English

Kind Of
Texts
Narrative Text, Recount Text, News Items Text, Spoof, Anecdote Text,
Descriptive Text, Report Text, Procedure Text, Explanation Text, Discussion
Text, Analytical Exposition Text, Hortatory Exposition Text, and Review
Text.

Nurul
Class : XI MIA 2
 Text types are general semantic-functional concepts and are not to be confused with
text forms (advertisements, editorials, sermons, shopping lists, poems, telephone books,
novels, etc.)

There are 3 major text types : Narration, Description and Argumentation. Narration
include Narrative Text, Recount Text, News Items Text, Spoof and Anecdote Text. The
purpose is to retell something happened in past to the reader. Description include Descriptive
Text, Report Text, Procedure Text, and Explanation Text. The purpose is to describe and
explain something. Argumentation include Discussion Text, Analytical Exposition Text,
Hortatory Exposition Text, and Review Text.

1. Narrative Text
Purpose : To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in
different ways; narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or lurning
point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
Generic Structure :
Orientation : It is about the opening of the paragraph where characters, place,
and time are introduced in the story.
Complication : Where the problems of characters of the story appear and go to
climac.
Resolution : Where the problems of characters of the story is being solved.
Coda : moral value (optional)
Language Features:
Using Past Tense;
Using action verb;
Chronologically arranged.
Example :
The Legend of Toba Lake
Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked
fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could talk. The
fish begged him to set it free.
Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish
changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in love with
that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru had to keep
the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and promised that he would never
tell anybody about it.
They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very
angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the word of
fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and talked her about
it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was
shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth formed
a very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is known as
Toba lake.

2. Recount Text
Purpose : To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event.
Generic Structure :
Orientation : Provides the setting and introduces participants.
Events : Tell what happened, in what sequence.
 Re-orientation : Optional-closure of events.
Language Features:
Using Past Tense;
Using action verb;
Using adjectives.
Example :
Visiting Bali
There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to see as
much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days swimming
and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first one
was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.
On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through mountains.
Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town. The street are lined
with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned very late in the evening to
Kuta.
The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but to see the
art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone sculpture. There
my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of stone. The next stop was
Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch
at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center.
My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent on the
beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.

3. News Item Text

Purpose : To inform leaders, listeners or viewers about events the day which are
consideren newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure :
Newsworthy Event(s) : Recounts the event(s) in summary from.
Background Event(s) : Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what
circumstances.
Sources : Comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on
the event.
Language Features:
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline;
Using action verb;
Using saying verbs;
Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
Example :
Student found dead in waterway in Serpong
The body of a high school student was found in a waterway on Jl. Pare in the Bumi Serpong
Damai housing estate in Serpong , South Tangerang, on Wednesday.
Serpong Police chief Comr. Hibertus Omposungi identified the student as Taher Achmad,
16, from SMK Bina Kesehatan Cendakia in Tangerang. Omposungi refused to comment on the
possible cause of the students death.
We are still looking into the death of the student and will be sending the body to Tangerang
General Hospital for an autopsy. Only autopsy results can explain the cause of death, he said.
4. Anecdote Text
Purpose : To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident.
Generic Structure :
Abstract;
 Orientation;
Crisis;
Reaction;
Coda.
Language Features:
Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers;
Using material process;
Using temporal conjunctions.
Example :
From Bankrupt Candle to Best Seller Soap
In 1879, William and James best seller was candles. They had begun business
together in Cincinnati. While they were in peak of popularity, the candle company was in
trouble as Thomas Edison had invented the light bulb. It looked as if their candle product
would become obsolete. People would like to use light bulb and would not use candle
anymore.
The fears became reality when the market for candles plummeted since the candle
product were now sold only for special occasions. The outlook of candle company appeared
to be bleak and depressing for William and James. The situation was more miserable. Several
months later the accident occurred. Without thinking one of the employee left to go to lunch
and forgot to turn off the machine. Since the machinery was left in operation, air would work
its way into the mixture.
However after discussing with his supervisor, the employee decided not to discard
the mixture. Instead, he poured the mixture into frames and the soap hardened. Thus, the
floating soap was born. He decided to give the soap a name that people could remember.
Then the soap was named IVORY. This ivory soap became the mainstay of the William and
James Company.
Amazingly, William and James began to receive letters from buyers of this
accidental soap. They wanted more of the soap that floats. Ivory soap was introduced to the
marketplace. Even though this interesting formula was one of their best products, they were
perplexed as to how this happened. The mysterious formula for the floating soap was
resolved when the lunchtime accident was revealed.

5. Spoof Text
Purpose : To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers.
Generic Structure :
Orientation;
Event(s);
Twist.
Language Features:
Using material process;
Focus on individual participant;
Use past tense;
Chronologically arranged.
Example :
The Boss and The Trainee
A Man joined a big Multi National Company as a trainee. On his first day he dialed the
pantry and shouted into the phone, Get me a coffee quickly!
The voice from the other side responded, You fool youve dialed the wrong extension! Do
you know who youre talking to, dumbo?
No, replied the trainee.
 Its the Managing Director of the company, you fool! The man shouted back, And do
you know who YOU are talking to, you fool?
No, replied the Managing Director. Thats Good!, replied the trainee and put down the
phone!

6. Descriptive Text
Purpose : To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Generic Structure :
Identifications : identifies phenomenon to be described.
Description : describes parts qualities, characteristics.
Language Features:
Description : describes parts qualities, characteristics;
Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes;
Use of simple present tense.
Example :
Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra
dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java,
Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta
architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step
like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist
sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-
stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle.
The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of
borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor,
Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a
valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
7. Report Text
Purpose : To describe the way things are, with reference to arange of natural, man-made
and social phenomena in our environment.
Generic Structure :
General classifications : Tells what the phenomenon under discussion is.
Description : Tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of
(1) parts, (2) qulitifies, (3) habits or behaviors, if living; uses, if non-natural.
Language Features:
Focus on Generic Participant;
Use of Relational Processes to state what is and that which it is;
No temporal sequence;
Use of simple present tense.
Example :
 Human Body Energy
Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living
machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat.
However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of
heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of
calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are
involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people
need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical
substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per
gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different
proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important for body
staying healthy.
8. Procedure Text
Purpose : To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or
steps.
Generic Structure :
Goal;
Materials;
Steps.
Language Features:
Focus on generalized human agents;
Use of simple present tense, often Imperative;
Use mainly of temporal conjuctions (or numbering to indicate sequence);
Use mainly of Material Processes.
Example :
Omelet
Here is the best omelet recipe. What we need and how to cook are shown you below.

Ingredients:
1. 1 egg
2. 1-tablespoon milk
3. A pinch of salt
4. A pinch of powdered pepper
5. 1-tablespoon vegetable oil

Cooking direction:
Crack the egg into a bowl.
Put milk, salt, and pepper to the egg.
Beat the egg until mixed perfectly using a whisk or fork
Heat the pan on the stove over medium heat.
Spread vegetable oil on the surface of the pan.
Pour the egg on the pan and wait until the egg half cooked.
Fold the egg into half round and flip it.
Wait until the egg fully cooked. Flip if needed.
 Take the omelet out of the pan and put it on the plate.
Serve omelet immediately

Note:
1. You can add various ingredients to the egg mix such as onion, mushroom, vegetable,
smoked beef, cheese, etc., to create different taste.
2. You can substitute vegetable oil with other oil or butter.
3. Milk will make the texture smooth. If you do not have milk or do not like milk, you can
substitute it with 1-teaspoon of water.

9. Explanation Text

Purpose : To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or

socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure :
A general statement to position the readers;
A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs;
Closing.
Language Features:
Focus on generic, non-human Participants.;
Use mainly of Material and Relational Processes;
Use mainly of temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjuctions.
Example :
Tsunami
The term of tsunami comes from the Japanese which means harbour (tsu) and
wave (nami). A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly
displaced on a massive scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically
displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earths crust can occur at
plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and
occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its
equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge
mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods
powerfully into the coastal area.
10. Discussion Text
Purpose : To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue
(For/Pros and Against/Cons).
Generic Structure :
Issue;
Statement;
Preview;
Arguments for and against or statement of differing points of view;
Point;
Elaboration;
Conclusion or Recommendation.
Language Features:
Focus on generic human and non-human Participants.
 Use of :
Material Processes, e.g. has produced, have developed, to feed. Relational
Processes, e.g., is could have, cause, are. Mental Processes, e.g. feel
Use of Comperative : contrastive and Consequential cinjunctions.
Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns(abstraction).
Example :
Pros and Cons of National Exam
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court
has rejected an appeal by the government on the organization of the national exams, the
controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has
continued.Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia
education depend on the national exam? Will the quality of the Indonesian education system
worsen without national exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia
education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this
national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesnt need the national exams
because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the
national exam only measures a small portion of students competence in specific subjects, and
does not measure students competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect
the level of students cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.

11. Analytical Exposition Text

Purpose : To persuade the reader or listener that somethings the case.
Generic Structure :
Thesis
Position : introduces topic and indicates writers position.
Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented.
Arguments
Point : reslates main arguments outlined in Preview.
Elaboration : develops and supports each point/argument
Reiteration : reslates writers position
Language Features:
Focus on generic human and non-human Participants.
Use simple present tense.
Use of Relational Processes.
Use of internal conjunction to state argument
Reasoning through Causal Conjunction or nominalization.
Example :
Jakarta as a Bad Working Place for Expatriates
Jakarta is the second-worst place for expatriates to work in outside of the United States
of America, Canada and Western Europe. It is according to a recent report published by
Businessweek.
The Businessweek report ranked emerging markets that might be challenging to move
into due to their level of pollution, disease, political violence and availability of good and
services.
The report ranked Jakarta second, just below lagos in Nageria and above Riyadh Saudi
Arabia, saying the threat of violence from extremest, in particular, was serious drawback to
living in Jakarta. Bombings targeting foreign interests in Jakarta, such as the JW Marriot hotel
bombing in 2003, have been repeated elsewhere in the city.
The report said despite problem common to many developing cities such as the risk of
disease, poor sanitation, and excessive pollution, Indonesia can be an enticing location.
In response, the Jakarta administration took the report positively, saying it could spur the
administration to improve its performance.

12. Hortatory Exposition Text

Purpose : To persuade the readers or listener that somethings should or should not be
the case.
Generic Structure :
Thesis : announcement of issue concern;
Arguments : reasons for concern, leading to recommendation;
Recommendation : statement of what ought or ought not to happen.
Language Features:
Focus on generic human and non-human Participants, except for speaker or
writers referring to self.
Use of : Mental Processes : to state what writer thinks or feels about issue, e.g.
realize, feel, appreciate. Material Processes : to state what happens e.g., is
polluting, drive, travel, spend, should be treated. Relational Processes : to state
what is or should be, e.g., doesnt seem to have been, is.
Use of simple present tense
Example :
The Benefit of Reading
Most people believe that reading is a very important. There are many benefits of reading. What
are they?
First, reading can gives us knowledge about many things in the world such as Science,
technology. Sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.
Second, reading makes us know a lot of news and information about something happening in
any parts of the world.?
Reading also give us pleasure. When we are tired, we read books, newspaper or magazine on
the entertainment column such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc, to make us relaxed.
It is obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information and also entertainment.
However, Not all of us love reading. Here are the steps how we should do to love reading:?
1. Identify what kind of reading material we want to enjoy. People enjoy different kinds of
reading.
2. Try a variety of books and series of the reading materils.
3. Go to your local library. We can try out as many books as we would like for free.
4. Create a good reading environment. Find a place that is quiet, well-lit, and comfortable. Even
some people love reading while listening to music.

13. Review Text

Purpose : To critique an art work, event for a public audience. Such works of art include
movies TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitons, concerts and ballets.
Generic Structure :
Orientation : places the wook in its general and particular context, often by comparing
it with others of its kind or through analogue with a non-art object or event.
Interpretive Recount summaries the plot and/or provides an account of how the
reviewed rendition of the wook came into being; is optional, but if present often
recursive.
 Evaluation : provides an evaluation of the wook and/or its performance or production;
is usually recursive.
Evaluative Summation : provides a kind of punchline which sums up the reviewrs
opinion of the art event as a whole; is optional.
Language Features:
Focus on Particular Participant.
Direct expression of options through use of Attitudinal Ephitots in nominal groups;
qualitative attributes and affective Mental Processes.
Use of elaborating and extending clause and group complexes to package the
information.
Use of metaphorical language(e.g., The wit was there,dexterously ping ponged to and
fro..).
Example :
Book Title : UML By Example
Type : Book
Author : Jalloul, Ghinwa
Publisher : Cambridge
The book is designed to be a step-by-step introduction to object-oriented software
development, and intended for teaching as well as practical applications.
It presents a systematic approach to the development of analysis models. In this respect,
this is exactly what teachers would like to have: in the early stages of learning the UML students like
to have a process to follow in a systematic fashion. If too much is left to ones own judgement in the
early stages at least, it tends to put students off, and so the book is a welcome addition to possible
core texts in that respect.
The book presents a process and case studies. The process is entitled Bridge , and the
book leads the learner by examples. The process is described as a grammatically-based approach (p.
56) According to the introduction, the back cover, and page xxi of the preface, there are seven case
studies. The reader will look in vain (as I did) for the remaining two: in fact, there are five case studies,
and it is this inattention to detail which sets the tone for the rest of the book.
Indeed, it is a closer inspection of the systematic approach which reveals holes,
particularly in the quality of expression used. Perhaps this is a result of insufficient attention to detail
in the editing stages. For example, let us focus in on the first case study on an online reservations
agency. The user requirements are presented in textual form, and the analysis proceeds from there.
Occasionally the quality of expression could be enhanced: the first line of these requirements starts a
software for a travel agency and begins by identifying actors through the listing of all the names in
the text. This was certainly confusing for my students, who would have preferred the use of the word
nouns. The use cases are determined by considering the verb phrases in the requirements that are
associated with the selected actors, but the listing conflates update and access to update access, and
fails to mention complain, which then turns out to be a use case in the subsequent model. The text
refers to the use cases of Reserving, Canceling, etc, but labels them on the model as Reserve a tour,
Cancel a reservation, and so on. This accompanying diagram also leaves the complain use case
hanging in mid-air, associated with no actor. These may seem like minor quibbles, but these are exactly
the kinds of inconsistencies which are off-putting for learners.
In many ways I like the focus of the book, as the concept of a step-by-step approach is
very appealing to teachers and learners alike, but I would have appreciated more attention to detail.
In particular, the illustrative diagrams would have benefited from a re-read: page 13 figure 1-14 is
supposed to depict two musical devices playing music, where the text identifies 2 different use cases,
but the diagram only labels one of them, and has four associations, two of which are uni-directional,
without any explanation in the text. The text-diagram inconsistencies on page 17 are particularly
irritating, as the focus is on an explanation of the uses relationship; the reader searches for two
distinct use cases, Checks Move and Checks Legal Move, and finds only one. Page 16 has a database
model where a use case called Print Students Biographic File is later referred to in the text as Print
Student File. This tends to confuse the novice learner. There is a need to go through the text and
related diagrams with a fine-toothed comb. Similarly, there is a tendency towards random
capitalisation, as well as random subject-verb agreement: again with use cases, in some instances (for
example, page 14) it is Add User (as opposed to Add user) but in others Decorates a house (as
opposed to Decorate a house, or Decorates a House, and so on). Page 46 has an object model for
joke-teller software, which does not differ from a class model, and again suffers from random
capitalisation where all the classes are upper case with the exception of password although this is
capitalised in the text. The diagram on page 39 is particularly prone to this random approach. More
complicated diagrams such as that on page 121 contain such a mix of upper and lower case as well as
an inconsistent use of underscore (and a strange relationship where an employee turns out to be an
aggregation of a travel agency) that I would be reluctant to let my students loose on them. In many
cases, the text appears to deal with the correct version; it is the diagram which needs revision.
I like the aims of the book, I like the concept of a systematic approach, and I find the case
studies useful, attractive and realistic, but the insufficient attention to detail, and occasional
unfathomable prose, tend to jar on occasion. I could recommend the text to lecturers who were
prepared to tidy up the prose and inconsistencies, but I would not like my students to think that they
could get away with such an approach.

Sources :
google.com
www.sekolahbahasainggris.com
https://bahanajar.wordpress.com/textspeech/jenis-jenis-text-ing/
http://getenglishnow.org
http://darialdahlan.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/kind-of-textdefinitiongeneric-structure.html