ln ca in p + Vj. Khi in p in
Cc ln hn in p ct ca cu trc MOS, + V2 > V.T > mt rnh loi N hnli
thnh trn mt Silic bn di in cc .
Trong bng bn dn MOS, hai pha
l cc ngun v cc mng, gia chng
cc ht dn a s c th khuch tn
v pha Silic, nn qu trnh to
ra rnh N l rt ngn, CCD th yz>^,
khc, v khng c cc ngun v cc Ting .
mng, ch c cc ht dn thiu s
do nhit sinh ra khuch tn v pha
Silic, nn qu trnh to ra rnh
N l kh di hn, c nhiu giy ng ) )
h. Trc khi rnh N c to ra,
Hnh 6 -S ~ 2 ,
nu c in t t bn ngoi nhp
CCD lu gi in tch.
vo tng hao kit th n s khuch
tn v pha v tch ly to
thnh in tch lu gi (Xem hnh 6-5-12b). Vic ny xy ra nh tc dng n
trng. Nu khng c in t bn ngoi nhp vo th khng c in tch lu gi
tch t lp di in cc. R rng phng php lu gi in tch ch c th
lu gi trong thi gian rt ngn, V nu thi gian di th in t nhit trn
ngp lp , bt k c in tch ngoi nhp vo hay khng. Ndi cch khc, tin
lm vic ca CCD phi l lng in t bn ngoi nhp vo ln hn nhiu s in
t nhit. Khu vc bn di in cc cd th lu gi in tch c gi l vng by
in th.
3) Chuyn dch in tch bng cch thay i thch hp in p a vo in cc, in
tch tn hiu lu gi trong vng by in th c th chuyn dch t min gn in
cc ny n min gn in cc khcj hnh 6-5-13. V 6 in cc, in cc 1,4 c
cp xung ng h pha th nht in cc 2,5 c cp xung ng h pha tk
hai (>2 > cc 3, 6 c cp xung ng h pha th ba tp.^ . Dng sng ba pha
rp
nh hnh 6 - 5 - 13d. Cc pha lch nhau vi T l chu k xung ng h.

Hnh 6 -5 -1 3 a tng ng thi im m <p2 - = ^ 3 = V3 , lc ny tng

hao kit hnh thnh bn di tt c cc in cc. Do gin cch gia cc in cc
rt nh nn tng hao kit ca cc in cc lin thng nhau. Trong tng, in th
cng gn cng thp. Lc ny in th <> 2 nht, nn tng ng in th b
mt Silc di in cc 2,5 cng cao nht. Nu in t nhp vo vng by <fin
th 2 th in t s tch t vng ny v khng chuyn dch.

18-CSKT.. 265
 Hnh 6 - 5 - 13b tng ng
thi im tj m ^ 3 ln mc
Vj, <p2 gim ti mc Vj, <> T - ........... .. ' 1
vn duy tr mc thp nht
____ * i s : |<r
V3 . Lc ny tng hao kit Sio, -*
ca in cc 3, 6 su nht,
din th b mt Sic di
in cc 3,6 cao nht. Vy ;
nhng in t lc tj by
n th 2 , by gi dch 11 ..............1
."TT......
chuyn sang by n th 3 / ^ i >
(bn cnh c in th cao -esg=;i--gBg-
hn), tj by in th 5
gi thit khng c in t,
nn by (t,,) cng khng
c n t dch chuyn sang r---
by in th 6 . <h=-
; 12
Hlnh 6 -5 -1 3 c tng ng -------BBggHB--------------------- ------------
thi im tj , khi m vic
chuyn dch in tch
hon thnh, in tch dch
sang phi mt in cc v
lu gi trong by in th
3. Trong qu trnh chuyn
dch , lin tc duy tr
mc in th thp nht
nhm phng nga in tch
ch sang tri.
T n thi gian ^ r /s ^ r /j^ r /j^
chu kl T, in tch chuyn I ------- r ------------ ~
d ) ng sng
dch mt khong gia hai
in cc cnh nhau. Vy sau
Hnh 6 -5 -1 3 . So 3 pha chuyn dch in tch ca CCD.
mt chu k T th in tch
chuyn dch ba khong cch
in cc. Ba in cc ln cn nhau cu trc thnh 1 bit ca b gh dch.
Nu dng hnh dng in cc khc nhau v s pha ng h khc nhau th c
th to ra nhiu cch iu kiin n tch chuyn dch khc nhau.
4) u vo v u ra mch
CCD thc tin phi ct u
vo a d liu vo v

phi cd u ra ly d liu
V7
ra. u vo CCD thi dng
(hoc p) phi bin i thnh I
in tch, u ra ca CCD anc/SffP
th in tch phi bin i
thnh dng (hoc p). lnh ~s~14. M ch vo v nch ra ca CCD.

266
 Hnh 6 -5 -1 4 l v d v mch in u vo, u ra ca CCD.
Hai bn in cc c bn cd thm cc in cc sau : cc ngun vo IS, cc mng
ra OD, cc cng vo OG, cc cng ra OG m cc cc cng thc cht l in cc
chuyn dch dy dn ring. Khi cng tc, trn IS v IG u c thin p dng
hnh thnh tng hao kit bn di n. Tng hao kit ny lin thng vi tng hao
kit bn di in cc chuyn dch nh hnh v. Khi m in cc 1 c in th
cao nht, tng hao kit ca n su hn tng hao kit ca IS, IG. IS (N^) l mt
ngun in t nhng in th IS v IG quyt nh in t c nhp vo vng di
in cc 1 hay khng. Nu V lG > v ,s th nhp c, nu V ,G < v ,s th ngng nhp.
Vy IS, IG v in cc 1 tng t mt btng bn dn MOS. in p tn hiu (d
liu vo) a ni tip vo IG hay vo IS iu khin quan h in th tng i
ca IS v IG, ngha l iu khin nhp hay ngng nhp. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh
iu khin nhp d liu vo ny, IG tr v mc in th thp nht lm cch li
ngun in t khi vng by in th bn di in cc 1. By gi c th tin
hnh iu khin chuyn dch in tch.
Trong mch ra, trn OG v OD u cd thin p dng, v c 1 in tr ni tip
vo mch vng ca OD. Sau khi in tch chuyn dch n in cc chuyn dch
cui cng, nu in th trn nd thp hn in th OG thl in tch i qua lp
Silic di OG nhp vo khu vc mng Ra N^, sinh ra dng in trong mch
OD, to ra in p tn hiu ra trn in tr. Tc dng ca OG l gim nh ghp
in dung gia in cc chuyn dch cui cng v OD. Nh vy gim nh nh hng
ca xung ng h i vi tn hiu ra.
Phng php nhp in tch trn y gi l phng php in. Nu dng phn
t bn dn nhy quang thi c th nhp in tch nh in t kch quang. Da
vo nguyn l nhp phng php quang c th ch to my nh cht rn - ghp
in tch.

6.6. THIT K MCH DY

Thit k l tng hp mch in, ngc vi qu trinh phn tch. Xut pht t
yu cu ra, mc ch thit k l mch logic tha mn yu cu . T vic phn
tch mch dy, ta bit rng c th d dng tm phng trnh nh thi, phng
trnh kch, phng trinh ra v v s ogic. Trong tit ny ta s tp trung tm
hiu cng vic thit k b m, ng thi xem xt nhng nt chnh cng vic thit
k mch dy ndi chung. B m l mt mch dy tng i n gin nhng rt
in hnh. Phng php thit k b m cng rt in hnh. V li mc ch tm
hiu cng vic thit k khng phi gii quyt vn thit k bt k mch dy
phc tp no. Trn c s nm vng vic thit k b m, ta s cng hiu su ton
b ni dung chng ny v s c nng lc phn tch gii quyt nhng vn - mch
dy. Vi tnh hnh sn xut i tr cc IC s trung, i quy m hin nay, vi quan
im ngi dng, nhim v thit k c i khc.

6.6.1. Thit k b m ng b

Di y gii thiu 2 phng php thit k b m ng b (c th dng nhng

phng php khc).

267
 1) Phng php th nht

a) Cc bc c bn
- Phn tch yu cu thit k, xy dng hnh trng thi ban u.
- Xc nh s lng v chng loi Flip Flop, chn la s m hta trng thi.
- Tm phng trinh trng thi v phng trnh ra, kim tra kh nng t khi ng.
- Tm phng trnh kch
- V s logic
b) V d thit k
V d 6 -6 -1 : hy thit k b m thun thp phn ng b.
Bi gii
Phn tich yu cu thit k, xy dng hnh trng thi ban u

CP

Xung m T n hiu chuyn v

Hnh 6 - 6 - 1 . M hnh yu cu ca b m.

B m cn c mi trng thi, N = 10, biu th bng Sq, S^, Sg. Cn c

quy lut m thun thp phn, ta v ra hnh trng thi ban u nh hnh 6 - 6 - 2
di y.
/0 /0 /0 /0
E) hnh trng thi phn nh ton din yu cu So - * S i - Sa - S3 ^ S4
thit k. Trong hnh 6 -6 -2 , thay mt s 0 , /0
/1
thay mt s 1, S thay mt s 9. Di tc ng
ca xung m a vo, trng thi mch in phi s * - S8 S7 S6 Ss
/0 /0 /0 /0
chuyn i trng thi tun t theo lut m thun.
Tng ng trng thi Sp th c = 1, tng ng cc
trng thi khc th c = 0. Khi b m t S chuyn m h6 6 2
i sang th b m xta v 0 , tn hi chuyn _ _' "
^ /_ rf 1 L ^ *'"* hi ban u ca b
vi (nh) kch lt b m trong s ln hn. ' 7 _ ^
' m thp phn ng b.

Xc nh s lng v chng loi Flip Flop, chn la m ha trng thi

V 2" > N = 10
Vy n = 4 , chn Flip Flop JK.
4 FF c tt c 16 trng thi, biu th Sg -- Sg ch cn chn 10 trng thi,
nn c nhiu phng n m ha. Chng ta hy chn phng n m hda thng dng
nht : m 8421 (Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 )
= 0000, Sj = 0001, S = 0010,
2 S = 0011,
3 S4 = 0 1 0 0 ,
S5 = 0101, = 0110, S, = 0111, Sg = 1000, S = 1001.

268
 V ra hnh trng thi sau khi m ha nh hinh 6 -6 -3 .

/0 /0 /0 /0
Hnh 6 -6 -3 .
0000-K)001-*0010-*0011-H)100
hnh trng thi (sau khi
/1 /0
chn cch m ha) ca b m.
1001--100(K-0 1 lK-0101
/0 /0 /0 /0

Tm phuong trnh trng thi, phng trnh ra, kim tra t khi ng
Tm phng trnh trng thi
Trng thi k tip v u ra ca b m u l hm s ca trng thi xt,
m trng thi xt v trng thi k tip ca b m u biu th bng trng thi
hin ti v k tip ca cc Flip Flop cu trc nn b m. Do vy, cn c
hnh trng thi hnh 6 - 6 - 3 ta v ra bng Karnaugh ca u ra v trng thi k
tip b m. Ri t tm c phng trnh trng thi v phng trnh ra ca
mch in,
6 trng thi 1 0 1 0 -- 1 1 1 1 khng c dng, s khng xut hin trong khi b
m lm vic bnh thng, c th gip vic ti thiu hda.
Phng trnh c trng ca Flip
Flop JK l
Qn+1 ^ J Q H + g Q n (6 -6 -1 )
Q3Q 00 01 11 10
Kt qu ti thiu hda phi 00 OOOi 0010 0100 0011
c vit di dng tng t
(6 -6 -1 ). V t biu thc hm s 01 0101 0110 1000 0111
trng thi k tip o ta tm 11 X X X X
phng trnh kch.
10 1001 0000 X X
Trong hnh 6 -6 -4 , trng thi
k tip ca b m c in vo
cc , t cng l trng thi k
tip ca cc FF cu trc b m.
Tng ng sp xp trong mi nh 6 -6 -4 . Bng Karnaugh trng thi k tip ca b m.

l Q" ^ ^ Q5 ^ ^ ^ ^ Q" ^ ^ T t ta c th tch ring thnh bng Karnaugh

trng thi k tip ca mi FF. Ri dng phng php hnh tm ra phng
trnh trng thi. Nhng ch cn ch c im sp xp khng thay i ca
n + 1
3 ta c th ti thiu ha lun.

+ (Q^ + Q ) Q = + Q o Q
,n +
r\n + 1 _
_ r \n r \ r I rn /^n (6 - 6 - 2 )

= Q

269
 Tm phng trnh ra Q?Q
Cn c hnh trng thi hnh 6 - 6 - 3 Q?Q\ 00 01 11 iO
ta c bng Karnaugh ca hm s u 00 0 0 0 0
ra c nh hnh 6 -6 -5 . Kt qu ti thiu 01 0 0 0 0
ha l :
u X X X X

(6-6-3) 10 0 1 X X

Hnh -6-S.
Bng K arnaugh ca c.
Kim tra kh nng t khi dng ca b m
6 trng thi khng c dng 1011 -4- 1111 c kh nng to ra vng tun hon
khng c dng, lm cho b m khng t khi ng. Sau khi tm phng
trnh trng thi v phng trnh ra, by gi ta cn phn tch tnh hung chuyn
i ca cc trng thi khng c dng. Nu di tc dng ca xung m u vo
m b m khng th tr v trng thi c dng, tc l khng th t khi ng,
th ta phi tm mi cch gii quyt. Chng hn, ta chn li m ha trng thi, hoc
sa i trng thi k tip ca cc trng thi khng c dng (nh cch t khi
ng ca b m kiu ghi dch), hoc s dng u vo d b cng ch b m v
trng thi c dng v.v...
a cc trng thi khng c dng vo (6 -6 -2 ), (6 -6 -3 ) tin hnh tnh ton,
ta c bng 6 - 6 - 1 sau :

Bng 6 - 6 - 1 : T N H H U N G CHUY N l T R N G T H I K H N G c D N G .

q" 0 q; qH+1 c
or
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
T bng ta thy cc tnh hung ct th xy ra
/0 /1 /0 /1 /0 /1
1010-*101H0100; 1100-*n01-*0l00t lll -^ llll-K O O O
u t khi ng c.
Tm phng trnh kch
ng nht cc h s ca (6-6-2) v (6-6-1) ta c phng trnh kch l :

J2 = Q4 Q?
(6-6-4)
J3 = K3 = Q5Q

J4 = QaQaQ?

270
 V s logic
Cn c vo c im b m ng b " xung m u vo l xung ng h ca
cc FF, da vo phng trinh kch (6 -6-4) v phng trnh ra (66"3), ta c th
v c s logic nh hnh 6 - 2 - 1 0 .
Nu vic chn la m ha trng thi theo cAc m khc tbi ta c th i n b
m thun thp phn ng b khc tng ng (m d 3, ma Gray d 3...)
V d 6"62 : hy thit k b m thun ng b iu khin c, vi M = 0
thl N = 6 , vi M == 1 th N 3.
Bi g i i ;

Phn tch u cu, x dng d hnh trng thi ban &u

Khi M == 0 th N = 6 Ci Chuyn v

Khi M 1 th N = 3 Khi N 6

C2 Chuyn v
--------- Khi N 3
1/01

~OO^\
Si 52 M/Ci Cz
1/00 l/o
H n h - - .
0/10 0/00
M hnh yu cu ca b dm iu khn.
S5 Si 53
0/00 /oo
Hnh 6 -6 -7 .

hinh trng thi ban u.

Xc nh 8 lng v loi FF, chn la m trng thi

2" > N =n 6

Vy n = 3, chn Flip Flop JK

Vi m ha Q3 Q2 Qi, ch(?n
= ooa = 001, S2 = 010, S3 = 011, S4 = 100, S5 = 101

1/O
mnh 6-6-8.
D hnh trng thi (au kh li ha). f 0/00 0/00
010 M /C 1C4
r 5 s
0/10 0/00

101 100 Ol
0 /0 0 0 /0 0

271
 Tm phng trnh trng thi, phng trnh ra, kim tra t khi dng

Hinh 6-6-9, Q? Q
B ng Kamaugh tr n g thi mq ! 00 01 11 10
fc tip ca b m.
00 00 1 010 100 011

01 101 000 X X

11 X X X X

10 001 010 X 000

T hnh 66"9, ti thiu hda xong, ta cd :

= 5 5 ^ 2 + M Q >Q ^ ____________ (6-6-5)

Q r' = + MQ* = (Q^ + M)Q;^ = q "m q ;>
Phng trnh ra :

\ q ?q \q q
Hinh 6 -6 -1 0 . 00 01 11 10 m qK 00
01 11 10
00 0 0 0 0 00
Bng K am augh u ra. 0 0 0 0
a) ca chuyn v Ci ; 01 0 1 X X 01 0 0 X X

b) ca chuyn v C 2. 11 X X X 0 11 X X X X

10 0 0 X 0 10 0 0 X 1

a) b)

Sau khi ti thiu hta bng Karnaugh hnh 6 -6 -1 0 , ta c :

Cj = (6-6-6)
C2 = MQ^ (6 -6-7)

V tnh hung chuyn i cc trng thi khng c dng, xem bng 6 -6 -2 v

bng 6 -6 -3

Bng 6 - 6 - 2 ; TN H H U N G T R N G TH I K H N G D c D NG KHI M = 0

Q n .-1 n+ 1 Q n+l Ci Ci
q : ^2

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0

272
 Bng - - 3 ; T N H H U N G T R N G TH I KHNG c D N G KHI M - 1

Q3" Q" qH+1 Ci C2

0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

011
Hnh 6 - 6 - I L
T nh hung chuyn i 1/01
trng thi khng c dng : 0/00 0/10 0/00 0/10
110 111 000 100 * 101 000 M /C 1C 2
a) Khi M = 0 : 1/01 1/11
b) Khi M - 1.
110 111

a) b)

Hnh 6 -6 -1 1 chng t rng mch c kh nng t khi ng

Tm phng trnh kch
ng nht cc h s ca (6 -6 -5 ) v (6-6-1) ta c :
J3 = Q2"Q?

J2 = W K2 = MQ* (6 - 6 - 8 )
Ji =
V s logic

Hnh 6 -6 -1 2 .

B m iu khin c.
M
E s
:> J Q
K T K

c im ca phng php thit k trnh by trn y l sau khi chn la m

ha trng thi th dng bng Karnaugh tm phng trnh trng thi, ri kt hp
vi phng trnh c trng ca FF m tm ra phng trnh kch, cui cng hon
thnh thit k b m ng b mong mun.

2) Phng php th hai

a) Cc bc c bn
- Phn tch yu cu thit k, xy dng hinh trng thi ban u.

273
 - Xc nh s lng v chng loi FF, chn la s m ha trng thi
K ra bng s dng
- Tm phng trnh kch v phng trnh ra
- V s logic
Kim tra kh nng t khi ng
b) V d thit k
V d 6 -6 -3 : hy thit k b m nghch thp phn ng b
Bi gii :
Ph&n tch yu cu thit kj x&y dng hnh trng ihi ban du

Hnh - -/.

M hnh yu cu ca Xung m Tn hiu chuyn v

b m nghch.

B m c N = 10 tng ng cc trng thi b m l S q, S j, S. Cn c

quy lut m nghch, ta v c hnh trng thi ban u nh hnh 6 -6-14

/0 /0 /0 /0
Hnh 6 -6 -1 4 .
S*-Sl*-S2^Sj*^4
D hnh trng thi ban u /1 /0
ca b dm nghch. S9-*S-*S7-S6-*S5
/0 /0 /0 /0

Xc nh 8 lng v chng loi FF, chn la m ha trng thi

V 2" > N = 10
Vy n = 4. Chn Flip Flop JK.
Dng m 8421
= 0000, = 0001, S3 = 0011, S4 = 0100

s~ = 0101, s6. = 0110, 8 1000, S = 1001

/0 /0 /0 /0
Hnh 6 - e - I S . OOOOM)001*M)010M)011 ^ 1 0 0
D hnh trn g thi b m nghch I I ">
1001100(>-H)U1- ^ 110-K)01
(sau khi m ha).
/0 /0 /0 /0

K ra bng s dng
Cn c hnh trng thi k ra bng trng thi b m, t yu cu chuyn i
trng thi ca bng trng thi m xc nh yu cu kch i vi mi FF, kt
qu ta c bng s dng nh di y (bng 6-6 -4 ).

274
 Bng --6-4 : BNG s D N G CA B M N G H C H

Q3 Q? Q Q J4 K4 K3 h Ki Ji Ki

l 0 X 0 X 1 X
0 0 X 0 X X I
0 0 0 0 X X 1 1 X
0 0 0 0 X X 0 X 1
0 X I 1 X 1 X
0 X 0 0 X X 1
0 X 0 X 1 1 X
0 X 0 X 0 1
X 1 X 1 X 1 X
X 0 0 X 0 X X 1

Khi xc nh yu cu kch (t yu cu chuyn i trng thi) cn s dng bng

u vo kch ca FF ; nu nm vng k nng th ct th s dng phng trinh c
trng,
Tm phng trnh kch v phng trnh ra
Da vo quan h logic bit trong bng s dng v bng Karnaugh. T tlm
phng trinh kch v phng trnh ra. Xem hlnh 6 -6 -1 6 v 6-6-17.

\Q?Q Q? \ q5 qT
Q ?Q ?\ 00 01 11 10 QQS. 00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
00 0 0 00 X X X X 00 0 0 0
1 0
01 0 0 0 0
01 X X X 'X 01 X X X X

11 X X X X
11 X X X X 11 X X X X

10 X X X X
10 1 0 X X 10 1 0 X X

(a) J 4 = Q? Q Q? (b) K4 = Q? (c) h = Q? Qi

\Q ? Q ? \q q \q q
Q N 00 01 n 10 q ?q K 00 01 n 10 Q ? Q \ 00 11 10

00 X X X X 00 0 0 X X 00 X X 0 1

01 1 0 0 0 01 1 0 X X 01 X X 0 1

n X X X X X X X X X X X X

10 X X X X 10 1 0 X X 10 X X X X

( ) K3 = q q (e) 32 - Q Q + Q Q (f) K2 = Q

Hnh 6 -6 -1 6 . Bng Karnaugh ca u vo kch.

(T bng s dng 6 - 6 - 4 , ta trc tip nil ra ngay J i Ki * 1)

275
Hnh 6 -6 -1 7 . q Sq
Bng Karnaugh ca Q Q ?\ 00 01 11 10
chuyn v B.
00 1 0 0 0

01 0 0 0 0

11 X X X X

10 0 0 X X

B = Q? Q? Q? Q

V sa logic
Xem hnh 6 -2 -1 3
Kim tra kh nng t khi dng
S dng cch phn tch logic v hnh trng thi, t thy c mch
c t khi ng hay khng.
c im ca phng php thit k th hai ny l sau khi chn la m ha
trng thi, cn c hnh trng thi k ra bng s dng ri dng bng Karnaugh
tm phng trnh kch. So snh vi phng php th nht ta thy ch mnh hn
l dng bng s dng nn khng cn gii phng trinh logic, dng bng Karnaugh
i n phng trnh kch mt cch d dng ; ch yu hn l c rc ri, d nhm
khi xc nh yu cu kch, nht l b m nhiu s.
Hai phng php c gii thiu trn l rt c bn, ph dng, c th p dng
nguyn tc ca nd vo thit k mchdy ntichung.

6.6.2. Thit k b m d b

Di y chn ra mt phng php c bn trong nhiu phng php c th thc

hin thit k b m d b. Ni chung mch in b m d b n gin hn mch
in b m ng b.

1) Cc bc c bn

- Phn tch yu cu thit k, xc nh hnh trng thi ban u.

- Xc nh s lng v loi hnh FF, chn la m ha trng thi
- V th dng sng, chn xung ng h.
- Tm phng trnh trng thi, phng trnh ra, kim tra t khi ng
- Tm phng trnh kch
- V s logic

2) V d thit k

V d 6 -6 -4 : hy thit k b m thun thp phn d b

276
 Bi gii :
Phn tch yu chu thit kj xy dng d th hnh trng thi ban du
N = 10 s dng 10 trng thi Sj, S

Xung m Chuyn v

Hnh 6 -6 -1 8 . a) M hnh b m yu cu
B m thun thp phn dj b.
/0 /0 /0 /0
So---- 1-------- S2---- Ss-----^84

/1 /0
S* Ss* St< Se* S5
/0 /0 /0 /0

b) hnh trng thi ban u

Chn la m ha trng thi
v 2" > N = 10 vy n = 4, chn Flip Flop D. Chn m 8421, Q 4 Q 3 Q 2 Q 1
= 0000 , Sj = 0001, S 2 = 0010, S 3 = 0011, S4 = 0100
s~ = 0101, = 0110, s = 0111, Sg = 1000, S = 1001

/0 /0 /0 /0
nh 6 -6 -1 9 . ooo-K)ooi-*ooio-oon-oioo

hnh trng Ihi (sau m ha). /0

J
lO O M O O tK -O lllM lK K -O lO l
/0 /0 /0 /0

Chn xung ng h
V dng sng nh hnh
6 6-20
-

Khi v dng sng cn lu LJ

'
1
(
' t]_J
I I

( < I

2 im : ~ L
- Quy lut chuyn i
trng thi ca mi FF do
hnh trng thi quyt nh.
Thi im lt tng ng 0 \
S j
sn kch ca xung ng h.
- V s xung ng h CP
7 -t L
phi xp x ln hn N.
Mc ch vic lu th '
I
I
I

hai l phn nh ton b

tnh hung lm vic bnh
thng ca b m, t n
Hnh 6 -6 -2 0 . Dng sng b m thun.
y yu cu thit k :

277
T chc nng logic ca FF ta bit rng phng trinh c trng c iu kin cn
l xut hin xung ng h. Trong th dng sdng, ch no yu cu FF lt th
phLi cung cp xung ng h vi sn kch thch hp. Vy cn c vo hnh 6 -6 -2 0
v hnh 6 -6 -1 9 , ta c th chn
GP, = CP
CR = Qi
_ S (6-6-9)
= ^2
cp' = Qi

CPj, CPj, CP3, CP4 l xung ng h tng ng ca cc Flip Flop Fj, Fj, F3, F^.
Khi tha mn yu cu chuyn i trng ti ri th s xung ng h cng t
cng tt. V d, i vi F3 chng hn, xung ng h ca n c th l CP, hoc
Qj, hoc Q2 u c. Nhng so snh chng vi nhau, th nn chn CP3 = Q2 v
s ln bin i ca Q2 l t nht. i vi F4 , khng nn chn Q2 , Q3 . V khi lt
t 1 v 0, yu cu phi ct sn dng kch F4 . Vy c th dng Qj v CP, nhng
ta chn vi s n bin i t hn.
Di y gii thch thm un im trn ; "Di tin tha mn yu cu chuyn
i trng thi th s xung ng h cng t cng tt". Nu xung ng h cng t th
yu cu kch (iu khin u vo ng b) cng n gin. Gi s khng ct xung
ng h th khng cn iu khin, FF duy tr khng i nguyn trng. Gi s cn
c xung ng h mi khi cn chuyn i trng thi thi xc nh phng trnh kch
kiu Flip Flop T l c. Gi s cn c xung ng h c c khng cn chuyn
i trng thi th phi thm iu kin iu khin u vo ng b bo m FF
khng lt nhng lc . Vy xung ng h cng nhu th kt cu mch in b
m r rng cng phc tp.
Tim phng trnh trng thi, phng trnh ra, kim tra t khi dng
a) Tm phng trnh trng thi -
phng trnh trng thi k tip ca
mi FF. Hnh 6 -6 -2 1 l bng QQ QQ
00 01 10
Karnaugh ca trng thi k tip b
00 0001 0010 0100 OOl
m. Cn lu rng khi xt trng
thi k tip ca bt ki Flip Flop no, 01 0101 0110 1000 oin
ngoi nhng trng thi khng c 11 X X X X
dng, c cc trng thi khng km
kch ca xung ng h, chng u 10 1001 0000 X X

c dng ti thiu ha. V d,

i vi trng thi k tip ca
ngoi nhng trng thi khng
c dng SjQ + Sj 5 = 1010 -r 1 1 1 1 , Hnh 6^6'-2L Bng K am augh
thl nhng trng thi no khng tha ca trng thi thit k lip ca b m.
mn iu kin kch
CP, = Qi

278
u c dng ti thiu ha. Nu Qi bt bin oc lt t 0 sang 1 th Q bt
bin hoc lt t 1 sang 0 u khng tha mn iu kin kch. Xem xt hnh 6 -6 -1 9 ,
ta thy Sq, S2, S4 , Sg, Sg cc trng thi khng km kch (sn dng) ca CP4 .
Xem hinh 6-6-22a, Hinh 6-6-22b l bng Karnaugh ca cng c gii thch
tng t (lu CP2 = CP4)

\ q? q \ qQ
Hnh 6 -6 -2 2 . q q K
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
Bng Karnaugh 00
00 X 0 0 X X 1 0 X
ca trng thi
k tip. 01 01 X 1 0 X
X 0 1 y.

11 11 X X X X
X X X X

10 10 X 0 X X
X 0 X X

(a) Q
+1 (b) Q +1

Ti thiu ha bng Karnaugh hnh 6 -6 -2 2 ta c

Q f 1 = Q? Q?
(6 - 6 - 10 )
Qr' = Q4 Q2
i vi ca Pg, v CP3 = Q2 (6-6-9), i chiu hnh trng thi hnh
6 -6 -1 9 , nhng trng thi dng x l ti thiu hta l :
Khng dng dng : -- Sj 5
Q2 bt bin : s, S 2 , S 4, s^, Sg, Sg

Q2 t 1 lt sang 0 (Q2 t 0 sang 1) : Sj, S5

Hnh 6 -6 -2 3 . \ q Q \Q ? Q
q q K 00 01 10 Q ? Q \ 00 01 10
Bng Karnaugh 11 11
ca trng thi 00 X X 1 X 00 1 0 0 1
k tp.
01 X X 0 X 01 1 0 0
n X X X X 11 X X X X

10 X X X X 10 1 0 X X

(a) Q?+1 (b) Q +1

279
 Ti thiu hda bng Karnaugh hnh 6 -6 -2 3 , ta c
Q 5 = Q5 ( - -
6 6 1 1 )

Ta s gii thch vic dngnhngtrng thi khng km kch xung ng h

ti thiu ha nh sau :
Cn c c im chc nng logic ca Flip Flop, chng ta bit rng trng thi
k tip l hm s ca u vo v hin trng. Trng thi k tip ca b m biu
th bng trng thi k tip ca cc Flip Flop cu trc b m t. Vy trng thi
k tip ca mi FF cng l hm s ca u vo v hin trng b m. Khi b m
chuyn i di tc ng tn hiu u vo, gi s Flip Flop Fj no khng c
kch ca xung ng h th trng thi F bt bin = Q"). Xt v d hnh
6 -6 -2 1 , hin trng Q^Q^Qt Q" = 0000. Khi CP n, trng thi k tip
= 0001, Qi t 0 sang 1, Qi t 1 sang 0. v Flip Flop D kch
bng sn dng c dng trong mch ny, m CP4 = CP 2 = Qj, nn F 4 , F 2
khng cd kch, Sqe dng tithiu ha.
b) Tm phng trnh ra
\ q?q
Q 5 \ 00 01 11 10
Hnh 6 -6 -2 4 .
00 0 0 0 0
Bng Karnaugh
ca chuyn v c. 01 0 0 0 0
11 X X X X

Ti thiu ha, ta c : 10 0 1 X X

c = Q Q" (6- 6- 12)

c) Kim tra kh nng t khi ng
S dng phng trnh trng thi v phng trnh ra phn tch tnh hung
chuyn i trng thi khng c dng
/0 /1 /1 /0
m n h 6- -2S. 1010 1011 0100 1101 - 1100
Dnh hung chuyn i irng
/0 /1
thi khng c dng. 1110 1111 1000

Bng 6 - 6 - S :
TN H H U N G CH U Y N D l C A T R N G TH I K H N G c D N G

Q Q Q Q Q"'" Q""' c

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 CPi
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 CPl CP2 CP3 CP4
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 CPi
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 CPl CP2 CP4
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 CPi
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 CPl CP2 CP3 CP4

280
 Xem xt hnh 6 -6 -2 5 v bng 6 -6 -5 ta thy b m thit k c th t
khi ng.
Tm phng trnh kch
ng nbt phng trnh trng thi b m (6-6-10) v (6-6-11) vi phng
trnh c trng ca Flip Flop D cu trc nn b m ta c ;

= Q>_

D2 = Q4 Q2
(6-6-13)
D = Q
3

D4 = Q3 Q2
V s logic

m nh -6~'26,
B m thun thp phn d b.

V d 6 -6 -5 : hy thit k b m nghch thp phn d b

Bi gii :
Xc lp hnh rng thi ban u

/0 /0 /0 /0
So-^Sl<-S2*-S3^S4

S9 *S-*S7-*S6-^Ss
a) M hnh cu /0 /0 /0 /0

b) D hnh trng Ih ban u

Hrth 6 -6 -2 7 . B m nghch thp phn.

Xc nh s lng chng loi FF, chn la m ha trng thi

V 2" > N = 10

Vy n = 4, chn Flip Flop D ; chn m 8421

/0 /0 /0 /0
Hnh 6 -6 -2 8 .
0000M)001*-0 1(K-00 *-0100
>5 hnh trn g thi b m nghch,
/1 /0
(sau khi m ha)
100 ~*1000-*0 n 1 K) u - 0 101
/0 /0 /0 /0

!9 - CSKT. 281
 Hnh 6 -6 -2 9 .
D ng sng b m nghch.

Chn xung ng h

CPi = CP
c ? 2 = Qi
(6-6-14)
CP3 = Q2
CP4 = Qi

Tm phng trnh trng thi .Q? Q

Hnh --3. q3 q?
00 01 11 10
Bng Kamaugh trng thi k tip b i nghch 00 1001 ooo 0010 0001

01 0011 0100 0110 0101

u X X X X

10 0111 1000 X X

\ q ? Q \q ? q \ Q Q
q q S X 00 01 n 10 q q K 00 01 11 10 Q Q X 00 01 11 10
00 0 X X 0 00 X X X X 00 0 X X 0

01 0 X X 0
01 0 X X X 01 1 X X 0

11 X X X X
11 X X X X 11 X X X X

10 0 1 X X
10 1 X X X 10 1 X X X

(a) Q (b) Q? +1 (c) Q?

+1

\Q ? Q
qK 00 01 11 10
00 1 0 0 1
01 1 0 0 1
11 X X X X

10 1 0 X X
Hnh 6 -6 -3 1 .
Bng K am augh trng thi k tip ca cc FF.

282
 Ti thiu ha bng Karnaugh hnh 6 -6 -3 1 :

n+ 1
Q?Q5Q2
Q
(6-6-15)
= Q + Q5 Q
= Q?

\q q ?
Tm phng trnh ra 'q K 00 01 11 10
00 1 0 0 0
Ti thiu ha bng Karnaugh hnh 01 0 0 0 0
6"632 ta c :
11 X X X X
B = Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 (6-6-16)
10 0 0 X X
Kim tra kh nng t khi dng

Hirt --32.
Bng Karnaugh ca chuyn v B.

Bng 6 - 6 - 6 : T N H H N G C H U Y N l T R N G TH I K HNG D c DNG

Q? Q Q? Q B

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 CPl CP2 CP4

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 CPi
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 CPl CP 2 CP 3 c?4
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 CPi
1 1 i 0 0 1 1 1 0 C Pl CP2 CP4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 CPi

/0 /0 /0 /0
1011 - * 1010 0011 1100 ^ 1101 T bng 6 - 6 - 6 v hnh 6 -6 -3 3 ta thy b
/0 /0
m t khi ng c
1111 1110 0111

Hnh 6-6^33. Tnh hung chuyn i trng

thi khng c dng

D4 = Q Q 3 Q2

(6-6-17)
Tm phng trnh kch
= QJ + Q?Q"
D, =

283
 Hnh 6 -6 -3 4 .

Phng php thit k trn y c<5 th p dng cho cc mch dy d b ni chung.

Ch cn ch tnh c th trong vic chn xung ng h. V d, trong tnh hung
tn hiu u vo bin i ngu nhin th rt khd v ra th dng sng ; do
vic chn xung ng h cho cc FF ca b m theo dng stng i v cng phc
tp. Tuy nhin phng php thit k mch dy d b khng gp kh khn cn cha
tm ra.

6.6.3. Thit k mch dy

Thit k mch dy ndi chung so vi thit k b m trn y c ba vn c

bit nh sau.

1) Xy dng hnh trng thi tng i khd khn. Thng thng yu cu thit
k l ngn ng thng thng, ct th l mt vn logic c th ca mch dy.
Trong vn t hm cha d liu no cn nh, biu th bng cch no t
thnh trng thi mch dy, tn ti mt quan h logic no giahin trng, u
vo, u ra v trng thi k tip. T lm th no xy dng hnh trng thi
l cng vic phn tch c th i vi tng vn c th v cha ct quy trnh
Ch ring i vi b m th vn ny mi r rng th.
2) Cn ti thiu ha trng thi. T yu cu thit k xy dng hnh trng
thi thng c nhiu trng thi tha. Trng thi mch dy c Flip Flop nh v
th hin. Vy trng thi cng nhiu th s FF cn dng cng nhiu. Nu thit k
bo m yu cu ra, thl mong mun trng thi cng t cng tt. Ch ring i
vi b m thl mi r rng n th ; b m N cd N trng thi ; khng cd vn
ti thiu hta trng thi i vi b m.

3) Vic chn la m ha trng thi cng khng d nh di vi b m. Quan

h gia cc trng thi trong mch dy tng i phc tp. M vic chn la m
ha trng thi lin quan n tnh phc tp ca phng trinh trng thi v phong
trnh ra, nh hng tnh kinh t ca phng n kh thi. Cho nn thng nghin
cu, cn nhc, so snh, lm li ct thit k ti u. Hin ti cha c quy trnh
v vic chn la m ha trng thi. Ch ring i vi b m th quan h gia cc
trng thi tng i n gin, c my loi m m thng dng, phng n m
ha trng thi d chn.

284
 Trn quan im ca ngi s dng cc IC mch dy,bit phng php chung
l . Di y ta xt mt v{ d thit k mch dy.
V d 6 - 6 - 6 : thit k b gim st dliu ni tip. Yucu i vi b gim
st l : nu s bit 1 lin tc nhau 3 th u ra l 1 (cc trng hp khc ca
u vo ch ct gi tr 0 u ra)
Bi gii :
a) Phn tch yu cu thit k, xy dng hnh trng thi ban u. Gi s bit
1lin tc nhau u vo mch l m.

m = 0 ng vi trng thi
m = 1 ng vi trng thi Sj
m = 2 ng vi trng thi S 2
m 3 ng vi trng thi S 3
Vy mch cn 4 trng thi khc nhau. Cn c yu cu thit k, v ra hnh
trng thi ban u nh hnh 6 -6 -3 5 . Trong hnh k hiu x/z vi X l u vo, z
l u ra.
Hnh 6 -6 -3 5 cho thy rng, khi mch in
trng thi ban u Sq, gi s u vo cd
bit 1 th u ra l 0 v trng thi k tip
l Sj ; Gi s u vo c bit 0 tip theo th
u ra l 0 v trng thi k tip l Nu
hin trng b gim st l Sp gi s u vo
co' bit 1 th u ral 0 v trng thi k tip
l S 2 ; Gi s u vo c bit 0 th u ra
l 0 v trng thi k tip l Sp. (tc v trng
thi ban u).
Nu hin trng b gim st l S 2 , gi s H n h 6 -6 -3 S .
u vo c bit 1, tc l 3 bit 1 lin D hnh trng thi ban u ca b gim st.
nhau th u ra l 1 v trng thi k tip
l S 3 ; gi s u vo cd bit 0 th u ra l 0 v trng thi k tip l Sq.

Nu hin trng b gim st l S3 , gi s u vo cd bit 1 th u ra vn l 1

v trng thi khng b thay i, tc trng thi k tip vn l S 3 ; gi s u vo
c bit 0 thl u ra l 0 v trng thi k tip l Sg.

b) Tin hnh ti thiu hda trng thi

Gp trng thi tng ng. Trng thi tng ng l nhng trng thi hin
ti no trong iu kin u vo hin ti nh nhau th ct cng gi tr logic u
ra v ct cng trng thi k tip. Vy trhg thi tng ng lp li nhau nn
c th gp.

xt xem c cc trng thi tng ng nhau khng, t hlnh 6 -6 -3 5 ta xy

dng bng trng thi 6 -6 -7

285
 Bng 6 - 6 - 7 : C C T R N G T H I BAN D U CA B G I M ST

IVng thi k tip/ u ra

IVng thi hin li Du vo hin ti X

X - 0 X = 1

So So/0 Si/0
Si So/0 S2/0
S2 So/0 S3/1
S3 So/0 S3/1

Nhn xt bng 6 -6 -7 , ta thy cc trng

thi S 2, S 3 l tng ng. olo
Sau khi tin hnh ti thiu ha trng thi, o o (^
ta c hnh trng thi hnh 6 -6 -3 6

c) Xc nh s lng chng loi FF, chn /1

la m ha trng thi
V 2" > N = 3 Hnh 6 -6 -3 6 .
D hnh trng thi sau ti th i i ha.
Vy n = 2. Chn Flip Flop D.
2 FF c 4 trng thi 00, 01, 10, 11 - Trong s nhiu cch m ha kh d, chng
ta chn :
= 00, Sj = 01, Sj = 11

V sau ta phi xt xem mch in c t khi ng khng v dn gn

nht cha.
d) Tm phng trnh trng thi v phng trnh ra

\Q Q
Hnh 6 -6 -3 7 . X
00 01 11 10
Bng Karnaugh ca 0 0 0 /0 0 0 /0 0 0 /0 X
trng thi k tip /u ra.
1 0 1 /0 11/0 X
11/1

Trng thi 10 khng c dng, trong qu trnh ti thiu ha cn lu x l

t kt qu nh sau :

+ I = XQ5>
(6-6-18)
= X

z = XQ 5 (6-6-19)

286
 e) Tm phng trnh kch
D2 = XQ>
( - -
6 6 2 0 )
Dj = X
g) V s logic
om

Hnh 6 -6 -B . B gim sl Hnh 6 -6 -3 9 . E> hnh trng

d liu ni tip. thi b gim st.

Hnh 6 -6 -3 9 l hnh trng thi v t s logic hnh 6-6-38. Ta nhn thy

mch t khi ng c v kh n gin.

Thit k mch dy dng PLA

(PLA - Programmable logic Arrays - Cc mng logic lp trnh) cc cng v cc

FF l cc phn t c bn cu trc nn mch dy. Chng 4 gii thiu PLA. Ta
s dng cc mng logic cng AND v cng OR d dng cu trc mi mch in t
hp phc tp. Nu trn mt chip PLA cn ct nhiu FF th rt tin dng chip
thc hin mi hm dy, cu trc mi mch dy. y chnh l mt mt trng yu
trong ng dng PLA. Sau khi nm c phng php thit k mch dy, ta cd th
s dng cc chip PLA cd sn cc cng AND, OR v cc FF thit k mch dy.

TM TT

Khc vi mch logic t hp, mch logic dy c tn hiu u ra ph thuc khng

nhng tn hiu u vo thi im xt m c vo trng thi mch in sn c<5
thi im . y l c im chc nng logic ca mch dy.

nh trng thi mch in, mch dy phi c mch tn tr lu gi, m tn

hiu u vo u ra ca n cng quyt nh trng thi u ra. y l c im
v cu trc mch ca mch dy.

Mch dy c th tht thin bin vn ha thnh rt nhiu chng loi. Chng

ny ch gii thiu mt s loi mch dyin hnh : b m, b nh, b to xung
tu n t , R A M .V .V ... n g t h i v i v i c n m v n g c u t r c , n g u y n l c n g t c v
c im ca cc mch dy , chng ta cng phi nm c c im chung ca
mch dy v phng php chung phn tch thit k mch dy.

287
 BI TP

6 -1 , Trng thi ban u ca mch dy

Q3 Q2Q 1 = 000. Hy v th dng sdng.

CP

6 -2 . Cho trng thi ban u

mch hnh bn
Q 4Q 3Q 2Q 1 = 0001. r->^
K Q.
Hy v dng sng v hnh
trng thi ca mch ny.
cp

6 -3 . Hy v hnh trng thi ca

mch in hinh bn. D J D Q.

cp

6 -4 . Hy v hnh trng thi v dng sng ca b m nghch thp phn ng

b hnh 6 -2-13.
6 -5 . Hy v hnh trng thi v dng sng ca cc mch hnh 6-2-19.
Thuyt minh chc nng logic ca chng.
6- 6 . Cho mch in hinh bn vi dng
stng CP, A. Gi thit trng thi ban u
ca FF l 0. Hy v dng sng u ra A D a
B, c. >; > 2
Q Q
cp.
)

^ - e iU iiU M n iu u u u u u in n iii

_________ r

6 -7 . Hy v hnh trng thi v dng

sdng ca mch in sau y

J
-0 d>^
K Q K i K aj
ZP

288
 6 - 8 . Cho mch dy
hnh bn
a) Phn tch mch
b) Sau khi xa ton b
FF v 0, cho thm 3 xung
CP, hy thuyt minh trng
thi cc FF.
c) Gi s cho 6 xung
CP n u vo sau khi
xta v 0 , hy thuyt minh
trng thi ca cc FF.
d) Gi s xa v 0
ri, sau lp 1 cc Flip
Flop Fp F2, F 5 , F^, a
vo 4 xung CP. Hy thuyt
minh trng thi ca cc FF.

6 -9 . Hy v hnh trng thi v

J Q
thuyt minh chc nng ca mch in
-<> rd> -c >
hnh bn.
K K

CP
6 - 1 0 . Cho mch in hnh bn. Hy
v hinh trng thi. Gi thit K3 = 1, o
hy thuyt minh trng thi b m thay
i th no. 1 a L
4>/^
/c
!:
CP

6 -1 1 . Mch in hnh bn c di m
N bao nhiu. Mch cd t khi
ng khng.

6 -1 2 . Mch in hnh
bn c di m N bao
nhiu. V dng sdng ca a / Q .
b m. r-c|>/> ... s
- .

K n K K

t>
CP

289
 6 - 1 3 . Cho mch in nh
hnh bn.
D D Q
>F, Hy v hnh trng thi v
>^7
Q dng sng. Hy thuyt minh chc
nng ca mch ny.

< }-
NORAN
CP

6 -1 4 . V hinh trng thi v dng sng ca b m nghch'^thp phn d b

hnh 6-2-31.
6 -1 5 . V th dng sng cc mch in hnh 6 -2 -3 2 .
6 -1 6 . Hy dng hai b m (Vi mch MSI) thun thp phn n b cu trc
b m N = 60 (tham kho hnh 6-2 -3 9 )
6 -1 7 . Hy dng cc b m thun nh phn d b(IC) gii thi trong hnh
6 -2 -4 0 cu trc thnh b m N = 30.
6 -1 8 . Hy v s logic v hnh trng thi ca b m vng a bit.
6 -1 9 . Hy thit k b m vng 3 bit ct th t khi ng.
6 - 2 0 . Hy v b m kiu ghi dch di cc i c th t khi '<ng vi
N = 15.
6 -2 1 . Hy v b m N = 31 kiu ghi dch di cc i cd th t khing.
6 -2 2 . Hy v hnh trng thi v dng stng mch di y

CP

6 -2 3 . RAM l g ? ROM l g ? So snh chng vi nhau.

6 -2 4 . V b nh RAM 2048 X 4 bit t ccchp RAM 256 X 1 bit
6 -2 5 . V b nh RAM 4096 X 8 bit t ccchip RAM 1024 X 1 bit
6 - 2 6 . CCD tn tr in tch th no ? Phi chng CCD cng tc phng
thc tnh.
6 -2 7 . Mch CCD 3 pha hnh 6 -5 -1 3 c th ni ghp li thnh CCD 2 pha
c khng.
6 -2 8 . Hy thit k b m ng b N = 7
6 -2 9 . Hy thit k b m ng b N = 11

290
 6 -3 0 . Hy thit k b m nghch thp phn ng b m 8421
6 -3 1 . Chc nng logic ca Flip Flop SH nh bng di y
Flip Flop SH ct 2 u vo L v D, Hy
L D tm mch in ca Flip Flop SH cu trc t Flip
Flop D.
0 0 Q"
0 1 Q"
1 0 0
1 1

6 -3 2 . Hy thit k b m vng 4 bit t khi ng. Mi t m trong chu k u

ch c 1 bit 0 .
6 -3 3 . Hy thit k b phn phi xung 6 trng thi 3 pha cho mt ng c bc.
Nu dng 1 biu th vng dy thng dng, dng 0 biu th vng dy ngt
dng th s chuyn i trng thi ca 3 vng dy ABC nh di y
(C = 1 iu khin quay thun, c = 0 iu khin quay ngc)

100 -110 -010 100 110 - 010

101 001 - 011 101 001 - 0 1 1

c = 1 c = 0

6 -3 4 . Hy thit k b m d b N = 5.
6 -3 5 . Hy thit k b m thp phn d b.
6 -3 6 . Hy thit k b m d b N = 23.
6 -3 7 . Hy thit k b m thun ng b iu khin c.
Tn hiu iu khin M = 0 th N = 6, M = 1 th N = 12.
6 -3 8 . Hy thit k b to xung tun t c 6 nhp xung, yu cu b rng xung
nhp bng 4 ln chu k xung ng h.
6 -3 9 . Hy thit k thit b t ng bn tem 4 xu. u vo l tn hiu xung biu
th cc gi tr tin 1 xu, 2 xu v 5 xu. (Ngi mua a vo cc ng xu
kim loi) - u ra l tn hiu xung biu th tem v tin xu tr li cho
khch.
(Gi : Gi thit rng mi ngi mua ch dng 1 loi tin xu thi)

291
 Chng 7

PHT XUNG V TO DNG XUNG

7.1. B PHT XUNG

Trong mch dy ng b, xung vung ca tn hiu ng h c dng iu

khin, phi hp s lm vic ca ton b h thng. Vy c tnh ca xung ng h
trc tip nh hng n cht lng cng tc ca h thng. Da vo hnh 7 -1 -1 ,
chng ta tim hiu mt s' chl tiu nh gi dng stng xung vung.
T : Chu k xung. l khong thi
gian gia 2 xung lin nhau trong lot
xung trng lp mt cch chu kl.

f = : tn s xung. t l s xung
lp trong n v thi gian.
: Bin xung. t l bin
ln nht ca in p xung.
Hnh 7 - I - L MiC^ Ui cc
Tyy : B rng xung. l khong dc irilng k Ihui c;rung vung.
thi gian t sn trc n sn sau
ca xung tnh mc 0,5Vm.
: Sn trc. d l khong thi gian sn trc tng t O.lVm n 0,9Vm
tf : Sn sau. t l khong thi gian sn sau gim t 0,9Vm n 0,lVm.
Di y gii thiu my loi mch dao ng pht xung vung hay gp.

7.1.1. B dao ng a hi c bn cng NAND TTL

1) Cu trc mch in

Hl-
Cng NAND (TTL) khi lm vic trong v n g ^ Ff
chuyn tip cd th khuch i mnh m thi
hiu u vo. Vy em 2 cng NAND m
02
im cng tc tnh thit lp trong vng chuyn
tip ghp in dung thnh mch vng nh
hnh 7 -1 -2 , ta c b dao ng a hi. Vjr
Hnii 7~ - 2 , B dao cng da hi
l u vo iu khin. mc cao th pht
cu irc bng cng NAND.
xung ; V^ mc thp th ngng pht.

292
 Hnh 7 -1 -3 gii thch s thit lp im cng tc tnh. in
p u vo ch tnh ca mi cng NAND ph thuc v
Rp. Gi tr in tr cc Rp (Rpj v Rp ) chn gia gi tr in
2

tr ng cng v gi tr in tr m cng on

2) Nguyn l lm vic

Nu cc cng I, cng II thit lp im cng tc tnh trong

vng chuyn tip, thl mch s dao ng pht xung khi ni ngun.
Gi s do tc dng ca nhiu, V j j tng mt cht, lp tc xut
hin qu trnh phn hi dng sau y ;

11 T 01 12 02
Hnh 7 -1 -3 , M ch u vo

r cng NAND.

Do d, cng I nhanh chdng tr

thnh thng bo ha, cng II nhanh
chng ngt, mch bc vo trng
thi tm n nh. Lc ny, Cj np
in v C2 phdng in theo mch
(n gin ha) hnh 7 -1 -4 .
- iK
11+
V Cj c np in qua 2 nhnh ^ ,0
Rj v p2 nn tc np cao. Vy
Vj 2 tng nhanh n ngng thng
V^., khi xut hin qu trinh phn
hi dng sau
Vj2 -VQ2

Kt qu qu trnh ny l ; cng
I nhanh chng ngt, cng II nhanh
Hnh 7 -1 -4 . M ch vng np phng diCn ca t
chtng thng, mch in bc vo

71
Hnh - - s .
Dng Nng gn dng ca
din p cc im ir n mch
b dao ng a hi c bn
cu trc bng cng N AND (TTL).

/
0

Vt
o

293
m trng thi tm n nh mi. Lc ny, C2 np in, C phtng in theo cc
mch tng t. C2 np in nhanh nn Vjj tng nhanh n ngng thng lm
xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng a mch in v li trng thi n nh tm
thi ban u : cng I thng, cng II ngt. Vy mch in khng ngng dao ng
mt cch chu k. Khi b qua in tr u ra cc cng NAND, da vo hnh 7 -1 -4 ,
ta c th v dng sng cc im trn mch b dao ng a hi nh hnh 7 -1 -5 .
3) Txih ton chu ki dao ng, v qu trnh np in nhanh hn qu trnh phng
in, nn thi gian duy tr trng thi n nh tm thi ph thuc thi gian np in
ca hai t in Cp C2 . Da vo hnh 7 - l- 4 a ta cd hng s thi gian np in ca t
l = (Rp2 // Rj) Cj. Vy, Vj2 np in ncn mt thi gian l

^ // -n N rt 1 ^OH ~ C^OH " ^Ol)^

^M2 - Vj2( 00) - v ^ n Cjln V q -V ^

2 V o h -(V t,+ V o l)
= (Rp2 // Rj^Cjln ------- - (7 -1 -1 )
'^OH '^T
Vi Rpj = Rp2 = Rp, Cj = C2 = c , ta c
2V o h -(V t+ V o J
T = 2 (Rp // R,)C In ----- -------------------- (7-1-2)
''oh ''t

Gi s Vqh = 3V, Vql = 0,35V, = 1,4V

t (7-1-2) ta c :

T = 2(Rp // Ri)C In ^ ^ ~ = 2 (Rp // Ri)C (7 -1 -3 )

Cc cng thc (7-1-1), (7-1-2), (7 -1 -3 ) ni trn u l gn ng v ta b

qua n tr u ra ca cc cng. Khi u ra mc logic thp, in tr u ra
ca cng l rt b, tt nhin c th b qua. Cn khi u ra mc cao m dng
in ti li ng k th nh hng ca in tr u ra khng th b qua. Khi ,
in tr u ra nh hng n hng s thi gian np in, ng thi lm cho mc
ra logic cao < Vqj_j (Vqj^ l mc ra logic cao khi khng ti). V vy lm thay i
tr s ban u ca qu trnh np in.
Tuy rng gi tr T t (7 -1-3) c sai s nht nh, nhng v cc gi tr chnh
xc ca in tr khng c cc thuyt minh k thut cho bit, v li gi tr
cd sai lch nn khng cd cch no tnh ton chnh xc hn gi tr T so vi cng
thc (7 -1-3). Bnh thng vn dng (7 -1-3) tnh T.

7.1.2. B dao ng a hi vng RC

1) Dng cng NAND (TTL) cu trc b dao ng vng

Hnh 7 -1 -6 trnh by b dao ng vng. Mch cu trc bi cc b khuch i

cng NAND mc dy chuyn vng. Mch ny khng c trng thi n nh. Nguyn
l cng tc ca mch kh n gin : dng thi gian tr truyn t ca cng. C
th n,i sau.

294
Hnh 7 - 1 - 6
Mch in b dao ng
lirv,)
vng v dng sng.

Gi s Vjj t bin ln mc logic 1. Sau thi V

gian tr truyn t tpjj ca cng I th Vj2 = 0. y/71
Sau thi gian tr truyn t tpj ca cng n th Vj = 1.
3

Tip theo, sau thi gian tr truyn t ca cng

III th = Vjj = 0. Vy, k t thi im Vjj t
bin ln 1, sau thi gian 3 tpj (gi thit thi gian
tr truyn t cc cng u nh nhau) th Vjj li
t bin xung 0. Ct th hnh dung c rng sau thi gian 3 tpj na Vjj = Vq s
tr li mc 1, hon thnh 1 chu k dao ng. V sau mch dao ng lp li qu
trnh trn vi chu k dao ng T = 6 t^ . Xem dng sng cc im trong mch
hnh 7 -1 -6 .
V thi gian tr truyn t trung bnh tpj ca cng NAND (TTL) kh ngn, c
vi chc ns (Ins = 1 0 "^s), nn tn s dao ng rt cao, hn na khng th iu
chinh tn s dao ng t. khc phc nhc im ny, chng ta ngh ngay n
s dng mch tr RC. VI a thm vo mch RC th va lm tng thi gian tr,
va c th iu chnh tn s dao ng (bin tr, t xoay).

2) B dao ng vng c mch RC

Xem hnh 7 -1-7,

> 0
Hnh 7 -1 -7 .
B dao ng
a hi vng c mch RC.

v thi gian tr ca mch RC ln hn nhiu tr truyn t tpj nn trong phn

tch di y b qua tpj.
Khi Vjj t bin ln th Vj2
t bin xung v Vq2 theo
tng ln n Vpj. Do in p
trn t in c khng t bin
c, nn Vj3 cng c t bin
m theo Vj2- Ri th mc cao Vq2 I______
s lm cho in dung c c np 3 ) M C /iN A P
qua R. Vj dn dn tng ln.
3

Mch np in biu th trn

hnh 7 - 1 - 8 a. Khi t np in,
mch in b dao ng trng Yj,m %
thi tm n nh th nht. Khi
Vj tng ln n ngng thng
3
b) M ACM PM N
\
(Rj. rt nh, Vj3 coi nh
l in p u vo cng III)
Hnh 7 -1 -8 , Mch vng np, phng in ca l in.

295
th cng III thng, = Vjj = v^. V Vjj lt n Vl, nn Vj2 lt n Vj^, Vq2 lt
n Vl-
Tng t, u tin Vj cng cd t bin dng nh Vj , ri sau dotin c
3 2

phdng in, Vj gim dn. Mch phdng in biu th trn hnh 7 -l-8 b . Khi t phng
3

in, mch in b dao ng trng thi tm n nh th hai.

Khi Vj gim xung n ngng V j th cng III ngt, Vo ~
3 in
tr li trng thi ban u : Vjj t bin ln Vpj.
Qu trnh dao ng lp li khng ngng. Xem dng sng hnh 7 -1 -9 .
T hnh 7 -1 -8 ta thy rng hng s
thi gian np in l f1
q = [R // (R i+ R^)]C = (R // Rj)C
hng s thi gian phng in l
q = RC.
Vy thi gian np in tj ca c l :

'"13(0)

2V o h -(V t + V o i)
t, = (R // Ri) Cln
Vo h - V t

(7-1-4)

thi gian phng in t 2 ca c l : 13

K
Vo( ) Vt 0
/ /
V o h + V t - 2 V ol 1

= RCln
Vt - V o l
nh 7 - - 9 . D ng sng ca b
(7-1-5) dao ng vng c mch RC.

Gi s Vqh = 3V, = 1,4V, Vql = 0,35V, ta tnh c

tj = 0,98 (R // Rj)C
2 = 1,26RC
Vy T = tj + = 0,98 (R // R p c + 1,26RC (7 -1 -6)

nu Rj > > R th T = 2,2 RC (7 -1 -7)

Tng t nh trnh by v sai s ca (7-1-3), cc cng thc (7-1-4), (7-1-5),

(7 -1 -6 ) u c sai s do b qua in tr u ra ca cc cng.
Loi mch b dao ng vng c mch RC ny c th iu chnh tn s dao ng
ca n trong phm vi rng. Bng 7 -1 -1 l phm vi iu chnh tn s dao ng do
bin tr, tng ng vi cc gi tr in dung khc nhau.

296
 Cn lu rng R khng Bng 7 -1 -1 : PHM VI D I U CH N H TN s
th ly gi tr qu ln. i C A B D A O D N G D A H I VN G. (T R N H N H 7.1.7)
vi cng NAND (TTL), ndi
chung R < R qpp. nu c f
khng th th mch in
s lm vic trc trc. ] 5 pF 1.4MHz ~ 8MHz

820pF 320kHz 5.6MHz

0.05^F 4,3kHz ~ 150kHz

3.3Hz 3.6kHz

10(uF 1kHz ~ 167Hz

7.1.3. B dao ng a hi thch anh

1) Vn n nh bin v tn s ca b dao ng da hi

Trong nhng iu trinh by trn y v b dao ng a hi, ta thy mc u

ra ca mch in trong trng thi tm thi n nh (tc mc thng v mc ngt
u ra cng NAND) l kh n nh. Vy n nh bin kh cao. V li,
mch s khng yu cu qu cao i vi n nh bin .
Nhng n nh tn s thng thp. Nhn t ch yu quyt nh tn s dao
ng l thi gian mch in chuyn bin t ti mc ngng nguyn i (in p
ngng thng ngt ca cng NAND). Mt l, bn thn mc ngng khng n nh
lm, chu nh hng ca nhit . Hai l, cch lm vic ca mch in d b can
nhiu, s chuyn i trng thi do nhiu c th sm hoc chm hn. Ba i, thi
im xy ra s chuyn i trng thi ri vo lc s phng hoc np in ca t
in chm li, s thay i nh ca mc ngng hay s tc ng ca nhiu u
ct th lm thay i nghim trng chu ki dao ng. Chnh v vy, khi mch in
cn n nh tn s dao ng cao hn, tt phi cd bin php thch hp.

2) B dao ng thch anh

xung ng h c n nh tn s cao, bin php hay dng hin nay l a

thch anh (tinh th) vo mch dao ng a hi. Thch anh khng nhng c c
tnh n nh tn s tt, m thch anh cn c h s phm cht Q rt cao, dn n
tnh chn lc tn s rt cao. iu ny c th thy r t c tuyn tn s ca tr
khng thch anh hnh 7-1-10.
T in ghp trong mch dao
ng a hi thng, nu mc
ni tip vi thch anh thl cu
trc thnh b dao ng a hi
thch anh. v d : t s kl'ha phn fr
7 -1 -2 ta ct tng ng s thch onh

7 -1 -1 1 .

inh 7-1-, c lnh tn s ca tr khng thch anh.

20-CSKT. 297
Hnh 7 - I - I L
B dao dng
a hi thch anh. R2

Z O -H B I ILW ' q >

T c tnh tn s ca tr khng thch anil ta thy rng, chi tn s th

tr khng thch anh cc nh (X = 0) nn tn hiu tn s i qua thch anh d
dng. Vy nn tn s dao ng ca b dao ng thch anh ch quyt nh bi tn
S cng hng bn thn thch anh m khng ph thuc vo gi tr R, c ca
mch in.

7.1.4. B dao ng a hi CMOS

Cc cng CMOS c c tnh chuyn mch (dng m) gn nh l tng. Chng

rt ph hp cu trc thnh mch dao ng a hi.

I) B dao ng a hi c bn CMOS

a) Cu trc mch din

Hnh 7 - -1 2 .
\//(
y-1
B dao ng
a hi dng cng
N O R (CM OS).

IVong mch in in hnh ca b dao ng a hi c bn CMOS trn hnh

7 -1 -1 2 , c cc cng NOR 1 v 2 v linh kin nh thi R, c. Vj l tn hiu iu
khin, Vj = Vj^ mch ngng cng tc, Vj^ = Vj^ mch dao ng. Hnh 7 -1 -1 3 l
cng NOR CMOS.
Trong mch ny, mi u vo u
ct it bo h. Nhng it ny hn
ch mc in p cc cng bdng bn
dn MOS trong phm vi gia in
th t v Ejj. Trong cc mch s,
ndi chung it bo h u vo khng
dn. Nhng trong mch dao ng
a hi, cc i ny c tc dng
ghim mc cao u vo Ej5, mc
thp u vo ov.

b) Nguyn l lm vic

Khi phn tch nguyn l lm vic

mt cch nh tnh, n gin
Hnh 7 -1 -1 3 . M ch N O R (CM OS)
ha, c th cho cng 1 , 2 l nhng
C i l bo h u vo.
chuyn mch l tng (dng Sj, S 2

298
biu th) m nu in p u vo Vj ln hn in p ngng thng th cng
thng, nu Vj < th cng ngt.
Khi = Vpj = Eq mch khng dao ng. C th nh sau : nu Vjj = Vh.
c n g 1 t h n g , c n g 2 n g t , Vj 2 = = 0, = Vjj = E j j , Vjj = ;V i2] = V l- M c h
tng ng hnh 7-1-14. ' .

< i

c r ^ r
----- OR. ----- o------ I M R
------ )----- 9 II
%

Hnh 7 -1 -1 4 . Mch tung ng Hnh 7l~IS* Mch tng dng

n gin ha khi Vj = Ej). n gin ha khi t in np i a

Khi Vjj = Vj^ mch dao ng. C th nh sau : Vj t Vpj gim xung v^. Cng
mt ngt, Vj ln mc cao. Cng 2 thng,
2 xung mc thp, do tc dng ghim
ca it bo h u vo, V j j c bn bng ov. ng thi t in c np, mch tng
n g k h i x e m h n h 7 - 1 - 1 5 . T h e o m c n p i n c a t i n c , Vjj t n g l n
theo lut hm m vi hng s thi giant = RC. Trong qu trnh t c np, mch
in trng thi tm thi n nh.
Khi Vjj tng ln n ngng Vj, cng 1 thng, Vj2 xung mc thp, cng 2 ngt,
ln mc cao - Vjj cng bin i theo nhng c ghim mc Ej3 do tc
dng ca it bo h.
ng thi t in c phng in theo mch tng ng (n gin ha) hnh
7 -1 -1 6 . Theo mc phng in ca c , V j j gim xung theo lut hm s m cng
vi hng s thi gian T = RC. Trong qu trnh t c phng, mch in cng trng
thi tm thi n nh.
Khi V j j gim n th cng 1 ngt,
Vj2 ln mc cao, cng 2 thng, xung
mc thp, V j j cng xung thp theo, c
li np... 1

Vy mch in chuyn i trng thi

lin tc gia 2 trng thi tm thi n
nh. Do u ra ta ct xung vung R.
nh . Hnh 7 -1 -1 7 l dng sng l
tng ha (gn ng thc) ca b dao X .
ng. Da vo cc hnh (7-1-15),
(7-1-16), (7-1-17), ta tm c cng
thc gn ng tnh chu k dao ng :
Kinh 7 - l~ 6 , Mch tng ng khi c phng in.
E'D ED
T = T + T^ = RCln (7-1-8)
V,

299
 ED
Gi thit = th Tj = T2 v
tc -
T = RCln4 = 1.4RC (7-1-9)
Bin dao ng = Ej3 (7-1-10) 0-

Dng sng Vjj v Vq trong hnh Eo-

7 -1 -1 7 l gn ng (cc bc t bin y
hai bn t in khng bng nhau). Nu 0-
tnh n vai tr ca it D v in tr
u ra Rg ca cng 2 , ta v li dng
sng nh hnh 7-1-18. np phng

Hnh 7 - - 7, D ng sng ca b dao ng a hi c bn

CMOS.

fO M

Hlnh D r^ sng m h h 7- - 9 .
khi k nh h r^ ca D v R q. B d ao dng a hi thch anh CMOS.

2) B dao ng thch anh CMOS (xem hnh 7 -1 -1 9 )

c im tng t nh a gii thiu d phn 7 -1 -3 (mch TTL). Tn s cng

cng hng ca thch anh quyt nh tn s dao ng. n nh tn s cao. in
dung c thay di c tinh chnh.

7.2. TOIGO SMIT

c im quan trng nht ca Trig Smit l n ct th bin i ng xung, bin

i v cng chm chp u vo thnh dng xung vung tha mn yu cu meh
s u ra. Trg Smit c tnh chng nhiu kh tt vi chnh in p chuyn
mch trong mch. Trg Smit c ng ng rt rng trong cc mch pht xung v
to dng xung.

7.2.1. TVig Smit IC TTL

J) Cu trc mch in

Hnh 7 -2 -1 l IC Trig Smit TTL, nd cn gi l b o pha Trig Smit. Tn

hiu u vo Vj thng qua tng u vo (R^ v D p a n mch Smit. u ra

300
 ca mch Smit c tng
u ra (l mt b o
pha) ni vi ph t.
Tng u ra l mch y
k o nD c n g s u t r a k h .
So snh vi mch in L
hlnh dng cng NAND k i h iu
r g Sm i*i
TTL thi im c bit ca
hnh 7 -2 -1 l mch Smit
g i a .

2) Nguyn u lm vic r-o Ec

Hay xt nguyn l lm vic mch Smt hnh 7 -2 -2 .
Bng cch chn thng s linh kin xc ng, ta bo

Vc,
m 2 trng thi tng phn ca mch, nu l
mc thp thl Tj ngt, T 2 thng bo ha. Nu Vgj l'.. C t)
l mc cao thl Tj thng bo ha, ngt, Khi V g j
t mc thp ln mc cao n tr s V g g j = V g j -
igR^ = 0,5V thl T bt u chuyn t vng ngt
vo vng khuch i. Do V gj ti p t c t n g nn
^CEI ^BE2 gim xung. Sau khi Tj ri khi vng Nn/ Mch ln Smit.
bo h a , m Vgj l i tip tc tng t h i xy ra qu trnh
phn hi dng sau y :

l CEl B El t

nh phu hi dng, mch in nhanh chdng chuyn sang trng th Tj thng bo ha,
Tj ngt. Cn gii thch r thm ti sao ta khng nh Vg khi m V g = (igj + l 2 )R3 i
vi ang tng v ig 2 ang gim. Chng ta hay ch n tc dng khuch i
ca Tj, T. Khi Vgj tng ko theo V g g j tng, qua khuch i chc chn =
^CE2 do i g 2 gim nh, qua khuch i lm cho ig 2 gim.
Do tc dng khuch i ca Tj v T2 m tc gim ca ln hn tc
tng ca igj. Vy V g gim.
Nu V g j sau khi tng n cc i thi bt u gim ; khi gim n mc lm
Tj ra khi vng bo ha, ra khi vng ngt thi mch in li xy ra qu trnh
phn hi dng sau :
^ -* ^ '^CEl t - * Vgg2 t ^ C2<E2^ - * Vg t - * Vggi 1 -

Kt qu mch in nhanh chng lt sang trng thi Tj ngt, thng bo ha.

By gi ta xem xt bao qut ton mch, k c tng u vo v tng u ra.
Nu Vj l mc thp, Vgj cng mc thp, Tj ngt bo ha, v ^2 D3 ,
T 3 , T5 ngt, T 4 v D 4 thng, u ra mc cao. Nu V j l mc cao, V g j cng mc

301
cao, Tj bo ha, T 2 ngt, D3 thng, T3 v Tj bo ha, T4 v D 4 ngt, u ra
mc thp.
Chng ta gi gi tr in p u vo V j trong qu trnh tng ln ca n t
n ngng lm lt mch Smit u ra t mc cao xung mc thp l ngng
trn
Chng ta gi gi tr in p u vo V j trong qu trnh gim xung ca nd t
n ngng lm lt mch Smit u ra t mc thp ln mc cao l ngng di
V^_ {hnh V 2 - 3 ).
Hiu in p tng ng vi ngng trn Vt.
v ngng di c gi l chnh in p
chuyn mch AV
AV = (7-2-1)

Hnh 7-2-3.
D n g s n g u v o V j, u r a Vq

Hnh 7 -2 -4 trnh by c tnh

truyn t ca Trig Smit trn
0 0,5 1,0 15 2 .0 ^(V) hnh 7 -2 -1 . Ta thy r chnh
in p chuyn mch trn hnh
7 -2 -3 v hnh 7 -2 -4 .
Hnh 7-2-4. c tn h tm y n t i n p .
c

R,
Hnh 7 - 2 - 5 . T n g u v o n h i& i u v o .

cd nhiu u vo, ta c th dng cng AND

it tng u vo nh hnh 7 -2 -5 .

3) V d ng dng

Hnh 7-2-6,
M ch phi ghp cc d ao ng
c h m v o h th n g T T L
b n g T H g S m it.

302
 ^l
Hnh 7-2-7.
D n g T O g S m it t o d n g
x u n g v u n g t i n p u v o
\ .
ou ra b i n ^ c h m k h n g q u y t c .

Hnh 7-2-8.
D n g T rig S m it i m b g i m st
n g n g m c i n p u v o . K hi i n
p n y t n g n g V t + th m c h
i n t c n g .

Nguyn l lm vic ca b dao ng

a hi dng Trig Smit nh sau :
Khi u vo Trig Smit mc cao
th c np in.
Trong qu trnh c np, in p u ,1tiZ -- 10MtlZ
vo Trig Smit tng ; Khi in p ny
bng ngng trn th Trig Smit
lt, u ra ca n xung mc thp v Hnh 7-2-9. B d a o n g a h i.

c bt u phng in.
Trong qu trnh c phdng, in p u vo Trig Smit gim ; Khi in p ny
bng ngng di th Trig Smit lt li, u ra ca no ln mc cao...
Qu trnh trn lp li mi, to ra dao ng a hi, u ra c xung vung.
B khuch i o u ra ct tc dng to dng xung p hn v cch li. R, c cng
ln th chu k dao ng T cng ln, tn s dao ng cng thp. Thay i R, c thl
iu chnh c tn s dao ng.

Hnh 7-2-O . IT ach u r a h c c ttd

B m r n g xung Vo
(s v d n g s n g ).
r -i n ra
i.- i" i
I t Tt
I f

Nguyn l b m rng xung dng Trig Smit nh sau :

Vjmc thp th mc cao. Khi V j ln mc cao th bng bn dn thng bo
ha, ni tr ca n rt b, t in c phtng in rt nhanh, gim nhanh xung
mc thp. Khi V j t mc cao xung mc thp th bdng bn dn ngt, ngun in

303
Eg np in cho t in c thng qua mch u vo ca Trig Smit. tng chm.
Khi tng n V t. th u ra t bin xung mc thp. Vy mch m rng
xung u vo. Nu thay i gi tr in dung thl thay i mc m rng xung.

7.2.2. Ti-ig Smit CMOS

u , A ^ i
^ m ri

nmmrHrmmT
A 2 z 3A 3Z
iZ 2A
o r+

Hnh 7 -2 -1 , S ch n ca Hnh 7-2-12.

I C C M O S C C 4 0 1 0 6 ( 6 TVigO S m i l ) . c tn h tru y n t i n p .

T thy rng trong mt v (1 chip) tch hp 6 mch Trig Smit. Hnh 7 -2 -1 2

l c tnh truyn t in p ca n. B o pha CMOS ct mt trong cu trc
ca Trig Smit CMOS.
Tng t nh h
TTL, Triga Smit h
CMOS ct nhiu ng b
dng : mch phi
ghp cc tn hiu bin
i chm thnh xung,
to dng xung, gim
n n
st mc ngng, b
dao ng a hi (hnh
7 -2 -1 3 ) b m rng
xung (hnh 7-2-14).
Hnh 7-2-13. Hhh 7-2-14,
B dao ng a h . B m r n g xung.

7.3. MCH A HI I

c im ca a hi i l : 1) Cd mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi

tm n nh. 2) Kh c tc dng ca xung kch t ngoi, c th chuyn i t
trng thi n nh sang trng thi tm n nh. 3) Sau kh duy tri mt thi gian,
s t ng quay v trng thi n nh. Thi gian duy tr trng thi tm n ch
ph thuc thng s bn thn mch in m khng ph thuc g vo xung kch.
Trong thit b in t s, a hi i cd ng dng : nh thi (to xung vung cd
rng mong mun), to dng xung (bin tn hiu khng quy tc thnh dy xung
chun c chu kl, rng, bin n nh), lm tr (xung u ra tr theo yu cu
so vi xung vo)...

304
 7.3.1. Mch a hi i CMOS

I) Mch a hi i kiu vi phn

a) Cu trc m ch in
i-yi n V
^ ^ p
Hnh 7 -3 -1 .
a hi i dng cng N O R (C M O S ).

Hnh 7 -3 -1 l s mch a hi i kiu viphn, trong cng 1,2 l cng

NOR (CMOS) v RC lm thnh b tr vi phn.
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Trong trng thi n nh, cng 1 ngt cng 2thng : Vj = 0, Vqj = E q,
^^12 = p, V02 = 0 .
Nu V j t 0 tng ln n ngng thng ca cng NOR th s xy ra qu
trnh phn hi dng sau :
^ i ^ 12 ^ o2 t

Qu trinh ny lm mch in nhanh chng chuyn i sang trng thi cng 1

thng, cng 2 ngt (trng thi tm n). Mch in np cho t in c l q, R, C,
in tr u ra cng 1, Trong qu trnh c np th V j 2 tng dn n ngng v ^ ,
lc s xy ra qu trnh phn hi dng mi :
(Gi thit Vj v mc thp) Vj2 t -* Vq2 i * t

Qu trnh ny lm cho mch nhanh chng o...

tr v trng thi n nh, cng 1 ngt, cng 2
thng. T in c phng in qua tng u vo Vj
cng 2 v tng u ra cng 1. V j 2 xp x E q . 0 -------
Vj)j tng dn n Eq. Xem dng sng Vj, V(JP
Vj2 , Vq2, trn hnh 7 -3 -2 .
rng xung u ra l thi gian tn ti
trng thi tm n nh T^. c xc nh
theo hnh 7 -3 -2 nh sau :

(7 -3 -1)
e
Vi Rq l in tr u ra ca cng 1

Nu Vt = ^ th 0 -------

= (R + R^)Cln2 = 0,7(R + R^)C

nh D r^ sng a hi i CMOS.
(7 -3 -2 )

305
 Bin xung ra xp x E q .
Trong mch in hnh 7 -3 -1 , nu rng xung kch V j ln hn th s khng
c qu trnh phn hi dng xy ra lc mch tr v trng thi n nh, kt qu
sn m xung ra Vq2 b ko di hn.

2) a hi i kiu tch phn

Hnh 7-3-3.
a h i i k i u tc h p h n
dng cng N O R (C M O S ).

a) Cu trc mch in
Hnh 7 -3 -3 l s mch a hi i kiu tch phn, trong cng 1, 2 l cng
NOR (CMOS) v RC lm thnh b tr tch phn.
b) Nguyn l lm vic
Trong trng thi n nh, cng 1 v cng 2 thng 12

= 0.
N u Vj b i n t h n h m c 0 ( a v o x u n g
m ) t h c n g 1 n g t, V(JJ t n g , v i n p
t r n t k h n g t h t b i n , n u l c u Eo
Vj 2 = 0 v c n g 2 n g t, Vq t b i n l n U/
mc cao Eq.
Trong khi cng 1 v cng 2 ngt, t in tg
c p h n g i n q u a i n tr u r a R q c a
cng 1 v R, Vj 2 tng dn ln. Gi s Vjvn
m c thp, n k h i Vj 2 = th l cng 2
thng, Vp t bin x u n g 0 .
S a u k h i k t th c x u n g vo (V j l n 1), c n g
1 thng, in dung np in, mch in
tr v trng thi n nh.
Xem dng sdng hnh 7-3-4.
Hnh 7 -3 -4 .
Mch 7 -3 -3 v mch hnh 7 -3 -1 cd cng
D n g s n g a h i i tc h p h n .
mt cng thc b rng xung ra,

tc l T , = (R + ;
(7 -3 -3 )

ED
Vi th = 0,7(R + R)C (7-3-4)

Mch 7 -3 -3 lm vic nh l thu hp v o xung, rng xung m u vo

phi ln hn T^. Trong trng hp ngc li, mch 7 -3 -3 chi l mch o.

306
 a hi i dng Trig Smit (CMOS)

a) Cu trc m ch din

Trong hnh 7 -3 -5 ta thy a hi i c Trig Smit v mch tr RC.

Hnh 7-3-S.
R
a hi i
d n g T V ig S m i t ( C M O S ) .
L T r i H H E
Tr. JL

b) Nguyn l lm vic
Trng thi n nh : Vj = Eq, V = E q,
Ep
Vo = 0

Khi a vo xung m, V t bin theo V j V

i0

xung mc 0. Trig Sm it lt. Vg ln mc

cao. c c np in v V tng dn ln. Khi V- V tl

V = th Trig Smit li lt v trng thi

E o
ban u, Vq xung mc thp. Xem hnh 7-3-6.
0

Cc cng thc tnh :

T -1
Hnh 7-3-6. D n g s n g m ch n n d n g

TVigO S m i t C M O S .
E
rng xung ra = RCln g (7 -3 -5 )
T+

ED
Vi = 2 th (7 -3 -6 )

Bin xung ra = Vqh - Vql E q a-3-7)

7.3.2. a hi i h TTL

I) Cu trc mch in

Xem hnh 7 -3 -7 , trong d :

- Cng 1, 2, 3 c u t r c m c h
Flip Flop,

- Cng 4, 5 l m c h to d n g xung,

- RC l mch nh thi.

307
 - Cc cng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (h TTL)
ct mc logic 1 l 3,6V
cd mc logic 0 l 0,3V.
- u vo Vj biu th s dng mch o. Mch o ny thng bao ha th
Vj 0,7V, cn ngng thng ca n c 0 , 6 v.

2) Nguyn l lm vic

*IVng thi n nh :
p = P = 0. Mch o
u vo Vj l b khuch
i tran zito u ni p'
theo mch cc em it
3.ev
chung, by gi bo ha,
V 2 = 0 7V. V 3 _ = 0 , 0.3 V
V, = 1, Q = 0, Q = 1. B.
Khi c xung dng Q
0.31'
u vo : p = 1 , F = 1 ,
Vi = 0, Q = 1, Q = 0,
mch trng thi tm
-2.
n nh.
3 .e y
Do Q = 0 khta cng
4, nn sau khi kch bng 3
3.6y
sn dng xung p th
Q
mch b cch li khi o.sy.
xung p.
V dn p trn t in /0 t 16 Ctpd
c khng t bin nn khi
Vj t mc cao 3,6V t
Hnh 7 -3 -8 . D n g s n g I C T T L .
bin xung 0,3V thl V2
t mc 0,7V t bin
xung -2,6V. Bt u qu trnh np in ca t in c. Vj tng dn ln. Khi V 2
tng ln n ngng thng 0,6V (ca mch o Vj) th sinh ra qu trinh phn
hi dng sau

V, t V,

Qu trnh ny m mch nhanh chng tr v trng thi n nh ban u :

V3 = 0 , V = 1 , Q = 0, Q = 1 Tip c phdng in, Vj dn dn khi phc
n 0,7V. Xem dng sng hnh 7 -3 -8 . ( n gin ha, chng ta gi nh thi
gian tr truyn t ca cc cng v b o pha u vo V2 u bng tpjj, chng
ta cng gi nh cc in p u ra u t bin).

i vi a hi i ny, rng xung ra c tnh nh sau :

W 0,7RC (7-3-8)

308
 Bng vic chn la R v c thch hp c th thit k c trong phm vi
w
40ns -i- 28s vi

Hlnh 7 -3 -9 gii thiu mch bn trong

IC TI 121. Mch ny gng s hlnh
7 -3 -7 , c thm mch Smit to dng
xung cn thit. Mch Smit c chc nng Ai
logic AND. Khi A = E = 1 th p = 1,
t h
nu khng th p = . trng thi tinh
m ch n n trn g th i n nh

(Q = 0 , Q = 1 ) khng ph thuc vo p.

Hlnk 7 -3 -9 . I C a h i i T T L : T 1121.

Ch khi E = 1 v A t bin dng, hay A = 1 v E t bin dng th ta mi

c t bin dng ca p. Do a hi i mi chuyn i sang trng thi tm n
nh, to ra xung vung u ra.

7.4. IC NH THI

B nh thi 555 c s dng v cng rng ri. Di y s gii thiu IC nh

thi h CMOS.

7.4.1. IC nh RI m

thi h CMOS

CH7555 l b nh
thi IC h CMOS in
hnh. Xem hnh 7 -4 -1 . Tzmmmi
Bng 7 -4 -1 gii thiu
cc chn vi mch
Hnh 7-4-1. B n h Ih i C M O S .

Bng 7 -4 -1 : G I I T H I U CHC NNG CC CHN VI M CH C H 7555

K h i u c h n C hc nng K h i u c h n C hc nng

2. T R IG u k c h m c th p 6. T H u k c h m c c a o
3. O U T u ra 7. D IS D u p h n g i n
4. R R eset 5. c - v i n p i i k h i n

CH7555 cu trc t cc b phn sau

309
 1) Flip Flop RS C bn

B phn FF do 2 cng NOR cu trc nn. R l u vo Reset, R = 0 th

Q = 0 , Q = 1.

2) B so snh

Cj v C2 l hai b so snh CMOS. B so snh ct 2 u vo vi nh du phn

bit l + v Nu v v_ biu th in p trn cc u vo tng ng th u
r a b so s n h cd m c lo g ic cao k h i > v_, u r a b so s n h c m c lo g ic th p
khi < v_. Tr khng u vo b so snh cc ln, c th coi dng in u vo
bng 0 .

3) B phn p

3 in tr bng nhau mc ni tip thnh mch phn p a ra in p chun

2
cho cc b so snh Cj, C2 lm vic. u - ca Cj c in pchun v_ =g Ej,.

u + ca C2 c in p chun v+ = - . in p iu khin a vo u c - V
lm thay i mc in p tham kho. Nu khng a in p iu khin vo th
d n g t i n 0 ,0 1 /iF ti p t n g n m c h n h i u t n s cao.

4) Chuyn mch bng MOS v tng m u ra

Tranzito trng T cu trc thnh chuyn mch b tn hiu u ra cng OR iu

khin. u ra cng OR mc 0 th T ngt, mc 1 th T thng.
Tng m u ra l b o 2. Mc ch tng m cch li nhhng ca ph
ti v tng kh nng chu ti ca b nh thi.
Bng 7 -4 -2 gii thiu chc nng b nh thi CH7555

Bng 7 -4 -2 : BNG CHC NNG CA C H 7555

TH T R IG R OT D IS

X X L L th n g
2 Ec
H L th n g

2 Ec
H K hng i K hng i

Ec
H H ngt
X

Trong bng 7-4-2, k hiu L l mc thp, H l mc cao, X l ty , "khng i"

l Flip Flop RC duy tr nguyn trng ko theo u ra v T cng duy tr nguyn
trng, "thng" v "ngt" l trng thi ca tranzito trng T. Tnh ng n ca
bng 7 -4 -2 c th nghim chng t s hnh 7.4.1, CH7555 do cu trc mch
nh trn nn s dng rt linh hot, in p ngun nui cho php t cc tiu 3V
n cc i 18V, cng sut tiu th cc i l 200mW.

310
 v
d v b nh thi IC tranzito lng cc l 50555, v c bn cng ging
CH7555 v cu trc v nguyn l.

7.4.2. V d ng dng IC nh thi

1) Trg Smit

Mch in hnh 7 -4 -2 l Trig Smit cu trc t IC CH7555 bng cch ni lin

cc s 2 v s 6 ca IC.
_ 2 _
Trong hnh 7 -4 -2 , ngng trn ca Trig Smit ^ E(.J, ngng di

C1 C1
v^_ = chnh in p chuyn mch AV = - v^_ = Nu a in
p vo u vo iu khin c - V th c th iu chnh Vj_ v AV (bng
c c h th a y i Vq2 th a y i theo ch n m c E (.2 bo m m c V(J2
yu cu.
o^ct CC2
8 u
Hnh 7 -4 -2 . R 0 /?-
T rig S m it c u tr c
t C H 7 5 5 5 .
c-l/ D S o^oz
TH

T RG OUT o?ot

2) a hi i

Xem hnh 7 -4 -3 , trong RC l 1\f r

5 t' \/ f)tT
vv r
3
mch nh thi, Cj = 0,01/F l t lc t-K
chng nhiu, tn hiu vo V j a vo 6
TH
u kch mc thp TRIQ tn hiu ra
ly u ra OUT. trng thi n
2 TRI is 7 *.

nh Vj = Ej,, FFRS c bn trng IT c i

thi 0, cng OR a ra mc cao

lm cho T v b o 2 u thng,
TH = DIS = 0, = 0. Hnh 7-4-3. a hi i c u tr c t C H 7 5 5 5 .

Nu c xung m V j a n u vo, u ra b so snh C2 cd mc cao, FFRS

c bn lp 1, Q = 0, u ra cng OR mc thp, b o 2 ngt, Vq ln mc cao,
T ngt. Mch in trng thi tm n. trng thi tm n, c np in t
qua R. Trong qu trnh np in, in p TH = DIS tng cao dn n mc ngng

311
2
Ep th u ra b so snh ln mc
cao, FFRS c bn v 0, Q = 1, u ra
cng OR mc cao, b o 2 thng, Vq
t bin xung mc thp, T thng, t in i
I
c phng in, mch in tr v trng thi
n nh. Xem dng stng hlnh 7 -4 -4 . Nu
b qua in p r trn T thi rng xung
u ra l \
I
= RCln3 ~ 1,1RC rc

Do phn tch trn, mch a hi i yu

cu xung kch u vo c rng nh hn
T^. Nu xung a n ct rng ln hn
thi phi cho nt qua mch vi phn RC
to ra xung hp yu cu. Hnh 7 -4 -4 , D n g s n g .

3) B dao ng a hi

? fe ..................
Xem hlnh
7 -4 -5 v 7-4-6.
r-^ L -4 I.
Trong s ^OUT
O U T --------------< c/3 \ \ \\ 1 ;
mch hnh -'
7 -4 -5 , Rj, R2 v 0tj4 nr c ,z--------------------------------------
DIS
* 1 ' J ... . . ,
I 1
c lm thnh c ti 7555 T fi
mch nh thi.
TR.IG 0

Hinh 7-4-5, Hnh 7-4-6.

B d a o n g a hi d n g C H 7 5 5 5 . D ng sng.

Nguyn ^ cng tc ca mch nh sau : khi Fip Flop RS c bn t sang trng

thi thi Q = 0, cng OR a ra mc thp, b o 2 ngt, in p u ra Vq
mc cao. TraDzito trng T ngt.
T in c np in t ngun qua Rj^, R2 . Trong qu trinh c np, in p
TH = TRIG tng dn ln n tr s ngng ^ E . th u ra ca b so snh Cj
t bin ln mc cao, Fp Flop RC c bn xa v 0, Q = 1, u ra cng OR d
mc cao, Vq t bin xung mc thp, T thng. T din c phng in qua R2 v
T. 1>ong qu trnh phng in , in p TH = TRIG gim dn xung n tr s
Ec
ngng th u ra b so snh C2 t bin ln mc cao, Flip Flop RS c bn
ip 1, Q = 0, u ra cng OR mc thp, V t bin n mc cao, T ngt, c

312
 np... qu trnh lp li mt cch chu k, mch khng ngng dao ng, to ra xung
vung u ra (hnh 7-4-6). Cc cng thc tnh nh sau :
* M 1 = ^ ^ 1 + R 2 ^ C l n 2 = 0 , 7 ( R j + R 2 ) C

*M2 ~ ~ 0,7R2C
= *^M1 + ^M2 =

1 , 4 3

(Rj + 2R2)C
Hnh 7 -4 -7 gii thiu b dao ng
T
a hi c th thay i t s Trong
mch ny, khi tranzito trng T ngt,
t in c np in t ngun qua
Rj, Dj. IQii T thng, c phng in
qua R2 , D 2 , T. Vy nn
Tmi = 0 .7 R j C

^M2 0,7R2C

Hnh 7-4-7. B d a o n g a h i i u c h n h t s

w 'M i R.

*M1 *M2 + R 2

iu chnh chit p tc l thay i t s thc cht lm rng xng ra

thay i. B nh thi 555 cn rt nhiu ng dng khc, m v khun kh nn
khng th gii thiu ht y.

TM TT

Trong chng ny chng ta tm hiu cc mch to xung. Mch dao n g xung

t k c h k h n g c n t i h i u n g o i a vo ; s a u k h i c cp n g u n m t c h i u ,
mch t ng sinh ra xung vung. Thuc loi dao ng t kch ny c cc mch :
b dao ng a hi c bn cng NAND h TTL, b dao ng vng, b dao ng
thch anh, b dao ng a hi c bn CMOS.
Mch to dng xung khng t ng pht xung nhng c th bin tn hiu u
vo hnh dng khc thnh ra xung vung theo yu cu ca mch s. Trong s mch
to dng xung, chng ta tm hiu : Trig Smit v a hi i.
Cc mch pht xung v to dng xung trn y, ngoi dng lm xung ng h
ra cn cd ng dng v cng r n g ri tro n g cc h thng xung - s.B d ao ng
a hi thng dng lm b to xung chun thi gian v chun tn s. Mch a
hi i thng dng nh thi v lm tr xung. Trig Smit ngoing dng to
dng xung cnng dng so snh mc v gim st mc. v.v...

21 -CSKT.. 313
 phn tch qu trnh qu ca mch xung, chng ta dng phng php phn
tch hnh sng : u tin cn c vo nguyn l cng tc ca mch in m v ra
dng sng dng in, in p trong qu trnh, tip theo tm ra gi tr khi u v
gi tr kt cui ca bin ha dng sng, cui cng tnh ton c kt qu yu cu.
Phng php ny rt cd ch v tin li cho vic phn tch cc mch xung n gin.

BI TP

7 -1 . Cho mch in RC ni tip nh hnh v,

in p ban u v cui cng ca t in l V(0)
v V (oo).

1- Hy chng minh V(t) = V(oo) - [V(oo) - V(0)]e r

vi r = RC
2 - Hy tm hm s Vj(t) - in p trn R.
3 - H y ch ng m in h r n g tro n g m ch in ch c m t h n g s thi g ia n d u y n h t

th in p gia 2 im bt k trong mch c dng V(t) = V(oo) - y(oo) - V(0)]e

V(oo) V(0)
4 - Hy chng minh rang

vi v (t^ ) =
7 -2 . Trong mch b dao ng a hi c bn dng cng NAND h TTL, nu gi
t r i n tr R p j, R p 2 r t ln h o c n u r t b t h m c h i n cd c n g t c b n h th ng
k h n g ? T i sao ? X e m h ln h 7 - 1 - 2 .

7 - 3 . C h o m ch h n h 7 - 1 - 2 v 7 - 1 - 3 v i R j = 3KQ , R pi = R p2 = Rp = IK n ,
Cj = Cj = c = 2fi. Hy tnh tn s dao ng. Hy v dng sng u ra v ch
r m c cao v m c th p c a s n g ra .
7 -4 . Trong s b dao ng a hi vng RC dng cng NAND (TTL) trn hnh
7 - 1 - 7 , t i sao g i t r i n tr R k h n g n n q u l n ?

7 - 5 . c i m n i b t c a b d ao n g a h i th c h a n h l g ?

Gi s mch hnh 7 -1 -1 1 cd = 2MHz, dao ng u ra Vq a vo lm xung

m u vo b m thun nh phn d b 4 bit.
Hi thi gian chu k m ca b m. V dng sng u ra Q ca Flip Flop F4
(b it t r n g s l n n h t).
7 - 6 . Trong s b dao ng a hi CMOS hinh 7 - 1 - 1 2 , cho R = 0kf
c = 0,01/F, hy tnh chu k dao ng. Gi s Ej3 = lOV, hy v dng sng v^, Vj2 ,
Vjj v nh du mc cao, mc thp ca Vg,
7 -7 . c im quan trng nht ca Trig Smit l g ? Hy v dng in p Vj,
(t r n t i n ) v i n p u r a Vg c a m c h i n tr n h n h 7 - 2 - 9 .
7 - 8 . D n g s n g Vj t ro n g s h n h 7 - 1 - 1 4 v d n g s n g u v o s h n h
7 - 2 - 1 0 g i n g n h a u . H y v d n g s n g v Vq c a m c h h n h 7 - 2 - 1 4 .

314
 v~9. Xt a hi i kiu vi phn CMOS hnh 7 -3 -1 , cho in tr u ra ca
cng 1 l Rp = 500S3, Rj = lOkQ, c =
Hy tnh rng xung u ra.
7 -1 0 . Xt a hi i kiu tch phn CMOS hnh 73-3, Hy v dng sng u
ra trong hai trng hp : rng xung Vj ln hn v b hn Tyy = 0,7 (R + Rq)C.
7 - 1 1 . H y th i t k mch lm
tr xun g c dng s n g u vo, u ra _ Vo
hnh bn.
Rq
n n

7 12, Xt mch a hi i IC
TTL hnh 7 -3 -9 . Cho dng sdng
A^, A2 , E nh hnh bn. Hy v
dng sdng Q v Q tng ng.

7 -1 3 . Xt mch in hnh 7-4-2, gi nh u C-V tip t bng t in.

Hay v dng sdng Vpj, Vq2 tdng ng vi V j l dao ng iu ha bin ln.
7 -1 4 . Xt mch in hnh 7 -4-3.
1- Hy tnh rng xung ra tng
ng gi tr R = 50kQ, c = 2,2F
2 - Hy v dng sng v^, tng
n n n
ng tj T ^
3- Hy v dng sng Vj., Vq tng
" I_ r
ng t < Tw
I fi

7 -1 5 . Xt mch in hnh 7 -4-7. Cho Rj = Rj = 2,2kQ c = 2,2/F. Hy tnh

tn s dao ng.
Gi nh u R c xung vung
hnh bn, b rng xung ny
ln hn chu k dao ng nhiu,
hy v dng sdng Vq tng ng.

315
 Chng 8

BIN l S - TNG T V BN TNG T - s

8.1. GII THIU CHNG

Do s pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut in t s, c bit l s ng dng

ph bin ca my tnh in t s, nn thng phi dng mch s x l tn hiu
t ng t.

Mun dng h thng s x l tn hiu tng t, th phi bin i tn hiu tng

t thnh tn hiu s tng ng, ri a vo c h thng s (my tnh s
chng hn) x l. Mt khc, thng'c yu cu bin i tn hiu s (kt qu x l)
thnh tn hiu tng t tng ng a ra s dng. Chng ta gi s chuyn i
t tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s l chuyn i AD, v mch in thc hin
cng vic l ADC. Chng ta gi s chuyn i t tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng
t l chuyn i DA, v mch in tng ng l DAC.
kt qu x l nhn c chnh xc th chuyn i AD v DA phi ct chnh
xc cao. Mt khc, mun dng h thng s iu khin, gim st cc qu trnh
bin i nhanh th ADC v DAC phi c tc ln. Vy chnh xc v tc
chuyn i l cc c trng k thut ch yu nh gi cht lng ADC v
DAC.
My nm gn y, s pht trin ca k thut chuyn i AD, DA l cc k nhanh
chdng. c bit, thch hp vi yu cu sn xut cc IC mt chip ADC, DAC,
ngi ta khng ngng nghin cu v ng dng rt nhiu phng php chuyn
i mi v rt nhiu mch in chuyn i mi. Trong chng ny, chng ta chl
tm hiu DAC hnh T v ADC xp x tim cn, l nhng b bin i in hnh
c dng nhiu.

8.2. B BIN I DAC

8.2.1. B bin i DAC in tr hnh T

Hnh 8 -2 -1 l s DAC in tr hnh T4bit. Hai loi gi tr in tr R v 2R

c mc thnh 4 cc hnh T ni dy chuyn. S 3 , S 2 , Sj, Sg l cc chuyn mch
tng t. Bn phi hnh c b khuch i o dng khuch i thut ton. l
in p chun tham kho. d3d2(jdQ l m nh phn 4 bit u vo. l in p

316
 tng t u ra. Cc
chuyn mch S3 , S 2 , Sj,
Sq chu s iu khin ca
tn hiu d3d2djdj^ tng
ng : khi dj = 1 th Sj
u vo khi dj = 0
th S ni t.

1) Nguyn l lm vic
H
!
I
i1
' -----------
!< 'I 1
i>dc
tin thuyt minh MSB
nguyn l lm vic ca
mch hnh 8 - 2 - 1 , chng
Hnh 8 - 2 - . D A C i n t r h n h T.
ta hy n gin ha mng
in tr hnh T.
Nu d3d2 djdp = 0001 th chi cd u vo S 3 , S2 , Sj u ni t. p dng
nh l Thvnm tun t n gin ha mch t u A sang phi. Ta thy rng
c qua mi mt mch (A, B, c, D) th in p ra suy gim i mt na. Vy nu
Vr e f
u vo th trn u ra DD ch cn . Cng vi phng php trn, xt

ring Sj, S 2 , S3 u vo th trn u ra DD tng ng (d3d2djdg = 0010, 0100,

V ref v ,e f
1000) c cc in p in tr tng ng ca phn mch bn tri

DD bao g cng l R.

Hnh 8 - 2 - 2 .
M c h t n g u o n g c a
m c h i n h n h 8 - 2 - 1 :

a ) M n g i n ir h n h T
k h i d 3 d 2 d id o = 0001 ;

b ) M c h t n g n g m n g
i n t r h n h T ;

c ) M c h t n g n g c a
m c h i n h n h 8 - 2 - 1 .

317
 p dng nguyn l xp chng i vi cc gi tr in p trn, ta c mch tng
ng mng in tr hlnh T trn hnh 8~2-2b. Trong t ni tr tng ng l
R, sc in ng ngun tng ng l Vg :

(8 - 2 - 1)

Hnh 8 -2 -2 c l s tng ng ton mch, theo l thuyt mch khuch i

thut ton, ta cd in p tng t u ra Vg l

ref
Vo = -Ve = + ^ 2 ^ + d ^ 2 l + d 2 ") (8- 2- 2)

Biu thc (8-2-2) chng t rng bin in p tng t u ra t l thun

vi gi tr tn hiu s u vo, C th thy rng i vi DAC in tr hnh T
n bit th in p tng t u ra l
V

2) Sai s chuyn i

Cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s ca DAC in tr hnh T l :

- Sai lch in p chun tham kho Vref
- S tri im 0 ca khuch i thut ton.
- in p ri trn in tr tip xc ca tip im chuyn mch.
- Sai s ca in tr.
T (8-2-3) ta ct sai s chuyn i DA do ring sai lch in p chun tham
kho gy ra :

- (V l + dn- 2 2"'" + . + , 2 + d 2)AV, (8 -2 -4 )

Biu thc (8-2-4) chng t rng sai s ca in

p tng t t l thun vi sai lch AVj^f v t
l thun vi gi tr tn hiu s u vo. Hnh 8 -2 -3
biu th bng ng nt t s bin i ca Vq kh
AV^f khng i. Biu thc (8 -2 -4 ) cng chng t
rng nu gi tr tn hiu s khng i th sai s AVq
t l thun sai lch AVj.gf. Chng ta gi sai s ny
l sai s h s t l.
S tri im 0 ca b khuch i thut ton nh 001 O 101 111
hng nh nhau i vi mi gi tr tn hiu s c 000 010 100 110
bin i ; sai s AVp do tri im 0 khng ph thuc
Hnh 8 -2 -3 . Sai st h s t l.
gi tr tn hiu s. Hnh 8 -2 -4 biu th bng nt t
c tuyn in p ra khi cd sai s tri, c tuyn
ny b dch ngang so vi c tuyn l tng.

318
 Chng ta gi sai s ny l sai s tri (hay sai s
dch ngang). Cc chuyn mch khng phi l l tng.
Thc t in p ri khi ni thng ca mch in
chuyn mch khng th tuyt i bng 0. Vy in
p ri ny ng vai tr tn hiu sai s a n u
vo mng in tr hnh T. T s phn tch hnh
8 - 2 - 2 ta thy rng in p ri ca mi chuyn mch
s gy ra sai s khc nhau i vi in p tng t
u ra. Gi ASj l in p ri ca chuyn mch S
ni thng. Tng sai s chuyn i do in p ri cc
chuyn mch l Hnh 8 -2 -4 . S a i s tr tJ i.

(8 -2 -5 )

Cn lu rng AVq khng phi l hng s, cng khng t l thun vi gi tr

tn hiu s (ni chung AV53 ^ ^ ^^So> cng
chuyn mch cng ly gi tr khc nhau trong hai trng hp : ni vo hay
ni t). Chng ta gi sai s ny l sai s phi tuyn.
Sai s gi tr in tr cng gy ra sai s phi tuyn.
Sai s ca cc in tr khng nh nhau, tc ng IK.I
gy sai s chuyn i DA ca nhng in tr khc 7/8
\
nhau v v tr l khc nhau. 3 /^ I
~

5/S C /.J
Hnh 8 -2 -5 biu th 2 tnh hung ca sai s phi
m
tuyn. Sai s sinh ra trong khong AB l n iu.
3/8
Sai s sinh ra trong khong CD l khng n iu.
//
Sai s khng n iu c th lm cho h thng khng
f/8
1J nh ; vy c gng trnh. Jr 1
V
001 Oil 101 m
T cng thc 8 -2 -3 c th thy rng trn thc t 000 010 100 no
thi in p u ra ch ph thuc vo t s cc gi
tr in tr, ch khng ph thuc vo gi tr tuyt Hnh 8 -2 -5 . S a i s p h i t u y n .
i ca mi in tr. iu ny to thun li cho sn
xxit IC. Trn mch in mt chip ca IC, rt kh
bo m chnh xc cao ca gi tr in tr, nhng d hn l bo m chnh
xc cao ca t s cc gi tr in tr .
Trong trng thi ng, cd th xem mng in tr hnh T nh mt dy truyn
dn. Vy cc tn hiu xung sinh ra ti cc chuyn mch cd thi gian truyn n
u vo b khuch i thut ton khng nh nhau. Do t s sinh ra cc xung nhn
bin ng k u ra. Li thm sai s thi gian chuyn mch c th ko di
thi gian duy tr xung nhn. Trong trng thi ng, gi tr tc thi cain p
tng t u ra c th ln hn nhiu gi tr n nh, ngha l sai s ng c th
rt ln. Gi tr nh ca xung nhn sinh ra trong trng hp bit trng s ln nht
ca tn hiu s u vo t 0 chuyn sang 1 trc, cn tt c cc bit khc vn
1. Lc ny gi tr in p tc thi u ra bng gi tr in p tng t u ra
o chuyn i DA ca tn hiu s n nht (cc bit u 1).

319
 kh b nh hng ca sai s ng, ta c th dng mch gi ly mu u
ra DAC. (Xem 8 -3 -2 ), hn na thi gian ly mu chn sau khi kt thc qu
trnh qu , Vi lc ly mu th xung nhn qua ri, nn sai s ng khng nh
hng n mu na.

3) Tc chuyn i

DAC in tr hnh T cng tc song song (cc bit tn hiu s u vo c a

vo song song) nn c tc chuyn i cao. Thi gian cn thit cho mt ln
chuyn i gm hai on : thi gian tr truyn t ca bit tn hiu vo xa nht
no n b khuch i thut ton v thi gian cn thit b khuch i thut
ton n nh tn hiu ra. Hin nay IC n chip DAC 10 -- 12 bit cd thi gian
chuyn i c vi /iS, trong thi gian tr truyn t khng qu Ipcs.

4) AC in tr hnh T o

m n h 8 -2 -6 , L5 MSB
DAC i n i r h n h T o .
M SB - m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t b it .
(B it tr n g s l n n h t) oVo
LSB - le a s t s ig n ific a n t b it
(B it tr n g s n h n h t)

trnh khi xung nhn xut hin trong qu trnh ng ca DAC in tr hnh
T, nh vy nng cao thm tc chuyn i, ta tm cch duy tr dng in chy
qua mi nhnh trong mng l khng i. D tn hiu s u vo l 1 hay l 0 thl
dng in trong nhnh tng ng vi bit cng khng i. Vy l c th loi tr
c bn nguyn nhn to ra xung nhn. Hnh 8 -2 -6 gii thiu cch ni mch bo
m mc ch . Chng ta gi mch hnh 8 -2 -6 l DAC in tr hnh T o.

Nu bit bt k ca tn hiu s u vo l 1 th chuyn mch tng ng s ni

in tr nhnh xt vo u o b khuch i thut ton. Nu bit l 0 th chuyn
mch s ni in tr xung t. Vy d trng thi tn hiu u vo th no th
dng in mi nhnh u gi trc sau khng i. Dng in tng ly t ngun
ref
in p chun tham kho do d cng khng i : I =
R

Xt mch hnh 8 -2 -6 , ta c

ref
+ d^ 2 ) (8- 2- 6)

Tc l in p tng t u ra t l vi gi tr tn hiu s u vo. u im

ni bt ca mch in ny l tc cao v xung nhn u ra trong qu trinh ng
th rt nh. Dng in trong cc nhnh ca mng in tr hnh T o ni trc tip

320
vo u vo b khuch i thut ton ; v vy khng ct sai lch thi gian truyn
t gia chng, tc l gim nh sai s trng thi ng.
Trong qu trnh chuyn i trng thi, dng in trong tng nhnh vn khng
i, khng cn thi gian kin lp v ngt b ca dng in (cc chuyn mch
tng t ni chung u cng tc theo yu cu trc thng sau ngt khi chuyn
i trng thi).
V nhng nguyn nhn trn y, mch DAC in tr hnh T o l mch cd tc
chuyn i DA hng cao nht.
Sai s tnh ca mch T o khng c g khc mch T trn y.

5) Chuyn mch tng t

Cc chuyn mch tng t c dng trong DAC hnh 8 -2 -1 v hnh 8 -2 -6 cn

c nhng c trng cng tc sau : 1) Trng thi ca tn hiu s u vo (mc logic
1 hoc 0) iu khin trng thi thng ngt ca chuyn mch. c im ny ging
nh yu cu mch cng i vi b o. 2) S thng v ngt ca chuyn mch khng
c nh hng n gi tr tn hiu tng t thng qua n. Ngha l yu cu
chuyn mch cng tc l tng : in p ri tip thng bng 0 , ni tr h ngt
mch bng oo.
Chng ta bit rng, trong mch logic, chuyn mch logic ch c yu cu phi
tha mn l phn bit mc logic (1 v 0). Yu cu ny cho php mc logic 1 v
mc logic 0 c phm vi bin i nh quy nh. Vy yu cu chuyn mch tng
t cao hn nhiu yu cu i vi chuyn mch logic. Chng ta gi chuyn mch c
c im th hai ni trn l chuyn mch tng t.
Chuyn mch tng t thng dng c hai loi : chuyn mch tng t lng
cc dng tranzito lng cc, chuyn mch tng t n Cc dng tranzito trng,
Chuyn mch lng cc cd nhiu cu trc mch khc nhau, nhng c th phn lm
hai nhm cu trc mch chnh : bo ha v khng bo ha. Chuyn mch tng
t lng cc bo ha c tc chuyn mch thp v tranzito lm vic ch
bo ha su nn thi gian tn tr ht dn rt ng k, chuyn mch lng cc
khng bo ha c tc cao v tranzito khng bo ha khi ni thng.
Chuyn mch tng t n cc c rt nhiu chng loi... trong chng 2, ta
bit cng chuyn mch CMOS, l c s ci tin thnh chuyn mch tng
t CMOS c s dng rt rng ri. Khi thit k ch to DAC, chuyn mch tng
t v cc b phn hp thnh khc ca DAC cng trn mt chip.

8.2.2. Cc ch tiu k thut ch yu ca b bin i DAC

1) phn gii

phn gii l ti s gia gi tr cc tiu i vi gi tr cc i ca in p

u ra, v tr s t s ny tng ng t s gi tr cc tiu i vi gi tr cc i
ca tn hiu s u vo.
V d, i vi DAC 10 bit, phn gii l

321
 0000000001 1 1
0,001
1111111111 2 ^ - 1 1023
phn gii DAC cng cd th biu th bng s bit ca tn hiu s u vo.

2) tuyn tnh

tuyn tnh ca DAC biu th bng sa s phi tuyn. Sai s phi tuyn s
% ca gi tr lch cc i khi c tnh vo - ra l tng so vi gi tr cc i
u ra.

3) chnh xc chuyn i

chnh xc chuyn i xc nh bng sai s chuyn i tinh cc i. Sai s

ny phi bao gm sai s phi tuyn, sai s h s t l v sai s tri V . V . . . trong ti
liu k thut ca sn phm., i khi ch cho ring tng sai s trn m khng cho
sai s tng hp,

4) Thi gian xc lp dng, p u ra

Thi gian xc lp ra thi gian t kh tn hiu s dc a vo n kb dng

hoc p u ra n nh. Cng c ti liu k thut ca sn phm xem thi gian
xc lp ra l thi gian cn thit mc u ra t n s % quy nh ca mc
u ra cc i.

5) Cc mc logic cao, hp v in tr, in dung ca &u vo

6) Di ng, in tr, in dung ca u ra

7) H s nhit

H s nhit l s % bin thin mc u ra khi nhit tng l c trong iu

kin mc u ra cc i.

8) Tl s ph thuc ngun

D C cht lng cao yu cu s nh hng ca bin thin in p ngun i vi

in p u ra v cng nh. (Ngun xt cung cp cho chuyn mch v khuch
i thut ton). T s ph thuc ngun l t s bin thin mc in p u ra vi
bin thin in p ngun gy ra n<5.
fOk
9) Cng sut tiu hao

8.2.3. V d IC 1 chip DAC

Hnh 8 -2 -7 gii thiu s

nguyn l ca IC AD7541, AD7541
l DAC 12 bit CMOS 1 chip, dng
mng in tr hnh T o v
Hnh 8 -2 -7 , S n g u y n l c a A D 7 5 4 1 .
chuyn mch tng t CMOS.

322
c DAC hon chnh cn phi ghp AD7541 vi b khuch i thut ton ngoi.
Trong hnh 8 -2 -8 , b khuch i
thut ton AD741 c bin in p
ra > lOV, Rj l in tr b ca
mng in tr hnh T o (iu chnh
gi tr dng u ra ca mng) R2 l
in tr b ca in tr hi tip Rf
(b sai lch ca gi tr Rp.
Nu = +15V, V^f = +10V
Th :
Khi u vo l 111111111111, u
ra l = -9.99975V. Hnh 8 -2 -8 .
Khi u vo l 100000000000, u N i g h p A D 7 5 4 1 v i k h u c h i th u t to n .
ra l = -5,00000V.
Khi u vo l 000000000000, u ra l Vp = ov.
AD7541 ng v DIPS (hai hng chn song song), c 18 chn, xem hnh 8 -2 -9

^outi t 0 I \ R f

o u t\~ r 17 1 Vref

i [T IB w
(MSB) 1 ^ /5|2aSB)
AD75^1
2| 5

2 | 6 J 3 j2 ^

l ] 2^

'\J _
Hnh B tr ch n .
2*\ s

Tng t AD7541, Trung Quc sn xut IC 1 chip DAC 5G7520. 5G7520 l DAC
10 bit, dng mng in tr hnh T o v chuyn mch tng t CMOS, cd 16
chn ra, tng v DIPS.

323
 Bng 8 -2 -1
C H T I U K THUT CA A D 7541 (N i c h u n g s li u l y v i i u k i n

= + 2 5 c ; = +5V ; V g = -1 5 V )

T n Ih am s D i u k i n o l n g C h liLi

D p h n g i i 12

S ai s p h i lu y n

S a i s h s t l

T s p h th u c n g u n V dd = 1 4 ,5 V r v .i 5 .5 V

D n g i n d u ra V re f = 10V

i n tr u v o c h u n 20kQ

M c ln h i u s V lH > 2 .4 V

u vo
V lL < 0 .8 V

D ng d
V i = 0
u vo

i n u n g
u vo

M ln h i u s

C o u ii Vi = V iL
i n
(to n b u v o )
dung C out2
u
C o u tl Vi = V iL
ra
(to n b u v o )
C out2

T h i g ia n x c l p

i n p n g u n 16V

D n g i n n g u n

FSR - F u ll S c a le R a n g e G i tr c c i R a

** B i n i m c u r a < 0 ,1 % k h i n g u n V o D b i n i

8.3. B BIN I ADC

8.3.1. Cc bc chuyn i AD v nh l ly mu
Trong ADC, tn hiu tng t u vo l lin tc, tn hiu s m ha u ra
l ri rc. S chuyn i AD i hi phi ly mu i vi tn hiu tng t u
vo nhng thi im quy nh, sau chuyn i cc gi tr mu thnh lng
s u ra. Vy qu trnh chuyn i AD ni chung cd 4 bc : ly xnu, nh mu,
lng t ha, m ha. Nh chng ta s thy sau y, cc bc trn y lun lun
kt hp nhau trong mt qu trnh thng nht, v d, ly mu v nh mu l cng
vic lin tc ca cng mt mch in, lng t ha v m ha l cng vic ng
thi thc hin trong qu trnh chuyn i vi khong thi gian cn thit l mt
phn ca thi gian nh mu.

324
 1) nh l ly mu

Ngi ta
chng minh rng, A( f )
i vi tn hiu
tng t V j t h
tn hiu ly mu
Vj, sau qu trnh
ly mu cd th
khi phc tr li
moK -fi '
Vj mt cch trung
thc, nu iu Hnh 8 - 3 - . L y m u Hnh 8 -3 -2 . c tn h t n

kin sau y c ln h i u t n g t u vo. s c a b l c k h i p h c tn h i u .

tha mn

Im a x
(8 -3-1 )

fg l tn s ly mu, l gii hn trn ca di tn tn hiu tng t. (8-3-1)

l ni dung nh l ly mu.

N u ( 8 - 3 - 1 ) c th a m n, c th d n g b l c th n g th p k h i p h c Vj t
Vj.. H n h 8 - 3 - 2 b i u t h c tn h t n s c a b l c th n g th p x t : h s tru y n
t in p iA(f)| ca b lc trong phm vi di tn < cn gi khng i,
cn trong phm vi di tn phi nhanh chng gim xung 0. Vy nh l
ly mu quy nh cho chng ta gii hn di ca tn s trong chuyn i AD.

V mi ln chuyn i in p ly mu thnh tn hiu s tng ng u cn

mt thi gian nht nh, nn phi nh mu mt khong thi gian cn thit sau
mi ln ly mu. in p tng t u vo c thc hin chuyn i AD, trn
thc t l gi tr Vj i din, gi tr ny l kt qu ca mi ln ly mu.

2) Lng t ha v m ha

Ta bit, tn hiu s khng nhng l ri rc trong thi gian, m cn khng

lin tc trong bin i gi tr. Mt gi tr bt k ca tn hiu s u phi biu th
bng bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v no t, gi tr ny l nh nht c chn.
Ngha l, nu dng tn hiu s biu th in p ly mu, th tt phi bt in p
ly mu hda thn thnh bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v. Qu trnh ny gi l
lng t hda. n v c chn theo quy nh ny gi ln v lng t, k hiu
l A. R rng, gi tr bit 1 ca LSB tn hiu s bng A. Vic dng m nh phn
biu th gi tr tn hiu s l m ha. M nh phn c c sau qu trnh trn
chnh l tn hiu u ra ca chuyn i AD.

Tn hiu tng t l lin tc thi khng nht thit phi l bi s nguyn ln

ca A. Do ta khng trnh khi sai s lng t hda. Tn ti nhng cch khc
nhau phn chia cc mc lng t dn n sai s lng t ha khc nhau.

Gi s ta chuyn i tn hiu in p tng t 0 -- IV thnh tn hiu s nh

phn 3 bit. Nu chn A = -jV, ng thi quy nh rng in p tng t trong
O

325
phm vi 0-^V x e m nh l 0 X A, t h t n h i u s t ng n g l 000. Tang t,
--
o
1 2
in p tong t -5:V+ l 1 X A th tong ng vi 001 v.v...
o
Theo cch phn chia mc lng t , ta c hnh 8--3-3a, v sai s lng t
J^c i l - V

IV IV
. 111 7A = 7 /8 V .n i 7A 1 4 /1 5 V
7 /8 1 3 /1 5
. 110 6A = 6 /8 .1 1 0 6A 1 2 /1 5
6 /8 11/15
101 5A = 5 /8 1 0 1 5A 10/15
5/8 9/15
1 0 0 4A = 4/8 1 0 0 4A S/15
4/8 7/15
0 1 1 3A = 3/8 0 1 1 3A = 6/15
3/8 5/15
. 0 1 0 2A = 2 / 8 0 1 0 2A 4/15
2 / 8 _ 3/15
0 0 1 lA - 1/8 0 0 1 lA = 2/15
1/8 1/15 OA ss 0
0 0 0 OA * 0 0
1 0 0 0

0 .

(a) (b)

Hnh S - 3 - 3 . H a i p h n g p h p p h n c h ia m c l n g t

Hnh 8-3-3b chl ra phng php phn chia mc lng t cd th gim nh hn

2
sai s lng t. Chn A = V.

Quy nh in p tng tng ng 000

1 3
in p tng t -- tng ng 001 v.v...

Sai s ng t cc i ca phng php ny ^ ^ ^ -

Chng ta thy sai s ng t ca phng php ny gim nh nh cch phn

chia mc c bit, trong d, gi tr quy nh ca in p tng t m mi tn hiu
B nh phn i biu nm gia phm vi gi tr in p tng t c cng gi tr
1 3
lng t. (in p tng t trong phm vi -i- V u c cng gi tr ng
lo o
2
t 001, m 001 i biu cho gi tr ng T^v, nm ng gia phm vi trn.)
1

326
 8.3.2. Mch in ly mu ~ nh mu

Xem hnh 8 -3 -4 . Trong hnh ny,

tranzito trng (MOS knh N) l
chuyn mch ly mu. Nu mc
cao th tranzito trng T thng, tn l
hiu vo Vj np cho t in C, thng
qua Rj v T.
Gi s R = Rf, dng in u
vo khuch i thut ton bng 0 .
ca m ch m u - n h rn m u.
Khi , sau qu trinh np in th ;
v = - V = V^. Nu Vl v mc thp
ri th T ngt. Do d in p Vj, trn Cjj v duy tr mt thi gian. Thi gian
duy tr ny cng di nu khng d v nu tr khng vo b khuch i thut
ton cng ln. Nhc im ca mch hnh 8 -3 -4 l tc ly mu thp do C4 np
in qua Rj v T. Mt khc Rj khng th qu nh v n bo m tr khng vo
mch in ly mu ln.

% K-

Jfnh 8 -S -S . M c h i n v k h i u c a I C l y - g i m u L F 198.

Hnh 9 -3 -5 gii thiu IC 1 chip LF198 ly mu - gi mu theo mch ci tin.

Trong hnh, v 2 hai khuch i thut ton, s chuyn mch in t, L
l mch iu khin s.
Khi Vl = 1 th s ni, khi Vl = 0 th s ngt.
Nu s ni, c j v A2 cng tc ch b lp (h s khuch i in p bng
1), nn Vg = Vq = V. T in Cj bn ngoi mc ni tip vi Rj thng xung t
s c in p bng Vj. Khi = 0 th s ngt, in p trn t, do , in p ra
Vq cng duy tr tip tc.
V j c th b i n t h i n n g k tr c k h i s c n i th n g tr l i ch o l n l y m u
k tip. Do v c th bin thin rt ln n mc vt qu kh nng chu p

327
ca chuyn mch in t s. phng nguy him ny l mch in bo v Dj v
D 2 - Nu Vq qu chnh vi Vq th it thng, it thng s ghim Vp trong phm vi
Vj + VjQ, vi Vq l in p ri trn it. Cn khi s ni thng (lc ly mu) th
Vp = V q, D j v D2 u h mch, mch bo v khng c tc dng g (khng nh
hng n vic ly - gi mu).

8.3.3. B bin i A D C xp x tim cn (Successive - approximation ADC)

Hnh 8 -3 -6 l s khi ADC xp x tim cn. Trong s ny c cc khi

sau : b so snh (COM), DAC, in p chun tham kho, b nh xp x tim cn,
logic iu khin, tn hiu ng h (CLOCK) v.v... Trc khi thc hin chuyn AD,
b nh phi b xta v 0. Bt u chuyn i, xung ng h lp bit MSB trong b
nh mc 1, s liu ra ca b nh l 100...0. Tn hiu s ny c DAC chuyn
i thnh in p tng t tng ng Vp. COM so snh Vj v Vg. Nu Vp > Vj,
tn hiu s qu ln th bit MSB b xa v 0. Nu Vp < Vj, tn hiu s vn cn b
th bit MSB duy tr gi tr 1, Tip theo, cng mt phng php nh trn, xng
ng h tip lp bit ct trng s b hn mc 1 , sau khi so snh, logic mch xe
nh gi tr 1 ny c duy tr hay khng. C th tip tc mi n bit LSB th xong.
Sau qu trnh so snh tt c ce bit, d liu trong b nh chnh l tn hiu s
mong mun.
Qu trnh trn tng t nh qu trnh cn mt vt bang cn bn. Cc qu cn
c chn la t ln n b, mi ln chn la mt qu cn bng na qu cn ca
ln chon la trc.

328
 L/
Hnh 8 -3 -7 .
M c h i n A D C -
x p x i ti m cn P0t DAC 3 bit
3 b il.

o A 2*; M SB

z> ^ B W
oc T ) LS

Xt mch
in ADC xp x
tim cn 3 bit
hinh 8 -3 -7 .

b nh xp x
tim cn 3 bit.
Fj -- v cc
cng 1 -f- 5 l mch logic iu khin. ^ c u thnh b ghi dch vng.
Trc khi bt u chuyn i thit lp Qj = Q2 = Q3 = Q4 = 0, Q5 = 1. Xung ng
h CP th nht n : Qj = 1, Q2 = Q3 = Q4 = Q5 = 0, = 1, Q = Qc = 0.
Tn hiu s a n DAC l 100, u ra l in p tng t Vq tng ng. B so
snh c so snh v V, nu Vj < Vq th V . = 1, nu Vj > Vj, th Vj. = 0.
Trong nhp ng h th hai : b ghi dch vng dch phi 1 bit, ngh a l
Q2 = 1, Qi = Q3 = Q4 = Q5 = 0. Nu V, = 1 th cng AND 1 thng, Reset
F^, = 0 (xa MSB). Nu V = 0 th cng AN D l vn ngt, duy tr trng
thi = 1. ng thi, Q2 = 1 lp Fg 1, Qg = 1.
n nhp ng h th ba ; b ghi deh vng dch phi 1 bit na, ngha l
Q3 = 1, Qj = 2 = Q4 = Qj = 0 Kt qu lp 1, Qc = ! ng thi cng
AND2 thng, ty theo gi tr u ra b so snh c m Qg = 0 hay Qg = 1.
nhp ng h th t : Q4 = 1, Qj = Q2 = Q3 = Q5 = 0. Kt qu so snh V,
quyt nh = 0 hay Qj. = 1.

Nhp ng h tip theo Qj = 1, Qj = Q2 = Qj = Q4 = 0. Kt qu chuyn i th

hin trng thi , Fg, c a ra u ra thng qua cc cng AND 6 , 7, 8 .

B tr 2 trn hnh 8 - 3 - 7 lm gim gi tr u ra DAC mt lng vi

mc ch gim sai s lng t. Hnh 8 -3 -3 b cho ta bit rng, sai s lng
t khng ln hn th mc so snh th nht khng phi l A, m l cn

i vi cc mc so snh khc phi chnh nhau A, ngha l cng phi gim i

Nh b tr m tt c cc mc tn hiu u ra DAC u gim bt trc khi

em so snh vi Vj.

22a-CSKT 329
 Trong v d ny ta thy mt ln chuyn i AD cn 5 chu k ng h CP. Nu
8 bit tng thm thi thi gian chuyn i cng tng ln theo. Hin nay ADC xp
xl tim cn c ng dng rng ri.

8.3.4. Cc ch tiu k thut ch yu ca ADC

1) phn gii

phn gii ca DC biu th bng s bit ca tn hiu s u ra. S bit cng

nhiu thi sai s lng t cng nh, chnh xc cng cao.

2) Di ng, in tr u vo

3) Mc logic ca tn hiu s u ra v khd nng chu i (ni vo u ra)

4) chnh xc tng di

Nu l tdng ha th tt c cc im chuyn i phi nm trn mt ng thng.

chnh xc tng i l sai s ca cc im chuyn i thc t 8 0 vi c tuyn
chuyn i l tng. Ngoi ra, ndi chung cn yu cu ADC khng b mt bit trong
ton b phm vi cng tc.

5) Tc chuyn i

Tc chuyn i xc nh b thi gian cn thit hon thnh 1 ln chuyn i

AD. Thi gian ny tnh t khi xut hin tn hiu u khin chuyn i n khi
tn hiu s u ra n nh.

6) H s nhit

H s nhit bin thin tng i tn hiu s u ra kh nhit bin i

l c t ro n g p h m v i n h i t c n g t c cho p h p v i i u k i n m c t ng t u vo
khng i (cng cd th dng bin thin tuyt i).

7) Tl s ph thuc ngn

Gi s in p tng t u vo khng i, nu ngun cung cp cho ADC bin

thn m nh hng n tn hiu s u ra cng n thi t s ph thuc ngun
cng ln. Vy dng bin thin tuyt i u ra biu th.

SJ Cng sut tiu hao

8.3.5. V d IC 1 chip ADC

AD571 l IC 1 chip ADC kiu lng cc. Nguyn l cng tc ca n l xp xi

tim cn. u ra s nh phn song song 10 bit. AD571 cd ton mch trong 1 chip,
s dng thit k v cng ngh tin tin, t n chnh xc rt cao v tc
chuyn i cao. B nh xp x tim cn ca n dng mch I^L. Hnh 8 -3 -8 gii
thiu AD571 c 5 b phn chnh l :

330
 ra so'
/n M c/itn v oc.
d i h / i

DR
Hnh - 3 - . M ch i n A D 5 7 1 .

1 - DAC (u ra dng in) 10 bit.

2 - B nh xp xl tim cn 10 bit (tngng phnb nh v logic iu
khin hnh 8 -3 -7 ) cng ng h ni b.
3 - B m ra mch 3 trng thi.
4 - B so snh CM
5 - Ngun in p chun tham kho c it n p bnhit v mch in
iu khin chuyn i DA.
bt u ngihg b i i
\ \
7 0 2 ( lsb)
>2j 4S
771 K
th i on th i on
J} d S '
'H v - 1 | 25y H 1 771 i/iin p
1
2 "L L J l ng cc
DR -- ^ /.5 /iS
1 1
AD57 Z3 i uvrg t
m
so ii }
7 T V 'C - f5 V )

m /c
- J U - < 5 0 0 ' S . grTT

Hnh 8 -3 -9 . H nh sng ca AD571. Hnh 8-3-10. Chn ra ca AD571.

331
 Hnh 8-3-9 gii thiu hnh stng ca AD571
Khi tn hiu iu khin chuyn i B/C (BLANK/CONVERT) chuyn xung mc
thp th qu trnh chuyn i AD bt u. Qu trnh chuyn i hon thnh trong
25 s. Kt qu chuyn i AD lu gi trong b nh xp x tim cn 10 bit. ng
thi tn hiu DR (DATAREADY) by gi xung mc thp. Sau thi gian tr khng
qu 500ns, k t khi s liu sn sng th kt qu chuyn i AD xut hin u
ra song song 10 bit thng qua b nh m 3 trng thi.
Khi B/C v mc cao, mch in bc vo trng thi ngh. Sau chng 1,5
th b nh m 3 trng thi u ra tr thnh tr khng cao. ng thi b nh
xp x tim cn b xa v 0, a ton b mch ADC v trng thi sn sng thc
hin ln chuyn i mi.
Theo hnh sng hnh 8 -3 -9 , ta thy thi gian tn hiu B/C mc logic thpphi
ln hn 25,5 S , mc logic cao phi ln 2 ^ 3 .
Hnh 8 -3 -1 0 biu th chn ra ca AD571, ng v kiu DIPS, 18 chn.
Bng 8 -3 -1 gii thiu ch tiu k thut ch yu ca AD571JD. Cc ch tiu ni
chung tng ng iu kin :
= 25c
in p ngun = + 5V
V = - 15V
Bng 8 -3 -1 : C H T I U K THUT CH YU CA A D 571JD .

T n th a m s i u k i n o l n g C h ti u

p h n g i i 10 b it
c h n h x c t n g i < 1 LSB
i n t r u v o t n g t 5kQ

n cc 0 lO V
i n p u v o tu n g l S o v i t t n g t
n g c c -5 + +5V

u ra s f dng vo V out = 0 ,4 V Ss 3 ,2 m A
v d n g ra V ut 2 ,4 V > 0 ,5 mA
u ra D R dng d B /C = 1 ( tr n g th i n g h ) < 4 0 /A

D n g i n u v o B /C 0 < V in < v " < 40

n p u v o B /C B L A N K m c lo g ic 1 > 2 ,0 V
C O N V E R T m c lo g ic 0 < 0 ,8 V

N gun dng
+ 4 ,5 V < v " < + 5 ,5 V < 2 LSB
T i s p h th u c n g u n
N gun m
- 1 6 ,5 V < V IS - 1 3 ,5 V < 2 LSB

T h i g ia n c h u y n i 2 5 /s
N h i t ! m v i c 0 H- + 70c
H s n h i t 2 LSB

= +5V 2 mA
B /C = l 9 mA
V " = -1 5 V
D n g i n ti u th 5 mA
v"*" = +5V
10 m A
B /C = 0
v" = -15V

332
 8.4. ^ D NG D N G ADC V DAC

H thng thu thp s liu (Data Acquisition Systems)

H thng thu thp s liu l phn quan trng trong cc thit b o lng,hin
th, ghi v x l s v.v... hin i. Cc i lng vt l ca i tng s liu bi
thnh tn hiu in sau khi tc ng vo cc b cm bin. H thng thu thp s
liu s thu thp cc thng tin s liu u ra b cm bin lu trj hin th hoc
x l bng my vi tnh. Vy h thng thu thp s liu rt cn dng trong cc thit
b hin i ca ngnh iu khin cng nghip, dng c o lng, trang b lm sng
ca y t V .V .. ADC, DAC chnh l ht nhn ca h thng thu thp s li|u . Trong
tit ny, ly lm mt v d v ng dng ADC, DAC, chng ta s tm hiu cutrc
v nguyn l lm vic c bn c h thng thu thp s liu y t theo di in tim
bnh nhn nng.

8.4.1. Tnh nng k thut ch yu ca h thng thu thp s liu

Thit b theo di in tim thc hin vic gim st in tim bnh nhn trong thi
gian thc. Sau y l v d v tnh nng k thut ch yu ca h thng thu thp
s liu ca thit b.
Khi u vo : u vo khuch i vi sai th ni khng ni t,
cch li an ton in p +2500V
Khi chuyn i : Di ng u vo AD : 0 -- 5V
chnh xc chuyn i : 8 bit
TC thu thp : n knh lOO^s
Tn S ly mu : 250Hz
S knh : 1 ^ 4.
Dung lng b nh s liu : Knh in tim 2 Kbyte
Thi gian nh s liu 8 s.

u ra : in p tng t 5V.

8.4.2. Cu trc mch in v nguyn l lm vic

1) Cu trc mch in

Hnh 8 -4 -1 . H thng c 5 b phn :

1 - Thu thp s liu. Gm cc mch cm bin, khuch i, chuyn mch nhiu
knh, ADC thu thp v chuyn i AD i vi cc tn hiu in tim ECG (Electro
cadiograph), huyt p BP (Blood pressure), h hp RP (Respire), thn nhit TP
(Temperature)
2 - B nh : lu gi cc tin tc v bnh nhn
3 - Hin thi : hin th in tm v cc s liu khc trn mn hnh.

333
 Thu +Kp s'uu
mdy vi
finh

dmkii'm !
iii ia I
t ng k i
\m c/ nh thi m Q ch h'A n iti

Hnh 8 - 4 - . S k h i h I h n g i h u t h p s i u .

4 - nh thi : mch in to tn hiu nh thi v cc tn hiu iu khin trnh

t hot ng trong h thng.
5 - Phi ghp vi my tnh : khi cn thit, cc s liu ca bnh nhn thng
qua mch phi ghp a vo my vi tnh x l, lm cho h thng t ng v
thng minh.

2) Nguyn l lm vic

thuyt minh nguyn l lm vic, chng ta ly v d knh in tim.

a) Mch thu thp s liu (Hnh 8-4-2).

Hinh 8 -4 -2 .
M c h i n ch u y n
i - t h u t h p s li u . f F

-15V - r- Xung
^ T .y - q u khin

Tn hiu in tim t bnh nhn a n b khuch i cch li 277, chuyn ti

u vo ECG ca chuyn mch nhu knh CD4052, sau c LF198 ly v gi
mu, tn hiu in tim c chuyn i AD bng ADC 0804.

B khuch i thut ton cch li 577 mc theo s khuch i thun. Tn hiu

in tim a vo cc vo thun +, tn hiu u ra c phn p v phn hi n
cc vo o-.

334
 R + Rp
H s khuch i in p \ = ---- =----- . C th iu chnh bin ra V trong

di ng 0 + 5V theo yu cu ADC bng cch thay i Rp v Rj. Trong b khuch

i s dng ghp bin p u ra cch li v in vi u vo. Do bo m
an ton i vi bnh nhn v kh nng chng nhiu cao.
Chuyn mch tng t nhiu knh CD4052 thc hin chuyn mch i vi cc
tn hiu u vo. 4 knh c chuyn mch c th l tng ng v tn hiu in
tim ca 4 bnh nhn, hoc cd th l tng ng vi 4 tham s ECG, BP, RP, TP
ca 1 bnh nhn. CD4052 l chuyn mch tng t CMOS chn 1 tron 4, c u
im tc cao, in trd thng mch nh. iu khin chn knh do b m m
nhim. Xung iu khin l xung m u vo b m. u ra b m c ni vo
u iu khin A, B ca CD 4052. Knh c chn quan h vi mc ogic A, B
theo bng chc nng 8 -4-1.
Mch in ly - gi mu LF 198 bo
m ly mu tn hiu, sao cho trong B ng 8~4~J ; BNG CHC NNG

thi gian thc hin chuyn i AD th

bin tn hiu tng t a n A B >
1 K nh c ch n
ADC0804 duy tri khng (mc d tn
0 0 1
hiu u vo thay i vi tc no
0 1 2
d ).
1 0 3
1 1 4

Xung iu khin ly mu Vl ca LR198 phi ng b vi tn hiu khi ng

WR ca ADC. Do tn hiu khi ng a vo u WR cng a n u
(tch cc vi mc logic cao).

ADC0804 l ht nhn ca h thng thu thp s liu. N s chuyn i i

lng tng t u vo thnh tn hiu s nh phn ph hp cho lu tr v x
l. ADC 0804 l ADC xp x tim cn CMOS 8 bit ra song song. Khi tn hiu
khi ng chn WR t bin xung mc thp, qu trnh chuyn i bt u
v kt thc sau 100/US.

Trong lc tn hiu c ra RD xung mc thp, th kt qu chuyn i qua b

m 3 trng thi a ra u ra Dq + D 7 . Cn lu rng s liu c ra ln ny
l kt qu chuyn i AD ln trc ; nn trang thit b n, ng thi vi khdi
ng qu trnh chuyn i AD cng tin hnh c ra (c ra vi thi gian 1;s) ;
Vy cd th dng 1 tn hiu (xung ADC m l/<s) a vo chn WE, RD cho hai
s kin trn. Tn hiu ng h do cc mch in bn trong IC ADC 0804 v R,
c mc ngoi sinh ra. Trong hnh 8 - 4 - 2, R = 10kfi, c = 150pF, tuy nhin
thay i gi tr R, c th iu chinh tn s ng h trong phm vi nht nh.
in p chun tham kho Vjgp c th to ra bng phn p t ngun + 5V (nn
c n p th tt hn),

b) B nh

Xem s khi b nh hnh 8-4-3.

335
 XunADC ir

500kill
Hnh 8 -4 -3 . M c h i n b n h .

Trong hnh 8 -4 -3 c 4 RAM 2114 (CMOS) v 3 b m 4 bit ra song song

74LS161.

Dung lng v cch du ni

Dung lng ca b nh ph thuc vo tc chuyn i AD v lng tin lu

tr yu cu ca h thng. C th, hnh sng in tim hin th trn mn hnh
khng b mo thl tn s ly mu phi cao, = 250Hz. cd th bao qut
ton b tnh hung bt thng cd th ca in tim bnh nhn mt cch tin cy,
cn phi lu tr ton b s liu v in tim thu nhp trong thi gian t vo b
nh, t = 8 s. V Is ly mu 250 ln, mi mu m hta bng 1 byte (8 bit), phi lu
tr s liu 8 s, nn dung lng cn thit ca b nh l 250 X 8 = 2000 byte. RAM
2114 c 1024 nh 4 bit (na byte), vy cn 4RAM l . B nh chia lm 2
phn, mi phn 2RAM 2114, cd 1024 X 4 X 2 bit = 1024 byte.
B m>a ch l mt b m nh phn 11 bit, cd 11 u ra Qjq -- Qq ; b
m ny cu trc t 3IC 4bit 74LS161. Dung lng b m l N = 2^^ = 2048,
Cc u ra b m Qg -H Qp ni tng ng vo cc u vo a ch Ag ca
b nh. MSB Q^q c dng lm tn hiu chn chip. Phn bn tri ca b nh
c s = Qjq, phn bn phi ca b nh c s = Qj(j. Vy phm vi a ch phn b nh
bn phi l t 0 0 .0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .0 0 0 n 0 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 , phm vi a ch phn b nh bn
tri l t 10.000.000.000 n 11.111.111.111. u s liu ra ca b nh, 4 bit cao
ca 2 RAM 2114 u song song v ni vo ng ra 4 bit cao tng ng ca ADC,
4 bit thp ca 2RAM 2114 u song song v ni vo ng ra 4 bit thp tng
ng ca ADC.

336
 T n hiu iu khin
B m a chi cung cp a ch truy nhp truy xut b nh. u vo b
m a ch l xung m tn s 500kHz. u ra l 11 bit m nh phn, cung cp
m ia ch b nh tun t lin tc thay i. Thi gian c vit i vi mi a ch
b nh chnh l chu k xung ng h

Tc p = 5kH ~ (Thi gian truy nhp truy xut

ca RAM 2114 l 450ns).
Tn hiu c vit b nh l xung ADC. Khi WR mc thp, ng thi vi qu
trnh chuyn i AD, RAM tin hnh vit vo kt qu chuyn i AD ln trc
theo a ch b m a ch cung cp. Khi WR mc cao, RAM tin hnh c ra
theo a ch b m a ch cung cp. Ni dung tn tr trong RAM tun t c
c ra ht mt lt v c hin th trn mn hunh quang. th dng sdng xem
hnh 8 -4 -4
20^

fw A iiu , - if -
c y/t

2 0 9 X 2 J /1 S

Sc /n lt to n b
(a chi N )
[iQ chhj*l)
Hnh 8 -4 -4 . D n g s n g c v i t.

i mi ni dung ca RAM theo yu cu theo di in tim bnh nhn, tun

t cc byte c vit vo s liu mi (v d, ln ny vit vo a ch 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 ,
ln tip theo vit vo a ch 00.000.000.001). Chu k tn hiu c / vit (xung ADC)
chnh xc bng (2048 + 1) X 2^s, vy tn s ly mu thc t l

" 2049 X 2/ s 244Hz.

Xung ADC do b m chia tn to ra t xung ng h ( - 500kHz).

Thi gian lu gi

S liu in tim trong RAM, c mi ln i mi ni dung Ibyte th c ra ton

b 2048 byte. Vy thi gian lu gi mt ni dung s liu in tim trong RAM l :
2048 byte X 2049 X 2xs - 8 s, trong 2049 X 2^8 l chu k ca tn hiu c
vit (xem hnh 8 -4 -4 ).

Trong mt chu ki ca tn hiu c vit, ch vit mt a ch (1 bj^e ni dung),

m s i mi ni dung l tun t ln lt 2048 a ch (2048 byt ni dung). Vy
thi gian gia 2 ln i mi ni dung, tc l thi gian lu gi ni dung trong RAM
l 2048 ln chu k tn hiu c vit, tc l 8 s.

337
 iu khin dng hnh (in tm trn mn hinh)
Khi tn hiu in tim bt thng, bc s thng mong mun ct th dng hnh
sng in tim trn mn hnh. Hlnh 8 -4 -5 gii thiu mch in iu khin dng
hinh cd th thao tc bng tay hay c th t ng bng my tnh.

Hnh 8-4 -5 .
L o g ic d i u k h i n d n g h n h

F lip F lo p R S c d b n ;

N t n d n g h n h b n g ta y ;

N t n ph c hi ;

T n h i u d n g h n h t n g .

Bnh thng xung ADC t u

A qua chuyn mch a n u
WR ca RAM. ch dng hnh,
mc logic cao t du B qua chuyn
mch a n u WR ca RAM,
do t RAM khng c vit m
ch c lin tc. Kt qu trn mn
hnh hin D 8 s in tm bt
thng ca bnh nhn di dng
n nh ca hnh nh b dng.
Tn hiu dng hinh do Flip Flop
RS c bn to ra. u ra ca n ___
iu khin ^ chn 1 trong 2 74LS 157, nu s = 1 th WR =Y = B = 1 (nu
s = 0 thi WR = Y = A = xung ADC ch bnh thng).
Khi t ng dng hnh, Flip Flop JK lp 1, mc, logic 0 ca ura Q(ca FEJK)
lm Flip Flop RS c bn lp 1, s = 1, Y = B = 1, RAM ch c ra m khng vit
vo. Khi dng hnh bng tay, mc 0 qua nt n dng hlnh vo u vo Flip Flop
RS c bn khin nt lp 1, kt qu S = 1 , Y = B = 1 . (Tky n lin tc trong thi
gian dng hnh) chuyn t ch dng hnh v ch bnh thng thi phi
th tay n nt n dng hnh nu dng hnh bng tay, hay phi n vo nt phc
hi nu dng hlnh t ng.
c) Mch din hin th

Hnh 8 -4 -6 .
M c h i n h i n t h .

338
 Xem hnh 8 -4 -6 , trong c DAC 0832, khuch i thut ton F007, my xem
Bng. S6 liu in tim c c t b nh RAM ra, c bin i thnh tn hiu
tng t DAC, sau t c khuch i bi tng u F007, tip theo c lc
thng thp bi b lc tch cc bc 2 (cu trc t F007 tng sau v RC), cui cng
tn hiu a ti my xem sng.
Qu trnh c s liu ra rt nhanh, trn mn hin sdng c th quan st hnh
sdng in tim hon chnh, ch binh thng (ton b ni dung RAM c ra 1
ln km i mi 1 byte), hnh sng hin th di ng chm chp, ch dng
hnh (khng c vit, ch c) hlnh sng hin th n nh bt ng.
d) Mch xung ng h
Xem hinh 8 - 4 - 7 : mch dao
ng a hi thch anh, u ra
l mch m 3 trng thi. Tn s
ng h do b dao ng to ra
f = 2MHz lm tn hiu nh thi 74LS367
c bn cho ton h thng. Mch
3 trng thi 74LS367 bo m ti
cho b dao ng, bin CP do
t ln, sn xung dc. Cc
tn s chun khc do chia tn Hnh 8 -4 -7 . B d a o n g ng h.
t CP. Xem hnh 8 -4 -8

74LS367 74LS74 74LS367

500kH z
-> (>
Hnh 848. B p h n t n .
d q 0 Q
74LS161 -] L S I 61 -> L S I6 1

zn
Tn hiu ng h f = 2MHz c chia 4 nh cp Flip Flop T (cu trc t Flip
Flop D 74LS74). Tn hiu iu khin f = 500kHz c khuch i bi 74LS367 tr
thnh xung m u vo b m a ch ca b nh RAM. Xung tn B 500 kHz
cn c chia tn 2049 ln nh b m chia tn. (3IC b m 4 bit 74LS161), kt
^ - 500.000
qu l xung tn so
2049
Xung iu khin tn s 244Hz c 3 cng dng sau :
- a vo mch ly mu v chuyn i AD (gi l xung ADC)
- a vo u WR ca RAM (g i l t n hiu c vit)
- a vo u ng b ngoi ca my xem sng kch mch .
Tm tt ton b qu trinh thu thp tn hiu in tim trnh by trn y
nh sau :
Tn hiu in tim ca bnh nhn i qua b khuch i cch li u vo, qua
chuyn mch tng t nhiu knh, qua mch ly v gi mu n ADC. S liu
u ra ADC c lu gi trong b nh RAM. S liu v in tim ctgi trong
RAM li c c ra, li chuyn i DA, a n hin hnh trn mnhnh hi

339
stng. ng thi vi vic thu thp in tim bnh nhn trong thi gian thc, th in
tm ca bnh nhn cng hin th trn mn hin sdng. Ch trong ch dng
hnh, RAM khng c np vo s liu in tim mi, m c c ra s liu in
tim lu gi, to thnh hnh sng in tim ng im trn mn hin sdng. Ngoi
ng dng ADC, DAC ra, h thng trn y cn l v d v ng dng tng hp cc
mch s khc. T v d ny, chng ta bc u lm quen vi vic s dng cc
phn t mch s khc nhau cu trc nn mt h thng s thc dng.

TM TT

v ang xut hin thm nhiu chng loi ADC, DAC. Chng ta a nghin
cu ch yu nhng vn chung v chuyn i AD, chuyn i DA m khng th
gii thiu t m tt c cc chng loi ADC, DAC.
i vi DAC, chng ta ch nghin cu loi s dng rng ri nht hin nay l
DAC in tr hnh T. i vi ADC, chng ta ch xem xt loi s dng nhiu nht
hin nay l ADC xp x tim cn.
gip cho c gi lm quen vi cc IC n chip ADC, DAC v bit chn dng
chng hp l, chng ny gii thiu mt s IC quan trng. i vi cc v d t,
chng ta cn ch tm hiu c tnh, cch dng v ch tiu k thut ca cc IC.
chnh xc v tc chuyn i l ch tiu ch yu ca ADC, DAC ; d cng
l cn c chn dng chng. Thng thng, mun ct chnh xc v tc
chuyn i cao, khng nhng cn IC cht lng cao tng ng m cn phi chn
mch in phc tp. iu ny dn ti gi thnh cao, tin cy thp. Cho nn cn
suy ngh tng hp khi chn phng n, khng nn ch n thun mong mun
chnh xc v tc cao qu mc cn thit.

BI TP

8 -1 . Trong mch in hnh 8 -2 -1 , cho d3 d2 dj(Q = 0110, = lOV. Hy tnh

in p ra Vg.
8 -2 . Nu s bit tn hiu s u vo mch DAC in tr hnh T (hinh 8-2 -1 )
tng n lObit, bo m sai s u ra nh hn ^ LSB, hy tnh ;
1- in p ri cc i cho php trn chuyn mch tng t tng ng MSB.
2 - Sai s tng i cc i cho php ca in tr 2R tng ng MSB.
Cho = lOV
8 -3 . Bn c th phn on nguyn nhn sai s cn c vo tnh cht bin i
ca ng cong c tnh u vo - u ra ca DAC.
8 -4 . c im ni bt ca DAC hnh T o l g ? Ti sao ? Nu gi thit trong
hnh 8 - 2 - 6 , d3d2Cjdjj = 1 0 1 0 , hy tnh gi tr in p ra tng ng.
Cho = lOV.
8 -5 . Hy ni r nguyn nhn v cch gim nh sai s lng t ca ADC.

340
8- 6 . Khi chn t in ni ngoi Cj^ trong mch ly - gi mu hnh 8 -3 -4 , cn
suy ngh n nhn t no.
8 -7 . Trn c s ADC xp x tim cn hnh 8 -3 -7 , nu by gi lm vic vi
phn gii 10 bit, tn s ng h lMHz. Hy tnh thi gian cn thit
hon thnh mt ln chuyn i.
8- 8 . Trong h thng thu thp s liu hnh 8 - 4 - 1 , nu yu cu lu gi 16s
s liu in tim vo b nh th cn phi bao nhiu chip RAM2114 (tham
kho mch hnh 8 -4 -3 ).

341
 PH LC I

Tiu chun quc gia nc Cng ha nhn dn Tning Hoa

UDC 621.3.049
. 75-181.4
: 001.4
GB 3430-82

PHNG PHP T TN, K HIU MCH IN TCH HP

BN DN
(The rule of type designation for semiconductor integrated circuits)
cd hiu lc t ngy 01 thng 10 nm 1983.

I) Cu trc ca k hiu

K hiu ca IC cd 5 phn

Phn 0 Phn 1 Phn 2 Phn 3 P hn 4

D ng ch
D n g ch ci D n g ch c .s b i u t h D n g c h ci
O n f*h c i
b i u th ti u b u th o chng b i u t h p h m vi
Hiii
ICU tll
h UUIlg iS
c h u n q u c g ia h n h c a IC lo i n h i t c n g t c
s n xut
,
K n g h a K n g h a K n g h a K n g h a
h i u h u h i u h i u

c T h in g T TTL c 0 -i- 7 0 c w V s phng

Q uc H HTL E -4 0 -i- 8 5 c B V nha phng
ch E ECL R -5 5 + 85c F V p h n g b c k n
t o c CMOS M -55 125c D V s ng
F B khuch i t
p V nha ng
tu y n tn h ' J V s e n n g
D M c h i n K V k i m lo i
n g h e n h n h n h th o i
w n p T V k i m lo i
J M ch u vo h n h tr n
B M c h p h i tu y n
M B nh
M c h d i n
m y s if iu n h
:

2) V d :

2 -1 . Cng NAND kp 4 u vo TTL schottky

342
 c T 3020 E D
V s ng 2 hng chn
-4 0 - 85c
Cng NAND kp 4 u vo Schottky
TTL
Ph hp tiu chun Trung Quc
2 -2 . B chn knh 1 t 8 CMOS
c c 14512 M F
V phng bc kn ton b
-5 5 + 125c
B chn knh 1 t 8

CMOS
Ph hp tiu chun Trung Quc
2 -3 . B khuch i thut ton thng dng
c F 0 41
I V kim loi hnh trn
0 -i- 70c
----------- B khuch i thut ton loi III
_ _ _ _ B khuch i tuyn tnh
---------- -- Ph hp tiu chun Trung Quc
i chiu khiu caTrung Quc v Quc t v ICTTL.
Cc ICTTLcaTrung Quc v Quc t sn xut l c th thay th ln nhau
c. Hai h thng k hiu c s tng ng :
CT 4010 CJ v SN 74LS10J
CT 4010 MF v SN 54LS10W

SN 74 LS 10 J
bao gi ; J - V s ng 2 hng chn
(W - V s phng
N - V nha ng 2 hng chn)
Chng loi theo chc nng
Chng o theo trng : tiu chun thng
c tnh H : Tc cao
s : Schottky
LS : Schottky cng sut b

(54 : -55 -- 125C)

__________Texas M

343
CT 4 010 c J : V s en ng = J Ttexas
Bao gdi F : v phng bc kn = w Tfexas
D : V s ng = J Texas
p : V nha ng = N Texas
------- c : 0 - 70c = 74 Tfexas
(M : -55 -i- 125c = 54 Ttexas)
Chng loi theo chc nng
Chng loi 4: Schottky cng sut b
theo c tnh 1: Tc trung bnh
2 : Tc cao
3 : Schottky
---------------ICTTL ph hp tiu chun Trung Quc

344
 PH LC II

H M V CHUYN i

I - CC H M THNIG DNG

1 - H thp phn

H thp phn l h m thng dng nht trong sinh hot v cng tc ca

chng ta. Trong h ny, c 10 ch s 0 -i- 9 m ha s 0 v 9 s t nhin u
tin. Vy c s h thp phn l 10. T s ln hn 9, nh cch ghis theo v tr,
trong s cd v tr bt k c trng s gp mi ln s co' v tr bn phi k nt ;
ta c th dng 1 0 ch s biu din mi con s. v d :
1 4 3 ,7 5 = 1 X 10^ + 4 X 10^ + 3 X 1 0 + 7 X 10"^ + 5 X

Mt s dngs bt k trong h thpphn cd th khai trin thnh

s = 2 k l0 (II - 1)

i l th t v tr ca s tnh t du phn cch nguyn - phn (i = 0 ) kj l h

s ca s cd v s (th t v tr ca s) i, kg = 0 -f- 9, nu phn nguyn cd n
ch s th tng ng i = n - 1 0. Nu phn phn ct m ch s th tng
ng i = -1 -i- -m . Dng N thay cho c s 10, biu thc (II - 1) cd dng tng
qut cho mi h m
s = ZkN (II - 2)

2 - H nh phn

H nh phn c dng rng ri nht trong mch s. Trong h nh phn, mi

v s (bit) ch cd hai kh nng ly gi tr : 1 v 0. C s m ca h nh phn
N = 2.
Trin khai s nh phn bt kl theo dng (II - 2), ta ct :
s = 2 k 2 (II - 3)
vi kj = 0, 1

V d :
1 0 1 ,1 1 = 1 X 2^ + 0 X 2^ + 1 X 2 + 1 X 2 ^ + 1 X 2 ^

3 - H m c s 8

Trong h ny, mi v s c 8 m s l 0 8, c s l 8.

Dng tng qut ca s m h c s 8 l :

s = 2 k 8 (II - 4)
v i k = 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7

345
 V d :
37,41 = 3 X 8^ + 7 X 8 + 4 X 8 '^ + 1 X 8 "^

Cng mt con s, dng biu th trong h m c s 8 gn hn dng biu th

trong h m nh phn. Nh sau ny s r, s chuyn i ln nhau ca hai h
ny li cc d dng, nn trong cc sch vit v trnh t my tnh hay dng h
m c s 8 .

4 - H m C s 16

Trong h ny, mi v s cd 16 m s. t l 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A(10),

B (l), C(12), D(13), E(14), F(15).
Dng tng qut ca s m h c s 16 l :

vi k = 0 -- F
V d :
2A , 7 F = 2 X 16^ + A X 16'^ + 7 X 1 6 '* + F X 16"2
7 15
= 2 x 16 + O x 1 + t ; + - ~
16
= 42,4961
Hin nay trong my vi tnh, a s dng t m nh phn 8 bit, 16 bit. Nhng
t ni ny c th biu th gn r bng s trong h m 16 vi 2, 4 v s tng
ng. Vy trong cc sch vit v trnh t my tnh cng hay dng h m c s 16.
S chuyn i ln nhau ca h nh phn v h m c s 16 cng cc k d dng.
Nn ng dng h m c s 16 cn rng ri hn h m c s 8 .

II - CHUYN I LN NHAU GIA CC H M

1 - H nh phn v h thp phn

T nh phn sang thp phn : vit s nh phn di dng (II - 3) trin khai ;
cng tt c cc s hng theo gi tr s thp phn, tng s dng thp phn ca
s nh phn cho. v d :
1011,01(2) = 1 X 2^ + 0 X 2^ + 1 X 2^ + 1 X 2 + 0 X 2"^ + 1 X2"^
= 8 + 0 4 - 2 + 1 + 0 + 0,25

Lu : chng ta dng ch s trong ngoc vit thp ch c s h m ca

con s xt.
T thp phn sang nh phn :
a - Phn nguyn :
Trong cc ng thc di y, v phi l s nh phn, v tri l s thp phn :
S(10, = + + ^ 2' + ^
= 2(k2"- + + ... + k,) + k

346
 v kj = 0 ,1 ng phn vi s 0, 1 trong h thp phn, nn ta ct :

= 2 (k 2 "^
+ k n-1 2 ""^ + ... + k^) + kj
Nhn xt cc biu thc trn, ta thy :
bit u tin ca s nh phn l kp bng s d khi chia S^JQJ cho 2 .
bit tip theo ca s nh phn l kj bng s d khi chia thng s ca php chia
trc cho 2 .
Tng t nh vy tm ton b cc bit ca s nh phn, v d :
173 2 d 1 ko
86 2 d 0 Vy 173(J0) = 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 (2)
43 2 d 1 ^2
21 2 d 1 k3
10 2 d 0 1^4
5 2 d 1
2 2 d 0 k
1 2 d 1 k.
0

b - P hn phn :
Trong cc ng thc di y, v phi l s nh phn, v tri l s thp phn :
s,, - k ., 2 - ' + + k ., 2 - + + k_ 2 -"'
Nhn 2 v vi 2, ta ct ;
-1
+ + -m+1
^(10) ~ ^ -1i *
k_j tr thnh phn nguyn ca v phi. Phn phn cn li l :
2S(,) - k_, = K 2 -' * K - ^ + ... + k_l2-'
Nu tip tc nhn 2 v vi 2, ta li c k_2 l phn nguyn ca v phi (ca
tch s ln th 2 ) :
2[2S^10J - k_j] = k_2 + (k_32- +
Tng t nh vy, ta tm c ton b cc bit ca s nh phn, v d :
Qu trnh chuyn i t 0,8128^JQJ sang 0 , 1 1 0 1 ^2)
0,8128 X 2 = 1,6250 = 0,6250 + 1 (k_i)
0,6250 X 2 = 1,2500 = 0,2500 + 1 (k _ ) 2

0,2500 X 2 = 0,5000 = 0,5000 + 0 (k .g )

0,5000 X 2 = 1,0000 = 0 + 1 (k_4 >
Qu trnh kt thc khi phn phn ca tch s bng 0.

347
 2 - H nh phn v h dm c s 8

T nh phn sang h 8

V 2^ = 8 , mi v s ca h 8 tng ng vi mt nhm 3 bit ca s nh phn,

bt u t bit 2. Mun chuyn i t nh phn sang h 8 , u tin ta phn nhm
3 bit, sau dng 8 ch s ca h 8 thay cho 8 m s tng ng ca 3 bit.
i vi phn phn, chia nhm 3 bit bt u t 2^
V d : 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 , 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 (2 ) = 2 6 5 ,1 7 2 (g j
Qu trnh nh sau :
Chia nhm 010 110 101, 001 111 010
Chuyn m 2 6 5, 1 7 2
T h 8 sang nh phn :
Thay mt ch s trong s h 8 bng nhm 3 bit nh phn
V d :
5 1 2 , 3 0 4(g)
= 101 001 010 , 011 000 100(2)

3 - H nh phn v h m c s 16

T nh phn sang h 16.

m 2^^ = 16, mi v s ca s h 16 tng ng vi mt nhtm 4 bit ca s nh
phn, bt u t bit 2. Mun chuyn i t nh phn sang h 16, u tin ta
phn nhdm 4 bit, sau d dng 16 ch, s ca h 16 thay cho 16 m s tng ng
ca 4 bit.
i vi phn phn, chia nhm 4 bit bt u t
V d : 0101 1110, 1011 0 0 1 0 (2 ) =
Qu trnh nh sau :
Chia nhm 0101 1110 , 1011 0010
Chuyn m 5 E , B 2
T h 16 sang nh phn :
Thay mt ch s trong s h 16 bng nhm 4 bit nh phn.
V d :
8 F A , c
= 1000 1111 1010 , 1100 0110

348
 PH LC III

PHNG PHP BIU TH s NH PHN TRONG MY TNH

1 - S trong my lnh v gi tr thc

Trong mch s, gi tr 0 v 1 ca 1 bit u biu th bng 2 trng thi ca mt

phn t logic c bn (mc in cao, thp ca cng hay ca Flip Flop)* Vy du m,
dng ca s c biu th bng cch no. R rng, du cng ch biu th bng
hai trng thi logic, tc l dng 0 hay 1 biu th. Phng php n gin nht l,
cho thm 1 bit du ng trc : gi tri 0 ca bit du biu th s dng, gi tr 1
ca bit du biu th s m. v d, i vi s nh hn 1 v gi tr tuyt i, s +0 ,
1 0 1 1 trong my tnh c biu th l 0 , 1 0 1 1 , v s - 0 ,1 0 1 1 trong my tnh c
biu th l 1,1011. Tc l dng gi tr 0 v 1 ca phn nguyn biu th du dng
v m ca s nh phn nh hn 1 v gi tr tuyt i. Trong v d trn, +0, 1011
v - 0 ,1 0 1 1 l gi tr thc ca s 0 ,1 0 1 1 v 1 ,1 0 1 1 tng ng trong my tnh.
Di y gii thiu 3 dng thng gp ca s trong my tnh : m gc, m b
v m o.
Trong my tnh nh v thit b iu khin s ni chung u p dng php ton
du phy c nh. M gc, m b v m o c gii thiu tip theo y l tng
ng vi php ton du phy c nh. Khi , gi nh rng trong ton b php
ton, gi tr tuyt i ca mi s u nh hn 1, Du phy t trc bit cao nht.
(2^) Nu nh gi tr tuyt i ca s thc t ln hn 1 th php ton vn tin
hnh nh quy c trn nh qu trnh chuyn i thun nghch t l gi tr.

2 - M gc

Trong m gc, bt du t trc du phy ca phn s (s cd gi tr tuyt i

nh hn 1 ).S dng tng ng gi tr 0 ca bit du. S m tng ng gi tr 1
ca bit du. Vy s dng cd m gc trng vi gi tr thc, sm c m gc bng
gi tr thc cng 1 , tc l :
X X > 0
^^^rngc 1 + |x | 0

Vy s 0 c hai hnh thc m gc :

0,0000
gc 1,0000
M gc c u im l trc quan, n gin, rt tin trong php nhn. Tch s
c phn gi tr tuyt i v phn du. Gi tr tuyt i ca tch s bng tch cc
gi tr tuyt i ca tha s. Du ca tch theo quy tc logic : cc tha s cng
du th tch s dng, cc tha s khc du th tch s m. Quy tc logic ny rt
d thc hin.
Nhng chng ta s gp kh khn nu lm php cng tr vi s m gc. V d,
khi cng i s, u tin phi xt du cc s hng, sau mi quyt nh v cng
tr cc gi tr tuyt i. Khi tr, cn phi so snh gi tr tuyt i, t mi
nh hng ly g tr cho cui cng xc nh du ca hiu s. Mi mt bc

349
nh vy u bt my tnh phi thao tc, vy tt s lm cho my tnh phc tp ln
v thi gian lm tnh ko di.
trnh khd khn trn trong php cng tr, hin nay my tnh dng rng ri
m b trong php cng tr.

3 - M b

d dng hiu v m b, xin c gi hy xt mt v d lin quan trong cuc

sng i thng sau y. Gi s lc 06h00 sng bn pht hin ng h b cht vi
kim ng h v tr llhOO. Bn c 2 cch chnh kim ng h t v trllhoo
n v tr 06h00 : cch th nht a kim ngc chiu 5 khong gi (11-5 = 6 ),
cch th hai a kim thun chiu 7 khong gi (11 + 7 = 18) ; v mt ng h
c 1 2 khong gi thi, c vt qu 1 2 th li bt u t 0 , nn a kim thun
chiu 7 khong gi th kim cng n v tr 06h00. iu chng t rng, nu
xt ring mt v s (m khng chuyn v t v s bn phi lin k sang) th
11-5 v 11 + 7 trong h m c s 12 c cng m t kt qu l 6 . Tng ca
5 + 7 = 12. Tk gi 7 l m b ca 5 trong h 12. 7 = 12 - 5.
Tng t, trong php tr nh phn, vic tr i mt s nh phn tr thnh vic
cng m b trong h nh phn ca s .
V d : a = 0,1011 ; b = -0,1001 th
0,1011
- 0,1001

a + b = 0,0010
Chng ta i n cng kt qu trn bng cch : tlm m b trong h nh phn
(c s 2 ) ca b l :

tb lm b = 10 -

Thc hin cng vi m b, b cbuyn v ;

0,1011
1,0111
-------------- B chuyn v
a + [b]^ = 1 0 ,0 0 1 0 -------------------------- 0 ,0 0 1 0

Chng ta vit biu thc tng qut m b 2 ca s X nh phn :
_ Jx nu x> 0
Wma b - 2 + X nu 0
V d : X = -0,1011 [ x ] ^ b = 10 - 0,1011 = 1,0101
X = -0,0001 [x ]^ b = 10 - 0,0001 = 1,1111

X = -0 ,0 0 0 0 [ x ] ^ b = 0,0000 = 0,0000

4 - M do

M o c a s n h p h n X l c h n h n k h i X > 0 :

o ~ *

350
 Cn khi X 0 t h g i t r c a m i b it p h i o t 0 s a n g 1 v t 1 s a n g 0.
V dii :
X = -0 ,0 1 1 0 [x]^ , = 1,1001
X = -0,0001 = 1,1110
Xt c tnh m o qua v sau :
X = -0 ,0 1 1 0 = 1,1001
+ W m o = 0 ,0 1 1 0 + 1 ,1 0 0 1 + 1 ,1 1 1 1

+ W m o + 0 -0 0 0 1 = 1 0 -0 0 0 0

10 + X = [ x ] ^ + 0,0001.
Vy, mt s nh phn m bt k, nu ly gi tr tuyt i ca nt cng vi m
o ca chnh nt, ta lun c 1 , 1 1 1 1 .
Nu em tng s t (gi tr tt c cc bit u l 1) cng vi 1 bit cui (tc
cng thm 2 ") th kt qu lun bng 2.

Do c tnh ny, chng ta ng dng m o tim m b ca mt s nh phn.

Di dng s thp phn, ta c :
2 + X = [x], + 2 -"

m 2 + X = [x]|^g (theo nh ngha, khi X 0)

Vy :

b o ^

vi n l S bit sau du phy ca s nh phn

V d :
X = - 0 ,1 0 1 1 [x]^ b = 1 -0 1 0 0 + 0 ,0 0 0 1 = 1 ,0 1 0 1

X = -0 ,0 0 0 1 [ x ] ^ b = 1.1110 + 0,0001 = 1,1111

X = -0 ,0 0 0 0 [ x ] ^ b = 1,1111 + 0,0001 = 0,0000
Vy p dng phng php ny, kh tm m b ca s nh phn m, ta khng
phi lm php tr nh trn (theo nh ngha).

351
 PH LC IV

B KHUCH I
THUT
TON

B khuch i thut ton l phn quan trng trong DAC v ADC. Vi in tr

u vo v cng ln, in tr u ra v cng b, h s khuch i in p cc
ln, km theo mch phn hi thch hp thi b khuch i thut ton dng x
l tn hiu va chnh xc, li .tin cy.

8.1.1. K hiu v c tnh ca b khuch i thut ton

im /Ia
/ i/r

Trn k hiu b khuch i thut ton, du - k hiu u vo o pha (gi tt

l u o), du + k hiu u vo ng pha (gi tt l u thun). Ngoi ra cn
c u ra v cc u ni vi ngun mt chiu.

Tuy s cn thit, chng ta s v y nh s a) hay n gin nh s

b), hoc ch lu n tn hiu nh s c).

vv v .r
(m)
!

xt c tnh ca b khuch i thut ton, chng ta hy gi thit l tng

hda n (thc t gi thit ny khng a ti sai s ng k no). B khuch i
thut ton 11 tng ct in tr u vo v cng ln, in tr u ra bng 0 .

352
 Trong phm vi tuyn tnh
E. (IV - 1)
(v ^ - v_) (IV - 2)
Ec
- V. (IV - 3)
Ao
l h s khuch i in p trong khu vc tuyn tnh, s tr in hnh ca
Aq = 10^ ^ 10^. Gi s = 1 0 + 15V, = 10^. Tel thy in p u vo trong
khu vc tuyn tnh chi c vi piV. Mt cch gn ng, c tnh truyn t in p
l tng ha ca b khuch i thut ton Aq = 00 nh sau :
Kt lun v c tnh b khuch i thut
ton nh sau :
1 - Dng in u vo bng 0
+ = - = 0

2 - V, = v_.
o
v+ - v_
00 = 0

Nu b khuch i thut ton cng tc

trong khu vc bo ha th ^ v_. Khi
> v_, ta c bo ha +, = +E. khi < v_, ta c bo ha Vq = -E^. Dng
in u vo khi ny cng vn bng 0 .
Tr li c tnh truyn t vi phm vi u vo tuyn tnh hu hn, ta thy :
Vq tng theo v^, Vq ng pha vi v^. Vq gim khi v_ tng, ngc pha vi v_.

8.1.2. Cc s b khuch i thut ton

1 - B khuch i o
B khuch i thut ton mc thnh b khuch
i o nh sau : u thun ni t. in p
u vo Vj a vo u o qua Rp in p ra
Vp phn hi n u o qua Rp.
V = v_ = 0, nn

''1
(IV - 4)
" ' '
Ip = i, (IV - 5)
Rp
- ipRp = ijRp - (IV - 6)

Biu thc (IV - 6) chng t k h i Vj 4ng

gim, Vj gim t h tng. H s
th Vg
Rp
khuch i ca b khuch i o bng \ khng ph thuc bn thn b
Kj
khuch i thut ton, Ay ch ph thuc thng s Rp, Rj ca mch ngoi.

353
 2 - B khuch i thun

B khuch i thut ton mc thnh b khuch i

thun nh sau ; in p u vo V a ti u thun
qua Rj, in p u ra Vg qua phn p Rj, R2 a
ti u o.
v = v_ (IV - 7)
v = i_ = 0, nn

v_ = R2 - Vj

t , ta c

= Vj = V l (IV - 9)

Biu thc (IV-9) chng t khi Vj tng th V q cng tng, Vj gixn th gim
theo. H s khuch i ca b khuch i thun l :
R1 + R 2
^2
Ay cng ch ph thuc thng 8 mch ngoi (Rj, R2 ).

3 - B khuch i lp
B khuch i lp l b khuch i thun c bit :
u ra ni vo u o. Vy V = V.
B khuch i lp thng dng keh ti (yu (IV - 11)
cu dng ng k).

8.1.3. B so snh v IVigd Smit

1 - B so snh

Hnh bn l b so snh 0. V
= 00 nn khi = Vj > v_ = 0 thi
= +Ej,. lKhi
Vq = U ll == V | < v_ = 0 thi
-E_. B so si
v = -j,. snh cd th lm
nhim v gim st 0 .

Hnh bn l b so snh ngng

V-p. V = 00 nn khi Vj> th
Vq = +Ej., khi Vj < th Vy = "E^..
iu chinh chit p lm thay i
ngng v^.

354
 2 - Trig Smit

H nh bn l s
Trig Sm it dng b
khuch i th u t
ton.
VI = i_ = 0
nn

Khi V j tng i m,
b khuch i cng tc
vng bo ha +,
''o = +E.

Vy mc ngng
trn l :
R2
Ec. ''o = ''l

Khi Vj tng n ngng th t bin t +Ej, sang -E., b khuch i lm

. ^ ......... _ . . ^
vic vng bo ha tng ng vi mc ngng di Vt _ = - E , tip
K1 +K 2
theo nu Vj > V j_ th Vq = -Ej,.
n khi no Vj gim n ngng di v-p_ th li c t bin mi. Hiu cc in
p ngng

2 R2 2 R2
AV = - v ,_ = - (IV - 13)
( ~ R i + R 2 0 " Ri + R 2 ^<
Thay i gi tr Rj, R2 th iu chnh c AV.
Nu Rj = R2 th AV = (IV - 14)
S phn tch phm vi cng tc ca Trig Smit, tm li nh sau :

T r n g t h i Vo P h m vi Vj

+E,

' r .

-Ec

So vi Trig Smit gii thiu chng 7, Trig Smit cu trc t khuch i

thut ton cng u vit, v vy nd c ng dng rt rng ri.

355
 MC LC

IV a n g

L i g i i I h i u 3

Chang ; NHNG KIN THC c BN V CU KIN BN DN

i.. C c k i n th c C b n v v t li u bn dn 5

1 .1 .1 . V t l i u d n i n , c c h i n v bn dn 5

1 .1 .2 . H i n t n g n i n t r o n g v t li b n d n s c h 5

1 .1 .3 . H i n t U n g d n i n tro n g b n d n p h a t p 7

1 .2 . i t b n d n 8

1 .2 .1 . c t n h c a c h u y n t i p P N 8

1 .2 .2 . C u t r c i t v c l u y n V o n - a m p e 10

1 .2 .3 . H i u n g i n d u n g c a i t b n d n 12

1 .2 .4 . D c t n h n g m ( c h u y n m c h ) c a i t b n d n 13

1 .2 .5 . G c t h a m s c b n c a i l b n d n 15

1 .2 .6 . i t n p 15

1 .3 . T r a m i t o 17

1 .3 .1 . T c d n g k h u c h i v s p h n p h i d n g i n tro n g tra n z ito 18

1 .3 .2 . c t n h u v o v c tn h u ra c a tr a n z ito 19

.3 .3 . c tn h c h u y n i c h c a t r a n z to 20

1 .3 .4 . C c t h a m s c b n c a ira n z ito 22

1 .3 .5 . n h h n g c a n h i t n c c I h a m s c a tr a n z ito 24

1 .4 . B n g b n d n i r n g (F E T - F i e l d E f f e c t T V a n s is t o r ) 26

1 .4 .1 . I G F E T 26

1 .4 .2 . T V a n z ito h i ^ ng tr n g c h u y n ti p P N (JF E T ) 31

1 .4 .3 . S o s n h F E T v tr a n z i t o l n g c c 33

Tm t l 35

B i l p 35

Chng 2 : M CH DIN C N G

2 .1 . M c h i n c c c n g ri n g r 38

2 .1 .1 . B a l o i q u a n h l g i c c b n n h t 38

2 .1 .2 . M c h A N D v m ch O R d n g i t b n d n 39

2 .1 .3 . C n g N O T 43

2 .1 .4 . C n g N A N D v c n g N O R (c n g V -D O , c n g HOC O) 48

2 .2 . M c h i n c n g T T L 49

2 .2 .1 . C n g N A N D TTL 50

2 .2 .2 . C c lo i m c h c n g T T L k h c 65

2 .2 .3 . C c m c h c n g t r a m i t o k h c 69

2 .3 . M c h cng M O S 69

2 .3 .1 . C n g N O T h M O S 70

356
 2 .3 .2 ; c n g N A N D v N O R h M O S 76

2 .3 .3 . c n g lu y n d n v c h u y n m c h t n g t h C M O S 78
Tm t t 79

B i l p 79

Chng 3 ; CO s DI s L O G IC

3 .1 . K hi n i m c bn , c n g Ih c v n h l 89

3 .1 .1 . Php to n lo g ic v hm io g c c b n 89

3 .1 .2 . C ng th c v n h l 90

3 .2 . C c p h n g php b i u th h m lo g ic 98

3 .2 .1 . B ng c h n l 98

3 .2 .2 . B i u th c h m s 99

3 .2 .3 . B ng K arn au g h 104

3 .2 .4 . S l o g i c 108

3 .3 . P h n g p h p t i th i u hahm io g ic 109

3 .3 .1 . K h i n i m v t i t h i u ha 109

3 .3 .2 . P h n g p h p t i t h i u h a b n g c n g th c 111

3 .3 .3 . P h d n g p h p t i t h i u h a b n g h n h v 11 2

3 .3 .4 . C h u y n i b i u th c O R - AND t i th i u t h n h b i u th c
l i th i u cc dng N A N D - N A N D , N O R A N D , N O R -N O R 11 7
3 .4 . S t i t h i u ha hm lo g ic r n g b u c 119

3 .4 .1 . K h i n i m r n g b u c , i u k i n r n g b u c . 119

3 . 4 .2 . T i t h i u ha hm lo g ic r n g b u c 120

Tm t l 124

B i t p 125

Chng 4 : M CH L O G IC T HP

4 .1 . D c i m c b n v p h n g p h p th i t k c a m c h lo g ic t n g h p 133
4 .1 .1 . P h n g p h p b i u th v p h n tc h c i m c bn v
c h c n n g l o g i c c a m c h lo g i c t h p 133
4 .1 .2 . P h n g p h p t h i t k l o g i c m c h l hp 134

4 .2 . B m ha 136

4 .2 .1 . K h i n i m m ha 136

4 .2 .2 . B m ha nh phn 137

4 . 2 .3 . B m ha nh - th p p h n 139

4 . 2 .4 . B m h a u t n 140

4 .2 .5 . V i m c h c v a ( M S I ) b m h a u t n 142

4 .2 .6 . M t s m t h n g d n g 143

4 .3 . B g i i m 147

4 .3 .1 . B g i i m n h p h n 147

4 .3 .2 . B g i i m ( B C D ) - th p p h n 149

4 .3 .3 . B g i i m c a h i n t h k t 152

4 .4 . B so sn h 156

4 .4 .1 . B s o s n h b n g n h a u 156

4 . 4 . 2 . B s o vSnh 158

4 .4 .3 . I C M S I b s o s n h 4 b i t 160

4 .5 . B cng 162

4 .5 .1 . B c n g n a 162

4 . 5 .2 . B c n g 163
4 . 5 .3 B c n g c n h n i l i p 164

357
 4 .6 . B c h n k f i n h 16 5

4 .7 . R O M (B n h ch c - R e a d O n ly M e m o ry ) 166

4 .7 .1 . B n h c n h c h c ( R O M ) 166

4 .7 .2 . B n h c h i d c c t h g h i t r i n h t ( P R O M ) 168

4 . 7 . 3 . B n h c h i c c t h v i t l i ( E P R O M ) 168

4 .8 . M n g lo g ic l p Irn h ( P L A ) 169

4 .9 . N g u y h i m chy u a iro n g c c m c h l h p 17 1

4 .9 .1 . N g u y n n h a n s i n h r a h i n t n g n g u y h i m c h y d u a 172

4 .9 .2 . P h n g p h p t r b n g u y h ii c h y u a 173

Tm l t 175

B i t p 176

Chng 5 ; M CH F L IP - FLOP

5 .1 . M t s c u t r c m c h ih n g g p c a F lip F lo p 180

5 .1 .1 . F lip F lo p R S Cd b n 180

5 .1 .2 . F lip F lo p R S n g b 183

5 .1 .3 . F lip F lo p R S m a s te r s la v e 184

5 .1 .4 . F lip F lo p J K m a s te r s la v e 186

5 .1 .5 . F lip B o p J K k n h b n g s n x u n g (E d g e tr ig g e re d FF) 189

5 .1 .6 . F l i p F l o p D ( m c h c h t D c i t i n g i i q u y tv n i u k h i n tr c li p ) 190

5 .1 .7 . F lip F lo p C M O S 192

5 .2 . P h n l o i F l i p F lo p h e o c h c n n g , s c h u y n i l n n h a u 194

5 .2 .1 . P h n l o i F l i p F l o p t h e o c h c n n g 195

5 .2 .2 . S c h u y n i l n n h a u c a c c lo i F lip F l o p n h Ih i Ih e o C P 200

5 .3 . D c t n h c n g t c x u n g v c h li u c h y u c a F lip F lo p 205

5 .3 .1 . c t n h c n g l c x u n g c a F l i p F l o p 205

5 .3 .2 . C c c h ti u c h y u c a vi m c h ( 1 C ) F lip F l o p 207

Tm t t 210

B i t p 210

Chng 6 : M CH DY

6 .1 . D i c n g v m c h d y 216

6 .1 .1 . D c m v p h n g p h p m i& i t c h c n n g 216

6 .1 .2 . P h n g p h p c b n p h n lc h c h c n n g lo g ic m c h d y 217

6 .2 . B m 218

6 .2 .1 . D c i m v p h n l o i b m 218

6 .2 .2 . B m ng b 219

6 .2 .3 . B m d b 231

6 .2 .4 . B m IC c in in g (M S I) 238

6 .3 . B nh 244

6 .3 .1 . B n h c b n 244

6 .3 .2 . B g h i d c h 246

6 .3 .3 . V d v n g d n g b n h 249

6 .4 . B t o x u n g t u n l 255

6 .5 . B nh RA M v d n g c g h p i n tc h C C D 257

6 .5 .1 . B n h R A M (R a n d o m A c c e ss M e m o ry - b n h c / v i i) 257

6 .5 .2 . D n g c g h p d i n tc h C C D ( C h a r g e C c x jp le d D e v ic e ) 264

358
 6 .6 . T h i l k m c h d y 267

6 .6 .1 . T h i t k b m ng b 267

6 .6 .2 . T h i t k b m d b 276

6 .6 .3 . T h i l k m c h d y 284

Tm t t 287

B i t p 288

Chng 7 I PHT X NG V TO DNG XUNG

7 .1 . B p h i x u n g 292

7 .1 .1 . B d a o n g a hi c b n cng N A N D TTL 292

7 .1 .2 . B d a o n g a hi v ng R C 294

7 .1 .3 . B d a o n g a h i th c h a n h 297

7 .1 .4 . B d a o n g a hi C M O S 298

7 .2 . T V ig S m i t 300

7 .2 .1 . T V ig S r a i l I C T T L 300

7 .2 .2 . Trg S m it C M O S 304

7 .3 . M ch a hi i 304

7 .3 .1 . M c h a h i i C M O S 305

7 .3 .2 . D a h i i h T T L 307

7 .4 . IC n h Ih 309

7 .4 .1 . I C n h th i h C M O S 309

7 .4 .2 . V d n g d n g I C n h th i 311

Tm l t 313

B i l p 314

Chang 8 : BIN D l s - TONG T V BIN l TNG T - s

8 .1 . G i i th i u c h u n g 316

8 .2 . B b i n i D A C 316

8 .2 .1 . B b i n i DAC i n tr h n h T 316

8 .2 .2 . C c c h ti u k Ih u l c h yu ca b b i n iD A C 321

8 .2 .3 . V d I C 1 c h ip D A C 322

8 .3 . B b i n i A D C 324

8 .3 .1 . C c b c c h u y n i A D v n h l i y m u 324

8 .3 .2 . M c h i n l y m u n h m u 327

8 .3 .3 . B b i n i A D C x p x ti m c n ( S u c c e s s iv e - a p p r o x im a tio n A D C ) 328

8 .3 .4 . C c c h ti u k th u t c h yu c a A D C 330

8 .3 .5 . V d I C 1 c h ip A D C 330

8 .4 . V d ng dng A D C v D A C 333

8 .4 .1 . T n h n n g k t h u t c h y i c a h th n g th u th p s !i u 333

8 .4 .2 . c j t r c m c h i n v n g u y n l l m v i c 333

Tm t t 340

B i t p 340

P h l c I : P h n g p h p t t n , k h i u m c h i n tc h h pb n d n 342

P h l c II ; H m v chuyn i 345

P h l c : PhU dng p h p b i u th s n h p h n tro n g m y tn h 349

P h l c IV : B k h u c h i th u t to n 352

M c l c 356

359