Flowchart for the analysis of cations in salts “Test 1: Add NaOH(eq) solution White precipitate Coloured precipitate Zr AP, Po, Ca, Meg Ble Geen Brown cue Fes Fe Addexcess NaOH(aq) solution Test2: |Add aqueous NH, Coloured precipitate ‘Blue Geen Brown Cation solution Cation solution apt ee eae Test2: | Add excess Test2: | Add excess rent | aqueous NH, aqueous NH, oe Cale san ] excess | | Cation ‘equecus ; | solution Test2 | Add Nessier NH tea tests: | Add o SCN y Brown Blood red precipitate colour i NH rn Cation solution Tests: | Add KFe(CN), Test 5d KL Darkbive precipitate 2) we S| (ee aaaFlowchart for the analysis of anions in salts Unknown solid anion Test 1: Heating the solid | | | Gas rekindles glowing wooden Gas evolves and Gas evolves and turns 2 mally, splint and a brown gasis. decolourises acidified rcniclones on Se aaenet evolved. kMin0, solution. : ©, and NO, gas evolve. $0, or $0, evolves. { CO--ion ) { NO,-ion 1 fF 50,* ion ) Ue gee) Solid salt or salt Anion solution solutio ‘Add FeSO, dite H,SO, and then es2 he ae concentrated H,S0, & slowly No precipitate. $0, ions not White precipitate CrionpresentCOMPOSITION OF ALLOY , USES AND PROPERTIES Alloy Composition Properties Uses Building statue or a COPPER 90% Hard, Strong, Shiny Surface | monuments, medal, Tin 10% ‘and Does not Corrodes swords and artistic materials Making musical i. COPPER 70% Hard and strong, doesnot | Making musica RASS Zine 30% corrodes easily kitchenware. Construction of buildings, STEEL IRON 99% Hard and strong bridge, body of car and Carbon 1% rallway tracks TRON 74% Shiny, Strongand doesnot | raking a surgieal STAINLESS STEEL | Carbon 8% rust crutent and euttel ren oe ose instrument and cuttelery ‘ALUMINIUM 93% Copper 3% Building of aeroplane DURALUMIN Magnesium 3% Light and strong body and bullet train Manganese 1% TIN 93% PEWTER Copper 3% Luster, Shiny and strong | Making of souveniers Antimony 1% Name Of POLYMER | Monomer Protein Amino Acid Starch (Carbohydrate) } Glucose Rubber (Polyisoprene) | isoprene SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Name Of Polymers Monomer Properties Uses polythene sthene Durable, light, impermeable, | Shopping bags, plastic insulator cup and plate, toys polypropene eropene Durable, light, impermeable, | Bottles, furniture, pipes yprope! P canbe moulded and coloured | and toys Disposable cup and plate, Polystyrene Phenylethene Heat insulator light can be packaging materials, heat moulded and permeable insulators. Low softening temperature, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) | Chloroethene ‘lostic and durable Pipes, pipe fittings, wire and cable coating and casing, raincoats. Methyl-2- Pe erspex methylpropenoate ‘Transparent, strong and light Glass replacement. Lenses and optical fibre‘Types of Glass Composition Properties Uses Great purity, optocally | Laboratory glassware, Fused Glass Silica silicon dioxide | transparent, chemically _| lenses, telescope mirror, inert, high melting point | optical fibres. Silicon dioxide, boron | Heat resistant and Cookware, laboratory Borosilicate Glass (Pyrex) | dioxide, sodium oxide | chemical durability, high | glassware, automobile and aluminium oxide melting point head lights. Silicon dioxide, sodium | High density and optically | Tableware, crystal Lead Crystal Glass oxide and lead (Il) oxide transparent, glassware and art object High thermal expansion | Windows pane, electrical coefficient, Chemical bulbs, all kind glass durability containers, mirror. licon dioxide, sodium Sodadime glass oxide or calcium oxide CERAMICS are made from CLAY such as KAOLIN. ILINITE (hydrated aluminosilicate, AlzO3.2SiO2.2HO) Electric Insulator PROPERTIES | High melting point CERAMICS Compression Properties Uses Examples Hard and strong Tiles, Cement and Bricks Chemically Inert As Kitchenware and Ornamental art | Cooking pots, Porcelain plates, bowls and vases Electric Plugs, calbe, oven and Electrical and Heat Insulators | As insulator inelectrical equipment | oo Non Compressible ‘As Medical and Dental apparatus Artificial teeth and bonesCOMPOSITE MATERIALS are structural materials that are formed by €61 different materials such as metals, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers. LS have properties that are SUPERIOR than those of the original components Type of Composite i an Component Properties Uses Concrete and steel wires, Construction of building, Reinforced Concrete _| steel bars and polymer | Very strong, Tough bridges, oil platforms and fibres airport runners Alloys of metal Capable condust electricity | T2"8"0Fmers, Computer Superconductors compounds or ceramics part, magnetically without resistance of metal oxides levitated train Strong and high tensile | Water storage tanks, Fibre Glass Polyster and glass fibres eee wdoncity helmets beste Photocvamicsubtance | BSBOCMESTER Tosctmes a Photochromic Glass | (silver chloride or silver | Whenexposed to SUnIIBNt | windshields, camera halide crystals) ani tansparert 3630 lenses when the light dim High transmiss on capacity | Transmit data, voive and Fibre Optic Class thréad surrounded | \ichoutdistortion and | images in digital format by glass cladding interference over long distance. Examples of food additive Preservatives: Sodium nitrite ; sodium nitrate ; benzoic acid ; sodium benzoate sulphur dioxide ; sodium sulphite ; sorbic acid ; sodium sorbate ‘Antioxidants Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) ; BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) ; BIIT (butylated hydrixitoluene) ; citric acid ; sodim citrate Flavouring agents | Monosodium glutamate (MSG) ; aspartame stabilisers and Gelatin ; acacia gum (agar) thickening agents Dyes (colouring ‘Azo compounds ; tripheny compounds Lagents)Plant Part of the plant used ‘Uses. Garlic Corm For preventing flu attack For reducing high blood pressure Ginger Rhizome (horizontal underground stem) and leaves For treating stomach pain due to wind in the stomach For supplying heat energy to keep the body warm For preventing flu attack ‘Aloe vera Leaves, sts For preventing itchy skin For treating burns (scalding) on the skin Lemon (lime) Fruits < For treating boils or abscesses on the skin For preventing flu attack For treating skin diseases ne For treating malaria For preventing muscle cramps Ginseng als alas < ‘Asa tonic to improve the overall health of human beings For increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue Lemon grass Stem/leaves Has antibacterial and antifungal properties For treating coughType Example Funetion Side Effects ANALGESICS ‘Aspirin Used for pain | - Cause internal To relieve pain relief such as bleeding and without causing 0H arthritic pain ulceration numbness/affectin and dental + Can cause g conciousness. 020 pain brain and liver lA ob damage if given to children with flu/chicken pox Used for > Woverdose, it relieve mild can cause to moderate liver damage pain such as headache, musele and joint pain Used in = Can cause headache drowsiness tablets andin | = [foverdose, it cough can lead to medicines addiction, depression and cst weeny wecee ANTIBIOTICS Penicillin Usedto cure | - headache, To kill/slow down nit tuberculosis allergic the growth of Y yaaa and reaction, bacteria oy pneumonia diarrhoea grePSYCHOTHERA PEUTIC DRUGS To alter abnormal thinking, feelings and behaviors Stimulant Eg: Methylpenidate If overdose, can lead to- anxiety, hallucinations and severe depression Antidepressant Eg: Tranquilisers Eg: Barbiturates Drowsiness, poor coordination Ioverdose, can lead to respiratory problems, coma and even death ‘Addiction Can lead to involuntary death especially for people who used it to fight against insomnia