Modeling of Excitation Systems

AVR- Automatic Voltage Regulator

Exciter is the main component in AVR Loop
It delivers DC power to the generator field.
It should have
Adequate power capacity(low megawatt range for large
generators)
Sufficient speed of response(rise time less than 0.1 seconds)
Basic role is to provide
Constant generator terminal voltage for small & slow changes
in load
Powerful boost in the excitation level during emergency
situations
continued
Modeling of Excitation Systems
Mathematical models of Excitation systems are essential for the
assessment of desired performance requirements ,for the design and
coordination of supplementary control and protective circuits, and for
system stability studies related to the planning and operation of power
systems.
The detail of the model required depends on the purpose of the study.
Referring to the figure the control and protective features that impact on
the transient and small signal stability studies are the voltage regulators,
power system stabilizer, excitation control stabilization.
The limiter and protective circuits identified in the figure normally need
to be considered only for the mid term, long and voltage stability studies.
Some excitation systems are provided with fast acting terminal voltage
limiters in conjunction with power system stabilizers.
These have to be modeled in transient stability simulations.
Diagrammatical explanation of a typical
Brushless Excitation System
Continued.

The Brushless Exciter is an ALTERNATOR with Rotating Armature and

Stationary Field.

The three terminals of rotating armature is connected to a three phase diode

network called rectifier.

The rectifier is coupled with the field of the main synchronous generator.

Thus the necessary DC excitation is provided by EXCITOR to the field of

main SYNCRONOUS GENERATOR (without brushes and slip rings).
Modelling is divided into three parts:

Modeling of AMPLIFIER

Modeling of EXCITER

Modeling of GENERATOR
 Modelling of Amplifier
The comparator circuit compose the sensed terminal voltage of the main
synchronous generator with the reference values and produces the error voltage.

(i)
The error amplifier demodulates and amplifies the error signal.Its gain is KA

and

i.e.
(ii)
Taking Laplace transformation of equation (1) and (II)

and
 Contd
(iii)

equation (iii) represents the amplifier transfer function. This equation

represents the instantaneous amplifier. But ,in real the amplifier will have a delay
represented a time constant .

The transfer of the amplifier with delay

(iv)

Summary:-
Modelling of exciter

By Kirchhoff's voltage law

Taking Laplace transformation (A)

The field voltage of the main synchronous generator depends on the exciter current
i.e.

Where is proportionality constant [ measured across the main field the exciter
produces armature volts per ampere of field current ]

Taking Laplace transform

(B)

@@Re and Le represents the resistance and inductance of the exciter field
Continued..
The transfer function of the exciter

I.E [A/B]

(v) where and

are gain constant & time constant of exciter

Block diagram of Amplifier and
Exciter
 Modelling of Generator

The voltage equation of the synchronous generator is given by

(vi)

Where Rf and Lff are the resistance and self inductance of main
synchronous generator field winding
The flux produced in phase a is given by,

Note:
cos(wt) = sin(90 wt)
sin(-wt) = - sin(wt)
 Continued..
By faradays law the induced emf in phase a is given by

The rms value of this emf equals

Rearranging this equation

(vii)
 Contd.
Substituting the value of from equation (vii) in (vi)

Taking laplace of the above equation

(s)
Modelling of generatorContd.

Transfer function of the synchronous generator

where Kf is the gain constant of synchronous generator and Tdo is the open
circuit d axis time constant
COMPLETE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
THE EXCITATION SYSTEM
Condensed model of block diagram

G(s)
Contd.

Thus modeling is done and we obtain open loop the transfer

function of the complete excitation system as:

G(s)= (viii)

Where the open loop gain K is defined by:

K = KA Ke Kf