1

2 3
Chng 1: Gii thiu Chng 4: P acid-baz 3CO 3 + 2H3PO4 3H2CO3 + 2PO 4 SOXH bn thng thng
Thnh phn Cu trc nh ngha K 123(H3PO4 ) Nhm 1A 2A 8
[H2 CO 3 ] 3 [PO 34 ] 2
S lng Tnh cht ngha Acid Baz K= = = 10 6,59
SOXH +1 +2 0
2 3 2 3
Ha cht Arrhenius Cho H+: HCl Cho OH: KOH [CO ] [H3PO 4 ]
3 K 1 2(H2CO3 ) Nhm p ck 2-3 p ck 4-5 p ck 6
Tc cht Phn ng Sn phm Bronsted Cho H+: NH4+ Nhn H+: NH3 SOXH SN SN SN 2
[SP] (10 ) (10 2 ) 22 3

Acid-Baz Lewis Nhn 2e: BF3 Cho 2e: NH3 K* = = = 1010 SN 2n SN 2 SN

Ubanovish To Anion: To Cation: [Tch] 13 12
Oxh-Kh Nhm d sm d mun f
NLH: Chiu v cn bng phn ng SO3 Na2O K < K* P khng hon ton. SOXH 2SN 2 (1,3) 3 (2,4)
H: Vn tc v c ch phn ng
Cp a-b lin hp: HA + B A + BH
+
Phn ng thy phn
0 Phn ng oxi ha-kh
HH + II 2HI G 298 = 2 kJ/mol Acid cng mnh Baz lin hp cng yu + + + +
B Cl+ 3(H OH) B (OH) 3 + 3 H Cl n2 Ox1 + n1e Kh1
v = kCH2CI2 pKa + pKb = 14
n1 Kh2 n2e Ox2
TIU PHN: ht trc tip phn ng: Thy phn ca cation
Phn loi Acid n2Ox1 + n1Kh2 n1Ox2 + n2Kh1
Ct t lin kt c Tnh cht Hydracid Oxyhydroxyd Baz bb b B BB
Hnh thnh lin kt mi 10 bc cn bng phng trnh OXH-KH
Cg thc HnX MOa(OH)b pKb >9 95 51 <1
Data nh lut Gi thuyt L thuyt Mt acid: H+ cn bng ly t acid.
M hnh XH O*MOH Vd Fe(OH)3 Al(OH)3 AgOH NaOH
S Tng qut Lun l Lun l n+ + + Mt baz: H+ cn bng ly t H2O.
tht ha data cha c c Phn bit SOXH SOXH + M Fe(OH)2+ Al(OH)2+ Ag Na
cng nhn cng nhn Ng thy HCl
1 +5
HCl O3 Thph MM M y yy Chiu ca p OXH-KH
DX Th BrCl ClOF3 ; ClF5 E = EOx EKh > 0 P theo chiu thun
Chng 2: Lin kt Thy phn ca anion
DX Mui NaCl NaClO3 0,059 [Kh] cb G
Lin kt ha hc Acid aa a Tb A E = E0 lg =
Cg r (EXH ) S O* pKa >9 95 51 <1 n [Ox ] cb nF
ION Kim loi CHT
X TDPC M Vd HS

H2S HSO4

H2SO4
ION Gin E0: P OXH-KH
Bin i r ; 3O* AA Anion S
2
HS

SO4
2
HSO4

&
CHT r ; 4O* A Thph MM M y yy
KKLKKL ; 1O* a
3+
KL KKL >3+ 0O* aa Thy phn ca tiu phn CHT Gin Latimer: P t OXH-KH
KKLKL
Thy phn : EXH ;
BHBBH HBH S O* 3O* 2O* 1O* 0O* SOXH+4 Thy phn + Polimer ha
ng nng Cg AA A a aa
q Phn ng trao i
Xen ph
r 0O* ; = 3 ; Zn
2+
1-2A 1-2A To thnh cc cht t phn ly, bay hi, Hng s cn bng ca p OXH-KH
Mt r 2+ + 2+
SOXH Be Li + Mg
2+
Mg t tan hay t tan hn. n n E 0 nE0
Lin kt vt l 2+
Ba + SO4
2
BaSO4(r) lg K = 1 2 lg K =
Cg Lt b B 0,059 0,059
Lk van der Waals: 3 loi Tng tc 1 1 1
nh hng Cm ng Khuch tn Phn ng Trung ha K= = = = 10 9,97 3 0
2Fe + + Cu Cu + + 2Fe +
2 2

Tnh a-b Tch = Tnh a-b SP [Ba 2 + ][SO 24 ] TBaSO4 10 9,97

Pt pc Pt pcpc
n n E 0 1 2(0,77 0,34)
Vr H2O Tnh a-b khng i 2 2 5
[Ba +] = [SO4 ] ~ 10 M P hon ton. lg K = 1 2 = = 14,58
0,059 0,059
Lk Hydro: AH+B Cg ca DX th: Thy phn: Phn ng to phc
Phc cht: NTTT : L [Fe 2 + ]2 [Cu2 + ] [Fe 2 + ]2 [Cu2 + ]
khi A, B c (F, O, N, Cl) ; r ; BrCl + H2O HBrO(a) + HCl(A) A K= = = 1014,58
SO2Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4(A) + 2HCl(A) A
2+
Zn + 4CN

[Zn(CN)4] ]
2
[Fe3 + ]2 [Cu0 ] [Fe3 + ]2
c e d: lk , nhn thm,
2
Lm Tnc ; tan ; acid ; Cg ca DX mui: Suy t gc a-b: K=
[[ Zn(CN) 4 ] ]
=
1
=
1
= 1019 [Fe 2 + ]2 [Cu2 + ] (10 2 )2 (10 2 )
K* = = 10 6
TDPCTDBPC Gc acid A A a a [ Zn 2+ ][CN ] 4 K pl( CN ) 10 19 [Fe3 + ]2 12
ION ION-CHT CHTpc CHT Gc baz B b B b [CN] = 1M [[Zn(CN)4] ] = 10 [Zn ].
2 19 2+
K = 10
14,58 6
> K* = 10 P hon ton.
+ + 10 19
TDPC : q ; r ; d d [tr] ; ( ) DX mui Tt a b Lt P hon ton.
V d NaCl NH4Cl Na2S NH4F nh hng ca pH n p OXH-KH
TDBPC: q ; r Oxihydroxid OXH mnh hn trong mt acid
Cg ca MOa(OH)b a chc t din: Chng 5: Phn ng OXH-KH
Chng 3: Phn ng Mt E0ClO / Cl E0ClO / Cl E0ClO / Cl E0ClO / Cl
pK1 = 7 5a pK1+i = pK1 + 5i nh ngha SOXH
Phn ng acid-baz 2 3 4
in tch hnh thc ca ngt khi lin kt. Acid V +1,50 +1,56 +1,45 +1,38
Trung ha Thy phn Kt ta Gin pKa Vng tn ti ca cht
To phc Trao i ion Phn hy Quy tc Mendeleev Baz V +0,88 +0,77 +0,63 +0,56
SOXH thng thng = S nhm 2n
Phn ng oxi ha-kh nh hng ca p kt ta
pH = pKa2 pKa1 pKa pKa+1 pKa+2 SOXH bn, khng bn, thg thg, d thg.
Thng thng D phn Ni phn t AgCl
Cl Cu
Ag

Ag + Cu
+ 2+
[HA]:[A] 100:1 10:1 1:1 1:10 1:100 Hiu ng co d v co f
G Ka, Kb ; Ktph ; T ; E in tch ht nhn r nh hng ca p to phc
0
T = 25 C ; P = 1atm ; C = 1M SOXH bn = S nhm 2 (2es) CN Cu

Mt Khng kh ; Dmi Nc [Ag(CN)2] Ag+

Ag + Cu2+
 2
Kh nng tn ti ca cht trg mt nc M hnh VSEPR: SPT ca tphn l 12 ln nht.
Lk v 2et do nh hng rng ca tth nh nht.
lc y nh nht: Lk c tnh BBH v BH: ION. KL, vdW
nh hng ca SOXH n tnh OXH 2et do > lk i > lk n nh hng ca cu trc n rngt
Tiu phn cng bn th e lch v ngt c cao. r khi SPT
0
tnh OXH cng thp. Lc y ln khi < 90 . SPT 12 8 6 4
Kh nng d phn ca mt nguyn t S 2e Sp xp Lai ha r 1,00 0,97 0,96 0,88
Ngt c cao: Cl, Br, I, S, d phn. 2 Thng hng sp
L trng trong tinh th xp cht
3 Tam gic u sp2 Lp i xng: 3L4 4L3 6L2 9PC
L trng t din
4 T din u sp3 Mng li tinh th 1 qu cu 2 l t din:
5 Vung phng dsp2
6 Lng thp tam gic dsp3, sp3d
rt = 0,225R.
T phng
Cl2 + H2O HX + HXO 7 Bt din u d2sp3, sp3d2 L trng bt din
T cao
Lng thp ng gic fd2sp3 1 qu cu 1 l bt din:
3X2 + 3H2O 5HX + HXO3 ro = 0,414R.
Chng 8: Tinh th hc
Chng 6: Cc trng thi tp hp Cc trng thi c bn ca vt cht Cu trc ca tinh th kim loi
Trng thi ca vt cht
Trthi ng<Tng Tnh cht c trng
Tphn di chuyn t do
Kh ngTng Hdng v ttch bin i mng c s
PV = nRT
C th tch cc tiu Gm 1 loi ngt hnh cu cng r.
Tphn trt ln nhau Tcht: BBH & BH.
cc yu t i xng
Hdng bin i v SPT cao: 12, 8, 6
Lng ng<Tng S cnh v gc bng nhau cc i
ttch rt t bin i Thng c cu trc xp cht.
Trt t gn S gc vung cc i
Tphn dao ng 14 mng Bravais Cu trc ca tinh th ion
+
Rn ngTng Hdng v ttch xc nh 7 h tinh th + 4 loi 28 mng Gm cation v anion: r > r .
Trt t xa Nguyn thy ; Th tm ; Din tm ; y tm Tcht: BBH & BH.
Cc yu t i xng
Sp xp trt t Nhng ch c 14 mng Bravais SPT tbnh: 8, 6, 4
Tm i xng C +
SPT thng ph thuc vo r / r .
Tth theo 3 phng Mt i xng P Phn ng gp vo mng
Tnc ; Ts xc nh Trc i xng Ln a. Cu trc NaCl
Sp xp hn n
VH Trc i xng nghch o Lin
Vng Tha mm C , P , L2 , L3 , L4 , L6 , LI4
Loi tth Loi lk V d
ION Ion NaCl, CsCl, Hng H tinh th c tnh 1 1/2 1/4 1/8
CHT CHT Ckim cng, SiC, xng
Chng 9: Ha hc tinh th
KL KL Fe, Cu, Cao Lp phng a=b=c Xt nt mng l tiu phn c: b. Cu trc CsCl
0
vdW vdW He, I2, ===90 (1) r , (2) q v (3) Lk ha hc.
Hn tp a lk Cgraphit, CdI2, Trung Lc phng a=b c
0
==90 =120
0 Cu trc ca tinh th ph thuc vo:
T phng a=b c 1. Thnh phn v t l ca cc tphn
Chng 7: Cu trc ca tphn CHT
0 2. Bn cht ca lk trong tth
Cch vit cng thc cu trc ===90
3. Tnh bo ha v nh hng ca lk
tch hthc = S eha tr S et do S lk Tam phng a=b=c
4. r v t l r ca cc tphn
Mi L ng gp 1 e vo NTTT. ==90
0
c. Cu trc ZnS (sphalerit)
5. SPT ca cc tphn
L oxygen v lu hunh khng ng gp e. Thp Trc thoi abc 6. iu kin kt tinh
S 2et do v lk = [S eha tr ca NTTT ===90
0

+ S eng gp tch]/2 n t abc Cu trc xp cht

V cthc vi lk ri thm cc 2et do. 0
==90 90
0

Cha bt b th chuyn 2et do lk ptr. Tam t abc

Hng chuyn e u th: Gm 2 mng con lp phng xp cht
1. Chnh lch tch hthc thp nht. 2 2+
S v Zn lng vo nhau
2. 2e t ngt c thp cao hn.
vi bc tnh tin a/4 theo 3 phng.

+
nh hng ca r /r n SPT
S ion tri du tip xc vi nhau
nhiu nht lc ht l ln nht.
S ion cng du khng tip xc
vi nhau lc y l nh nht.
Gii hn cc anion khng tip xc
+
vi nhau: r / r > 0,732
Cu trc CsCl
+ +
r /r r /r
gii hn > 0,732
Cu trc ca tinh th CHT
Gm cc ngt lk vi nhau:
C, Si, AlN, GaAs,
Tcht: BH & H.
SPT thp: 6, 4, 3
Ch c cu trc kim cng
Cu trc ca tinh th vdWs
Gm ngtpt bha htr lk vi nhau.
Tcht: BBH & BH.
SPT cao: 12
Thng c cu trc xp cht.
Cu trc ca tinh th c lk hn tp
C nhiu loi lk gia cc tiu phn.
bn lk theo cc phng
khc nhau th khc nhau.
Cu trc khng gian ca tinh th
Stt Phg lk mnh Phg lk yu
1 3
2 2
3 1
4 0
Nguyn tc ca qu trnh to cu ni
Vic to cu ni lm s lk SPT
m s L trong cng thc khng i.
Cht bn hn: NTTT L NTTT
Cu n 1 cu gia 2 NTTT Ni qua nh
Cu i 2 cu gia 2 NTTT Ni qua cnh
Cu ba 3 cu gia 2 NTTT Ni qua mt
Khng to cu
Khi: SPT = S L trong cng thc : SF6
Cht bha SPT nn khg to cu ni.
Cht c cu trc o vi lk vdW.
To cu
Khi: SPT > S L trong cng thc
Cht cha bha SPT nn to cu ni.
Cht c cu trc mch, lp hay khung.
To cu vi Lc SPT 2
NaCl ZnS 1 L to cu SPT 2 2 cu cho NTTT.
0,732 > 0,414 > V d: BeCl2 vi Be c SPT 4.
+
r /r
+
r /r SPT 4 = S Cl trong cng thc 2 + 2
> 0,414 > 0,225 (2L to cu hnh thnh 4 cu)
To cu vi Lc SPT 3
1 L to cu SPT 3 3 cu cho NTTT.
V d: TiO2 vi Ti c SPT 6.
SPT 6 = S Cl trong cng thc 2 + 23
(2L to cu SPT 3 hnh thnh 6 cu)
Lu v qu trnh to cu ni
Khi nim to cu gip hnh dung
cu trc lp-mch mt cch d dng. Thay th gii hn: CaMg[CO3]2
Vch ni gia cc tphn Th v: CaTiO3 & KMgF3; BaSO4 & KBF4
biu din khi phi tr quanh NTTT.
F c r nh nn ch to c cu n.
a s cc L khc to cu i.
Cu trc Cu trc lp-mch vi
0 Khung Lk CHT hay ION v vdW
1 Lp
2 Mch
3 o
Cu trc graphit
3
1. Kht v trt t sp xp:
Kht im, ng, mt v khi.
Kht im c kthc d c ngt 1 im.
T kht
- Kht Frenkel: tphn c r nh
Cu trc NaCl Cu trc CdI2 - Kht Shotky: tphn c r ln
Cu trc lp-mch vi lk H v vdW
HF to lk H c cu trc mch.
H3BO3 to lk H theo 2 phng c cu
trc lp v gia cc lp l lk vdW. Kht Frenkel Shotky Mng l tng
Chng 10: Ha hc cht rn Kht ng c d c ngt theo 2
a s to tth c tnh i xng thp phng & v m theo 1 phng.
Cht c thnh phn n gin
Tnh i xng cao: Cu, Ag, Au, Pt,
Cht c thnh phn phc tp
Tnh i xng thp: fenspat, mica,
Kht ng, lch mng bin & mng l tng
Hin tng a hnh
Mt cht c nhiu cu trc:
n cht: Dng th hnh
Hp cht: Bin th a hnh
Cu trc khc Tnh cht khc
Mi dng a hnh bn trong 1 ~T v P
Bin i a hnh ti Tchuyn pha Kht ng, lch mng xon & mng l tng
Kht mt c d c ngt theo 1
phng & v m theo 2 phng.
Hin tng ng hnh
Nhiu cht c cng cu trc:
Cu trc bin gii ht gc ln & gc nh
Hin tng ng hnh xy ra khi cht:
- C cng bn cht lk Kht khi c d v m theo 3 phng.
- C cng cu trc tth
Kht lm tng vn tc p pha rn
- C r tng ng
To thnh dung dch rn thay th. 2. Khuyt tt do thphn khg hp thc
Cht PbS TiO2
Thay th hon ton: MgCO3 & FeCO3
Thay th hn ch: Cu v Sn Thphn PbS0,9995PbS1,0005 TiO1,9TiO2
Phn ng pha rn
NLH p pha rn
Tinh th tht P pha rn xy ra hon ton khi G<0
Hnh thi tinh th G0T = H0T TS 0T
Hthi bn ngoi phn nh P pha rn xy ra Tcao do
tnh i xng bn trong. khuch tn chm.
Entropi bin i rt nh c b qua.
Entalpi xc nh chiu ca p pha rn.
P pha rn xy ra khng hon ton do
khg th trn u tuyt i cc tcht.
H p pha rn
Vkhuch tn quyt nh Vp pha rn.
Khuyt tt trong tinh th A(r) + B(r) = AB(r)
Sai lch do trt t sp xp,
thnh phn khng hp thc, tp cht
 4

Tnh dn in Ngt chu k 2 ch c 4 vo htr nn Anion phc tp (nhiu nguyn t):

Tth l 1 pt khng l c n nguyn t. th hin tnh smmun rt r rng. Vi anion phc tp c ui id.
S t hp n vo htr to thnh Ngt chu k 3 c th sdng O22 (ion) peroxyd NH2 (ion) amid
Tphn c rnh khtn vo tphn c rln. n/2 vo lin kt v vo nd lm vo htr. Ngoi l: O3 (ion) ozonur CN (ion) cyanur
Tphn c cng r th cht c Tnc cao n/2 vo phn lin kt. c c c tnh ca ngt sm. Anion phc tp c tn theo phc cht.
khuch tn vo cht c Tnc thp. Cc mc nlng cch nhau ~10 eV.
22 [Zn(OH)4]2 (ion) tetrahydroxozincat(II)
Quy lut bin i tnh cht SO32 (ion) trioxosulfat(IV)
KL r, H Hng khtn Vng ha tr (HOMO)
r; Anion oxyhydroxid sd tn thng dng:
Cu 1,28 Vng dn (LUMO)
Vng cm (band gap) vi E: Tnh kh ; Tnh oxi ha - Khi acid l ic anion l at
Ag 1,44 CuAg Cu khtn vo Ag Tnh KL ; Tnh KKL - Khi acid l anion l it
Au 1,44 CuAu Cu khtn vo Au - E<0,1eV Tth dn in.
NO2 (ion) nitrit NO3 (ion) nitrat
Fe 1,26 CuFe Fe khtn vo Cu - E>3eV Tth cch in. r; Anion c H th thm hydro trc tn.
C 0,77 FeC C khtn vo Fe - 0,1<E <0,1eV Tth bn dn. Tnh oxi ha ; Tnh kh HS (ion) hydrosulfur HSO3 (ion) hydrosulfit
0 Tnh tan Tnh KKL ; Tnh KL
KL Tnc, C Hng khtn Danh php ca cc nhm chc (gc)
Cha d on c tnh tan v cc Chng 19: Danh php Tn nhm chc c tip v ng yl.
Au 1063
Au khtn vo Ag yu t nh hng bin i nghch bin. OH hydroxyl CO carbonyl
Ag 961 Tn KMnO4
Quy tc thc nghim: Cc cht c 1. IUPAC Kali tetraoxomanganat(VII)
NO nitrosyl NO2 nitryl
Chng 11: Cu trctcht ca cht bn cht ging nhau d tan vo nhau SO thionyl SO2 sulfonyl
2. Thng dng Kali permanganat
Tnh cht vt l & ha hc ca cht: - Cht pcc tan nhiu ClO clorosyl ClO2 cloryl
3. Thng mi Thuc tm ClO3 percloryl PO phosphoryl
Ph thuc vo: trg dmi pcc. Sd ssong hai cch gi tn 1 & 2.
Bn cht ngt hp thnh & - Cht khg pcc tan nhiu Danh php ca cc hp cht
Bn cht v nng lng ca lk: trg dmi khg pcc. Nguyn tc c bn Gi tn phn dng trc - m sau.
Gia cc tiu phn Vit cng thc & gi tn cht Na2SO4 natri sulfat, natri tetraoxosulfat(VI)
Mi lin h gia cu trc v tnh cht vi phn dng trc - m sau.
Trong cc tiu phn Nu c nhiu phn dngm th
ha hc ca cc cht + + +
Na Cl , (NH4) 2SO4 , C O2 , S F6 , +
xp mi phn theo th t abc.
Tnc & Ts Trthi tn ti nh hng n Natri clorur (NaCl), carbon dioxid (CO2), COCl2 carbon clorur oxid (carbonyl clorur)
Tnc & Ts ph thuc vo hot tnh ha hc ca cht. KMgF3 kali magne fluorur
Khi trthi tn ti cng km bn th Danh php ca cc nguyn t
cg lk gia cc tphn. P2O5 diphospho pentaoxyd
hot tnh ha hc ca cht cng cao. c tn ngt theo ting La tinh
Tth ION c lk mnh Tnc & Ts cao. Tn ca cc oxihydroxid
nhng b bt tip v ng um.
Tth KL c lk mnh Tnc & Ts cao. Chng 12: Ha hc ngt s v p SOXH Tn
c tn ngt c Vit ha.
Tnc & Ts: eha tr ; rngt ; c kht Cu trc ngt & c im lk Calcium calci sulfur lu hunh Thp nht acid hypotn nguyn t
Tth CHT c lk mnh Tnc & Ts cao. Ngt sm c xu hng: Phn dng: Sd Tn Vit ha Thp acid tn nguyn t
Tth vdW c lk yu Tnc & Ts thp. - Cho eha tr c SOXH dng Phn m: Phi sd tn La tinh Cao acid tn nguyn tic
Tth hn tp c Tnc & Ts ph thuc: Cao nht acid pertn nguyn tic
- Nhn 2e vo cc vo trng Cu(NO3)2 ng nitrat
Cc lp-mch c d v cng ln Ngt mun c xu hng: Na[CuI2] natri diiodocuprat Lg nc Tn
khng di chuyn t do - Nhn e c SOXH m Danh php ca cc cation t nht acid meta tn oxoacid
Tnc & Ts ph thuc lk trong lp-mch. - Cho 2e t do Cation n gin: Tn ngt + (SOXH). Nhiu nht acid orto tn oxoacid
Tth nng chy khi lp-mch b ct t +
Khg ghi SOXH vi H , KL kim-th.
2 oxihydroxid acid pyrotn oxoacid
Ngt Sm mt 1 H2O
to thnh tp hp nh di chuyn t do. Cu2+ (ion) ng(II) Na+ (ion) natri
Phnhm 1A 2A 3A
Ctrc ns 1
np 0
ns 2
np0 ns2 np1 Cation phc tp (nhiu nguyn t) Tn ca acid DX t oxihydroxid
+
e Cation gm ption + H c tn gm Peroxoacid: Thay oxi O = peroxid OO
Xu hg bng: ec thn & phn gc tn ngt to + onium. HNO4 acid peroxonitric
to lk: (nhn) NH4+ ammonium H3O+ oxonium H3PO5 acid peroxomononitric
DX th c tn tng t. Thioacid: Thay oxi O = lu hunh S
Tphh Ngt Mun
(CH3)4Sb+ tetrametylstibonium HSCN acid thiocyanic
Tphh ph thuc vo cg lk trong Phnhm 5A 6A 7A Thm di, tri, poly cho acid polimer
2 3 2 PCl4+ tetraclorophosphonium
tphn. Ctrc ns np ns np4 ns2 np5 H2Cr4O13 acid tetracromic
e Cation phc gm NTTT v L
Tnh cht c hc Xu hg bng: ec thn & gi tn theo phc cht. Tip u ng ch s lng
Tnh cht c hc ph thuc loi lk & to lk: (cho) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (ion) tetraammincuprum(II) S Thgthg Phtp S Thgthg Phtp
nng lng lk gia cc tiu phn. [CoCl(NH3)5]2+ (ion) 1 mono 6 hexa hexakis
Ngt c bit Kh him cloropentaammincobalt(II)
Lk CHT mnh & nh x nn 2 di bis 7 hepta heptakis
tth CHT cng v dn.
Phnhm 4A 8A Cation nhm chc c tn nhm chc. 3 tri tris 8 octa octakis
2 2
Ctrc ns np ns2 np6 4 tetra tetrakis 9 nona nonakis
Lk KL mnh & bt nh x nn e Danh php ca cc anion
5 penta pentakis 10 deca decakis
tth KL do v dai. Xu hg Anion n gin: Tn ngt + ur
ec thn 2et do
Vliu a tth c bn km hn to lk: H (ion) hydrur F (ion) fluorur
vliu n tth do lk ti bin tth yu. Ngoi l: O2 (ion) oxid