DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Introduction
Prof. Silvana Dellepiane
A.A. 2017/2018

DITEN Dipartimento di Ingegneria Navale, Elettrica, Elettronica e delle Telecomunicazioni

Universit degli Studi di Genova- ITALY
Image/Volume

Digital images are made of:

2D PIXELS
3D VOXELS
Image samples

(a) Optical (b) Radar

Image Image

(c) Computed (d) Magnetic

Tomography Resonance
(CT) Imaging (MRI)
Image acquisition

It is possible to acquire the same region of interest (ROI) in

different ways:
} Multi-sensor
} Multi-modal
} Multi-temporal
Multi-sensor
Images acquired with different sensors.

Liver Ultrasound image

Liver Computed Tomography
Multi-modal images
These images are acquired with the same sensor but using different
parameters.

MR Images: T1-weighted and STIR

Multi-temporal images
These images concern the same ROI but they are acquired at different
times.

Image acquired at t1 Image acquired at t2

 Multi-temporal images

Synthetic Aperture Radar

(SAR) satellite images
Grey levels/Color
Digital images can be:
} Grey level images 256 grey levels

} Color images
Image samples - Color

Original Red Green Blue

Additive Subtractive Cyan Yellow Magenta

model model
Multi-temporal Fusion
29th April 2009 - in descending
configuration with left look angle
30th April 2009 - in ascending
configuration with right look angle
1st May 2009 - in ascending
configuration with right look angle
Cosmo/Skymed SAR images
acquired near Alessandria (Italy)
in Spotlight mode (pixel
resolution: 0,5 meters), with
different acquisition parameters
Images before (first row) and
after (second row) the pre-
processing required for RGB
composition

Thanks to the applied pre-normalization process, the images could be used in an RGB composition despite the
different acquisition parameters.
Fast-ready flood map

Flooded areas Permanent waters No flooded areas Other changes

Multi-temporal Fusion

Arterial phase Venous phase Delayed phase

Processing 1 Processing 2 Processing 3

Image Enhancement

DITEN Dipartimento di Ingegneria Navale, Elettrica, Elettronica e delle Telecomunicazioni

Universit degli Studi di Genova- ITALY
Image enhancement
Input Enhancement Better
Image techniques Image

Specific
application

Spatial domain Frequency domain

operate directly on pixels operate on the
Fourier transform
Some examples

Dark image Low contrast

image

High contrast
Bright image image
Image negative
Negative images might be useful for enhancing details

Original image Negative image

Contrast enhancement
Contrast Stretching improves the contrast in an image by stretching
the range of intensity values to span a desired range of values.

Original Processed
images images
Thresholding
Thresholding transformations are particularly useful to isolate an
object of interest from a background.

Original image Thresholded image

Color image enhancement

Some processing results

Original image
 Image Filtering

DITEN Dipartimento di Ingegneria Navale, Elettrica, Elettronica e delle Telecomunicazioni

Universit degli Studi di Genova- ITALY
Image Noise
Noise is any degradation in an image signal, caused by external
disturbance.

} Additive noise model

} Multiplicative noise model

FILTER
The purpose of a good filter is to remove the noise without
destroying the details and the information content of the image.
Type of image noise

} Salt and pepper noise

} Impulse noise

} Gaussian noise

} Speckle noise

} Periodic noise
Speckle NOISE: non-gaussian, non-additive

SAR image Ultrasound image

Spatial domain
Effect of mean filter Effect of median filter
Frequency domain

FFT image

Original IFFT image

image
Filter Evaluation

Statistical analysis Original image Lee Frost

Enhanced Lee Enhanced Frost SRAD

Spectrum analysis
Image Segmentation

DITEN Dipartimento di Ingegneria Navale, Elettrica, Elettronica e delle Telecomunicazioni

Universit degli Studi di Genova- ITALY
Image segmentation

The purpose of image segmentation is to partition an image

into meaningful regions with respect to a particular
application.

Applications:
} Analysis
} Classification
} Identification

Original image Segmented image

Graph-based Segmentation

Original Weight Graph of Segmented

image function cost image

Seed Growing Graph

point mechanism cut
Oil slick detection
Remote sensing application

Sea surface analysis

Ship detection
 3D visualization

DITEN Dipartimento di Ingegneria Navale, Elettrica, Elettronica e delle Telecomunicazioni

Universit degli Studi di Genova- ITALY
Volume rendering

MR tomographic angiography with MIP projections

3D Visualization
3D visualization

Wrist MRI 3D visualization of hand bones

 Human vision

DITEN Dipartimento di Ingegneria Navale, Elettrica, Elettronica e delle Telecomunicazioni

35
Universit degli Studi di Genova- ITALY
The human eye

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Rods and Cones

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 Human vision

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EXPERIENCE

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GESTALT Reification

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Multistability

"Necker cube". "Rubin vase"

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Context Optical Illusions

The settings in which the stimulus

occurs
The physical circumstances or
surroundings in which the observed
event or object occurs.

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Effect of context:
Simultaneous Contrast

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Shape position from shading

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Borders and Framing Color

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