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Article history: One-dimensional advectiondiffusion equation with variable coefcients in semi-innite media is solved
Received 1 March 2012 using explicit nite difference method for three dispersion problems: (i) solute dispersion along steady
Accepted 29 March 2012 ow through inhomogeneous medium, (ii) temporally dependent solute dispersion along uniform ow
Available online 18 April 2012
through homogeneous medium, and (iii) solute dispersion along temporally dependent unsteady ow
through inhomogeneous medium. The continuous point source of uniform nature is considered at the
Keywords: origin of the medium. Results are compared to analytical solutions reported in the literature and good
Advectiondiffusion equation
agreement was found. We have shown that explicit nite difference method is effective and accurate
Finite difference method
for solving advectiondiffusion equation with variable coefcients in semi-innite media, which is espe-
cially important when arbitrary initial and boundary conditions are required.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0017-9310/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.03.073
4292 S. Savovic, A. Djordjevich / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 42914294
f1 x; t 1 ax2 and f 2 x; t 1 ax 3
3. Numerical method
1
where the parameter a with dimension of (length) accounts for
the medium inhomogeneity. The initially solute-free state of the Analytical solutions of advectiondiffusion equations with lim-
semi-innite medium implies the following initial condition: ited initial and boundary conditions have limited applicability and
are very lengthy. Employing numerical methods does not have
Cx; t 0; x P 0; t0 4
such limitations and also offers exibility, especially for arbitrary
Because a continuous input concentration is introduced at the ori- initial distribution and boundary conditions [13,14].
gin, whereas the concentration gradient at innity is assumed to In order to use the explicit difference method to solve Eq. (2),
be zero, the following boundary conditions are obtained: this equation is rst rewritten in the following form:
Cx; t C 0 ; x 0; t>0 5 @Cx; t @f1 x; t @Cx; t
D0 u0 f2 x; t D0 f1 x; t
@Cx; t @t @x @x
0; x ! 1; tP0 6
@x @ 2 Cx; t @f2 x; t
u0 Cx; t 12
Analytical solution of the advectiondiffusion equation (2) under @x2 @x
these conditions is [11]: Procedure for solving Eq. (12) using explicit nite difference meth-
od (EFDM) will be shown next. To facilitate verication, this will be
C0 ln1 ax p ln1 ax p
Cx; t 1 ax1 erfc p b t 1 axd erfc p b t done on the same three dispersion problems that were recently
2 2a D0 t 2a D0 t
solved analytically by Kumar et al. [11].
7
As already stated, the EFDM is applied to solve the diffusion Eq. The initial condition (4) and boundary conditions (5) and (6) can in
(13). The central difference scheme was used to represent the term the nite difference form be expressed by Eqs. (16)(18),
@ 2 Cx; t=@x2 and @Cx; t=@x and a forward difference scheme for respectively.
the derivative term @Cx; t=@t [15]. With these substitutions, If, on the other hand, f1(x, t) = f(mt) = (1 + mt)1, then Eq. (12) in
Eq. (13) transforms into: its nal-difference form can be expressed as:
C i;j1 Ei F i C i1;j 1 2Ei GC i;j Ei F i C i1;j 14 C i;j1 M i;j Ni;j C i1;j 1 2Mi;j Pj C i;j Mi;j
where indexes i and j refer to the discrete step lengths Dx and Dt for Ni;j C i1;j 23
the coordinate x and time t, respectively, and where
where
D0 1 axi 2 Dt 2aD0 u0 1 axi Dt
Ei ; Fi ; G u0 aDt 15
Dx2 2Dx D0 1 axi 2 Dt 2aD0 u0 1 axi Dt
M i;j ; Ni;j ;
Eq. (14) represents a formula for Ci,j+1 at the (i, j + 1)th mesh point in 1 mt j Dx2 1 mt j 2Dx
24
terms of known values along the jth time row. The truncation error u0 aDt
Pj
for the difference Eq. (5) is O(Dt, Dx2). Using a small-enough value 1 mt j
of Dt and Dx, the truncation error can be reduced until the accuracy
The initial condition (4) and boundary conditions (5) and (6) in the
achieved is within the error tolerance [15].
nite difference form in this case are given by Eqs. (16)(18),
The initial condition (4) for Eq. (13) can be expressed in the
respectively.
nite difference form as:
C i;0 0; x P 0; t0 16
4. Numerical and analytical results
Boundary conditions (5) and (6) rewritten in the nite difference
form are: Numerical solutions of the rst problem obtained by solving Eq.
(13) using EFDM are shown in Fig. 1 for the same set of input data
C 0;j C 0 ; x 0; t>0 17 previously used by Kumar et al. [11] C0 = 1.0, D0 = 0.71 km2/year,
C N;j C N1;j ; x ! x1 ; tP0 18 u0 = 0.60 km/year and a = 1 km1. The concentration values are
shown in longitudinal region 0 6 x 6 1 km at different times. In
where N = x1/Dx is the grid dimension in the x direction and x1 is
Eq. (18), we used x1 = 20 km as the distance at which there is no
the distance in direction x at which oC/ox = 0 (x1 replaces x ? 1
further change in the concentration C(x, t) (the same value for x1
in Eq. (3)).
is used for all three problems analyzed). Increasing x1 further
affected the solution only slightly but greatly increased the grid
3.2. Temporally dependent dispersion along uniform and steady ow
size and, therefore, the computation time. In the numerical calcu-
lations, the step lengths Dz = 0.1 km and Dt = 0.0001 year have
In the case with a temporally dependent solute dispersion from
been used to achieve the stability of the nite difference scheme.
a continuous uniform point source along a uniform and steady ow
In Fig. 1, lled squares represent analytical solution (7) of the
in a longitudinal semi-innite homogeneous and initially solute
advectiondiffusion Eq. (2). A good agreement between the numer-
free medium, the following form of the advectiondiffusion equa-
ical and analytical solution is obtained. The deviations are less than
tion (12) is obtained considering that f1(x, t) = f(mt) = exp(mt) in (8)
0.05% (the same accuracy has been achieved in all the three prob-
[11]:
lems analyzed).
@Cx; t @Cx; t @ 2 Cx; t Fig. 2 shows the numerical solution for the second problem ob-
u0 D0 expmt 19
@t @x @x2 tained by solving Eq. (13) using EFDM. The input data was C0 = 1.0,
D0 = 1.71 km2/year, u0 = 1.60 km/year and m = 0.1 year1 [11]. In
Eq. (19) in the nite difference form can be written as:
the numerical calculations, the step lengths Dz = 0.1 km and
C i;j1 Hj IC i1;j 1 2Hj C i;j Hj IC i1;j 20 Dt = 0.00001 year have been used to achieve the stability of the -
nite difference scheme.
where
Fig. 3 shows the numerical solution for the third problem ob-
D0 expmtj Dt u0 Dt tained by solving Eq. (13) using EFDM, where f(mt) = 1 sin(mt)
Hj ; I
Dx2 2Dx is assumed. The concentration values are shown in longitudinal
The initial condition (4) and boundary conditions (5) and (6) in the region 0 6 x 6 1 km for different times. The following input data
nite difference form in this case are given in Eqs. (16)(18),
1.0
respectively.
0.9
0.8 t=0.7 (yr)
3.3. Dispersion along unsteady ow through inhomogeneous medium t=1.0 (yr)
0.7
t=1.3 (yr)
0.6
Assuming an unsteady ow through an inhomogeneous med-
c/c0
ium that varies with time as f1(x, t) = f(mt) = (1 sin(mt)), for the 0.5
linear and quadratic relations dened by (3) [11,16], Eq. (12) can 0.4
t=0.1 (yr) t=0.4 (yr)
be written in its nal-difference form as: 0.3
0.2
C i;j1 J i;j K i;j C i1;j 1 2J i;j Lj C i;j J i;j K i;j C i1;j 21
0.1
where 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
2
D0 1 axi 1 sin mt j Dt 2aD0 u0 1 axi 1 sin mt j Dt x (km)
J i;j ; K i;j ;
D x2 2Dx
Fig. 1. Numerical solution for the solute dispersion with uniform input along a ow
Lj u0 a1 sin mt j Dt
of velocity u = u0(1+ax) and D / u2, for a = 1.0 km1. Solid squares represent
22 analytical solution.
4294 S. Savovic, A. Djordjevich / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 42914294
0.4
t=0.05 (yr) and f2(x, t) may be employed in Eq. (2) in place of the ones used
above to illustrate the explicit nite difference approach to model-
0.3
ing of three problems of hydro-dynamic dispersion.
0.2
0.1
0.0 5. Conclusion
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x (km) Numerical solutions using explicit nite difference method are
obtained for one-dimensional advectiondiffusion equation with
Fig. 2. Numerical solution for the temporally dependent dispersion from a uniform
variable coefcients in semi-innite media for three dispersion
input and along a uniform ow for f(mt) = exp(mt), for m = 0.1 year1. Solid squares
represent analytical solution. problems: (i) solute dispersion along steady ow through inhomo-
geneous medium, (ii) temporally dependent solute dispersion along
uniform ow through homogenous medium, and (iii) solute disper-
1.0
sion along temporally dependent unsteady ow through inhomoge-
0.9
neous medium. The continuous point source of uniform nature is
0.8 t=0.8 (yr)
t=1.1 (yr) considered at the origin of the medium. Results are compared to ana-
0.7 lytical solutions reported in the literature and good agreement was
t=1.4 (yr)
0.6 found. The explicit nite difference method used in this work for
0.5 solving advectiondiffusion equation with variable coefcients in
c/c0
0.4 semi-innite media can be used with arbitrary initial and boundary
t=0.2 (yr) t=0.5 (yr)
0.3 conditions as well as with variations of dispersion and velocity.
0.2
0.1
Acknowledgment
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
The work described in this paper was supported by the Serbian
x (km)
Ministry of Education and Science under Grant No. 171011.
Fig. 3. Concentration distribution pattern of uniform continuous input along a
sinusoidally varying, unsteady ow f(mt) = 1 sin(mt), for m = 10.0 year1, through
References
inhomogeneous medium. Solid squares represent analytical solution.
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1.0
[2] E.H.Ebach, R. White, Mixing of uids owing through beds of packed solids, J.
0.9 Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. 4 (1958) 161164.
0.8 [3] V.A. Fry, J.D. Istok, R.B. Guenther, Analytical solutions to the solute transport
equation with rate-limited desorption and decay, Water Resour. Res. 29 (1993)
0.7 32013208.
t=0.8 (yr)
0.6 t=1.1 (yr) [4] C. Lin, W.P. Ball, Analytical modeling of diffusion-limited contamination and
decontamination in a two-layer porous medium, Adv. Water Resour. 21 (1998)
0.5
c/c0