Chapter =6 /kkrq ,oa fudkZ.

k ds fl)kUr
[kfut () [kku ls fudyus okyh inkFkksZ dh [kfut dgrs gSA
/kkrq v;Ld lw=
ckDWlkbV 2 3 . 22
dkWij ikbjkbVht 2
vk;ju gsesVkbV 2 3
esXusVkbV 2 4
flusckj

/kkrqdeZv;Ld ls kq) /kkrq izkIr djus dh izf;k dks /kkrqdeZ dgk tkrk gSA blds in fuEu gSa
() v;Ld dk pq.khZdj.k@lthdj.k@lakksnu
() v;Ld dk lkUnz.k

>kx Iyou fof/k pq- i`FkDdj.k xq:Roh; i`FkDdj.k fu{kkyu yhphax jklk;fud fof/k
() /kkrq vkDlkbM esa cnyuk

fuLrkiu vtZu
() /kkrq vkDlkbM esa vip;u

izxyu ok;q }kjk Lovip;u }kjk

kqf)dj.k
nzo.k
ek.M fof/k
okWu vkdsZy fof/k
QzksesVkxzkQh
Ek.My ifjdj.k
fo|qr vi?kVuh fof/k
1- v;Ld dk pw.khZdj.k%& v;Ld dks cMs&cMs nfy=ksa ,oa midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls pwf.kZr fd;k tkrk gSA ty
dh rst /kkjk ls bldks Nks;k tkrk gSA ftlls bleas mi- xSax o vU; mifLFkr vkqf);k i`Fkd gks tkrh gSA
2- v;Ld dk lkUnz.k %&v;Ld ls xSax dks gVkus ij mlesa /kkrq dh ek=k c<+us yxrh gSA bl izf;k dks v;Ld
dk lkUnz.k dgrs gSA
3- fl)kUr %&bl fof/k ls dsoy lYQkbM v;Ldks dk lkUnz.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fof/k bl fl)kUr Ikj vk/kkfjr gS fd
vkqf);k ;k xSax ty ls f;k djrh gS tcfd lYQkbM v;Ld rSy ls f;k djrs gSA
1- >kx Iyou fof/k
Okk;q
rsth ls
2 2 2 2 2
laxzkgh$ Iyou dkjd
>kxdkjd$ lksfM;e
phM dk ,fFky tsUFksV
rsy
xS Qsu
ax LFkk;hdkjd

fp=kuqlkj midj.k dks O;ofLFkr djds blesa pwf.kZr v;Ld dk beYlu cukdj mlesa >kxdkjd phM dk rsy feyk;k
tkrk gSA blds lkFk Iyou dkjd lksfM;e ,fFky tsUFksV feyk;k tkrk gSA midj.k esa rsth ls ok;q izokfgr djus ij
>kx curs gS ftlds lkFk v;Ld rSjdj ij vk tkrs gS rFkk xsan o vkqf);k ik= esa uhps cSB tkrh gSA blesa
Qsu LFkk;hdkjh feyk, tkrs gS tks >kx dks LFkk;h cukus dk dk;Z djrs gSA
uksV%& dHkh dHkh bl fof/k esa vouedksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks nks lYQkbM v;Ld dks i`Fkd djus
esa enn djrs gSA
mnk- , dks vo{ksi esa tkus nsrk gSA bl izdkj ,d voukd gSA
2- pqEcdh; i`FkDdj.k%& ;g fof/k bl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd /kkrq v;Ld ,oa vkqf);ksa esa ls ,d pqacdh; rFkk ,d
vpqacdh; gksuk pkfg,A
3- xq:Roh; i`FkDdj.k%& fl)kUr%& ;g fof/k bl fLk)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd v;Ld ,oa vkqf);ksa ds /kuRo esa vUrj
gksrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij os i`Fkd gks tkrs gSA
4- fu{kkyu yhphax jklk;fud fof/k%& fl)kUr%& ;g fof/k bl fl)kUr ij vk/kfjr gS fd fdlh /kkrq v;Ld dks mfpr foyk;d
esa ?kksy fy;k tkrk gS rFkk vfoys; vkqf);ksa dks Nkudj i`Fkd dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk var esa /kkrq dks
iqu% vo{ksfir dj ysrs gSA
ckDlkWbV ls ,yqfeuk izkIr djuk%& ckWDlkbV esa 2 + 2 3 + 2 vkfn vkqf);ka gksrh gSA

1
2 3 + 2 + 2 2[()4 ]
vkq) foyk;d foys;khy

[()4 ] + 2 2 3 2 + 3
vo{ksfir


2 3 2 2 3 2
kqf)

fu{kkyu dh ;g fof/k o ds ifjdj.k esa Hkh dke esa vkrh gSA

2 + 4 2[()2 ] + 2
foyk;d foys;khy ladqy
2[()2 + 2 [()4 ] + 2
4- /kkrq dks mlds vkWDlkbM esa cnyuk /kkrq vkWDlkbM dks cukuk rFkk mldk vip;u djuk Hkh vlku
gksrk gSA blfy, /kkrqvksa dks muds vkWDlkbMks esa cnyk tkrk gSA

fuLikru []

3 + 2
v;Ld dks ok;q dh vuqifLFkfr esa mlds xyukad ls de rki ij xeZ djus dh izf;k fuLrkiu dgykrh gSaA
;g dkcksZusVks v;Ldksa ds fy, dke esa vkrk gSA
blds }kjk v;Ld esa mi- ueh tyoki okfir gks tkrh gS rFkk v;Ld fNfnzr gks tkrk gSA

HktZu []
2 + 32 2 + 22
v;Ld dks ok;q dh mifLFkfr esa mlds xyukad ls de rki ij xeZ djus dh izf;k HkTkZu dgykrh gSaA
;g lYQkbM v;Ldksa ds fy, dke esa vkrh gSA
blds }kjk okIkkhy vkqf);ka tSls 2 , 2 3 i`Fkd gks tkrh gSA
+ 2 2
4 + 32 22 3

uksV%& fuLrkiu o HktZu nksuksa f;k,a ijkorZuh HkV~Vh esa gksrh gSA
ijkorZuh
HkV~Vh

/kkrq dk v;Ld xqEcnkj Nr

mek
bZ/
ku
 /kkrq vkWDlkbMksa dk vip;u () izxyu () /kkrq v;Ld rFkk dksd () rFkk xkyd feykdj /kkrq
dks mlds xyukad ls mPp rki ij xeZ djus dh izf;k dks izxyu dgk tkr gSA
Xkykad%& xkyd os inkFkZ gksrs gS tks vkqf) ls f;k dj vxyuh; mls xyuh; esa cny nsrs gSA bls
/kkrqey dgk tkrk gSA
+ +

3 + 2

+ 2 3

okR;k didksu
HkV~Vh O;oLFkk

2 700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
/kkrq 2000
ey /kk
rq

Okk;q }kjk vip;u Lo% vip;u tc fdlh f;k eas ckgj ls dksbZ vipk;d ugha feyk;k tkrk gSA f;k esa cus
gq, inkFkZ gh vip;u djrs gS rks bls Lo% vip;u dgk tkrk gSA
2 + 22 6 + 2
QQksysnkj rkack
}kjk vip;u dqN vkDlkbMks tSls ksfe;e vkWDlkbM] eSXuht vkWDlkbM vkfn dk vip;u dksd }kjk ugh
gksrk gS] buds fy, dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g fof/k ,yqfeuks rkih; fof/k Hkh dgykrh gSA
vkDlhdj.k
2 3 + 2 2 + 2 3
vip;u
/kkrq kqf)dj.k ()vklou ;g fof/k bl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ftu /kkrqvks dk DoFkukad de gksrk gS] os
kh?kzrk ls vklfor gks tkrh gS rFkk vkqf);k ihNs NwV tkrh gSA
. 9 ,
() nzo.k ;g fof/k bl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ftu /kkrqvksa ds xyukad de gksrs gS] os kh?kzrk ls fiNy tkrh
gSA buds kqf)dj.k ds fy, <+yos ry dh ijkoruh HkV~Vh dke esa yh tkrh gS
mnk- ;g fof/k /kkrq ds fy, dke esa yh tkrh gSA

vkqf)

Sn

() okiizkoLFkk kks/ku
() ek.M fof/k ;g fof/k fudy /kkrq ds fy, dke esa vkrh gSA blesas vkq) /kkrq dh f;k dkcksZfuy ls djokdj
okIkkhy ladqy cuk fy;k tkrk gSA vokIkhy vkqf);k ihNs NwV tkrk gSA
+ 4 [()4 ] okIkkhy ladqy
vkq)

+ ()4 + 4
kq)
() okWu vkdsZy fof/k ;g fof/k o ds fy, dke esa yh tkrh gS tdksZfu;e o VkbVsfu;e blesa /kkrq dh
f;k vk;ksMhu ls djokdj okIkkhy ladqy cuk fy;k tkrk gS rFkk vkqf);ka ihNs pyh tkrh gSA
+ 22 [4 ] okIkkhy ladqy
1800
4 + 22
 () e.My ifjdj.k tksu ifjdj.k ;g fof/k bl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd vkqf);k /kkrq ds xyukad dks de dj nsrh gS
rFkk xfyr voLFkk esa ;g vf/kd mi- jgrh gSA eq[;r% bl fof/k dk mi;ksx v)Zpkydks tSl flfydu] tesZfu;e] vkfn dks
vfrkq) voLFkk esa izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
o`Rrkdk
j

nguuyh
xfyr vkq) /kkrq dh
tksu r NM+
fof/k bl fof/k eas vkq) /kkrq dh ,d NM cukdj mls ngu uyh esa j[k nsrs gS] o`kkdkj ghVj dh lgk;rk ls NM+
dks ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs dh vksj xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls vkqf);ka xfyr {ks= ds lkFk&lkFk ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs rd pyh
tkrh gSA NM+ ds fljs dks dkVdj i`Fkd dj fn;k tkrk gSA
() fo|qr vi?kVuh kks/ku ;g fof/k bl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd fo|qr izokfgr djus ij fo|qr vi?kV~; inkFkZ v;kfur
gksrk gSA blds fy, iz;qDr lsy esa kq) /kkrq dk dSFkksM rFkk vkq) /kkrq dk eksVk ,uksM rFkk mlh /kkrq dk
fo|qr vi?kV;h foy;u dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA
mnk- ds fuEu izdkj kqf)dj.k djrs gSA

+ -

vkq kq)
) dSFkksM
+
4
,uksM+
iad+
jklk;fud vfHkf;k
4 +2 + 2
dSFkksM +2 + 2 kq)
,uksM+ 42 4 + 2

() o.kZysf[kdh ksesVksxzkQh fl)kUr ;g fof/k vf/kkksk.k dh ?kVuk ij vk/kkfjr gSA fofHkUu

inkFkksZ dks ,d mfpr foyk;d esa ?kksydj vf/kkkskd ds laidZ esa yk;k tkrk gSA budh vyx&vyx vf/kkksk.k
{kerk ds vk/kkj ij ;s i`Fkd gks tkrs gSA budksa foyk;dksa ds feJ.k }kjk i`Fkd&i`Fkd izkIr dj ysrs gSA
A

A B C

/kkrqdeZ dk exfrdh fl)kUr ekxfrdh ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh jklk;fud vfHkf;k rc lEiUu gksrh gS tc fxCl
eqDr tkZ dk eku _.kkRed gksA fdlh f;k ds lEiUu gksus vFkok ugh gksus dh tkudkjh ,UFkSYih ifjorZu]
,UVkih ifjorZu vkfn dh lgk;rk ls feyrh gSA bls fuEu leh- }kjk le> ldrs gSA
=
=,UFkSYih ifjorZu
=,UVkWih ifjorZu
=fxCl eqDr tkZ

= () ek{ksih
= (+) /kukREkd
=fLFkj
= (+)
=
= rks vfHkf;k Lor%

 = (+) ek{ksih
= (+) /kukREkd
=
= (+) (+)
=+

de rki ij
>
+>
= +
/kukREkd
vLor%

mPp rki ij
<
+<
=
_.kkREkd
Lor%

> ek{ksih
= () _.kkREkd

= ()
=+

de rki ij
>
> +
=
Lor%

mPp rki ij
<
< +
= +
vLor%

fudkZ
= (+) vLor%
= () Lor%
= lkE;oLFkk

,fya?ke vkjs[k vfyaxe vkjs[k . . vfyaxe us fxCl eqDr tkZ rFkk rki ds e/; dqN vkjs[k [khpsa] ftUgsa
,fyaxe vkjs[k dgk tkrk gSA ;s vkjs[k vkDlkWbM ds fuekZ.k ds fy, rki rFkk fxCl eqDr tkZ esa laca/k
nkkZrs gSA vkWDlkbMks dk fuekZ.k foLiu ftruk kh?kzrk ls gksrk gS] mruk gh og vPNk vipk;d
0
gksrk
-100 gSA
4 + ;svkjs[k
2 vipk;d ds p;u esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
2 2
-200
-300
-400
-500 2 + 3 2
-600
-700
-800 + 2 2 3
-900
-1000
-1100 2 + 2 2
-1200

 dk /kkrqdeZ
Ekq[; v;Ld v;Ld dk lkUnz.k pqEcdh; i`FkDdj.kHktZu + 2 2 4 + 32 2 3 izxyu
okR;kHkV~Vh
gsesVkbV(2 3 )0
dPpk yksgk okR;k HkV~Vh ls izkIr yksgk] dPpk yksgk dgykrk gSA blesa vkqf);ka vf/kd jgrh gSA
buesa 4% dkcZu] blds vykok lYQj + QkLQksjl + , vkfn dh vkqf);k dh vkqf);k gksrh gSA bl
yksgs dks jn~nh yksgs rFkk dksd ds lkFk xeZ djus ij <+yok yksgk izkIr gksrk gSA blesa dkcZu 3%
gksrk gSA ;g vfr dBksj rFkk Hkaxqj gksrk gSA
fiVok yksgk [] <yos yksgs essaa mifLFkr vkqf);ksa dks gVkus ds fy, blds xksys cukdj
rFkk gsesVkbV ds lkFk f;k djokdj fiVok yksgk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g yksgs dk kq)re :Ik gS rFkk
vk?kkroNkuhZ; gksrk gSA
dk /kkrqdeZ gkWYk rFkk gSjkYM dh fof/k ,yqfeuk dk fo|qr vi?kVu
. gkWYk rFkk gSjkYV fof/k esa kq) ,yqfeuk dke esa ugha ysrs D;ksa\ blds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k gS&
. () kq) ,yqfeuk dk xyukad cgqr vf/kd 2000 rd gksrk gSA
() ;g fo|qr dk vPNk pkyd ugha gSA
() bu deh;ksa dks nqj djus ds fy, fuEu feJ.k dks dke esa ysuk pkfg,A

2 3 + 3 6 + 2
,yqfeuk k;ksykbV yksLikV
blls xyukad ?kVdj 900 gks tkrk gS rFkk ;g fo|qr dk pkyd cu tkrk gSA

-
dkcZu
,uksM
dkcZu dk vLrj
dSFkksM
yksgs dk
+ + ik=

jklk;fud vfHkf;k
,uksM+ vkDlhdj.k
+ 202 2 + 4 1 3
dSFkksM+ vip;u
+3 + 3 1 4
usV lSy vfHkf;k 3 + 22 3 32 + 4
2 3 2 +9 + 302
3 6 3+ + +3 + 6

bl fof/k ls 90% kq) izkIr gksrk gSA vf/kd kq) izkIr djus ds fy, gwi fof/k dke esa yh tkrh gSA ftlls
99 99% kq) izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
dk /kkrqdeZ
Ekq[; v;Ld v;Ld dk lkUnz.k HktZu izxyu dksd
kqf)dj.k QQksysnkj rkack cSlsej midj.k ifjorZd

HktZu dh vfHkf;k
22 + 32 22 + 2
okR;k HkV~Vh
izxyu + 2 3
vkqf) xkyad /kkrqey
cslsesjhdj.k 22 = 2 6 + 2 QQksysnkj rkack