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    1. Chemical reactions can reach equilibrium when the forward and reverse reaction rates become equal. At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products no longer change over time. 2. For a reversible reaction A ⇌ B, the ratio of [B]/[A] at equilibrium is constant and defined by the equilibrium constant Keq. 3. For many reactions, the equilibrium position favors products over reactants because the activation energy is typically higher for the reverse reaction. This results in a need for higher product concentrations to equalize the forward and reverse rates.

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    1 equilibrium notes part 1

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    1. Chemical reactions can reach equilibrium when the forward and reverse reaction rates become equal. At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products no longer change over time. 2. For a reversible reaction A ⇌ B, the ratio of [B]/[A] at equilibrium is constant and defined by the equilibrium constant Keq. 3. For many reactions, the equilibrium position favors products over reactants because the activation energy is typically higher for the reverse reaction. This results in a need for higher product concentrations to equalize the forward and reverse rates.

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    41 views5 pages

    1 Equilibrium Notes Part 1

    Uploaded by

    api-369690183
    1. Chemical reactions can reach equilibrium when the forward and reverse reaction rates become equal. At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products no longer change over time. 2. For a reversible reaction A ⇌ B, the ratio of [B]/[A] at equilibrium is constant and defined by the equilibrium constant Keq. 3. For many reactions, the equilibrium position favors products over reactants because the activation energy is typically higher for the reverse reaction. This results in a need for higher product concentrations to equalize the forward and reverse rates.

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    1_EquilibriumNotespart1

    ChemicalEquilibriumor
    ReversibleReactions

    Chemicalreactionsarejustifiedusingcollisiontheory.

    Reactantmoleculescollidewitheachother,producing
    anactivatedcomplex.

    Theactivatedcomplexmayeitherrevertto
    reactantsorconverttoproducts.

    Butwhatisstoppingproductmoleculesfrom
    collidingwitheachother,formingtheactivated
    complexandformingreactants?

    Inmost
    cases,
    nothingat
    all.

    Infact,
    many
    reactionsdo
    this.

    Wecallsuch
    reactions
    reversible.
    1_EquilibriumNotespart1

    PhysicalModelforEquilibrium

    ConsiderareversiblereactionAB

    Wewillusethenarrowerglasstubetotransfer
    waterfromBbacktoA.

    Sowhathappened?

    InitiallytherateofABisfast.

    GraduallytherateofAB
    slowsdownaseventually
    moreBgoesbacktoA.

    Eventually,therateoftheforwardreaction
    willbecomeequaltotherateofthereverse
    reaction.

    Thenwehaveequilibrium.

    ThevolumetransferredfromAtoBandfrom
    BtoAmustbethesame.
    1_EquilibriumNotespart1

    Thesamethinghappensinchemicalreactions.

    Theforwardreactionbeginsbecausewebegin
    withreactants.

    notat
    SO2andO2 equilibrium

    Initially,thereverse
    reactiondoesnot
    happenatall.
    at
    equilibrium
    2SO2+O2SO3
    Butthereverse
    graduallygoes
    faster.
    notat
    SO3 equilibrium

    Meanwhilethe
    forward
    reactionslows
    down.

    Becausetheactivationenergyisdifferentforthe
    reactantsconvertingtoproductsthanitisfor
    productsconvertingtoreactants,theequlibrium
    willbeachievedwhentheconcentrationsof
    productsandreactantsaredifferent.
    1_EquilibriumNotespart1

    Becausetheactivationenergyforthereverse
    reactionisgreaterthanfortheforwardreaction,a
    smallerpercentageofthemolecules,atanygiven
    time,willbeabletoreact.

    Tomakesurethat
    thesamenumber
    ofmoleculesare
    convertingfrom
    productsto
    reactantsasthere
    arereactant
    molecules
    convertingto
    products,weneed
    alargeramountof
    productpresent
    thanreactant.

    EquilibriumConstants
    Forthephysicalmodel,theratioofheightofB
    toheightofAwas1.5:1onaverage.

    TheratioofBtoAatequilibriumisaconstant,
    dictatedbytherelativesizesoftheglasstubes
    usedfortheexperiment.
    ForachemicalreactionA B,therewouldalsobe
    aratioofproductstoreactants.
    Forasimplereaction
    suchasthisone,we
    wouldfindthat,fora
    givensetofconditions,
    thattheratioof

    isaconstant.

    Wecallthatconstanttheequilibriumconstant
    orKeq.
    1_EquilibriumNotespart1

    Purpose

    Thisprovidesuswithagoodindicationofhowmuch
    productwehavecomparedtothereactantat

    equilibrium
    Ifwearetryingtoprepareacompoundforsome
    industrialpurposeorprocessitwouldbehelpful
    toknowhowextensivelythereactantsconvertto
    products.

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