Khoa Cng ngh thng tin

B mn in T Vin Thng

Bi ging

NGUYN L IN T 1

Ngi bin son: Nguyn Vn Thng

Thi Nguyn 2009

Chng I

CC QU TRNH IN TRONG MCH TUYN TNH

1.1. Cc i lng c bn
1.1.1. in p, dng in v cng sut
in p v dng in l hai i lng c bn ca mt mch in, chng cho
bit trng thi v in nhng im, nhng b phn khc nhau vo nhng thi
im khc nhau cu mch in v nh vy chng cn c gi l cc thng s c
bn ca mt mch in.
in p: Khi nim in p c rt ra t khi nim in th trong vt l. L
hiu s in th gia hai im khc nhau. Thng chn mt im no ca mch
lm im gc c in th bng khng (im t). Khi in th ca mi im
khc trong mch c gi tr m hay dng c mang so snh vi im gc v
c hiu l in p ti im . Mt cch tng qut in p gia hai im A v B
c k hiu l UAB c xc nh bi UAB =VA -VB
vi VA, VB l in th ca im A, B so vi im gc.
Dng in: Khi nim dng in l biu hin trng thi chuyn ng ca cc
ht mang in trong vt cht do tc ng ca trng hay do tn ti mt gradien
nng theo ht trong khng gian. Dng in trong mch c chiu chy t ni c
in th cao n ni c in th thp v nh vy c chiu ngc chiu vi chiu
ca in t.
Cng sut: l cng m dng in sn ra trn on mch trong mt n v thi
gian. Do cng sut P c sinh ra bi dng in I khi chy gia 2 im ca
on mch c in p t vo U s l:
Trong thc t cn tnh n cng sut trung bnh trong mt khong thi gian T
cho. Gi tr ny gi l cng sut hiu dng v bng:
T
1
T 0
Peff P(t )dt
(1.2)

1.1.2. Cc phn t tuyn tnh - Mch tuyn tnh

Cc phn t tuyn tnh l R, L, C
1. nh ngha in tr: T s gia in p hai u v dng in chy qua
mt phn t l mt hng s v hng s gi l in tr ca phn t.

2
 U
R= (1.3)
I
2. nh ngha t cm: t s in p gia hai u phn t chia cho o hm ca
dng in theo thi gian qua phn t y th i lng y cung l mt hng s
v hng s gi l t cm.
U
L= (1.4)
di
dt
3. in dung: Nghch o t s gia in p gia hai u phn t v tch phn
ca dng in l mt hng s v hng s gi l in dung
1 U
(1.5)
C idt

4. Mch tuyn tnh l mch ch gm cc phn t tuyn tnh. Mt mch tuyn

tnh c cc tnh cht sau:
- c tuyn Vn Ampe (th hin quan h U(i) l mt ng thng
- Tun theo nguyn l chng cht. Tc ng tng cng bng tng cc tc
ng ring r ln n
- Khng pht sinh thnh phn tn s l khi lm vic vi tn hiu xoay
chiu (khng gy mo phi tuyn)

1.2. Cc c trng ca mch RC v mch RLC

1.2.1. Mch tch phn
Mch tch phn l mch RC ni tip li ra trn t in v c in p li ra t l vi tch
phn in p li vo
i R

uv
C ur

Hnh 1.1 Mch tch phn

1
ur =
RC u v dt (1.6)

ta c uv = uR +uC

3
 1
C
uC = idt

iu kin i vi mch tch phn l

UC << UR (hay RC>>1)
Khi ta c UV UR
U R UV
i=
R R

Hnh 1.2 Tn hiu li vo a)

v li ra b) tng ng ca mch tch phn

1 1
ur =uC=
C idt =
RC
u v dt

1.2.2. Mch vi phn

Mch vi phn l mch
C

R Ur
Uv

i vi mch vi phn ta c iu kin Hnh 1.3. Mch vi phn

UR << UC ( hay RC<<1)
chng minh tng t nh mch tch phn ta cng c biu thc sau:
du v
Ur =RC
dt

4
 1.2.3. c trng dng ca mch RC
a) nh ngha u2
Mt mch tuyn tnh ni chung l c hai li vo v u1
hai li ra.
in p vo l hnh sin th sau mt thi gian li ra xut hin mt in p iu ho c
tn s cng vi in p li vo. Ngha l trong mch xut hin mt trng thi dng
Mt in p iu ho c biu din di dng phc
u(t)= Ue jt
U l bin phc U =Ue
j

ta c u1(t) = U 1e jt U 1 =U1e 1
j

jt
u2(t)= U 2 e U 2 =U2e
j2

U
A 2 gi l c trng dng ca mc00h
U 1
thay cc biu thc t v mu ta c
j 2
U e
A 2 j 2 Ae j
U 1e
U2
A= cng l hm ca tn s gi l c trng tn s ca mch
U1
= 2 - 1 cng l hm ca tn s gi l c trng pha (n l lch pha gia tn hiu
li ra so vi tn hiu li vo)
c trng dng trc ht trong mch phi c trng thi dng.
c trng dng l c trng ca hai tn s v pha.
b) Li ra trn t in
i R
jt
Ta c RIe
1 jt
Ie U 1e jt
jC u1
C u2
1
RI I U1
jC
I
U 2 Hnh 1.4. Mch RC li ra trn t in
jC

5
 U 1 1 jCR
A 2 =

U1 1 jCR 1 (CR) 2

1
A= A .A * =
1 (RC ) 2
tg = -RC
A
=-arctg(RC) 1
1 0
2
- 2
0
*c
Hnh 1.5. a) c trng bin tn s b) c trng pha
ca mch RC li ra trn t in

*c gi l tn s gii hn v pha tn s cao. ti A gim i 2 ln v khi coi

nh tn hiu c bo ton.
1 1
A = 2 => *c = RC
t 0 - *c gi l khong truyn ca mch. tc l trong khong th tn hiu khng
b mt mt, bin ca tn hiu gn nh c bo ton.
mch ny l mch lc thng thp (ch cho tn s thp i qua)

c) Li ra trn in tr
C
Tng t nh trn ta chng minh c c
trng tn s v c trng pha nh sau: R u2
u1
RC
A
1 (RC ) 2
Hnh 1.6. Mch RC li ra trn t in
1
crctg
RC

6
 A
1
2
1
2
0
0
*t
Hnh 1.7. a) c trng bin tn s b) c trng pha
ca mch RC li ra trn in tr

mch lc ny cho tn s cao i qua (khng hoc t cho tn s thp i qua) gi l

mch lc tn s thp hay mch lc thng cao.

d) V d1
Cho mch in RC li ra trn R. bit R =1K, C=1nF. Tm tn s ti tn hiu li ra
bng 0.8 tn hiu li vo.

1.2.4. c trng qu ca mch RC

1) nh Ngha
c trng qu ca mch (ngi ta cn gi l p ng xung) cho bit tn hiu li
ra ca mch khi li vo tc dng mt tn hiu nhy bc.
h(t) =u2(t)/u1(t)
u2(t) l tn hiu li ra
u1(t) l tn hiu nhy bc
0 Khi t<t0
tn hiu nhy bc n v (t-t0) =
1 Khi t>=t0

2) c trng qu li ra trn t in
uR + uC =(t) R
uR =iR
1 du (t) uc
uC =
C idt => i= C C
dt
C

du C Hnh 1.8 c trng qu ca mch RC

RC +uC =(t)
dt

7
y l phng trnh vi phn
gii phng trnh ny ta c uC(t)=uCT(t) + uC*(t)
(nghim ring cng vi nghim tng qut)
tm nghim tng qut uCT(t)
tm nghim tng qut ta cho v phi bng 0 khi ta c
du C dt

uC RC
t =RC l hng s th gian ca mch
t
uTC (t)= Ae

nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn c v phi l uC*(t) =1

t
=> uC(t) = Ae +1
ti t=0 uc(0) =0 => A=-1
t
vy h(t) = uC(t) =1- e

t=0 h(t) =0
t= h(t) =1
li ra sau mt thi gian mi nhy bc n v
3) c tring qu li ra trn in tr
h(t) =uR(t) =1 uC(t)
t
=> h(t) = e

t=0 h(t) =1
t= h(t) =0

1.2.5. S truyn tn hiu vung gc qua mch RC

a) Li ra trn R
Xt mt tn hiu vung gc c thi gian ko di ca xung l t. n gian ta coi
bin l 1V
C

Trong khong 0<t<t t R u2

u1
u1(t) =(t)
t
uR(t) =h(t) = e
Hnh 1.9. Tn hiu vung gc qua mch RC li

t>t => u1(t) =(t)- (t-t ) ra trn in tr

8
 '
t
t t t
'
t
'

t t ' 1- e
uR(t) = h(t) h(t-t) = e -e =-(1 - e )e

t t
'

-(1- e )

trng hp t >> th tn hiu li ra bin thnh hai

xung kim

nu t nh th tn hiu li ra gn ging vi tn hiu li vo.

b) Li ra trn t in R
* 0<= t <=t
=> u1(t) = (t) u1 t uc
C
t
uc(t) =h(t) = 1-
e
* t>=t
Hnh 1.10. Tn hiu vung gc qua mch RC li
ra trn t in

t t ' t t '
t t
=> uc(t) =h(t) h(t-t ) =1 - e -1+ e
=e
- e

Nu nh th li ra gn ging vi li vo, bin

dng t uc(t)
ngc li

1.2.6. c trng dng ca mch RLC mc ni tip - Cng hng in p

e(t) = Ecost = E e jt
sau mt thi gian trong mch xut hin dng hnh sin i(t) c tn s cng vi tn s ca
ngoi lc

9
i(t) = Icos(t -) = Ie jt

di 1
L Ri idt E e jt
dt C
1 jt jt
LIje jt RIe jt Ie Ee Hnh 1.11 Mch RLC ni tip
jC
1
[ R j (L )]I E
C
E
I
Z
1
L
I
E
tg= C
1 2 R
R (L
2
)
C
1
ti tn s 0 th xy ra cng hng khi I=E/R
LC
1 L
h s phm cht Q =
R C I/Imax
Q1
Q thng thng ln hn 1 v n thng nhn gi tr 10 80 1
ti gi tr cng hng UC =UL QE (R<<L)
1
2 Q2 > Q1

I 1

I max 0 2
1 Q2 ( ) * 0 *

0 t C

Q cng ln th cong cng hng cng hp

=*C - *t 0/Q
y l mch lc di ly mt s ln cn 0. gi l mch lc di hp
ng dng ca mch ny l chn tn s ly tn hiu t my thu.

10
Chng 2

LINH KIN BN DN
V CC MCH IN T NG DNG

2.1. Gii thiu mt s dng c cht bn dn c bn.

Dng c cht bn dn s c hc trong gio trnh Cu kin in t v vi mch.
Do vy trong phm vi mn hc ny ch gii thiu s lc v hai loi in hnh
l it v Transistor.

2.1.1 it
2.1.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca it
S tip xc ca hai bn dn loi p v n to nn mt vng chuyn tip in tl
trng v c gi l lp chuyn tip p-n (hay tip gip p-n) nh trnh by trn hnh
2.1.a. Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc dng c bn dn u da trn vic ng dng
cc tnh cht ca lp tip gip ny.
EJ
p n

(a) Lp tip gip khi cha c

A
phn cc K

Engoi Engoi
EJ EJ

p n p n
+ - - +

(b) Lp tip gip khi phn cc thun (c) Lp tip gip khi phn cc ngc

Ep-n= Engoi- EJ Ep-n= Engoi+ EJ

Hnh 2.1. Lp tip gip pn v cu to ca diode bn dn.

11
 Do c s chnh lch nng cc phn t ti in nn c s khuch tn l
trng t min p sang min n v khuch tn in t t min n sang min p, tc l
xut hin dng khuch tn in t v l trng qua lp tip gip p- n.
L trng khuch tn t min p lm xut hin cc in m trong mt vng ca
min p st vi min n, cn in t khuch tn t min n s lm xut hin cc in
dng trong mt vng ca min n st vi min p. V cc nguyn t c phn b
cc nt ca mng tinh th cht bn dn nn cc in m v dng c to nn ny
khng th dch chuyn t do c. iu c ngha l xut hin trong lp tip

gip cc in tch khng gian v sinh ra trong mt in trng Ej hng t
min n sang p. in trng ny s hm qu trnh khuch tn v lm gim dng
khuch tn. Trong cng thi gian y, trng ny lm tng tc chuyn ng ca cc
phn t ti in khng c bn tc l in t t min p sang n v l trng t min n
sang p. Nh vy n lm xut hin dng in tri theo hng ngc vi dng
khuch tn. Kt qu l trong trng thi cn bng ng, in tch khng gian khng
tng na v vng tip gip s thiu vng cc phn t ti in. Do vy in tr ca
vng ny s rt ln v n c gi l vng ngho in tch. Cc dng in khuch
tn v tri bng nhau cho nn dng tng i qua lp tip gip l bng khng.
Khi t mt ngun in bn ngoi ln lp tip gip theo hng: cc dng t
ln min p v cc m t ln min n nh hnh 4.1.b. th cng in trng

ngoi l ngc chiu vi in trng chuyn tip Ej, do lm gim tc dng ca
n. Kt qu l dng khuch tn c tng ln so vi dng tri v dng tng hp s
c xc nh bi dng khuch tn v chy theo chiu t min p sang n. in t t
min n khuch tn vo min p di tc dng ca in trng ngoi v tr thnh
phn t ti khng c bn trong min p. Ngc li l trng khuch tn t min p
sang n cng tr thnh cc phn t ti khng c bn trong min ny. Cc hin tng
ny gi l s phun phn t ti in c bn sang min m ti n thnh khng c
bn cn dng chy qua min tip gip gi l dng phun hoc dng in thun.
Trong trng hp ny ta ni lp tip gip c phn cc thun v dng in thun
thng ln.
Ngc li khi mc ngun in ngoi sao cho cc m ni vi min p, cc
dng ni vi min n nh trong hnh 4.1.c th tip gip c phn cc ngc.

12

Chiu in trng ngoi lc ny cng chiu vi trng E j do vy lm tng tc
dng ca n. Kt qu l cng lm gim thnh phn khuch tn ca dng qua lp
tip gip xung di gi tr ng vi trng thi cn bng v lm tng thnh phn
tri. Dng qua lp tip gip p-n lc ny s c xc nh bi dng tri theo chiu
ngc vi dng in thun v gi l dng in ngc. V nng cc phn t ti
khng c bn rt nh hn nng cc phn t ti c bn nn dng in ngc l
rt nh so vi dng in thun.
Khi ni hai in cc vo hai min p v n nh vy ta s c c mt dng c
gi l diode bn dn c k hiu nh hnh 2.1.a ch ra, trong cc ni vi min p
gi l Anode (A) cn cc ni vi min n gi l Kathode (K).
I(mA)
Ge Si GaAs
40
- + - +
30

20

10

-30 -20 -10 0

UAK (V)
2 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8

6
A

Hnh 2.2. c trng V-A ca diode bn dn.

S ph thuc ca dng I d qua diode vo th t trn n U d = UAK c tnh
theo cng thc:

I d I s eU d / UT 1 (4.1)

Trong I S l dng bo ho hay dng nhit khi diode c phn cc ngc.

K l hng s Boltzmann (1,38.10-23 [J/K];

T l nhit K;
e0 l in tch ca in t bng 1,6. 10-19C;

13
 KT
UT gi l th nhit. Ti nhit phng UT c 25,5 mV.
e0

Khi t gia A v K mt in p UAK> 0 th it cho dng i qua v gi l

phn cc thun. ngc li nu t in p UAK <0 th it kho gi l phn cc
ngc dng ngc lun nh hn nhiu so vi dng thun.
Khi thay i in p t vo it th dng qua n cng thay i theo. ng
biu din s ph thuc ca dng qua it vo in th ngoi gi l ng c
trng Von-Ampe ca it.
ng c trng gm c 3 vng.
IA (mA)
1
Vng 1 l vng phn cc
thun, vng 2 l vng phn cc
ngc, vng 3 l vng nh
thng. C ch to thnh dng 2 UAK (V)
in vng 1 v cng 2 l c ch
3
to thnh dng khuch tn cc
ht a s IKT v dng tri ca cc
Hnh 2.3 c trng Von-Ampe ca it
ht tiu s ITr.
C ch nh thng vng 3:
Khi UAK< 0 v c gi tr ln, dng in ngc tng ln t ngt trong khi
in p UAK gn nh khng tng. Khi tnh cht van ca it b ph hu v c
th lm hng lp tip xc p-n. C 2 c ch nh thng l nh thng v nhit v
nh thng v in (hiu ng Zener v Tunel).
Cc loi it c it chnh lu, it n p, it pht quang,
2.1.1.2. Mt s ng dng ca it
Lp tip gip p-n c th c dng trong nhiu mc ch nh chnh lu dng in,
tch sng tn s cao, bin i tn hiu phi tuyn, v.v... V vy cng c rt nhiu
loi diode. Diode c phn loi theo nhiu c im khc nhau tu thuc vo
cng ngh ch to, phm vi ng dng, v.v... Cn tu theo kch thc v cu to m
phn ra diode tip mt v diode tip im. Kch thc ca diode tip im c

14
xc nh bi din tch ca lp tip gip p-n c ng knh nh hn b dy ca lp
ny. Diode tip mt c din tch tip gip rt ln so vi b dy ca n. Diode tip
im c dng cc mch in tn s cao. Diode chnh lu c ch to theo
cng ngh cht bn dn Ge c in tr thun nh hn t 1,5 n 2 ln so vi diode
Si, song in p ngc m n c th chu c thp hn khng qu 400V trong khi
diode Si c th chu c ti mt vi ngn vn v c dng ngc rt nh. Diode Si
cn c th lm vic c trong mt di nhit kh rng t -60C n +150C.
C th lit k vi tham s c bn ca diode nh sau:
- Dng in chnh lu trung bnh cc i: l dng phn cc thun trung bnh
cc i cho php chy qua diode trong thi gian s dng di m diode khng hng
v qu nhit.
- in p ngc cc i: thng bng 1/2 gi tr in p ngc m ti
diode b hng do b nh thng lp tip gip.
- Dng in ngc: l tr s dng in ngc khi diode cha b nh thng, n
ph thuc mnh vo nhit .
- Di tn s lm vic: b gii hn ch yu do in dung ca lp tip gip p-n,
khi tn s tn hiu vt qu tr s ny th diode khng cn th hin tnh dn in
mt chiu na.
a) Diode chnh lu
Chnh lu l ng dng u tin ca lp tip gip pn. Cc diode tip mt
thng c dng cho mc ch chnh lu trong cc b ngun nui mch in t
c cp t mng in cng nghip.

Mch chnh lu na sng ca in p xoay chiu t ngun in cng

nghip 50 Hz c s nh hnh 4.3.a. Trong tnh ton gn ng bc nht khi bin
in p vo ln, c th coi c tuyn ca diode l mt ng gp khc nh
hnh 4.3.b. c in tr thng l rd U d / I d = const. Do trong na chu k
dng ca tn hiu vo, diode c phn cc thun v tr nn thng cho dng in
chy qua tr ti. Dng i qua ti l mt dy cc sng na chu k hnh sin s gy
nn in p trn ti c cng dng vi dng. Ta c dng th chnh lu UT = UK
nh th hnh 4.3.c.

15
 Id UA

d
A K t

AC t
50Hz ~ RT
Ud
UT=UK

0V
t

t
(a) (b) (c)

Hnh 2.4. Mch chnh lu na sng.

Mch chnh lu ton sng c s chnh lu cu n gin nh trn hnh

4.4. Trong na chu k in p vo dng, hai diode hai nhnh AB v DC c
phn cc thun do tr nn thng, cn hai diode hai nhnh CB v DA c
phn cc ngc v tr nn b cm. Do vy xut hin dng dn i qua tr ti theo
chiu t B sang D theo ng: A - B - RT - D - C.
Trong na chu k m, hai diode hai nhnh CB v DA lc ny c phn cc
thun trong khi hai diode hai nhnh AB v DC li b phn cc ngc. Do vy
xut hin dng dn i qua tr ti cng theo chiu t B sang D nhng theo ng: C
- B - RT - D - A.
Kt qu l trong c hai na chu k ta u c dng i qua tr ti to nn th UT
nh th hnh 4.4.b.
UA-C

A
t
AC B
50Hz ~
D
RT UB-D
C

(a) (b)

Hnh 2.5. Mch chnh lu hai na chu k.

16
 Lc gn sng li ra trn tr ti: Trong hai s trn, in p ra trn ti mi
l mt chiu nhng c bin cn bin i theo sng hnh sin. Mun c c in
p ra mt chiu c bin khng i (bng phng) phi mc song song vi ti mt
t in C c in dung ln nh hnh 2.5.a. Thc cht y l vic lp vo mt b
lc thng thp RC li ra mch chnh lu. Trong trng hp khng ti (RT = ),
in tr R y chnh l in tr thun rd ca diode. V ph Fourier ca dng sng
li ra sau chnh lu (gm cc na chu k sin) gm thnh phn mt chiu v cc
sng hi hnh sin c tn s 50 Hz, 100 Hz, ... nn gi tr ca t C (tc hng s thi
gian RC) phi c chn ln sao cho tn s ct ca b lc thp ch cho
qua thnh phn mt chiu cn cc thnh phn khc b suy gim ht.

UT Th trn ti
d rd khi c t U Th trn ti
khi khng c
AC
t
50Hz ~ RT
C
t

(a) (b)

Hnh 2.6. Lc gn sng trn ti.

Khi mc ti th in tr ti cng s tham gia vo mch lc ny v in tr ti
cng nh hiu qu lc cng km (sng mp m nhiu). Do vy mi mch chnh lu
c mc t ch tho mn trong mt di in tr ti nht nh. i khi ngi ta dng
mch lc LC nhng khng c hiu qu cao v kinh t do chn cc hi bc thp
i hi gi tr L rt ln, cun cm tr nn cng knh v gi thnh cao.
b) Diode n p
Trong ch phn cc ngc, cc diode Si c mt c im nh sau: nu th
phn cc vt qu mt gi tr no th s xy ra hin tng nh thng trong
lp tip gip p-n. Lc ny th trn diode hu nh khng i trong khi dng ngc
chy qua n thay i rt ln. iu cho php duy tr mt c ch n p trn tr ti
mc song song vi diode. in p m ti xy ra hin tng nh thng c gi
l in p n UZ.
C hai loi c ch nh thng c phn nh ngng UZ = 5,6V:

17
 - nh thng loi zener, cho ta cc diode c h s nhit m, ngha l ng
vi mt in p nht nh dng qua diode gim khi nhit tng.
- nh thng loi thc l, cho ta cc diode c h s nhit dng.
Dng n p cc i b hn ch bi cng sut cc i chu c ca diode n
p. Khi vt qu cng sut ny, diode tr nn qu nng v b hng do nh thng
v nhit.
Diode n p c dng cho nhiu mc ch, th d nh to b n p thng s,
b hn ch bin tn hiu, v.v... Hnh 4.6.a l th d v c trng V-A ca loi
diode n p c th n p UZ =9,8 V.

UZ = -9,8V c
trng UV
thun
I(mA UZ
) RS
c trng ngc

RT
UV ~
IZ
IZ = 40mA UT

UZ
UZ = 0,2V IZmax
t
(a) (b)

Hnh 2.7. c trng V-A ca diode n p v mch hn ch bin .

Trong ch nh thng, dng ngc tng ln n 40 mA trong khi th thay
i khng qu 0,2V. Hnh 4.6.b l mt s ng dng diode n p lm mch hn
ch bin , trong RS l in tr bo v diode khi b qu dng.
Nhn vo th in p UT ta thy: c nhng khong thi gian ngun tn hiu
c bin ln hn mc th n p UZ nhiu nhng in p st trn ti lc (cng
chnh l in p phn cc ngc ca diode) lun ch bng UZ do tnh cht n p
ca diode trong min nh thng.
nh gi cht lng n p ngi ta hay dng thng s h s n p l t s
U T
gia s bin thin in p trn in p ti tnh theo phn trm % . m bo
UT

18
h s n p theo yu cu, thng chn dng nh thng qua diode ln gp t 3 n
5 ln dng qua ti.
c) Diode bin dung
Chiu dy ca lp tip gip p-n c xc nh bi su ca lp ngn trong cc
min p v n. Cc php tnh chi tit chng t rng thm su ca lp ngn trong
cc min p v n t l ngc vi nng tp cht trong cc min y. Trong min
tip gip p-n hnh thnh hai loi in dung:
in dung in tch c xc nh bi s thay i ca in tch khi (c to
bi cc in dng v m trong lp tip gip p-n) khi thay i in p tc dng t
ngoi. Theo quan im ny th lp tip gip p-n tng t nh mt t in phng c
S
in dung bng: C . Trong S l din tch lp tip gip, l hng s in

mi ca cht bn dn v l b dy lp tip gip.
in dung khuch tn th hin khi lp tip gip p-n c mc theo chiu thun
v c xc nh bi s bin i ca in tch trong min p v min n v s thay
i ca s in t v l trng phun vo cc min .
Da trn nguyn tc ny ngi ta ch to ra diode bin dung (varicap) c in
dung ca lp tip gip p-n ph thuc vo in p ngc tc dng ln n nh c
trng C-U trn hnh 4.7.a. K hiu ca varicap c v trn s ng dng trong
hnh 2.7.b.

(nF) CV = Cp-n Anten thu

200
C
+ P 0
100
L
- Tn hiu ra
CV
Ungc

10 20 30 (V)

(a) (b)

Hnh 2.8. c trng Vn-Fara ca diode bin dung v mt s ng dng.

19
 y l mt s iu hng tn s cng hng ca khung dao ng LC rt
hay c dng trong k thut pht thanh truyn hnh hin nay. Thay v cho vic s
dng mt t in bin i (t xoay) bng c kh nh kiu c trong khung LC, mt
diode bin dung c th vo v tr .
Khi iu chnh v tr con chy ca bin tr P, in p phn cc ngc t vo
diode thay i v lm thay i in dung CV ca n. iu cho php iu hng
gi tr tn s dao ng ring ca khung ( 0 1 / LCV ) cho ph hp vi tn s
ngun tn hiu cn thu c c hin tng cng hng dng trong khung nhm
chn lc tn hiu i pht c tn s bng tn s 0 . T C0 trong s c tc dng
ngn thnh phn mt chiu t ngun i vo cun cm L; do vy gi tr ca n c
chn ln so vi CV sao cho trong di iu hng, dung khng ca n (bng 1/
C0) c th coi bng khng.
d) Diode quang in (photo diode)
Diode quang in l dng c bn dn c dng ngc tng nhanh khi c chiu
sng. Khi chiu sng diode bng bc x nh sng c bc sng thch hp, dng
ngc ny tng do s to ra cc ht ti in khng c bn trong cc min p v n
cng nh s pht sinh cc cp in t - l trng trong vng tip gip p-n. H c
trng V-A ca mt diode quang in vi cc quang thng khc nhau chiu vo
n c biu din nh hnh 2.9.a. Dng ngc khi diode cha c chiu sng ( 0
= 0) gi l dng ti. Khi 0, dng quang in l tng ca 3 dng thnh phn:
dng khuch tn ca cc in t trong min p c sinh ra do cc ph-tn sng
chiu vo, dng khuch tn ca quang l trng trong min n v dng pht quang
trong vng tip gip p-n. Diode quang in c dng trong cc s thu v
chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. Hnh 2.9.b. l k hiu ca mt diode
quang in v s mch ng dng pht hin cc xung nh sng ca n.

20
 Id
K +Vcc

3>2 >1 >0 d

S
in p ra
B
0
0 Ud khuch i
1
2 RC
3

(a) (b)

Hnh 2.9. H c trng vn-ampe vi cc quang thng khc nhau (a) v s

ng dng ca diode quang in thu nhn cc xung nh sng (b).
Cc xung nh sng t ngun sng S qua cc khe ca a quay K c chiu ti
b mt ca diode quang in d. Ngun +Vcc cp in p ngc cho diode qua in
tr gnh RC. Trong thi khong khng c xung sng chiu vo, dng ngc rt
nh, st th trn tr ti bng khng. Khi c xung nh sng chiu vo diode to nn
dng quang in Id t l vi quang thng. Dng ny gy nn cc in p xung trn
tr ti bng IdRC. in p ny c a ti mch khuch i cng sut ra ti. o
tn s ca xung in li ra ta c th xc nh c tc quay ca a, v.v...
e) Diode pht quang LED (light emitting diode)
Diode pht quang l loi hot ng vi lp chuyn tip p-n c phn cc thun.
Lc ny cc in t c bn t min n c phun sang min p v ti hp vi l
trng. Ngc li l trng c phun t min p sang min n v ti hp vi in t.
Trong qu trnh ti hp, nng lng c gii phng di dng tia bc x nh
sng. Do diode loi ny c gi l diode pht quang LED. Cc c trng quan
trng nht ca mt diode pht quang l: ph nh sng pht x, hiu sut v p ng
ca diode vi xung kch thch. Cc diode pht quang thng dng gm cc loi pht
nh sng trong vng kh kin v loi pht trong vng hng ngoi. Chng c s
dng nhiu trong cc bng ch th (display), trong cc linh kin ghp ni quang v
nhy quang (nh optron). Thi gian p ng ca chng c th t c mili giy ti
cc xung hp c nan giy.
Ngoi cc linh kin diode k trn cn nhiu loi khc hin ang c s dng
nhiu trong thc t nh diode ng hm (tunel), diode laser, diode siu cao tn,
v.v... v cc diode cng sut ln hot ng vi th phn cc ngc v dng rt ln.

21
Nguyn tc hot ng v c im k thut ca cc diode loi ny cng cc s
ng dng ca n c th xem thm trong cc gio trnh vt liu, linh kin bn dn.

it c th ng dng trong cc b hn ch bin hay dch mc in p mt

chiu cho cc tn hiu.

a b

Hnh 2.10
a) b hn ch di
b) b hn ch trn

2.1.2 Transistor lng cc

2.1.2.1. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca transistor lng cc
Transistor lng cc BJT (bipolar junction transistor) l mt linh kin bn dn c 3
lp (min) bn dn ni tip nhau p-n-p hoc n-p-n. Mi lp ny ln lt c gi
l lp pht E (emitter), lp gc B (base) v lp gp C (collector). Mi lp c ni
ra cc in cc tng ng l emitter, base v collector. S sp xp gia cc lp bn
dn v b tr cc in cc cng nh k hiu ca hai loi transistor trong s
mch nh hnh 4.9. Transistor trong hnh (a) l loi pnp hay gi l transistor thun,
loi trong hnh (b) gi l transistor ngc npn. Vi cch sp xp nh vy, i khi
transistor c coi nh 2 diode mc ni tip nhau nh hnh.

22
 E
p n
C E n p C
p n

B
B

C C C C
B B B B
E E
E E
(a) (b)

Hnh 2.11. S sp xp cc lp bn dn trong hai loi transistor v k hiu ca n.

Nguyn l hot ng ca cc transistor c kho st k trong cc gio
trnh linh kin bn dn, y ta ch im li mt cch vn tt s hot ng ca mt
transistor loi pnp thy tc dng khuch i cng sut ca n khi c mc
trong mt s thch hp, th d nh s hnh 4.10.
Transistor c cp in t hai ngun E1 << E2. Nhn vo s ta thy,
ngun E1 to mt phn cc thun cho lp tip gip E-B trong khi ngun E2 to ra
mt phn cc ngc trn lp tip gip B-C. Khi kho K m, in p UEB bng
khng cn tip gip B-C li c phn cc ngc nn dng collector Ic hu nh
bng khng (thc ra ch c mt dng ngc rt nh ca cc phn t ti in khng
c bn l cc in t t lp C sang lp B). Khi ng cng tc K, tip gip E-B
c phn cc thun t ngun E1 nn c mt dng in thun gm cc l trng t
lp E c phun vo lp B. Lp B c ch to sao cho rt mng v phn t ti c
bn y l in t c mt rt thp. V vy ch mt s t l trng t lp E sang
c ti hp vi s in t trong lp B v to ra dng I B, cn li phn ln c
khuch tn qua lp B v trt ti lp C. Nguyn nhn l do khi ti lp tip gip B-
C, chnh in trng mnh do ngun E2 to ra lm tng tc l trng v ko
chng sang lp C to nn dng IC chy qua tr ti RT. Tm li, nh c lp tip
gip E-B c phn cc thun bi ngun E1 to ra mt dng in nh IB m lp
emitter c th phun c mt dng l trng ln qua base sang lp collector to nn
dng in Ic ln. Dng in ny di tc dng ca in trng mnh gy ra bi E2
s sinh ra cng ln trn tr ti RT.

23
 p n p

E B C
K +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + +
RB +
IE + IC
RT
EV ~ IB
+ - + -

E1 E2

Hnh 2.12. Gii thch s khuch i ca transistor pnp.

Nu by gi mc ni tip vi E1 mt ngun tn hiu vo nh EV, th d ngun
xoay chiu, th dng li ra IC v th trn ti UT khng ch ph thuc vo E1 m cn
bin thin theo quy lut ca ngun tn hiu EV ny nhng gi tr bin thin li ra
trn ti ln hn gi tr bin thin ca ngun tn hiu vo nhiu. Ta c s khuch i
tn hiu nh transistor.
IC
T s c gi l h s truyn dng in. (4.5)
IE

Theo phn tch trn th I E I B I C (vi I B I C ) nn < 1.

IC
T s c gi l h s khuch i dng in tnh. (4.6)
IB

Trong thc t thng c gi tr t vi chc n vi trm. Mi quan h gia

v nh sau:

(4.7)
1 1-

ng dng quan trng nht ca Transistor l khuch i tn hiu.

24
2.2. nh ngha v cc ch tiu c bn ca mch khuych i
2.2.1. nh ngha mch khuch i

Rn IE
UG < US
Uv Ur
_ Rt
-
En +
Rg
CS
RS
Ngun
C cung cp (Ec)
UV
Hnh 2.13 SS tng qut ca mch khuch
Ura
D
i
Khuch i l lm tng+Ecc
cng in p hay dng in ca tn hiu lm cho
G

- -
tn hiu ra ln hn nhiu so- vi tn hiu u vo.. Hay ni khc i khuch i l
qu trnh lm bin i nng +lng +c iu khin, nng lng mt chiu ca
+
ngun cung cp khng cha -thng tin,
- c bin i thnh nng lng xoay chiu
+
theo tn hiu iu khin u vo,
+ cha
+ thng tin. S tng qut ca mch khuch
i c cho trn hnh 2-13.- U I DS D
UGS
Cc tnh
S
2.2.2. Cc ch tiu v tham
D
G
s c bn ca tng khuch i
a) H s khuch iSD
G
PMOS-FET
i lng u knh
K= i lng u cha c sn
ra 0
vo S
D
G
Thng thng th tngPMOS-FET
khuch i c cc phn t in khng nn K l mt
knh c sn
s phc NMOS-FET
knh c sn
K =|K|exp(jk) c tuyn
truyn t
m un |K| cho bit K
quan
hiu
hj v cng gia cc i lng ra v vo gc
k l gc lch pha gia
V
I D
chng.
GS

0
ln ca K v k UI ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hiu vo. Nu ta biu
D
GS

S
din ln K qua tn s ta nhn c ng c trng bin - tn s ca
D
G

biu din k =F() gi l c tuyn pha ca mch.

0
tng khuch i. ng
NMOS-FET
knh
K c tnh theo n v logarit, gi l n v xi ben |K|dB=20lg|K|
cha c sn
Khi ghp ni tip n VItng khuch i c cc h s khuch i tng ng K1,
D
GS

0
K2, ,Kn th h s khuch
U GS i ca h l K c tnh theo cng thc K=K1.
ID

K2Kn hay R
ID
T

+Ecc
+VDS
+VGS
D
S 25
G
N
N
Knh N
P
 K(dB)=K1(dB) + K2(dB)+ +Kn (dB).
Gia vo h s khuch i K ta c th phn ra cc loi tng khuch i
khc nhau nh khuch i in p yu cu l c KUmax Zvo>>Zngun v
Zra<<Zti. khuch i dng in yu cu Kimax, Zvo<<Zngun v Zra>>Zti hay
b khuch i cng sut cn Kpmax, Zvo=Zngun, Zra=Zti

|K|

Hnh 2.14 c tuyn bin - tn s

b) Tr khng li vo v li ra
Tr khng li vo v li ra c nh ngha
Uv Ur
Zv= ; Zr =
Iv Ir
Ni chung chng l cc i lng phc Z=R + jX
tr khng li vo yu cu ln cn tr khng li ra yu cu nh.
c) Mo tn s
Mo tn s l mo do khuch i ca mch khuch i gim hai u
gi tn. vng tn s thp c mo thp Mt vng tn s cao c mo cao
Mc. Chng c nh ngha theo biu thc:
K0 K0
Mt= ; Mc=
Kt Kc
Trong : K0 l h s khuch i vng tn s trung bnh
Kc l h s khuch i vng tn s cao
Kt l h s khuch i vng tn s thp
Mo tn s cng c tnh theo n v dB
d) Mo phi tuyn
Mo phi tuyn l hin tng u ra xut hin cc thnh phn tn s
mi m u vo khng c. Tc l khi Uvo ch c thnh phn tn s th
u ra Ura c cc thnh phn n (vi n=1, 2,) vi cc bin tng
ng l U n
. Lc h s mo phi tuyn do tng khuch i gy ra l

26
 (U2 U3 ... Un )1 / 2
2 2 2

= %
U 1

cng nh cng tt, thng <10%

e) Hiu sut ca tng khuch i
Hiu sut ca tng khuch i l i lng c tnh bng t s gia
cng sut tn hiu xoay chiu a ra ti Pr vi cng sut mt chiu ca
ngun cung cp P0

=Pr/P0
Tr khng vo: cng ln cng tt, v c th nhn c tn hiu nh
Tr khng ra cng nh cng tt v nh vy th b khuch i mi phi hp c
vi cc ti bin thin trong gii rng.

2.3. Phn cc v ch lm vic mt chiu

2.3.1. Nguyn tc chung phn cc cho Transistor
Transistor lm vic ch khuch i th n phi c phn cc thch
hp v nh phn cu kin in t nghin cu th ta thy rng Transistor
lm vic ch khuch i th cn c cc iu kin sau: chuyn tip gc
pht (JBE) phi phn cc thun, chuyn tip gc gp (JBC) lun phn cc
ngc
i vi Transistor npn iu kin phn cc n lm vic ch khuch i
l:
UBE=UB-UE>0
UCE=UC-UE>0
UE<UB <UC
Trong UE, UB, UC l in th cc cc pht, gc, gp ca Transistor
vi Transistor pnp th iu kin n lm vic ch khuch i s ngc
li so vi Transistor loi npn

27
 IC IC
IB U IB U UCE<0
UCE>0
U C U C
U U
B IE B IE
UBE>0 E UBE<0 E

a b
Hnh 2.14. a) Biu din in p v dng in phn cc tranzitor npn
b) Biu din in p v dng in phn cc tranzitor pnp

2.3.2. Mch cung cp in p phn cc cho Transistor

(a) (b)

Hnh 2.15. Mch cp in cho tranzitor

Hnh 2.3a cp ngun theo phng php nh dng. in p UBE0 c ly t

ngun VCC dn qua in tr RB vo cc gc. in tr RB c tr s ln hn
nhiu so vi in tr mt chiu ca mt ghp gc pht, do dng nh thin
IB0 c xc nh gn ng

IB0 = EC/RB
Dng in mt chiu u ra (dng cc gp) IC0 v in p mt chiu u ra
UCE0

28
 IC0=.IB0; UCE0 = EC IC0.Rc

Mch ny n gin nhng n nh im lm vic km

H2.3b cung cp in p cho cc gc theo phng php nh p nh b phn p
R1, R2 mc song song vi ngun cc gp Vcc
UBE0 =Ip.R2 =Vcc (Ip+IB0).R1
IP l dng chy qua R1,R2. Thng th chn Ip>>IB0 nn
UBE0 =Ip.R2 Vcc Ip.R1
Ta thy rng UBE0 khng ph thuc vo cc tham s ca Transistor v nhit
nn n nh. IP cng ln th UBE0 cng n nh, nhng khi R1,R2 phi c gi
tr nh. Thng chn Ip=(0.3 3)IBmax
IBmax l dng xoay chiu trong mch cc gc vi mc tn hiu vo ln nht.
Lc ny th thin p UBE0 gn nh khng ph thuc vo tr s dng cc gc IB0,
do c th dng cho mch khuch i tn hiu ln (ch B). Tuy nhin khi
g tr R1, R2 nh th cng sut tiu th ngun cng tng.
nng cao n nh im lm vic ngi ta thng hay dng cc mch cp
in p nh sau:

Hnh 2.16 Mch cung cp v n nh lm vic bng hi

tip m in p mt chiu
y RB khng ch lm nhim v a in p vo cc gc bng phng php
nh dng m n cn dn in p hi tip v mch vo.
Nguyn l n nh IC0 thay i IB0 thay i theo chiu ngc li n nh

29
2.4. Hi tip trong cc b khuch i
2.4.1. Cc nh ngha c bn
Xn K
X Xr
V

Xh Kht
t

Hnh 2.17 s tng qut ca mch

khuch i c hi tip

Hi tip l ghp mt phn tn hiu li ra (in p hoc dng in) v u vo

Hi tip ng vai tr quan trng trong cc mch tng t. N ci thin c
mt s tnh cht ca b khuch i, nng cao cht lng ca b khuch i
Ngi ta phn ra lm hai loi hi tip c bn l hi tip m v hi tip dng
Hi tip m l hi tip m tn hiu hi tip ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Hi
tip m lm yu tn hiu vo
Hi tip dng l hi tip m tn hiu hi tip ng pha vi tn hiu vo.
hi tip dng lm mnh tn hiu vo. hi tip dng thng lm cho b khuch
i mt n nh v n thng c dng to mch dao ng
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phn bit hi tip mt chiu v hi tip xoay chiu. hi
tip mt chiu c dng n nh ch cng tc, cn hi tip xoay chiu
c dng n nh cc tham s ca b khuch i

2.4.2. Cc mch hi tip

Mch khuch i c hi tip c chia lm 4 loi

30
 U1K U2K U1K K U2K
K
U1 U1 U2
U
2 U1ht U2ht
U1ht
Kht U2ht Kht
b
a

U1K U2K U1K K U2K

K
U1 U2
U1 U
2
U1ht U2ht U1ht Kht U2ht
Kht
c d
Hnh 2.18. Cc loi mch hi tip
a) Hi tip ni tip in p: Tn hiu hi tip a v u vo ni tip vi tn
hiu vo v t l vi in p u ra (hnh 2.12a)
b) Hi tip song song in p:Tn hiu hi tip a v u vo song song vi
tn hiu vo v t l vi in p u ra (hnh 2.12b)
c) Hi tip ni tip dng in:Tn hiu hi tip a v u vo ni tip vi tn
hiu vo v t l vi dng in u ra (hnh 2.12c)
d) Hi tip song song dng in: Tn hiu hi tip a v u vo song song
vi tn hiu vo v t l vi dng in u ra (hnh 2.12d)

2.4.3. Cc phng trnh c trng cho mch khuch i c hi tip

Xn K
X Xr
V

Xh Kht
K t

Xut pht t s hi tip tng qut ta i tm cc phng trnh c trng

31
 Xr=K.XV; Xht=Kht.Xr; Xv=Xn + Xht;


X K
K' = r =
X n 1 K . K

ht

'

K . K K.K .exp(j( a b ))
'
Trng hp a b =k2 => K . K K.K

K
K = >K
1 K . K ht
trng hp ny gi l hi tip dng (tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo) n
lm tng h s khuch i. c bit K.Kht =1 => K= lc li ra xut hin
mt ph tn hiu khng ph thuc vo tn hiu li vo. B khuch i trong
trng hp ny lm vic nh mt mch to dao ng
'
Trng hp a b = + k2 => K . K - K.K

K
K = <K
1 K . K ht
trng hp ny gi l hi tip m (tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo) n
1
lm gim h s khuch i. c bit K.Kht >>1 => K= lc mch
K ht
khuch i c h s khuch i ch ph thuc vo mch hi tip

2.4.4. n nh cho b khuch i

K
K =
1 K . K ht

(1 K .K ht )dK KK ht dK dK
dK= =
(1 KK ht ) 2
(1 K .K ht ) 2
dK ' dK / K
=
K '
1 K .K ht

32
 => S thay i h s khuch i ca b khuch i khi c hi tip m
nh hn khi khng c hi tip m (1+KKht) ln tnh cht ny c bit
qu gi khi h s khuch i thay i do s thay i ca mi trng bn
ngoi nh nhit chng hn. Nh vy hi tip m lm n nh h s
khuch i cho b khuch i

2.4.5. nh hng ca hi tip n tr khng vo

a) Thc hin hi tip ni tip
Khi khng c hi tip Uy K Ur
Zv = Uv/Iv; Uv
Uh Kht
Khi c hi tip Uv=Uy +Uht
t
Zvht=(1+KKht)Zv
Nh vy hi tip m ni tip lm tng in tr vo 1+KK ht ln. iu ny rt
cn thit khi b khuch i nhn tn hiu t ngun tn hiu c in tr trong
ln hoc b khuch i dng Transistor lng cc.
b) Thc hin hi tip song song
Zv = Uv/(Iv+Iht) =Zv/(1+KKht)
hi tip song song lm gim tr khng vo 1+KKht ln

2.4.6. nh hng ca hi tip n tr khng ra

a) Hi tip m in p
Ur U
Khng c hi tip: Zr = =
Ir KI v
Ur Ur Zr
C hi tip Zr = = =
Ir K ( I v KK ht I v ) 1 KK ht
hi tip m in p lm gim in tr li vo
b) Hi tip m dng in
Zr=Zv(1+KKht)
Hi tip dng in lm tng in tr li ra

2.4.7. nh hng ca hi tip n di ng ca b khuch i v mo phi

tuyn
hi tip lm tng gii ng ca b khuch i tht vy khi khng c khuch i th
ton b tn hiu vo c a vo khuch i cn khi c hi tip th ch c mt
phn tn hiu c a vo khuch i. Ngoi ra v tn hiu vo ca b khuch i

33
 c hi tip Xn nh hn 1+KKht ln so vi khng c hi tip nn mo phi tuyn
tng ng v th cng gim i t nht by nhiu ln. l mt trong nhng u
im ln nht ca hi tip m v nh m c th nng cao tnh cht v nhy
ca b khuch i

2.5. Cc s c bn dng Transistor lng cc (BJT)

2.5.1. Tng khuch i emitor chung (EC)

Ip I
P

Hnh 2. 19 Tng khuch i EC

Trong s ny th cc t C1, C2 l cc t ni tng.

T C1 ngn cn s nh hng ca dng mt chiu gia ngun tn hiu v mch
vo.
T C2 ngn thnh phn mt chiu v ch cho thnh phn xoay chiu ra ti.
R1, R2 l mch phn p xc nh ch tnh ca tng
Rc ti mt chiu ca tng
RE in tr n nhit cho tng chnh p dng hi tip m dng in
CE thot thnh phn xoay chiu xung t trnh hi tip m xoay chiu
Nguyn l lm vic ca tng EC nh sau: Khi a in p xoay chiu ti u
vo,, xut hin dng xoay chiu cc gc ca Transistor v do xut hin dng

34
 xoay chiu trn cc gp mch ra ca tng. Dng ny gy h p xoay chiu trn
in tr RC. in p qua t C2 a n u ra ca tng tc l ti ti Rt
Xc nh ch tnh ca tng
S ph thuc ca UCE0 = f(IC0)
UCE0=EC IC0RC-IERE
V dng IB rt nh nn IC0 IE nn c th vit UCE0 =EC (RC+RE)IC0
y chnh l phng trnh ng ti mt chiu ca tng

IC
D IB
B
^
IC
P P
IB=IB0
IB1
IC0 IB=0

UCEm UCE0 C A UC UB0 UBE

in ^
UC

Hnh 2.20 Xc nh ch tnh ca tng EC

Da vo c tuyn vo IB=f(UBE) ta chn dng cc gc tnh cn thit IB0 chnh

l xc nh c im P l giao im ca ng IB=IB0 vi ng ti mt chiu
trn c tuyn ra
xc nh c thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p ra v dng in ra cc
gp ca Transistor ngi ta phi dng ng ti xoay chiu ca tng (ng CD
trn hnh 2.20).
Nu coi in tr xoay chiu ca ngun EC=0 th in tr xoay chiu ca tng
gm hai in tr RC v Rt mc song song. T ta thy rng in tr xoay chiu
RXC =Rt//RC nh hn in tr mt chiu Rmc= RC + RE. Khi c tn hiu vo th
in p v dng l tng ca thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu. ng ti xoay
chiu i qua im tnh P v rc ca ng ti xoay chiu ln hn rc ca

35
ng ti mt chiu. ng ti xoay chiu c xy dng gia theo t s ca s
gia in p v s gia dng in
UCE =IC(RC//Rt)
Khi cung cp in p ti u vo ca tng th trong mch cc gc xut hin
thnh phn dng xoay chiu iBXC lin quan n in p li vo UBE theo c tuyn
vo ca Transistor. V dng cc gp t l vi dng cc gc qua h s nn trn
cc gp cng xut hin dng xoay chiu iC v in p xoay chiu Ura lin h vi
dng xoay chiu bng ng ti xoay chiu. khi ng ti xoay chiu c trng
cho s thay i tc thi dng cc gp ic v in p uC hay ngi ta g l s dich
chuyn im lm vic. im lm vic dch ln ng vi chu k dng v dch
chuyn xung ng vi chu k m ca tn hiu. Tn hiu ra khng b mo khi ta
chn tn hiu vo thch hp v ch tnh ng. Vic chn ch tnh v tnh ton
cc thng s phi da vo mt mch khuch i c th. nhng tham s ban u
cn tnh ton l bin in p ra, dng in ti, cng xut ti, v in tr ti,
cc tham s nyc quan h cht ch vi nhau nn v nguyn tc ch cn bit hai
trong nhng tham s ta c th tm c cc tham s cn li.
tn hiu khng b mo th iu kin sau y phi c tho mn.
^
UCE > UC + Ucmin
^
IC0 > I C + IC0(E)
Trong Ucmin l in p cc gp ng vi on u ca c tuyn li ra (cn
gi l in p UCE bo ho) IC0(E) l dng cc gp ban u, chnh l cao ca
ng c tuyn ra ng vi dng IB =0.
Quan h dng ra vi in p ra c dng
^ ^
^ Ur U
IC = = r
RC // Rt R XC
Da vo dng cc gp chn ta c th tnh c dng cc gc tnh
I C0 I C0 (E)
IB0 =

t da vo c tuyn vo ca Transistor ta tm c in p UBE0 ng vi
IB0 tm c
dng cc pht tnh quan h vi dng IB0 v IC0 theo biu thc
IE0=(1+ )IB0 +IC0(E)

36
 Khi chn EC (nu nh khng cho trc) cn phi theo iu kin
EC =UC0 +IC0RC + UE0
Trong UE0 =IE0RE
Khi xc nh tr s UE0 phi xut pht t quan im tng in p UE0 s lm
tng n nh nhit cho ch tnh ca tng. Tuy nhin lc cn phi tng
in p EC ca ngun cung cp. V vy thng thng ngi ta chn UE0 = (0.1
0.3)EC
U C0
in tr RE c th tnh t RE =
IC0
Khi tnh cc phn t phn p cn lu vi quan im n nh nhit cho ch
tnh ca tng, sao cho s thay i ca dng cc gc tnh IB0 ( do khng n nh ca
nhit ca in p UBE0) phi t nh hng n s thay i ca in p UB0. Mun vy
th dng Ip qua b phn p R1,R2 phi ln hn dng IB0 qua in tr R1. Tuy nhin vi
iu kin IP>>IB0 th R1,R2 phi nh v chng s gy r mch ca tn hiu vo, lm
gim in tr vo ca tng khuch i. V th khi tnh cc phn t ca b phn p ta
phi hn ch theo iu kin sau:
RB = R1//R2 = (2 5 )rv
Ip =(2 5)IB0
rv l in tr vo ca Transistor c trng cho in tr xoay chiu mch gc
pht (rv=UBE/ IB)
in tr R1,R2 c th tnh theo:
U B 0 U BE U E 0 ECC U B 0
R2 = ; R1 =
IP IP I P I B0

xc nh ch tnh ta ly mt v d c th nh sau:
Cho s hnh 2.19. Gi thit yu cu bin in p ra l 2V, dng
Transistor c = 100, UCEmin=0.5. Ngoi ra khng cn yu cu g thm
B.1: Tnh lng bin i in p ra trn colector UC =2Ur =4V. in p ti thiu
trn colector Ucmin = UE+UCER. Chn UCmin =2.5V, do Ucc UCmin+ UC
=6.5V. lm tri ta c th chn Ucc=8V
B.2: chn in p trn RE n nh im lm vic, chn UE=2V
B.3: chn IC, v khng c yu cu g c bit v gii tn, tr khng vo nn c th
chn IC tng i tu . Thng chn IC c mA. Ta chn IC=1mA

37
 B.4: tnh RE=UE/IE =2k
B.5: chn IP = 10IB 10IC/BN =100A
B.6: tnh R1+R2 = UCC/IP = 80K
B.7: R1 = UB/IP = (UE +UBE)/IP =27k
B.8: R2=80-27=53K. C th chn in tr chun l 56K
B.9: Chn in p tnh trn colector
UC0=UCC (UCC - UE -UCEmin)/2 = 5.25V
B.10: Tnh RC = (UCC UC0)/IC =2.75K chn in tr chun RC =2.7K

2.5.2. Tng khuch i colector chung(CC)

S colector chung hay cn
gi l s lp li Emitor v
in p ra ly trn cc E ca
Transistor v tr s th in p
ra gn bng in p vo v
cng pha vi in p vo.
in tr RE ng vai tr
nh in tr RC ca s Rt
Emitor chung ngha l to ra
mt in p bin i u ra
trn n.T C c nhim v a tn hiu ra Hnh 2.21 S CC
ti Rt in tr R1, R2 l b phn p cp
in mt chiu cho cc gc xc nh ch tnh ca tng. tng in tr vo
ngi ta khng mc R2.
Tnh ton ch mt chiu tng t nh tnh ton vi s EC. kho st
cc tham s ca tng vi dng xoay chiu cn chuyn sang s thay th.
in tr vo ca tng: RV = R1//R2//rv

Ta c Uv = IB [rB +(1+ )(re +RE//Rt)]

Chia Uv cho IB ta c: rv =rB +(1+ )(re +RE//Rt)
t biu thc trn ta thy rng in tr vo ca tng CC ln hn nhiu so vi tng EC
v rE thng nh hn nhiu so vi RE//Rt, cn rB nh hn (1+ )(re +RE//Rt) nn ta c
in tr vo ca tng lp cc pht l: RV R1//R2//(1+ )(RE//Rt)

38
 in tr vo ln l mt u im ln ca tng khuch i CC n dng phi
hp vi cc ngun tn hiu c in tr trong ln
in tr ra ca tng nh c (10 50). N c dng phi hp mch ra ca
tng khuch i c in tr ti nh. Khi tng gp chung lm tng ra ca b
khuch i c vai tr nh mt tng khuch i cng sut n ch A

Hnh 2.22. S khuch i BC

2.5.3. Tng khuch i Base chung

Cc phn t trong mch cng ging nh trong cc s trn

in tr vo ca tng c xc nh ch yu bng in tr r E vo khong (10 50).
in tr vo nh l mt nhc im c bn ca tng BC v tng l ti ln i vi
ngun tn hiu vo.
i vi thnh phn xoay chiu th h s khuch i dng ca Transistor l =IC/IE <1.
H s khuch i dng ca tng l:
RC // Rt
Ki =
Rt
H s khuch i in p l:
RC // Rt
Ku = Rn l in tr ni ca ngun tn hiu. h s ny nh th KU
Rn RV
ln.

39
 Mt iu cn ch l c tuyn tnh ca Transistor mc BC c tuyn tnh
ln nn n c th dng vi in p cc gp ln hn s EC, Chnh v vy
tng khuch i BC c dng khi cn in p u ra ln.

Ura1

Ura2

Hnh 2.23. tng khuch i o pha

2.6. Tng khuch i o pha

Tng o pha dng khuch i tn hiu vo v cho ra hai tn hiu c bin bng
nhau v ngc pha nhau. Hia tn hiu ly ra t cc pht v t cc gp.
Nu chn RC =RE; Rt1=Rt2 th hai tn hiu ra c bin bng nhau. V s ny gi l
mch o pha chia ti.

2.7. Cc s khuch i dng Transistor trng (FET)

Transistor hiu ng trng hot ng da trn tc ng ca in trng ln chuyn
ng ca cc ht ti in trong mt knh bn dn loi p hoc n. C hai loi
transistor trng: loi JFET v loi MOSFET.

2.7.1. Transistor trng loi JFET

Ch JFET l vit tt ca cm t ting Anh: Junction Field Effect Transistor c
ngha l transistor hiu ng trng c lp chuyn tip p-n. Cu trc v nguyn l
hot ng ca transistor trng loi JFET c trnh by trn hnh 4.44.a. C 2
loi JFET knh N v knh P. Ta s xt in hnh mt loi knh N.

40
 VGS (V)
ID (mA)

(a) (b)
Hnh 2.24. Cu trc v c tnh truyn t ca transistor trng JFET.
Trn mt thanh bn dn silicon loi n, ngi ta to nn mt knh dn in N
vi cc phn t ti in c bn l in t n c gii hn bi mt lp bn dn loi
p bao xung quanh. C 3 in cc c gn ln : cc ngun S (source), cc ca
G (gate) v cc mng D (drain). V tr v ngun in cp cho cc cc c cho
nh trn hnh. Transistor JFET knh N gi l N-JFET. Khi hot ng, ta thy lp
tip gip p-n gia cc ca G v cc ngun S c phn cc ngc bi th UGS,
cn ti tiu th c mc ni tip vi knh dn v dng qua ti chnh l dng cc
mng ID.
Nh bit v c tnh ca lp tip gip p-n, s bin i gi tr ca in p
phn cc ngc trn cc ca UGS s lm thay i rng ca min ngho phn t
ti. iu dn n lm thay i thit din ngang ca knh dn N v lm thay i
dng cc mng ID chy qua knh. Nh vy dng cc mng ph thuc vo th cc
ca v do cc ca cn c gi l cc iu khin. in p m ti dng cc
mng ID nhn gi tr cc tiu ( 0) gi l in p ngng UP. c tuyn truyn t
2
U
c m t bi phng trnh I D I DS 1 GS v c dng nh trn hnh 4.44.b,
UP
trong IDS l dng cc mng khi UGS = 0. Transistor trng JFET c tc dng
khuch i nh transistor lng cc. H c trng li ra ca mt transistor N-
JFET c dng nh hnh 4.45 gm 3 vng:
- Vng bo ho (UD > Ubh): trong ID khng ph thuc vo UDS m ch ph
thuc vo UGS. y l vng s dng cho khuch i vi dng ID c iu khin
bi th vo UGS.

41
 - Vng tuyn tnh (UD < Ubh): trong UD c gi tr nh v ph thuc tuyn
tnh vo ID.
- Vng nh thng: trong dng ID t ngt tng khi UDS ln nh
thng lp tip gip p-n gn in cc mng.

Hnh 2.25. H c trng li ra ca JFET.

Cu trc v nguyn tc hot ng ca transistor trng P-JFET v nguyn tc
cng ging nh loi N-JFET. Hnh 4.46 l tm tt k hiu v dng c tnh truyn
t ca hai loi ny.

Hnh 2.26. K hiu v c tnh truyn t ca hai loi transistor trng JFET
4.4.2. Transistor trng loi MOS-FET

42
Ch MOS-FET l vit tt ca cm t ting Anh: Metal-Oxyt Semiconductor FET
c ngha l transistor hiu ng trng c cc ca cch in bng vt liu -xit kim
loi. Cu trc ca mt transistor MOS-FET c biu din trn hnh 4.47.a.
Linh kin cng gm c 3 cc: cc ngun S v cc mng D ni vi hai u
knh dn, cc ca G ni vi bn kim loi c cch in cao vi knh qua mt lp
cch in, thng l -xit nhm c in tr rt cao. Vi cu trc nh vy, tn ti
mt t in MOS nm gia cc ngun v cc mng. Th d, transistor MOS-FET
knh N s dng silicon loi p, cc ngun v cc mng l silicon N+. Mt hiu
in th dng ln t ln cc ca s lm o ngc tnh bn dn ca P v
lm hnh thnh trong mt knh dn N. Cc in t trong knh dn s chuyn
dch t cc ngun sang cc mng khi c mt hiu th dng UDS t gia cc
mng v cc ngun. Nh vy cng bng cch bin i gi tr ca th t vo cc
ca ta c th bin i gi tr ca dng chy qua cc mng. Transistor trng MOS-
FET cng c th dng khuch i dng in. Do tnh cch in cao ca lp -
xit kim loi nn transistor MOS-FET c c im rt qu l c tr vo rt cao,
dng d li vo rt nh.
+VGS
+VDS RT
+Ecc
G
ID
S D
N N
Knh N
P

Hnh 2.27. Cu trc ca transistor MOS-FET.

Trong mi loi knh P hay N, transistor trng MOS-FET cn c phn bit
thnh 2 loi:
- Loi knh c sn (hot ng trong enhancement-mode): trong ngay ti th
UGS = 0 tn ti sn knh dn N (nu loi P) hay knh dn P (nu loi N).
Khi th UGS < 0 s lm ngho nng ht ti ca knh v gim dn knh, gim
dng ID.
- Loi knh khng c sn (hot ng trong deplete - mode): trong khi UGS =
0, dn ca knh rt nh, hu nh bng 0. Ch khi t mt th dng (vi loi
knh N, loi P) hay th m (vi loi knh P, loi N) mi hnh thnh knh dn
in. S tng gim ca UGS trn gi tr in p ngng s lm thay i nng ht

43
ti in ca knh, lm thay i dn knh v tng ng l dng cc mng chy
qua knh.
Hnh 2.28 l tm tt k hiu v dng c tnh truyn t ca 4 loi ny.
Ni chung cc s hot ng ca transistor trng FET cng tng t nh
transistor lng cc BJT, tc l cng c cc s mc theo kiu ngun chung
(source chung), ca chung (gate chung) hay mng chung (drain chung).

Hnh 2.28. Tm tt cc k hiu v dng c tnh ra ca cc loi transistor MOS-FET.

Ring mch nh im lm vic, th d cho mt transistor trng N-JFET,

thng hay s dng s dng st p qua tr mc ti cc ngun nh trnh by trn
hnh 4.49. Trong s ny, dng mng ID gn bng dng cc ngun IS s to nn
mt st p trn in tr RS vi chiu nh hnh v. St p ny c truyn qua mt

44
in tr t ti cc ca Rg (thng c gi tr ln c m-ga m) to mt in p
ngc cp cho tip gip ca - ngun G-S.

Hnh 2.29. nh im lm vic cho transistor J-FET knh N qua tr cc ngun

RS.

Nguyn l xy dng cc tng khuch i dng Transistor trng cng ging

nh dng Transistor lng cc. im khc nhau l Transistor trng iu khin
bng in p. Khi chn ch tnh ca Transistor trng cn a ti u vo (cc
ca G) mt in p mt chiu c gi tr v cc tnh cn thit.

2.7.2. Tng khuch i cc ngun chung (SC)

Ti RD c mc vo cc mng D, cc in tr R1, RG, RS dng xc lp UGS0
ch tnh in tr Rs dng hi tip m dng in mt chiu n nh ch
tnh khi thay i nhit v do tnh tn mn ca tham s Transistor. T C S dng
kh hi tip m xoay chiu. Cp1 dng ghp tng vi ngun tn hiu vo
nguyn tc chn ch tnh ging nh Transistor lng cc
im lm vic tnh P dch chuyn theo ng t mt chiu s qua im A v
B. i vi im A: IDS=0, UDS=+ED, i vi im B: UDS=0, ID=ED/(RD+RS).
in tr ti xoay chiu xc nh theo RtXC=RD//Rt.

45
 ID
D
B

P UGS
IC
UD 0

UGs S
UDS UDS0 C A UDS

UG min ^
Ur
0 Us0

Hnh 2.20 a) s khuch i SC

b) Xc nh ch tnh ca tng EC

Trong ch tnh:
UDS0 = ED ID0(RD + RS)
Trong : ID0 l dng cc mng tnh
UDS0 l in p cc mng - ngun tnh.
in p UGS0 l tham s ca c tuyn ra tnh i qua im P.
Da vo c tuyn ca FET, ta thy ch tnh in p cc G c th l m,
dng hoc c th bng 0
Kho st trng hp UGS0<0
in tr RS v RG xc nh in p UGS0<0 trong ch tnh. Tr s v cc tnh
ca in p trn RS l do dng in IS0 = ID0 chy qua n quyt nh RS= UGS0/ID0
in tr RG dn in p UGS0 ly trn RS ln cc G ca FET. in tr RG phi
chn nh hn in tr vo. iu ny rt cn thit loi tr nh hng ca tnh
khng n inh theo nhit v tnh tn mn ca cc tham s mch vo n in
tr vo ca tng. Tr s RS thng chn t 1 5 M.
Ngoi vic m bo in p UGS0 yu cu in tr RS cn to ra hi tip m dng
in mt chiu trong tng, ngn cn s thay i dng ID0 do tc dng ca nhit
v tnh tn mn cc tham s ca Transistor v v th n nh ch tnh ca tng.
tng tnh n nh ca tng tng in tr RS nhng phi m bo UGS0. Trong

46
trng hp ny phi b in p US0 bng cch cung cp cho cc ca in p UG0
qua in tr R1.

UGS0 = US0 - UG0 = ID0.RS ED RG (2.8)

RG R1
E D RG
R1 = RG (2.9)
U S 0 U GS 0
in p ngun cung cp ED =UDS0 + US0 +ID0.RD (2.10)
Tr s RD c nh hng n c tuyn tn s ca tng, n c tnh theo tn s
trn ca di tn. Vi quan im m rng gii tn th phi gim RD. Sau khi chn
in tr trong ca Transistor ri th ta c th chn RD = (0.05 0.15) ri.
Vic chn US0 cng ging nh in p UE0 trong tng EC, ngha l tng in p
Us0 s lm tng n nh ca im lm vic tnh do tng Rs tuy nhin khi phi
tng ED, v th thng chn Us0 trong khong (0.1 0.3)ED.
Khi UGS0 0 th phi mc RS t yu cu v n nh ch tnh. Lc bt
buc phi mc R1. Chn cc phn t da vo cc cng thc (2.8 2.10) khi 2.8,
2.9 phi chn UGS=0 hoc l thay i du ca in p UGS. Ch UGS>0 l ch
in hnh ca MOSFET c knh cm ng loi n. V th nu thc hin i du U GS0
trong cng thc 2.8, 2.9 ta c th tnh mch thin p R1, RG ca tng ngun chung.
Chn loi FET phi ch n cc tham s dng mng cc i IDmaxx, in p mng
cc i UDmax, v cng sut tiu tn cc i ca Transistor PDmax. Ging nh EC
tng ngun chung cng lm o pha tn hiu vo.

2.7.3. Tng khuch i cc mng chung

47
 UV
Ur

Hnh 2.21 S nguyn l tng khuch i mng chung

S khuch i mng chng gng ging vi s CC. in tr R1, RG, v RS dng

xc nh ch lm victnh cho Transistor. vic chn v tnh ton m bo ch
tnh c cng ging nh tng SC. Ti mt chiu l Rmc =RS cn tr ti xoay chiu l
RtXC =RS//Rt
i vi tng DC th tn hiu vo cng pha vi tn hiu vo. in tr li vo rt ln c
107 n 1012. H s khuch i in p nh hn 1.

2.7.4. Mch khuch i dng IC

2.8. Phng php ghp cc tng khuch i

Mt b khuch i thng gm nhiu tng mc ni tip nhau nh di v thc t mt
tng khuch i khng m bo h s khuch i cn thit. y tn hiu ra ca
tng u hay tng trung gian bt k s l tn hiu vo ca tng cho tng sau n v ti
ca tng trc l in tr vo ca tng sau. in tr vo v ra ca b khuch i s
c tnh theo tng u v cui.

UR1 =Uv2 URN-1 =UvN

Uv1 1 2 N-1 N URN

48
H s khuch i ca b khuch i s l tch h s khuch i ca cc tng.
KU =KU1.KU1.KU2.KUN
Vic ghp gia cc tng c th c thc hin bng t in, bin p hay ghp trc
tip.

2.8.1. Ghp tng bng t in

Hnh 2.22 Tng khuch i ghp tng bng t in

Xut pht t h s khuch i yu cu. Vic tnh ton cc tng ( chn v m

bo ch tnh, tnh tian ch xoay chiu phi tun theo th t t tng cui cng
tr v tng u tin.
Trc ht tng ny phi m bo a ra ti Rt cng sut tn hiu yu cu. Da
vo h s khuch i tng cui cng, ta xc nh cc h s tn hiu vo ca n, v
l c s tnh ton cho tng sau c nh vy ta tnh ton cho cc tng cn li ca
b khuch i
Nh cp cc phn trc cc b khuch i u c h s khuch i gim v
hai pha l tn s thp v tn s cao. min tn s thp, khi ti thun tr th h s
khuch i gim l do t in trong s quyt nh cn tn s cao th ch yu l
do cc tham s ca Transistor quyt nh c th:
tn s thp: Khi tn s gim th dn in ca cc t ni tng s gim. Do c
h p trn cc t nn in p ca ngun tn hiu t vo tng u tin hay in p ra
tng trc t vo tng sau s b gim. H p lm gim bin tn hiu li ra ca
cc tng ca b khuch i ni chung tc l gim h s khuch i min tn s
thp

49
T CE cng lm gim h s khuch i mn tn thp v n lm tng mc hi
tip m dng in xoay chiu trn RE.
Vic gim mun ca h s khuch i tn s thp c c truwng bi h s mo
tn s thp ca b khuch i.
K0
Mt =
Kt
chnh l h s mo tn s ca mi tng trong b khuch i
Mt = Mt1.Mt2.Mtn
1
h s mo tn s tnh theo: Mt = 1 ( )2
t t
i vi t Cp1 th ta c hng s thi gian =Cp1(Rn+Rv1) trong Rn l in tr
ngun tn hiu vo, Rv1 l in tr vo ca tng u tin. Tng t nh vy ta c th
tnh c hng s thi gian cho cc tng cn li.
min tn s thp c t in nn dng in nhanh pha hn in p. Nh vy s
dch pha ca in p ra so vi in p vo tn s thp c c tnh vt trc. Gc
dch pha ca b khuch i bng tng gc dch pha ca mi t v gc dch pha ca
1
mi t c tnh t acrtg
t t
c im cng tc ca b khuch i min tn s cao l s ph thuc h s
khuch i cu Transistor vo s tn ti in dung mt ghp gp CCE. Nhng nhn
t ny nh hng n c tuyn tn s tn s cao. min tn s cao s gim
mun ca Transistor cng nh tc dng r mch ca t CCE lm gim h s
khuch i
H s mo tn s cao xc nh theo cng thc:
MC= 1 ( C C ) 2
y C l hng s thi gian cuar tng tn s cao
Gc dch pha do mt tng khuch i gy ra l: C = -arrctg(CC)
Trong b khuch i c nhiu tng th mo tn s cao bng tch mo ca cc
tng cn mo pha bng tng mo pha ca tng tng.
MC= MC1.MC2 MCn
C =C1 +C2 +Cn

50
 2.8.2. Ghp tng bng bin p

Hnh 2.22 Tng khuch i ghp bin p

Cun s cp W1 mc vo cc gp T1 , cun th cp W2 mc vo cc gc T2 qua t

Cp2. Ghp tng bng bin p cch ly c in p mt chiu gia cc tng v c th
lm tng h s khuch i chung v in p hay dng in ph thuc vo bin p
tng hay gim.
u im ca mch ny l ngun cung cp cho cc gp ca Transistor ln v in p
mt chiu cun dy b do cho php ngun c in p thp. Ngoi ra ghp bin p
cn d dng phi hp tr khng v thay i cc tnh in p tn hiu trn cc cun
dy. Tuy nhin c nhc im l c tuyn tn s khng bng phng trong gii tn,
kt cu mch nng n, cng knh, h hng thay th phc tp.

2.8.3. Ghp trc tip

Ghp trc tip cc gp ca

Transistor trc ghp trc tip vo
cc gc ca Transistor sau. Cch
ghp trc tip lm gim mo tn
s thp trong b khuch i, c
dng trong b khuch i tn hiu
c thnh phn mt chiu. Nhc
im ca mch l khng tn dng

Hnh 2.23 Tng khuch i ghp trc tip

51
 c khuch i ca Transistordo ch cp in mt chiu.

2.9. Mt s mch khuch i khc

2.9.1 Mch khuch i arlingtn
Khi cn tr khng vo
C E
tng khuch i ln dng
vo nh, h s khuch i ln B
B
ngi ta ni mch khuch i
theo arlingtn. Mch gm E C
hai Transistor T1 v T2
Khi cp ngun T1 v T2 lm a b
vic ch khuch i ta c:
Hnh 2.24 Mch Darlingtn
IC=IC1 + IC2;
a) Mch chun
IE =IE1 + IE2
b) Mch Darlingtn b
B qua dng ngc ban u ta
c:
IC =1IB1 + 2IB2 = 1IB1 + 2 (1+1)IB1
1, 2 ln lt l h s khuch i dng ca T1 v T2. H s khuch i ca s l
=1 2
in p vo ca mch l: UBE = IB1rv1 + (1+1)IB1rv2
in tr R E a vo c tc dng to mt st th khong 0.4V iu khin m T1, T2
lc dng ra ln v chuyn chng t m sang kho nhanh hn.

2.9.2 Mch Cast (Kaskode)

Mch gm hai Transistor ghp vi

nhau. T1 mc pht chung cn T2 mc
gc chung
Khi c tn hiu vo T1 khuch i t
in p ra Ur1 ln cc pht T2. T2
khuch i tip cho ra Ur2.

52
Ngi ta tnh c h s khuch i in p ca T1 l: KU1 =-1; ca T2 l Ku2
=2.Rc/rv2
Trong rv2 l in tr vo ca T2. Hnh 2.25 Mch khuch i Kascode
Nn h s khuch i chung l K=Ku1Ku2
u im ca mch l ngn cn nh hng ca mch ra i vi mch vo ca tng
khuch i c bit tn s cao.

2.9.3 B khuch i vi sai

B khuch i vi sai l mt b khuch i c

cho nh hnh bn. N gm hai u vo v hai
u ra.
Tn hiu vo c th t hai ngun ring bit Uv1,
Uv2 hoc t mt ngun. trng hp mt ngun
tn hiu c t ln cc gc ca mt trong hai
Transistor hoc gia hai cc gc ca chng.
Tn hiu ra c th ly t cc gp ca mt trong
hai Transistor hoc gia hai cc gp ca hai
Transistor.
Hnh 2.26 b khuch i vi sai
Xt mt s trng hp in hnh
Vi yu cu l tng vi sai dng cc Transistor ging ht nhau, Rc1 = Rc2. Do khi tn
hiu vo bng 0, cu cn bng, in p trn cc gp ca hai Transistor bng nhau v
nh vy in p ly trn ng cho cu Ura =Ur1 + Ur2 = 0. S c n nh cao
i vi s thay i in p cung cp, nhit , v cc yu t khc v tri ca hai
nhnh ging nhau, in p trn cc gp thay i cng mt gia s v tri u ra gn
nh b trit tiu

Dng IE chia u cho hai Transistor ngha l IE1 =IE2 = IE/2

IE
Dng cc gc c xc nh IB01 =IB02 = IV 0
2(1 )
Dng cc gp IC1 =Ic2 =IE/2 IE/2
in p cc gp UC1 = Uc2 =Ec1 IE.Rc/2
Trng thi ny cho ch cn bng ca tng v gi l cn bng tnh.

53
Khi c mt tn hiu a vo, gi s Uv1>0, Uv2 =0.
Do tc dng ca in th li vo, xut hin dng in vo ca hai Transistor, dng cc
gc T1 tng ln, dng cc gc T2 gim xung. Khi IE1, Ic1 tng ln cn IE2 v Ic2
gim xung. s thay i dng in xy ra ngc chiu nhau v vi cng mt s gia.
in p trn cc gp ca Transistor l Uc1 = Ec1 Ic1Rc1 gim mt lng Uc1 cn
in p trn cc gp ca Transistor T2 tng mt lng Uc2 cng pha vi in p vo.
Nh vy vi cch a tn hiu vo nh ang kho st th u ra ca tng ly trn cc
gp ca Transistor T1 gi l u ra o cn ly ra trn cc gp ca T2 gi l u ra
khng o hay gi ra u ra thun tn hiu ly ra trn hai cc gp ca hai Transistor
gi l tn hiu vi sai
Ura = Uc2 Uc1 = Uc2 + Uc1 = 2Uc 2|Ic|Rc

2.10. B khuch i tn hiu bin i chm K

B khuch i tn hiu bin i chm (tn hiu
mt chiu) lm vic vi nhng tn hiu tn s
gn bng khng v c c tuyn bin tn s
nh hnh bn. K0
Vic ghp gia ngun tn hiu vi u vo b f
khuch i v gia cc tng trong b khuch
i khng th dng t in hay bin p v khi Hnh 2.27 c tuyn tn s
ta c c tuyn bin tn s nh cc mch ca b khuch i mt chiu
xt trn f =0 th K=0
truyn t tn hiu mt chiu cn phi ghp trc tip theo dng mt chiu
gia ngun tn hiu vi mch vo v gia cc tng trong mch. V ghp trc tip
nn vic chn im lm vic tnh cho cc Transistor c nhng c im ring so
vi cc Transistor kho st trc y v d nh b khuch i ghp in dung
th ch mt chiu ch do nhng phn t trong tng quyt nh v cc tham s
ca n c tnh ring cho tng tng, v nhng nh hng ca tng ny khng nh
hng n cc tng khc.

54
 Trong b khuch i mt chiu khng c phn t cch ly thnh phn mt chiu
v vy in p ra khng ch xc nh bi tn hiu ra c ch m cn c tn hiu gi do
s thay i ch mt chiu ca cc tng theo thi gian, theo nhit , hay mt
nguyn nhn l no khc. c bit l nhng tng u tin v nhng thay i ca cc
tng ny s c cc tng sau tip tc khuch i
S thay i mt cch ngu nhin ca tn hiu ra khi tn hiu vo khng i gi
l s tri im khng ca b khuch i
Cht lng ca b khuch i mt chiu c nh gi theo tri quy v u
vo ca n Utr.V =Utr.R/K trong K l h s khuch i tri quy v u vo
c trng cho tr s tn hiu gi u vo cu b khuch i. Khi xc nh di bin
i ca tn hiu li vo cn ch n tri ra sao cho Utr.r nh hn nhiu so vi
tn hiu ra c ch

2.11. Khuch i cng sut

a) c im chung v yu cu ca tng khuch i cng sut
Tng khuch i cng sut l tng cui cng ca b khuch i, c tn hiu vo
ln. N c nhim v khuch i cho ra ti mt cng sut ln nht c th c vi
mo cho php.
Cc tham s c bn ca tng khuch i cng sut
- H s khuch i cng sut KP l t s gia cng sut ra v cng sut vo
KP =Pr/Pv
- Hiu sut l t s gia cng sut ra v cng sut cung cp mt chiu P0
=Pr/P0
hiu sut cng ln th tn hao trn cc gp ca Transistor cng nh
Cc ch lm vic ca tng khuch i cng sut c th l A, AB, B tu thuc
vo ch cng tc ca Transistor. Thng ngi ta chn ch lm vic l ch
AB hoc ch B.
Ch A l ch tng khuch i c hnh sin ca tn hiu vo. ch ny gc
ct =1800 dng tnh lun ln hn dng ra nn mo nh nhng hiu sut rt thp
ch dng khi yu cu cng sut ra nh.

55
Ch AB tng khuch i hn na hnh sin ca tn hiu vo gc ct 90 0 <
<1080. Lc ny dng tnh b hn ch A nn hiu sut cao hn im lm vic
ca ch AB gn vng tt ca Transistor
Ch B tng khuch i na tn hiu hnh sin vo gc ct =900. ch ny
dng tnh bng khng nn hiu sut cao
Ch AB, v ch B c hiu sut ln nhng mo cao. gim mo ngi ta
dng mch khuch i y ko m ta s xt sau:

IC

A
AB
B IB=0

a UEC

A AB B

Hnh 2.27 a) c tuyn ra ca tranzitor

b) cc ch lm vic

b) Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ch B hay AB c bin p

Tng khuch i cng sut y ko c bin p gm hai Transistor T 1 v T2.. ti
c mc vi tng khuch i qua bin p ra BA2 trn mch cc gp ca mi
Transistor mc vi na cun s cp bin p. t s bin p l n2 =W21/Wt = W22/Wt

56
 Hnh 2.28 tng ko y ghp bin p
Bin p BA1 c h s bin p l n1 =WV/W11= WV/W12 m bo cung cp tn
hiu vo cc gc ca hai Transistor. Tng c th lm vic ch B hay ch
AB trong ch AB thin p ly trn cc gc ca hai Transistor c ly t
ngun EC bng b phn p R1 v R2 trong ch B thin p ban u bng khng
nn khng cn R1 lc R2 c dng m bo cng tc cho mch vo ca
Transistor trong ch gn vi ch ngun dng.
u tin xt s ch B. lc khng c tn hiu vo in p trn cc
gc ca hai Transistor bng khng. Nu khng tnh n dng ngc cc gp th c
th coi dng in bng khng. Trn cc gp cc Transistor c in p bng EC
Khi c tn hiu vo bt u na chu k dng, trn W11 ca bin p BA1 c
na chu k in p m cn trn W12 c na chu k in p dng i vi im
chung. Kt qu l T2 tt cn T1 lm vic c dng IC1 =IB1. Trn cun W21 s to
nn in p U21 = IC1Rt~ = IC1n22Rt. trn ti c na sng dng Ut = U21/n22
Khi tn hiu vo chuyn sang na chu k m, cc tnh trn cun th cp bin
p vo i du. Lc T1 tt, T2 lm vic khuch i a ra na chu k sau.
tn hiu khng b mo cn chn 1 =2 = .
Cng sut ra ca tng l
U c Ic
Pr =
2
Cng sut a ra ti c tnh n hiu sut ca bin p

57
 Pt =PrBA2
Tr s trung bnh ca dng tiu th t ngun
1
T
IC
T 0
I0 = i (t ) dt 2

Cng sut tiu th t ngun cung cp:
2 EC IC
P0 =

Hiu sut ca mch cc gp:
Pr U C
C
P0 4 EC
Hiu sut ca tng:
U C
=C.BA2 =BA2
4 EC
Nu BA2 =1 v UC =Ec th =78.5%.
Thc t th UC<EC v BA2 =0.8 nn =0.6 0.7.
c) Tng khuch i cng sut y ko khng c bin p
Mch dng Transistor cng loi

iC2
iC2
T1 T1

T2 T2
iC1
iC1

Hnh 2.29 Mch ko y khng bin p dng tranzitor cng loi

58
Mch dng Transistor khc loi

Hnh 2.30 Mch ko y khng bin p dng tranzitor khc loi

59
2.12. Cc s khuch i dng khuch i thut ton.
1) Cc tnh cht chung ca khuch i thut ton
B khuch i thut ton c cho trn hnh bn (h?).
It, Ut l dng in v in p vo ca thun. Id, Ud l dng in v in p vo ca
o Ir Ur l dng in v in p ra U0 l in p vo gia hai ca. B khuch i
thut ton khuch i in p U0=Ut Ud vi
+Ec
h s khuch i K0>0. It
T +
Do in p ra Ur = K0U0 =K0(Ut - Ud) Ir
U0
nu Ud =0 th Ur = K0Ut lc ny in p
-
ra ng pha vi in p vo Ut. V vy ca Ut I d
Ur
T gi l ca thun v k hiu l + Ud -Ec
Tng t khi Ut = 0 th Ur = -K0Ud in p
ra ngc pha nn ca gi l ca o k Hnh 2.31 B khuch i thut ton
hiu l -
Ngoi ra b khuch i thut ton cn c hai ca ni vi ngun nui i xng EC
v cc ca hiu chnh lch khng v b tn.
Mt s tnh cht ca b khuch i thut ton l tng
+ Tr khng vo Zv =
+ Tr khng ra Zr = 0
+ H s khuch i K0 =
thng th b khuch i thc t c K0 = 104 106 vgn tn s thp. tn s cao
h s khuch i gim xung nguyn nhn l do s ph thuc tham s ca
Transistor v in dung k sinh trong s
2) Mch khuch i o
Rht
Mch khuch i o cho trn Iht
hnh bn (H?) c thc hin hi
R1 N I0
tip m in p qua Rht. u vo -
Ir
thun c ni t. Tn c a U0
qua R1 n u vo o. Nu coi +
Uv
Ur
in tr vo ca khuch i thut
ton ln th dng co vo cng
Hnh 2.32 B khuch i o
nh I0 =0 khi ti nt N c

60
 phng trnh dng in. Iv Iht
Uv U0 U0 Ur
t c
R1 Rht
khi K -> th in p u vo U0 = Ur/K -> 0
Uv U Rht
=> r => K=
R1 Rht R1
Nh vy mch khuch i o c Kd hi tip m song song c xc nh bng
phn t th ng trong s .
Nu chn Rht =R1 th s c tnh cht o tn hiu vo.
Ur
Nu chn R1 =0 th Iv = hay Ur =-IvRht tc l in p t l vi dng in vo.
Rht
Mch tr thnh b bin i dng in thnh in p.

3) mch khuch i thun

Mch khuch i thun gm mch hi tip m
in p t vo cc o cn tn hiu t vo ca Rht
thun.
-
Mch khuch i thun gm mch hi tip m Ir
in p t vo cc o cn tn hiu t vo +
chn thun. Uv R1 Ur
V in p vo rt nh xem nh bng khng U0
= 0 nn quan h gia in p vo v ra l
R1
Uv = Ur Hnh 2.33 B khuch i thun
R1 Rht

h s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i thun l Kt =Ur/Uv = 1 + Rht/R1

v Rv = nn Iv =0 mch ny cc dng khi cn mt mch vo c in tr vo ln
khi Rht =0, R1 = th ta c K0 =1 ta c s lp li in p, vi in tr vo rt ln
4) Mch cng
a) mch cng o

61
 mch ny cc tn hiu a ti R1
chn o, coi cc in tr vo U1
R2 Rht
bng nhau U2
.. -
Rht = R1 =R2 = =Rn <Rv Un Ir
Khi Iv =0 th Rn +
Iht =I1 +I2 + + In Ur
Hay
Ur =-(U1 + U2 + +Un) =- Hnh 2.34 mch cng o
n

U
i 1
i

b) mch cng thun

cc tn hiu c a vo chn thun
khi Iv =0
ta c
U1 U v U 2 U v U U v
... n 0
R R R
Rht
hay U1 R
-
U1 + U2 + + Un = nUv- Ir
U2 R
=n
R1
Ur .. +
Un R
R1 Rht Ur
R1

nu ta chn cc tham s ca mch Hnh 2.35 mch cng thun

thch hp c tha s u tin ca
R1
v phi bng 1 (n =1) th ta
R1 Rht
c
n U1 Ra/a Ra
Ur =U1 + U2+ + Un = U i
i 1 Ua -
Ir
5) Mch tr
Ub +
Khi ngui ta mun tr hai in p
U2 Rb/b Rb Ur
ngi ta c th thc hin theo s
sau:
Hnh 2.36 mch tr

62
Khi ta c: Ur=K1U1 + K2U2
Ta c th tm K1,K2 bng cch cho in p vo tng chn bng khng.
Cho U2 =0 th mch lm vic nh mt b khuch i o. ta c
Ur1 =-aU1 vy K1 = a
Khi U1= 0 mch tr thnh mch khuch i thun c phn p vo. Khi :
U2 b
Ub = Rb = U2
Rb 1 b
Rb
b
b
h s phn p
1 b
b
khi Ur2 =(1+a) U2
1 b
b
H s khuch i K2 =(1+a)
1 b
Ur khi c U1, U2 l:
b
Ur=Ur2 Ur1 =(1+a) U2-aU1
1 b
Nu in tr li vo nh nhau v a =b = Th K2 =, K1=-
Vy Ur =(U2 U1)
6) Mch vi phn, mch tch phn
R
a) mch vi phn
mch vi phn l mch c in p u
C
ra t l vi vi phn in p u vo, tc -
Ir
l:
+ Ur
dU
Ur=K v trong K l mt h s
dt
vi mch dng khuch i thut ton
th ta coi U0 =0 , I0 =0 nn
Hnh 2.37 mch vi phn
dU
Iv = C v
dt
M Ur = -Iv R
dU v
Nn Ur =-RC
dt

63
 y K= RC gi l hng s vi phn ca mch. Du (-) ni ln in p ra ngc
pha vi in p vo
khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin th mch vi phn lm vic nh mt b lc tn cao
b) mch tch phn
C
Mch tch phn l mch c in p li ra t l R
-
vi tch phn in p li vo U v
t
Ur =K U v dt + Ur
0

Trong K l mt h s
dU r U v
Hnh 2.38 Mch tch phn
Ta c Iv =IC hay: -C
dt R
t
1
Rc 0
=> Ur = U v dt +Ur0

Trong Ur0 l in p trn t C khi c t = 0( l hng s tch phn xc nh t iu

kin ban u) thng th t=0 Uv =0 nn Ur=0 nn
t
1
Ur =
U
0
v dt =RC gi l hng s thi gian ca mch tch phn

i vi tn hiu hnh sin th mch tch phn tr thnh mch lc thng thp.
7) Mch to hm logarit
mch to hm logarit cho ta Ur =K1ln(K2Uv) trong K1, K2 l cc h s.
mun vy ta dng biu thc dng qua it phn cu kin in t
U ak
1
ID=IS e mU T

Trong : IS l dng ngc tnh

UT: in th nhit KT/e0
M: h s iu chnh (1<m<2)
Uak: l in p trn it
Trong min lm vic (tho mn iu D
R
kin ID >>IS) c th coi -

U ak
Uv
mU T
ID =IS e + Ur
t ta c Uak=mUTln(ID/IS)
chnh l hm logarit cn tm Hnh 2.39 Mch logarit dng it

64
 thc hin c iu ny ta mc mch nh hnh bn. Nu coi khuch i
thut ton l l tng th ta c
ID =U1/R
Ur = -Uak
U1
Hay Ur =-mUTln( )
RI S
m rng phm vi lm vic ta c th thay it bng mt Transistor mc theo kiu
it

2.13. Mch lc ngun

Hnh 2.40 Mch lc ngun cho b khuch i

Trong mt b khuch i thng c nhiu tng ghp vi nhau v dng mt

ngun chung, ngun nui c th dng Pin, c quy hay t mt b nn in. b
khuch i lm vic n nh ngun nui cn c c gn sng nh.
Nh hnh v trn b khuch i gm ba tng khuch i. Ngun nui EC c
cp trc tip vo tng khuch i th 3 v t C1 mc song song vi ngun ngn
mch dng xoay chiu xung t, khng cho qua in tr ca ngun, t C1 phi
c chn sao cho XC1<<Ri (in tr ni ca ngun Ec) tng t cc tng khuch
i pha trc th c cc mt lc tng ng l R2, C2 v R3, C3. in tr R2, R3
dng ngn dng xoay chiu ca cc khi v ngun. Gi tr ca n phi
ln ngn dng xoay chiu nhng cng gy ra st p mt chiu l va cp
ngun cho cc khi trc .

65
2.14 Lc cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in ra ti
Trong cc mch chnh lu in p hay dng in ra ti tuy c cc tnh khng i
nhng gi tr ca n thay i theo thi gian mt cch chu k gi l s p mch ca
in p hay dng inau chnh lu.
Mt cch tng qut ta c dng in ra ti khi ti thun tr

it =I0 + An sin nt Bn cos nt
n 1 n 1

trong I0 l thnh phn mt chiu cn A
n 1
n sin nt Bn cos nt l tng cc
n 1

sng hi xoay chiu c gi tr v tn s khc nhau ph thuc vo loi mch chnh

lu. vn t ra l phi lc cc thnh phn cho it t p mch v cc sng hi
gy s tiu th nng lng v ch v gy ra nhiu lon cho s lm vic ca ti
trong b chnh lu hai na chu k th thnh phn mt chiu i0 tng gp i so
vi mch chnh lu mt na chu k thnh phn sng hi c bn n=1 b trit tiu, ch
cn cc sng hi bc cao n=2 tr ln. vy mch chnh lu hai na chi k c tc
dng lc bt sng hi. Ngi ta nh ngha h s p mch Kp ca b lc
Kp=bin sng hi ln nht ca It (ut)/bin sng hi ln nht ca It (ut))
Kp cng nh th cht lng ca b lc cng cao.
Ngi ta tnh ton rng khi chnh lu mt na chu k th Kp=1.58 cn khi
chnh lu c chu k th ta c Kp=0.667.
thc hin nhim v nu trn th cc b lc sau y hay c dng
a- Lc bng t in
Do s phng np ca t qua chu k v do cc sng hi bc cao c r nhnh qua
t xung im chung, dng in qua ti ch cn l thnh phn mt chiu v mt
lng nh sng hi bc thp. Vic tnh ton h s p mch ca b lc dng t
in dn ti kt qu:
KP = 2/wCRt
Ngha l tc dng lc cng r rt khi C, Rt ln ( Rt tiu th dng in nh). Vi b
chnh lu dng in cng nghip (50Hz hay 60Hz) th C thng nhn gi tr t vi
uF n vi nghn uF (T ho)

66
b- Lc bng cun L
Mch lc bng cun dy L
c cho trn hnh. Cun
L mc ni tip vi ti Rt
nn khi dng ra ti bin
thin p mch trong cun
dy xut hin sc in
ng t cm chng li. Do
lm gim cc sng hi
(nht l cc sng hi bc
cao). v mt in khng,

cc sng hi bc n c tn s Hnh 2.41. Cc b lc

cng cao s b cun L chn a) Lc bng t in b) Lc bng cun L
cng nhiu. Do dng ra c) Lc hnh L ngc d) Lc hnh Pi
ti ch cn thnh phn mt
chiu I0v mt lng nh cc sng hi. l tc dng lc ca cun L
H s p mch ca cun dy l:
KP = Rt/3wL
Ta thy rng tc dng lc ca cun L cng tng khi Rt cng nh (Rt tiu th
dng ln). V vy mch lc ny thch hp vi mch chnh lu cng sut va v
ln. Gi tr L cng lnth tc dng chn cng cao. Tuy nhin cng khng th dng
L qu ln v khi in tr mt chiu ca cun dy ln st p mt chiu ln nn
hiu sut chnh lu gim.

c- B lc hnh L ngc v hnh .

Cc b lc ny s dng kt hp c tc dng lc ca L v C lc. do cc sng
hi cng b gim v do dng in ra ti cng t pnhp nh. tng tc dng lc
c th mc ni tip nhiu mt lc hnh vi nhau khi dng in ra ti xem nh
bng phng hon ton.
Trong mt s trng hp gim kch thc ca b lc ngi ta thay cun L
bng in tr R trong mch L ngc hay mch tuy nhin khi R s gy st p

67
 mt chiu v do vy lm gim hiu sut v cht lng ca b lc. Thng ngi ta
chn R sao cho n gy st p khong (10 20) %U0.

d- B lc cng hng
B lc cng hng c tc dng lc cc tn s
bng tn s dao ng ca khung cng hng. v
tn s cng hng ni tip ca mch LK, CK
tr khng ca n rt nh nn n ngn mch cc
sng hi c tn s bng hay gn bng tn s Hnh 2.42. B lc cng hng
cng hng.

68
 CHNG 3: MCH TO DAO NG

3.1. Khi nim

Mch to dao ng l mch khi c ngun cung cp n t to ra tn hiu.
Mch to dao ng c th phn lm hai loi.
+ Mch to dao ng hnh sin gi l mch to dao ng sin hay dao ng iu ho.
+ Mch to dao ng xung nh xung vung, xung tam gic gi l mch to dao
ng xung.
Yu cu ca mch to dao ng l to ra tn hiu c bin v tn s n nh cao,
t chu nh hng ca mi trng nh nhit , m
t c cc yu cu mch to dao ng cn:
+ Dng ngun n p
+ Dng cc phn t c h s nhit nh
+ Gim nh hng ca ti ti cc mch to dao ng nh mc thm tng m
+ Dng cc linh kin c sai s nh
+ Dng cc phn t n nhit
c bit khi cn yu cu n nh tn s cao trn 104 th ta dng thch anh vo
mch to dao ng. V thch anh c n nh rt cao vo c 106 - 108.

3.2. iu kin dao ng v c im ca mch to dao ng

xt nguyn l lm vic cu mch to dao ng ta dng s khi sau (hnh 3.1)
uvo
K
ura
uht

Hnh 3.1 S khi mch to dao ng

Nu gi thit tn hiu vo l uv v Error! Objects cannot be created from editing

field codes.Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.=1 th uht

69
=Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.Error! Objects
cannot be created from editing field codes. uv =uv v vy th tn hiu vo ca mch
v tn hiu hi tip ca mch bng nhau c v bin v pha khi nu ta ni tn hiu
hi tip vo u vo th thn hiu vn khng thay i. Lc ta c s khi ca
mch to dao ng lm vic theo nguyn tc hi tip.
Nh vy trong s ny mch ch dao ng tn s m n tho mn:
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes.Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes.=1 (3-1)
V Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.,Error! Objects
cannot be created from editing field codes. l nhng s phc nn vit li
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes..Error! Objects cannot be created from editing
field codes.=K Error! Objects cannot be created from
editing field codes.Error! Objects cannot be created
from editing field codes. (3-2)
Trong : K moun h s khuch i.
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.: moun
h s hi tip
K: Gc dch pha ca b khuch i
: Gc dch pha ca mch hi tip
c th tch biu thc 4-2 thnh hai biu thc vit theo modun v vit theo pha:
K=1 (3-3)
= K + =2n (3-4)
l tng gc dch pha ca b khuch i v mch hi tip, biu th s dch pha
ca tn hiu hi tip v tn hiu vo ban u.
Quan h 4-3 c gi l iu kin cn bng bin . N ch cho thy mch ch c
th dao ng khi h s khuch i ca b khuch i c th b li c tn hao do
mch hi tip gy ra. Cn iu kin cn bng pha 4-4 ch cho thy dao ng ch c

70
th pht sinh khi tn hiu hi tip ng pha vi tn hiu vo ban u tc l c hi tip
dng.
Thc t c th dao ng c khi mi ng ngun Error! Objects cannot be
created from editing field codes.Error! Objects cannot be created from editing
field codes. phi ln hn 1 lm cho bin dao ng tng dn v do tnh cht phi
tuyn ca phn t khuch i l tn hiu vo tng ln lm cho h s khuch i gim
v n mt lc no c Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes.Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes. =1 vy iu kin
dao ng ca mch l Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes.Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes. >=1.

3.3. Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p

Mch to dao ng hnh sin ghp bin p c mch hi tip ghp qua bin p
Nh hnh di
Trong mch R1, R2 l b phn p cp in mt chiu cho cc gc. R3, C3 lm n
nh nhit L1, C1 l khung dao ng, L2 l cun ghp ly in p hi tip , c2 l t
thot, c4 l t ly tn hiu ra v tranzitor mc pht chung nn in p ra ngc pha vi
in p vo do vy L2 cn u ph hp

Hnh 3.2. Mch to hnh sin ghp bin p

71
Tn s dao ng ca mch do mch cng hng cc gp quyt nh
fdd = Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

3.4. Mch dao ng sin ba im

Mch dao ng sin ba im c th dng tranzitor hay IC khuch i. Vi mch
dng tranzitor mc pht chung cn IC khuch i thut ton c ca thun ni t.
Khung dao ng cha ba phn t in khng X1, X2, X1.

Hnh 3.3. S mch dao ng ba im vi thnh phn xoay chiu

t mch in ta c Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

mch dao ng c cn Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes. m K<0 nn cn Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
<0 mt khc ti tn s dao ng c:
X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0
Kt hp li ta thy X1, X2 phi khc du v X2 ,X3 phi cng du, tc l:
- Nu X1 l in cm th X2, X3 l t in khi ta c mch ba im in dung.
- Nu X1l t in th X2, X3 l in cm ta c mch ba im in cm

72
 a
b

Hnh 3.4. Mch to dao ng ba im

a) Ba im in cm
b) Ba im in dung

Trong hnh a (Ba im in cm), nhnh in cm qun hai cun L1 v L2. Tn

hiu hi tip ly t L2. in p ly ra t colector qua t C4 in p trn L1 v L2
i vi im chung (t) ngc pha nhau. Tn hiu t cun L2 qua t C2 a v
u vo ca tranzitor
Trong hnh b (ba im in dung) mch dao ng bao gm in cm L v hai t
in ni tip C1 v C2 c mc song song vi mch ra ca tng. in p hi tip
ly t t C1 t ti u vo ca tranzitor qua t C3. in p trn hai t C1 v C2 so
vi im chung l ngc pha nhau v th s to ra hi tip dng.
Tn s dao ng ca mch ba im in cm trn l:
fdd =Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
cn tn s dao ng ca mch ba im in cm trn l:
fdd = Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

3.5. Mch to dao ng ghp RC

Cc mch to dao ng RC thng dng trong cc b dao ng c tn s thp ti
vi Hz cn mch to dao ng ghp LC dng trong cc b to dao ng c tn s cao
ti vi trc kHz

3.5.1 Mch to dao ng dng mch di pha RC trong mch hi tip

73
 Hnh 3.5. Mch dao ng di pha RC

Vi mch dao ng trn b khuch i c di pha 1800 nn b hi tip cng phi di pha
1800 Hm truyn t v gc di pha mi khu RC xc nh theo:

Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes. Error! Objects
cannot be created from editing field codes.
y mi tng RC ch to ra c gc di pha nh hn 900 nn m bo iu kin
v pha th b hi tip t nht phi c ba khu RC mi khu di pha 600.
V vi s trn t c iu kin ta cn c:
R1//R2//rBE
T mch in ta c h s truyn t ca mch hi tip l:
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
vi K l h s khuch i ca mch khuch i th ta c:

Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

cho Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes. ta c
1-6w2R2C2 =0
tn s dao ng ca mch l wdd = Error! Objects cannot be created from editing
field codes.

74
 thay vo biu thc trn ta c Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes.
nn K=-29
mch c h s hi tip l Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes., nn cn mc in tr R2,R3 sao cho Error! Objects cannot be created from
editing field codes.

3.5.2 Mch to dao ng dng mch cu vin

Hnh 3.6. Mch dao ng cu vin

Trong s trn th uht a vo ca thun cn cc phn t ca o xc nh ch

khuch i ca mch
T mch in ta c:
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
H s hi tip Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
Thay vo v xt trng hp R1=R2=R, C1 = C2 = C th
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
mch dao ng c th ta phi c: Error! Objects cannot be created from
editing field codes.

75
Hay 1-w2ddR2C2=0 => wdd = 1/RC
Rt ra ta c K=3
Ta cn chn R3 v R4 sao cho tho mn R4/R3=2

3.6. Mch to dao ng thch anh

3.6.1 Tnh cht v mch tng ng ca thch anh
Khi cn mch dao ng c tn s n nh cao m dng cc phng php n nh
ngun cung cp v n nh ti vn khng m bo n nh theo yu cu th phi
dng thch anh n nh tn s. Thch anh c nhng c tnh vt l rt ng qu
nh bn c hc cao, t chu nh hng ca nhit v cc tc ng ho hc.
Thch anh c tnh cht p in, ngha l
di tc dng ca in trng th gy ra
dao ng. Do c th dng thch anh nh
mt khung cng hng. Tnh cht dao ng
ca thch anh c biu din bi s
tng ng sau:
Trong Lq, Cq,rq, ph thuc vo kch
thc khi thch anh v cch ct khi thch
anh.

Hnh 3.7. Thch anh, k hiu v

s tng ng

Thch anh c kch thc cng nh th Lq, Cq,rq cng nh ngha l tn s cng
hng rin ca n cng cao. Lq, Cq,rq c tnh n nh cao. CP l in dung gi v
n c n nh km hn.
Thng rq rt nh nn trong vic tnh ton c th b qua. Tr khng tng ng
ca thch anh xc nh theo cng thc:
Zq= Xq= Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
T y ta rt ra c l thch anh c hai tn s cng hng: Mt l tn s cng hng
ni tip fq ng vi Zq=0 v mt tn s cng hng song song fp ng vi Zp = v cng
Ta c: Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

76
Cn Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

Cp cng ln so vi Cqth fp cng gn vi fq. c tnh tr khng ca thch anh c

cho trn hnh bn

Thng thch anh c sn xut vi tn s fq = 1kHz n 100Mhz. Cc thch anh c

tn s thp hn t c sn xut v n i hi kch thc ln v t tin.
Cc tnh cht v in ca thch anh c th tm tt nh sau:
+ Phm cht cao: Q = 104 105
+ T s Lq/Cq rt ln do tr khng tng ng ca thch anh Rt= Lq/ Cqrq
l rt ln.
+ Cq<<Cp
+ Tnh tiu chun ca thch anh rt cao, vi khung dao ng thch anh c th
t n nh tn s 10-6 - 10 -10.
thay i tn s cng hng ca thch anh trong phm vi hp ta mc ni tip vi
thch anh mt t in bin i Cs khi tn s dao ng c tnh theo biu thc:
fq =Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.

3.6.2 Mch in b to dao ng dng thch anh

77
 Mch in b to dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song
hnh di y (hnh a) l mch ba im in dung. Nhnh c thch anh ni tip vi t
CS tng ng mt in cm, ngha l tn s dao ng ca mch phi tho mn iu
kin
fq <fdd < fp
v t Cs phi chn tho mn Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes.
trong Ltd l in cm tng ng ca thch anh. Ngoi ra CS cn phi tho mn
CS<<C1,C2
Tn s dao ng ca mch gn ng bng fp

Hnh 3.8. Mch dao ng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song

i vi hnh b) iu kin v pha ch tho mn khi thch anh tng ng nh mt

in cm
fp >f dd > fq

78
Chng I ........................................................................................................................ 2
CC QU TRNH IN TRONG MCH TUYN TNH ......................................... 2
1.1. Cc i lng c bn .............................................................................................. 2
1.1.1. in p, dng in v cng sut ....................................................................... 2
1.1.2. Cc phn t tuyn tnh - Mch tuyn tnh ........................................................ 2
1.2. Cc c trng ca mch RC v mch RLC ............................................................ 3
1.2.1. Mch tch phn ................................................................................................. 3
1.2.2. Mch vi phn .................................................................................................... 4
1.2.3. c trng dng ca mch RC .......................................................................... 5
1.2.4. c trng qu ca mch RC ........................................................................ 7
1.2.5. S truyn tn hiu vung gc qua mch RC ..................................................... 8
1.2.6. c trng dng ca mch RLC mc ni tip - Cng hng in p ............... 9
Chng 2 ...................................................................................................................... 11
LINH KIN BN DN V CC MCH IN T NG DNG .......................... 11
2.1. Gii thiu mt s dng c cht bn dn c bn. ................................................... 11
2.1.1 it .................................................................................................................. 11
2.1.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca it ................................................. 11
2.1.1.2. Mt s ng dng ca it ......................................................................... 14
2.1.2 Transistor lng cc ........................................................................................ 22
2.1.2.1. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca transistor lng cc ...................... 22
2.2. nh ngha v cc ch tiu c bn ca mch khuych i .................................... 25
2.2.1. nh ngha mch khuch i .......................................................................... 25
2.2.2. Cc ch tiu v tham s c bn ca tng khuch i ...................................... 25
2.3. Phn cc v ch lm vic mt chiu ................................................................ 27
2.3.1. Nguyn tc chung phn cc cho Transistor.................................................... 27
2.3.2. Mch cung cp in p phn cc cho Transistor............................................ 28
2.4. Hi tip trong cc b khuch i .......................................................................... 30
2.4.1. Cc nh ngha c bn .................................................................................... 30
2.4.2. Cc mch hi tip ........................................................................................... 30
2.4.3. Cc phng trnh c trng cho mch khuch i c hi tip ....................... 31
2.4.4. n nh cho b khuch i ........................................................................ 32
2.4.5. nh hng ca hi tip n tr khng vo .................................................... 33

79
 2.4.6. nh hng ca hi tip n tr khng ra ....................................................... 33
2.4.7. nh hng ca hi tip n di ng ca b khuch i v mo phi tuyn .. 33
2.5. Cc s c bn dng Transistor lng cc (BJT) ............................................. 34
2.5.1. Tng khuch i emitor chung (EC)............................................................... 34
2.5.2. Tng khuch i colector chung(CC) ............................................................. 38
2.5.3. Tng khuch i Base chung .......................................................................... 39
2.6. Tng khuch i o pha ...................................................................................... 40
2.7. Cc s khuch i dng Transistor trng (FET) ........................................... 40
2.7.1. Transistor trng loi JFET............................................................................ 40
2.7.2. Tng khuch i cc ngun chung (SC) ........................................................ 45
2.7.3. Tng khuch i cc mng chung .................................................................. 47
2.7.4. Mch khuch i dng IC ............................................................................... 48
2.8. Phng php ghp cc tng khuch i ................................................................ 48
2.8.1. Ghp tng bng t in ................................................................................... 49
2.8.2. Ghp tng bng bin p .................................................................................. 51
2.8.3. Ghp trc tip ................................................................................................. 51
2.9. Mt s mch khuch i khc ............................................................................... 52
2.9.1 Mch khuch i arlingtn ........................................................................... 52
2.9.2 Mch Cast (Kaskode) .................................................................................... 52
2.9.3 B khuch i vi sai......................................................................................... 53
2.10. B khuch i tn hiu bin i chm ................................................................. 54
2.11. Khuch i cng sut .......................................................................................... 55
2.12. Cc s khuch i dng khuch i thut ton. ............................................. 60
2.13. Mch lc ngun ................................................................................................... 65
2.14 Lc cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in ra ti ........................................... 66
CHNG 3: MCH TO DAO NG .................................................................... 69
3.1. Khi nim .............................................................................................................. 69
3.2. iu kin dao ng v c im ca mch to dao ng ..................................... 69
3.3. Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p ..................................................................... 71
3.4. Mch dao ng sin ba im ................................................................................. 72
3.5. Mch to dao ng ghp RC ................................................................................. 73
3.5.1 Mch to dao ng dng mch di pha RC trong mch hi tip ...................... 73
3.5.2 Mch to dao ng dng mch cu vin ......................................................... 75

80
3.6. Mch to dao ng thch anh .............................................................................. 76
3.6.1 Tnh cht v mch tng ng ca thch anh ............................................... 76
3.6.2 Mch in b to dao ng dng thch anh .................................................... 77

81