Lecture 1

Introduction to Explicit Dynamics

14.5 Release

Introduction to ANSYS LS-DYNA

2012 ANSYS, Inc. November 7, 2012 1 Release 14.5

 Welcome!

Welcome to the Introduction to ANSYS LS-DYNA training course!

This training course is intended for all new or occasional ANSYS Explicit
Dynamics users, regardless of the CAD software used.
The contents of this course is limited to those features of ANSYS Explicit
Dynamics covered by an ANSYS LS-DYNA license.
Course Objectives:
Introduction to Explicit Dynamics Analyses.
General understanding of the Workbench and Explicit Dynamics (Mechanical)
user interface, as related to geometry import and meshing.
Detailed understanding of how to set up, solve and post-process Explicit
Dynamic (LS-DYNA) analyses.
Utilizing parameters for optimization studies.

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 Agenda: ANSYS LS-DYNA Day 1

Morning Lecture Chapter 1: Introduction to Explicit Dynamics

Lecture Chapter 2: Introduction to Workbench
Lecture Chapter 3: Engineering Data
Lecture Chapter 4: Explicit Dynamics Basics
Workshop 1 Taylor Impact Test
Afternoon Lecture Chapter 5: Results Processing
Workshop 2 Results Processing (Taylor Impact Test)
Lecture Chapter 6: Material Models
Workshop 3 1D Shock Wave Propagation
Workshop 4 Use Keyword Snippet for Material Modeling
Lecture Chapter 7: Explicit Meshing

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 Agenda: ANSYS LS-DYNA Day 2

Morning Workshop 5 Soda Can Crush

Lecture Chapter 8: Element Formulations
Workshop 6 Bending of a Clamped Beam
Lecture Chapter 9: Contact Regions and Body Interactions
Afternoon Workshop 7 Beam Buckling under Axial Load
Workshop 8 Use Keyword Snippet for Contact Algorithm
Lecture Chapter 10: Analysis Settings
Workshop 9 Add Mass Scaling to Soda Can Crush
Lecture Chapter 11: What-if Studies
Lecture Chapter 12: Quick Guide to ANSYS LS-DYNA Extension

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 About ANSYS, Inc.

More than 60 offices worldwide plus an extensive network of distributors

Over 2,200 direct employees of ANSYS and its subsidiaries worldwide
Listed on NASDAQ (ANSS)
Visit www.ansys.com for more information

Corporate Headquarters
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Canonsburg,Release
PA 14.5
 Breadth of Technologies

Fluid Mechanics: To Multiphase

From Single-Phase Flows Combustion

Structural Mechanics: To High-Speed Impact

From Linear Statics

Electromagnetics: To High-Frequency
From Low-Frequency Field Analysis
Windings

Systems: To Multi-Domain
From Data Sharing System Analysis

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 Breadth of Technologies
ANSYS EKM - Engineering Knowledge Manager
ANSYS Engineering Knowledge Manager (EKM) is a multi-user collaborative
solution that is aimed at meeting the Simulation Process and Data Management
challenges

Use Case: EKM capabilities

Knowledge Retention and Reuse
Simulation focused search and retrieval

Automated CAE reports

Remote CAE visualization

Index and store CAE files automatically

Find and reuse past CAE files efficiently

Trace and audit simulation decisions

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 Breadth of Technologies
ANSYS EKM - Engineering Knowledge Manager
ANSYS Engineering Knowledge Manager (EKM) is a multi-user collaborative
solution that is aimed at meeting the Simulation Process and Data Management
challenges

Use Case: Collaboration EKM capabilities

Workflow Modeling

Process Tracking

Hosted Applications
Build and run CAE workflows

Allow multi site, multi user access

Deploy templates for what if studies

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 Course Materials

Course schedules and further details on:

http://www.ansys.com/Support/Training+Center
The Training Manual you have is an exact copy of the slides.

Workshop descriptions and instructions are included in the Workshop

Supplements.

Copies of the workshop files, workshop instructions, and lecture notes

are available on the ANSYS Customer Portal at
https://www1.ansys.com/customer/default.asp.

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 About ANSYS LS-DYNA

LS-DYNA, a product of LSTC, the most widely used explicit dynamics solver,
has been integrated into the ANSYS environments since 1997
ANSYS Mechanical APDL
A separate introductory training course for ANSYS LS-DYNA in MAPDL
ANSYS Workbench
Covered in this introductory training course
ANSYS LS-DYNA provides explicit dynamics solutions for the structural
problems with:
complex contact
short duration events with severe loadings
ANSYS LS-DYNA in Workbench provides:
CAD connectivity
Automatic meshing
Automatic contact surface definition

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 LS-DYNA Resources

https://www1.ansys.com/customer/default.asp ANSYS Customer

Portal, Excellent resources for ANSYS product support
Center for software download and product updates
Depository of documentations, FAQs, and searchable knowledgebase
Place to submit support requests via online technical support
http://www.dynaexamples.com/
LS-DYNA Examples from various training classes
Provide all examples for download
http://www.dynalook.com/
LS-DYNA source for technical papers and further technical information
http://www.dynasupport.com/
LS-DYNA support site
Answers to many basic and advanced technical questions

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 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?

Implicit and Explicit refer to two types of time integration

methods used to perform dynamic simulations
Explicit time integration is more accurate and efficient for
simulations involving
Shock wave propagation
Large deformations and strains
Non-linear material behavior
Complex contact
Fragmentation
Non-linear buckling

Typical applications
Drop tests
Impact and Penetration

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 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Impact Response of Materials
Solution Impact Velocity (m/s) Strain Rate (/s) Effect
Implicit <10-5 Static / Creep

< 50 10-5 - 10-1 Elastic

Elastic-Plastic (material
50 -1000 10-1 - 101
strength significant)

Primarily Plastic (pressure

1000 - 3000 105 - 106 equals or exceeds material
strength)
Hydrodynamic (pressure
3000 - 12000 106 - 108 many times material
strength)
Vaporization of colliding
Explicit > 12000 > 108
solids

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 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Typical Values for Solid Impacts
VELOCITY LOW HIGH

Deformation Global Local

Response Time ms - s s - ms

Strain <10% >50%

Strain Rate < 10 s -1 > 10000 s -1

Pressure < Yield Stress 10-100 x Yield Stress

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 Why Use Explicit Dynamics: Applications

Crashworthiness analysis
Full car crash
Car component analyses
Crash in ALL vehicle industries
Car
Truck
Bus
Train
Ship
Aircraft

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 Why Use Explicit Dynamics: Applications

Manufacturing process simulation

Deep drawing
Hydro forming
Superplastic forming
Rolling
Extrusion
Stamping
Machining
Drilling

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 Why Use Explicit Dynamics: Applications

Pipe whip (ANSYS News 3/93):

Impact of a pipe with a rotational velocity of 50 rad/sec
Extremely fast run time compared to implicit solution

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 Why Use Explicit Dynamics: Applications

Stress wave propagation.

2500 solid elements.

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 Why Use Explicit Dynamics: Applications

Bird-strike simulation
Simulate an impact from
a moving bird to the blades
of a rotator machinery

Bus roll-over simulation

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 Basic Formulation Implicit Dynamics

The basic equation of motion solved by an implicit transient dynamic

analysis is
mx cx kx F (t )
where m is the mass matrix,
c is the damping matrix,
k is the stiffness matrix, and
F(t) is the load vector.
At any given time, t, this equation can be thought of as a set of
"static" equilibrium equations that also take into account inertia
forces and damping forces.
The Newmark or HHT method is used to solve these equations at
discrete time points. The time increment between successive time
points is called the integration time step.

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 Basic Formulation Implicit Dynamics

For linear problems:

Implicit time integration is unconditionally stable for certain integration
parameters.
The time step will vary only to satisfy accuracy requirements.

For nonlinear problems:

The solution is obtained using a series of linear approximations
(Newton-Raphson method), so each time step may have many
equilibrium iterations.
The solution requires inversion of the nonlinear dynamic equivalent
stiffness matrix.
Small, iterative time steps may be required to achieve convergence.
Convergence tools are provided, but convergence is not guaranteed for
highly nonlinear problems.

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 Basic Formulation Explicit Dynamics

The basic equations solved by an Explicit Dynamic analysis

express the conservation of mass, momentum and energy in
Lagrange coordinates. These, together with a material model
and a set of initial and boundary conditions, define the
complete solution of the problem.
For Lagrange formulations, the mesh moves and distorts with
the material it models, so conservation of mass is automatically
satisfied. The density at any time can be determined from the
current volume of the zone and its initial mass:

0V0 m

V V

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 Basic Formulation Explicit Dynamics

The partial differential equations which express the conservation of

momentum relate the acceleration to the stress tensor ij:
xx xy xz
x bx
x y z
yx yy yz
y b y
x y z
zy zz
z bz zx
x y z

Conservation of energy is expressed via:

e
1
xx yy yy zz zz 2 xy xy 2 yz yz 2 zx zx

xx

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 Basic Formulation Explicit Dynamics

For each time step, these equations are solved explicitly for
each element in the model, based on input values at the end of
the previous time step
Only mass and momentum conservations are enforced.
However, in well posed explicit simulations, mass, momentum
and energy should all be conserved.

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 Basic Formulation Explicit Dynamics

The Explicit Dynamics solver uses a central difference time

integration scheme. The semi-discrete equations of motion at
time n are:
Mx P F H
n n n n

where M is the diagonal mass matrix,

x are the components of nodal acceleration,
n

Pn are the external and body forces,

Fn is the stress divergence vector,
Hn is the hourglass resistance.
With the accelerations at time n - determined, the velocities
at time n + at direction i (i = 1,2,3) are found from
n 1 2 n 1 2
xi xi t n
n
x i

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 Basic Formulation Explicit Dynamics

Finally the positions are updated to time n+1 by integrating the

velocities
n 1 n 1 2
xi xi t n1 2
n
xi
Advantages of using this method for time integration for
nonlinear problems are:
The equations become uncoupled and can be solved directly
(explicitly). There is no requirement for iteration during time
integration
No convergence checks are needed since the equations are uncoupled
No inversion of the stiffness matrix is required. All nonlinearities
(including contact) are included in the internal force vector

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 Stability Time Step

To ensure stability and accuracy of the solution, the size of the time step
used in Explicit time integration is limited by the CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-
Levy[1]) condition.
This condition implies that the time step be limited such that a
disturbance (stress wave) cannot travel further than the smallest
characteristic element dimension in the mesh, in a single time step.
Thus the time step criteria for solution stability is
h
t f
c min
where t is the time increment, f is the stability time step factor, h is the
characteristic dimension of an element and c is the local material sound
speed in an element

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 Stability Time Step

The element characteristic dimension, h, is calculated as follows

in LS-DYNA:

Hexahedral The volume of the element divided by the area of the

/Pentahedral largest side
Tetrahedral The minimum distance of any element node to its
opposing element face
Quad Shell The area of the element divided by the maximum edge or
diagonal length
Tri Shell The area of the element divided by the maximum edge
length
Beam The length of the element

[1] R. Courant, K. Friedrichs and H. Lewy, "On the partial difference equations of mathematical
physics", IBM Journal, March 1967, pp. 215-234

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 Stability Time Step

The time steps used for explicit time integration will generally be much
smaller than those used for implicit time integration
e.g. for a mesh with a characteristic dimension of 1 mm and a material sound
speed of 5000 m/s. The resulting stability time step would be 0.18 -seconds. To
solve this simulation to a termination time of 0.1 seconds will require 555,556 time
steps
The minimum value of h/c for all elements
h
in a model is used to calculate the time step. t f
c min
This implies that the number of time steps
required to solve the simulation is dictated
by the smallest element in the model.
h
Take care when generating meshes for Explicit
Dynamics simulations to ensure that one or two
very small elements do not control the time step

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 Stability Time Step and Mass Scaling

The maximum time step that can be used in explicit time integration is
inversely proportional to the sound speed of the material and therefore
directionally proportional to the square root of the mass of material in an
element
1 1 m
t
c Cii VC ii

where Cij is the material stiffness (i=1,2,3), is the material density, m is

the material mass and V is the element volume
Artificially increasing the mass of an element can increase the maximum
allowable stability time step, and reduce the number of time increments
required to complete a solution

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 Stability Time Step and Mass Scaling

Mass scaling is applied only to those elements which have a

stability time step less than a specified value. If a model
contains relatively few small elements, this can be a useful
mechanism for reducing the number of time steps required to
complete an Explicit simulation
Mass scaling changes the inertial properties of the portions of
the mesh to which scaling is applied. Be careful to ensuring
that the model remains representative for the physical
problem being solved

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 Wave Propagation
LS-DYNA computes wave propagation in solids and liquids
Average Velocity of the Part

Velocity at a node in the middle of

the cylinder

Constant pressure applied to left surface for 0.25 ms

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 Elastic Waves

Different types of elastic waves can propagate in solids depending on

how the motion of points in the solid material is related to the direction
of propagation of the waves [Meyers].
The primary elastic wave is the longitudinal wave. Under uniaxial stress
conditions (i.e. an elastic wave travelling down a long slender rod), the
longitudinal wave speed is given by:
E
c0

For the three-dimensional case, additional components of stress lead to a

more general expression for the longitudinal elastic wave speed
K4 G
cP 3

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 Elastic Waves

The secondary elastic wave is the distortional or shear wave and its speed
can be calculated as
G
cS

Other forms of elastic waves include surface (Rayleigh) waves, interfacial

waves and bending (or flexural) waves in bars/plates [Meyers]

Meyers M A, (1994) Dynamic behaviour of Materials, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-
471-58262-X

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 Plastic Waves

Plastic (inelastic) deformation takes place in a ductile metal when the

stress in the material exceeds the elastic limit. Under dynamic loading
conditions the resulting wave propagation can be decomposed into
elastic and plastic regions [Meyer].
Under uniaxial strain conditions, the elastic portion of the wave travels at
the primary longitudinal wave speed whilst the plastic wave front travels
at a local velocity
d
c plastic d

For an elastic perfectly plastic material, it can be shown [Zukas] that the
plastic wave travels at a slower velocity than the primary elastic wave, so
an elastic precursor of low amplitude often precedes the stronger plastic
wave
K
c plastic

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 Shock Waves

A shock wave is a discontinuity in material state (density (), energy (e),

stress (), particle velocity (u) ) which propagates through a medium at a
velocity equal to the shock velocity (Us)

1 0
e1 Us e0
1 0
u1 u0

Relationships between the material state across a shock discontinuity can

be derived using the principals of conservation of mass, momentum and
energy. The resulting Hugoniot equations are given by:

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 Spatial Discretization

Geometries (bodies) are meshed into a (large) number of smaller elements

All elements use in Explicit Dynamics have Lagrange formulations
i.e. elements follow the deformation of the bodies

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 Introduction to Element Formulations

Element formulations for Explicit Dynamics

Solid elements
Hexahedral
Approximate Gauss volume integration
Pentahedral
Tetrahedral
SCP (Standard Constant Pressure)
ANP (Average Nodal Pressure)
Shell elements
Quadrilateral
Triangular
Beam (Line) element

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 Element Usage

What is required for meshing Explicit Applications?

Uniform element size (in finest zoned regions).
Smallest element size controls the time step used to advance the solution in time.
Explicit analyses compute dynamic stress waves that need to be accurately
modeled as they propagate through the entire mesh.
Element size controlled by the user throughout the mesh.
Not automatically dependent on geometry.
Implicit analyses usually have static region of stress concentration where mesh
is refined (strongly dependent on geometry).
In explicit analyses, the location of regions of high stress constantly change as
stress waves propagate through the mesh.
Mesh refinement is usually used to improve efficiency.
Mesh transitions should be smooth for maximum accuracy.
Hex meshing preferred.
More efficient.
Sometimes more accurate for slower transients
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 Introduction to Material Modeling

In general, materials have a complex

response to dynamic loading,
particularly when the loading is rapid,
intense and destructive
The Material models available for
Explicit Dynamics simulations facilitate
the modeling of a wide range of
materials and material behaviors
Chapter 3 will explain how material
data can be created or retrieved from
libraries using Engineering Data
The actual material models available
for Explicit Dynamics analyses are
presented at length in Chapter 6

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