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Tolerance Analysis PDF
Tolerance Analysis PDF
Dr. P. M. Pandey
http://paniit.iitd.ac.in/~pmpandey
Causes of Workpiece Variation
The machines which perform operations on the
workpiece may have inherent inaccuracies built
into them.
The tools used on the machines are subject to
dulling, general wear, chipping, breaking, and
differences occurs due to regrinding
The material used is subjected to variations
The involvement of human elements
Any other cause by Chance.
Term used in dimensioning workpiece
dimensions
Nominal Size: It has no specified limits or accuracy
but indicates a close approximation to some standard
size. For eg. a half inch nut will fit into a half inch bolt.
Basic Size: It is the exact theoretical size from which
the limits are established through the applications of
allowances and tolerances.
Allowance: an allowance is an intentional difference
between maximum material limits of mating parts.
Tolerance: A tolerance is the total permissible variation
from the specified basic size of the part.
Limit: Limits are extreme permissible dimension of the
part
Diagram illustrating basic size deviations
and tolerances
Expressing Tolerances
The problem of selective
assembly
Hole or Shaft basis
IS:919-1963 (revised): Recommendations for
Limits and Fits for Engineering
Eighteen standard grades of tolerances with
designations IT01, IT0, IT01-----IT16.
Twenty seven fundamental deviations indicated
by letters. Capital letters are used for hole and
small letter are used for shaft.
The values of these tolerance grades or
fundamental deviations depend on the basic size
of the assembly.
One example of fit may be 60mm H8/f7 Shaft
basis.
Fundamental
deviations
Commonly used fits for holes
Geometrical Tolerancing
Geometric characteristics symbol
Interpretation of Indication of Geometric Tolerances
Straightness
Flatness
Cylindricity
Tolerance Stacks
Cubes are machined to
1.0000.005
If two cubes are stacked
the desired height is
2.0000.005