Funes, Yessenia. A Water Crisis Like Flints Is Unfolding In East Chicago. Colorlines. 16 Mar.

2017, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/water-crisis-flints-unfolding-east-chicago. Last

Accessed 06 Oct. 2017.

The EPA conducted a drinking water pilot study on 43 homes in fall 2016 to see if the
excavation work to cleanup the Superfund site would affect drinking water lead levels. They
tested drinking water before and after excavation. The city, like many other municipalities
around the country is full of service lines made out of lead. The study found that the tap water in
18 games before excavation and 12 homes after excavation had lead levels beyond 15 parts
per million. The article shows ethos because it has the research to back up the data that they
provide for the audience of the water testing. This shows how many homes were tested and
how many of those homes were affected. So I could see ethos with the research parts of the
article and logos with his arguments.

Ganim, Sara. 5,300 U.S. water systems are in violation of lead rules. CNN. 29 June 2016,
http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/28/us/epa-lead-in-u-s-water-systems/index.html. Last
Accessed 06 Oct. 2017.

Eighteen million Americans live in communities where the water systems are in violation
of the law. Moreover, the federal agency has done very little to stop them. More than 5,300
water systems in America are in violation of the EPAs lead and copper rule. Even Flint, a city
with high levels of lead detected, is still not listed as having violated the EPAs lead and copper
rule. The service lines that bring water to our homes are, in many cases, made of lead. Though
toxic, lead is preferable for its durability. We shouldnt be looking at what will last the longest but
what is the safest for us, for the kids. I would say that this article has primarily ethos because of
their use of credibility. They have facts to base their arguments off. Their arguments are that
there are eighteen million Americans living in communities where water systems are in violation.
Seeing as how easily lead can contaminate water, thats eighteen million people exposed to
certain danger, drinking this water.

Gore, Al. The 25th Anniversary of the Clean Water Act. The White House, 18 Oct. 1997, The
White House, Washington, DC. Address.

This speech is about the Clean Water Act and how it has worked, and how we could
improve on what the Clean Water Act was created for. Gore talks about how we have cleaned
up a lot of the rivers, but there are still pollutants in the rivers rising. These rivers are where we
get our water to drink. That is why the Clean Water Act was created, to clean up the rivers and
other water sources. The speech also mentions we need a more comprehensive approach to
water quality. That shows that no matter how much was done for the Clean Water Act, there is
always something more that can be done. The speech is a lot of ethos, talking about the history
of the Clean Water Act and what it does for us as American Citizens. There is also some logos
in there, about coming up with a logical solution to the problem is the best approach to solving
the polluted waters.
Hawthorne, Michael. EPA warns of lead in water in East Chicago. Chicago Tribune. 3 Mar.
2017,
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/watchdog/lead/ct-east-chicago-lead-water-
20170302-story.html. Last Accessed 06 Oct. 2017.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency warned the citys 29,000 residents they may
have been drinking lead-contaminated tap water in 2017. Since then, the EPA provided bottled
water and water filters to the 43 homes it tested in East Chicago, a coalition of environmental
groups called for a more aggressive response. They said they shouldnt be left drinking poison
while officials ponder away at long-term solutions. East Chicago is seeking a $3.1 million state
loan to begin replacing lead service lines. Chicago Tribunes attempts to reach city officials for
comment were unsuccessful. This article has a lot of pathos. Citizens are getting very angry
over the unsuccessful attempts to fix the water supply. They want immediate action, so their
emotion is more likely to be anger. The EPA offering bottled water is like them saying they dont
really care for the problem much. That gets the citizens riled up, ready to take action.

Lyons, Craig. East Chicago to target lead pipes [Corrected 09/19/2017]: Indiana city begins
replacing service lines tied to homes. Chicago Tribune. 18 Sep. 2017, https://search-
proquest-
com.cod.idm.oclc.org/docview/1939705491/7ED343D916EB45C7PQ/3?accountid=1020
2. Last Accessed 06 Oct. 2017.

The city began replacing the lead lines that connect the mains to residents homes in an
effort to better protect people from the potential lead exposure through the water. The only real
solution (permanent) is to remove the service lines. Its nice to see they are finally taking action,
but why did it take so long for them to realize to replace the lines. The other question is who is
paying for these lines. The state, or the citizens? The article states that the lead is not coming
from the water source, which is Lake Michigan, but from the service lines and home plumbing. I
would say this is logos. They are taking logical action to fix the problem by replacing the lead
piping and plumbing.

Lyons, Craig. Its a disaster: East Chicago still reeling from lead crisis, and EPA cant say if
water is safe. Chicago Tribune. 21 July 2017,
http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/news/ct-ptb-east-chicago-one-year-
later-st-0723-20170721-story.html. Last Accessed 06 Oct. 2017.

The EPA has pushed forward with cleanup efforts to remove contaminated material, but
residents still question whether the efforts are enough. The EPA expects to remediate the soil
around 120 homes in Zone 3 which runs east of Huish Drive, and 72 homes in Zone 2, which is
west of Kennedy Avenue, during the 2017 construction season. The properties targeted for
cleanup have high concentrations of lead and arsenic in the soil, according to the EPA. This is
ethos because they have the possible solutions listed, what the EPA is going to do to fix the
problem. There could be also logos because they are actually taking logical action to fix the
problem before it gets any worse. However, with the EPA saying that they are not sure that the
water could be safe. Thats like me saying that I fixed something, but saying that I don't know
whether it will break or not within the next couple of days.

Moreno, Ivan. Groups Petition EPA for Emergency Response to East Chicago, IN Drinking
Water Contamination. NRDC. 2 Mar. 2017, https://www.nrdc.org/media/2017/170302.
Last Accessed 06 Oct. 2017.

In response to the drinking water crisis in East Chicago, Indiana, a coalition of local
citizens, environmental law clinics, state and national groups petitioned the EPA to take
emergency action to ensure safe, clean water for the citys residents. The discovery of lead
contamination in the citys drinking water increased panic. Since then, the City of East Chicago
and State of Indiana have begun implementing long term measures to address the water
contamination, but these efforts have not yet secured a safe source of drinking water for
residents. This is pathos. People are getting fed up to the point where coalitions have to gather
to take immediate action to protect themselves and others from the poison water. This would
shows once again anger or just being fed up with the EPAs actions.

Needleman L. Herbert. The Long-Term Effects of Exposure to Low Doses of Lead in Childhood
-
An 11-Year Follow-Up Report. The New England Journal of Medicine. 11 Jan. 1990,
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199001113220203#t=abstract. Last
Accessed 06 Oct. 2017.

To determine whether the effects of low-level lead exposure persist, researchers

reexamined 132 of 270 young adults who had been studied as primary schoolchildren in 1975
through 1978. In earlier studies, they were found with lead exposure. Compared to those
restudied, the other 138 subjects had somewhat higher lead levels as well as significantly lower
IQ levels and poorer teachers ratings of classroom behaviour. This is all ethos. This is a
research that was conducted to find what even low doses of lead does to humans. This
research was conducted and the findings were listed. This research was conducted by a proper
journal of medicine by an actual researcher, who documented his own findings. This shows
more credibility than any other Chicago Tribune or Washington Post article. This further proves
that even a miniscule amount of lead that the EPA allows still affects humans in a negative way.

Richards Smith Jennifer. Hawthorne, Michael. Water testing finds high lead levels in
communities across Illinois. Chicago Tribune. 3 June 2016,
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/watchdog/ct-lead-water-illinois-met-20160512-
story.html. Last Accessed 06 Oct. 2017.

In 2016, the Chicago region had 9 water systems exceed the EPA standard of lead
contamination. Test of those waters found more than 15 parts per billion of lead in the tap water,
which is around the same that Flint, Michigan had experienced. That was at least 10 percent of
the homes tested. The cause of this could have been the lead pipes and plumbing installed
during the past century. According to the article, local officials typically are not required to
immediately notify homeowners or take other action unless their water system exceeds the
standards during a full testing cycle, and some are allowed to test over a three-year period.
This is what caused the Flint, Michigan crisis, the EPA responded much too slowly. The EPA
states that removing the lead service lines would help fix the problem, but they are deterred by
the high cost of a replacement program and legal questions about who should pay. Is that even
a question? This is logos because of the information listed are facts. The water supplies being
contaminated. I say it could go back and forth from ethos to logos. I would lean toward more
logos because it should be the EPAs moral obligation to inform the homeowners to take action
as soon as the water even becomes a little bit contaminated. This falls under being, in general,
a decent human being.

Ruppenthal, Alex. Illinois Among Worst States for Contaminated Drinking Water. Chicago
Tonight. 3 May 2017,
http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2017/05/03/illinois-among-worst-states-contaminated-drin
King-water. Last Accessed 06 Oct. 2017.

The author talks about how Illinois was ranked among five worst states in terms of
largest populations served by water systems with health violations in 2015. That year over
57,388 people were served water with lead and copper violations. According to the EPA, there
is no safe level of lead exposure for humans. According to the article, the most violations are
found in Berwyn, Lemont, Oak Lawn, and Loves Park (near Rockford). EPA released in 2016
that showed that nearly 80 percent of the properties in Chicago are connected to service lines
made of lead. That is 80 percent of Chicago, that could possibly experience lead contamination.
Also, Chicago Public Schools officials released data in 2016 showing high lead levels in water at
113 CPS schools. 113 schools. Lead contamination affect children a lot more than adults, it
affects their brain, could possibly lead to learning disabilities. Its affecting the future of this
nation. The NRDC stated that about 19.5 million Americans fall ill every year from pathogens as
a result of contaminated drinking water from public water systems and in 2015 77 million
Americans were served by a combined 18,000 community water systems that violated at least
one Safe Drinking Water Act rule, failing to meet health-based standards. This also could go
from ethos to logos. It has data, but also logical arguments on why illinois is such a high rated
state for contaminated water. This article is more fact based as its a list of the worst states with
water health violations and Illinois is up there. Based on that, this could be more factual or ethos
than an emotional or logical piece. 113 CPS schools infected, 18,000 violated water systems,
80% of Chicagoland properties connected with lead piping. This is all true facts that backs up
the fact that Illinois is really bad at maintaining this problem.

Source: City of Chicago Sample on Chemicals in Water, Comprehensive Chemical Analysis,

2016, table 1.
 In the table below, you could see the different chemicals listed in the water. Next to
those chemicals are the amount of chemicals in different parts of Chicago. When you go down
to lead, you see that it is maintained at <1 and at the South of the South Water Purification Plant
you can see that it is 1.34. That is really low amounts of lead, but as I have mentioned in some
of my other article summaries, any amount of lead is dangerous. Especially to children. Those
numbers should ultimately be zero. The rhetorical analysis in this table is more ethos. This is all
numbers and facts, showing credibility.

Table 1
Comprehensive Chemical Analysis, by City of Chicago - Department of Water Management -
Bureau of Water Supply- Water Quality Division-Water Purification Laboratories, 2016

Twitter Poll; Yes: 0, No: 16. Oct. 14, 2017

In this Twitter poll, I conducted on October 14th 2017, I asked the question; Did you
know that the water in Chicago has been previously contaminated with lead repeatedly?. All of
the people that answered replied with a No. That shows that some of those people who are in
college in Chicago right now aren't aware of the history of the water that is repeatedly
contaminated with lead. The EPA has to a better job of informing people that live or even visit
Chicago and let them know about the contaminates in their water. This Twitter poll is all ethos
because it is people who have answered a yes or no question, either they did know or they did
not. That is credibility.

Zekman, Pam. 2 Investigators: Does Chicago Tap Water Have A Lead Problem? CBS Chicago.
18 Feb. 2016,
http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2016/02/18/2-investigators-does-chicago-tap-water-have-a-l
ead-problem/. Last Accessed 06 Oct. 2017
 The citys water supply is under attack by a class-action lawsuit claiming construction
work to replace old water mains actually causes lead to seep into the water supply. The lawsuits
claimed the city failed to warn homeowners about the potential danger nor did they provide
accurate directions on what they can do protectively. City officials claim they are adding
phosphate to the water to ensure that if there are any disturbances to the coating of lead pipes,
it will immediately recoat it. That doesnt explain the constant contaminations though. This is
pathos. The city is being sued for their quality of water. People, homeowners are fed up with no
action, so they are suing out of anger to get the best results and fix the problem at hand.
Pathos, being used for emotion is very present because of the anger cau4sed by the EPAs
inactivity. The EPA is supposed to be doing their jobs, but theyre not.