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Accurate Modeling of Core-Type Distribution Transformers For Electromagnetic Transient Studies
Accurate Modeling of Core-Type Distribution Transformers For Electromagnetic Transient Studies
I. INTRODUCTION
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
Fig. 8. Equivalent circuit when measuring Z (above 10 kHz). D. Modeling of Multiple Resonance
The two-port circuit of Fig. 5 is also employed in this section.
Circuit block , which represents the multiple resonance of
the primary winding, is synthesized by the measured frequency
characteristics of above 10 kHz. One may use the funda-
mental equivalent circuit of winding, that consists of series re-
sistance and inductance and shunt turn-to-turn capacitance, for
the representation of the multiple resonance, but the following
shortcomings are foreseen.
Fig. 9. Connections of secondary winding. 1) This modeling may require sections of the circuits, and
the number of circuit elements becomes large.
2) The determination of parameters requires complex elec-
and the values of , , and can be obtained by sub-
tromagnetic computations.
stituting the values of , , and in (1)(3). Next, let ,
3) Physical constants which are difficult to know, unless sup-
, and be the resonance frequencies of , , and ,
plied by manufacturers, are required.
respectively, and let , , and be defined by the following
equation: To avoid the above shortcomings, a modal synthesis [7] is used
to match the frequency characteristics seen from the primary
magnitude of admittance at side with measured characteristics. Using the modal synthesis,
(4) unnecessary internal resonances, which cannot be seen from
value of at kHz
the primary-side terminals, are not taken into account, and the
Assuming that , , and show the resonance defined number of elements can be reduced. The modal synthesis de-
by average values and composes the response of a circuit into independent resonance
, the resonance is represented by connecting a parasitic modes and synthesizes a series circuit for each mode. The
972 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 17, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2002
(8)
(9)
(10)
Fig. 12. Frequency characteristics of Z .
(11)
(14)
(15)
(17)
Re (18)
(19)
as
(20)
TABLE V
TURN RATIO AND PARAMETERS OF MAGNETIZING CIRCUIT
The resonance frequency is usually higher than 1 MHz.
E. Other Elements
In the proposed model, the turn ratio of the transformer is
needed, and the value can be obtained by the connection of taps.
The parameters of the magnetizing circuit are determined
by the result of a no-load test using the following expressions winding inductance and turn-to-turn capacitance at 10 kHz, and
is not due to the skin effects. Thus, the accuracy of synthesized
Re
must be evaluated below 2 kHz, and the result shows
(21)
good agreement. Table III shows the determined parameters
where no load : no-load impedance, and : power frequency.
of according to Section II-D, and Fig. 13 compares the
synthesized frequency characteristics with measured ones.
III. MODELING EXAMPLE AND TRANSIENT CALCULATIONS
Above 2 MHz, the measured magnitude and phase-angle
A. Determination of Parameters show complicated characteristics and, thus, three dominant
By means of the modeling method described in the previous modes below 2 MHz were considered in the modal synthesis
section, a 10-kVA core-type distribution transformer was in order to keep the equivalent circuit simple. To determine
modeled. The type of the secondary-winding connections is the parameters of , and were measured
A. Table I shows the parameters of winding-to-winding and and are shown in Fig. 14, and the determined parameters are
winding-to-enclosure capacitance determined according to shown in Table IV. Finally, Table V shows the turn ratio and the
Section II-B. The frequency characteristics of were parameters of magnetizing circuit .
measured by an impedance analyzer HP 4192A and shown in
Fig. 11, and Table II shows the parameters of determined B. Transient Calculations
according to Section II-C with kHz. The frequency In order to show the accuracy of the proposed model, transient
characteristics of the synthesized were calculated and calculations of the modeled 10-kVA transformer have been
compared with measured ones in Fig. 12. The measured carried out by EMTP and compared with laboratory-test results
resistance value was simply obtained by the real part of the under three conditions shown in Fig. 15. A pulse generator (PG),
measured impedance, and the measured inductance by the which discharges dc voltage in a capacitor through a mercury
imaginary part divided by . The virtual increase of the switch, was used. In the simulations, the PG was modeled
measured inductance above 2 kHz is due to the resonance of by a 1.01 F capacitor with parasitic 0.165- resistance and
NODA et al.: MODELING OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS FOR EM TRANSIENT STUDIES 975
0.396- H inductance connected both in series. An external the calculated and measured waveforms at the primary side
inductor was used to fix the shape of wave-front, and it was indicates that the impedance seen from the primary side is
modeled by a 53.6- H inductor with 1.24- resistance. The accurately modeled. The waveforms at the secondary side also
inductance of lead wires between the PG and the transformer was show good agreement and, thus, it can be said that the modeling
also considered as 3.3 H. All of those values were measured of the transfer characteristics is successful.
by the impedance analyzer at 100 kHz. Fig. 16 shows the
simulation results compared with the laboratory-test results.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Since the internal circuit of the PG was modeled in detail
and the simulations were started by discharging the capacitor In this paper, a transient simulation model of core-type dis-
rather than by applying a voltage source, the agreement of tribution transformers, which is necessary for accurate studies
976 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 17, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2002
of lightning-induced and direct-hit-lightning surges, has been [7] P. T. M. Vaessen, Transformer model for high frequencies, IEEE
proposed. The model consists of the fundamental equiva- Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 3, pp. 17611767, Oct. 1988.
[8] CIGRE - WG 13.05, The calculation of switching surges. II. Network
lent circuit of transformer with circuit blocks representing representation for energization and re-energization studies on lines fed
winding-to-winding and winding-to-enclosure capacitance, skin by an inductive source, Electra, no. 32, pp. 1742, 1974.
effects of winding conductors and an iron core, and multiple
resonance due to the combination of winding inductance and
turn-to-turn capacitance. Thus, the model reproduces the fre- Taku Noda (M97) was born in Osaka, Japan, on
quency characteristics of a transformer in a wide range of July 4, 1969. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D.
frequencies. The parameters of the model can be determined degrees in engineering from Doshisha University,
Kyoto, Japan, in 1992, 1994, and 1997, respectively.
by measurements using an impedance analyzer. Transient sim- Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at the Central
ulations of the proposed model by EMTP agree well with Research Institute of Electric Power Industry,
laboratory-test results. Tokyo, Japan, where he has been since 1997. In
1995, he was a BPA/PEC consultant, installing
Our next task is to apply the model to actual lightning protec- his transmission-line modeling in the ATP version
tion studies of distribution lines and also to overvoltage studies of EMTP. In 1994, he was with DEI Simulation
of consumer-side equipment. Software, Neskowin, OR. His research interests
include transient analysis of power systems.
Dr. Noda is a member of IEE Japan.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Finally, the authors are grateful to Dr. T. Ono, Dr. H. Mo-
toyama, and to Mr. H. Sugimoto of CRIEPI for their valuable Hiroshi Nakamoto was born in Fukuoka, Japan, on
discussions. December 11, 1965. He received the B.Sc. degree in
engineering from the Kyushu Institute of Technology,
Fukuoka, in 1988.
REFERENCES In the same year, he joined the Kyushu Electric
Power Company, Fukuoka. From 1995 to 1998,
[1] A. Asakawa and S. Yokoyama, Effects of distribution transformers on he was with the Central Research Institute, Tokyo,
lightning-induced voltages, in Proc. Elect. Discharge High-Voltage Japan, where he researched lightning protection and
Conf., 1988, IEE Japan, ED-88-113, HV-88-74. insulation coordination of distribution lines.
[2] L. O. Chua and K. A. Stromsmoe, Lumped-circuit models for nonlinear Mr. Nakamoto is a member of IEE Japan.
inductors exhibiting hysteresis loops, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, vol.
CT-17, pp. 564574, 1970.
[3] W. L. A. Neves and H. W. Dommel, On modeling iron core nonlinear-
ities, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 8, pp. 417425, May 1993.
[4] F. de Len and A. Semlyen, A simple representation of dynamic hys- Shigeru Yokoyama (F96) was born in Miyagi, Japan, on March 5, 1947. He re-
teresis losses in power trans-formers, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. ceived the B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in engineering from the University of Tokyo,
10, pp. 315321, Jan. 1995. Tokyo, Japan, in 1969 and 1986, respectively.
[5] CIGRE - WG 33.02, Guidelines for representation of network elements Currently, he is an Associate Vice President at Central Research Institute,
when calculating transients, CIGRE Tech. Brochure, no. 39, 1990. Tokyo, where he has been since 1969. His research interests include lightning
[6] H. W. Dommel, Electromagnetic Transients Program Reference Manual protection and the insulation coordination of transmission and distribution lines.
(EMTP Theory Book): Bonneville Power Admin., 1986, pp. 221. Dr. Yokoyama is a member of IEE Japan.