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ch01 PDF
ch01 PDF
ch01 PDF
Chapter 1
1 1
f f
A B
G
Fcr F
D C cr
Facc
Consider force F at G, reactions at B and D. Extend lines of action for fully-developed fric-
tion D E and B E to find the point of concurrency at E for impending motion to the left. The
critical angle is cr . Resolve force F into components Facc and Fcr . Facc is related to mass and
acceleration. Pin accelerates to left for any angle 0 < < cr . When > cr , no magnitude
of F will move the pin.
1 1
f f
A B
G
d
Fcr F
D C
cr
Facc
Consider force F at G, reactions at A and C. Extend lines of action for fully-developed fric-
tion AE and C E to find the point of concurrency at E for impending motion to the left. The
critical angle is cr . Resolve force F into components Facc
and F . F is related to mass
cr acc
and acceleration. Pin accelerates to right for any angle 0 < < cr . When > cr , no mag-
nitude of F will move the pin.
The intent of the question is to get the student to draw and understand the free body in
order to recognize what it teaches. The graphic approach accomplishes this quickly. It is im-
portant to point out that this understanding enables a mathematical model to be constructed,
and that there are two of them.
This is the simplest problem in mechanical engineering. Using it is a good way to begin a
course.
What is the role of pin diameter d?
Yes, changing the sense of F changes the response.
shi20396_ch01.qxd 6/5/03 12:11 PM Page 2
1-6
(a) y Fy = F f N cos + N sin = 0 (1)
F
T
Fx = f N sin + N cos =0
r
F = N (sin f cos )
T
r x Ans.
T = Nr( f sin + cos )
N
fN
Combining
1 + f tan
T = Fr = KFr Ans. (2)
tan f
(b) If T detent self-locking tan f = 0 cr = tan1 f Ans.
(Friction is fully developed.)
1-7
(a) F = F0 + k(0) = F0
T1 = F0r Ans.
(b) When teeth are about to clear
F = F0 + kx2
From Prob. 1-6
f tan + 1
T2 = Fr
tan f
( F0 + kx2 )( f tan + 1)
T2 = r Ans.
tan f
1-8
Given, F = 10 + 2.5x lbf, r = 2 in, h = 0.2 in, = 60 , f = 0.25, xi = 0, x f = 0.2
Fi = 10 lbf; Ff = 10 + 2.5(0.2) = 10.5 lbf Ans.
shi20396_ch01.qxd 6/5/03 12:11 PM Page 3
Chapter 1 3
1-9
(a) Point vehicles
v
cars v 42.1v v 2
Q= = =
hour x 0.324
Seek stationary point maximum
dQ 42.1 2v
=0= v* = 21.05 mph
dv 0.324
42.1(21.05) 21.052
Q* = = 1367.6 cars/h Ans.
0.324
(b) v
l x l
2 2
1
v 0.324 l
Q= = +
x +l v(42.1) v 2 v
Maximize Q with l = 10/5280 mi
v Q
22.18 1221.431
22.19 1221.433
22.20 1221.435
22.21 1221.435
22.22 1221.434
1368 1221
% loss of throughput = 12% Ans.
1221
shi20396_ch01.qxd 6/5/03 12:11 PM Page 4
22.2 21.05
(c) % increase in speed = 5.5%
21.05
Modest change in optimal speed Ans.
1-10 This and the following problem may be the students first experience with a figure of merit.
Formulate fom to reflect larger figure of merit for larger merit.
Use a maximization optimization algorithm. When one gets into computer implementa-
tion and answers are not known, minimizing instead of maximizing is the largest error
one can make.
FV = F1 sin W = 0
FH = F1 cos F2 = 0
From which
F1 = W/sin
F2 = W cos /sin
fom = S = (volume)
.
= (l1 A1 + l2 A2 )
F1 W l1
A1 = = , l2 =
S S sin cos
F2 W cos
A2 = =
S S sin
l2 W l2 W cos
fom = +
cos S sin S sin
W l2 1 + cos2
=
S cos sin
Set leading constant to unity
fom
* = 54.736 Ans.
0 fom* = 2.828
20 5.86
30 4.04 Alternative:
40 3.22 d 1 + cos2
45 3.00 =0
d cos sin
50 2.87
54.736 2.828 And solve resulting tran-
60 2.886 scendental for *.
Check second derivative to see if a maximum, minimum, or point of inflection has been
found. Or, evaluate fom on either side of *.
shi20396_ch01.qxd 6/5/03 12:11 PM Page 5
Chapter 1 5
1-11
(a) x1 + x2 = X 1 + e1 + X 2 + e2
error = e = (x1 + x2 ) ( X 1 + X 2 )
= e1 + e2 Ans.
(b) x1 x2 = X 1 + e1 ( X 2 + e2 )
e = (x1 x2 ) ( X 1 X 2 ) = e1 e2 Ans.
(c) x1 x2 = ( X 1 + e1 )( X 2 + e2 )
e = x1 x2 X 1 X 2 = X 1 e2 + X 2 e1 + e1 e2
. e1 e2
= X 1 e2 + X 2 e1 = X 1 X 2 + Ans.
X1 X2
x1 X 1 + e1 X 1 1 + e1 / X 1
(d) = =
x2 X 2 + e2 X 2 1 + e2 / X 2
1
e2 . e2 e1 e2 . e1 e2
1+ =1 and 1+ 1 =1+
X2 X2 X1 X2 X1 X2
x1 X 1 . X 1 e1 e2
e= = Ans.
x2 X2 X2 X1 X2
1-12
(a) x1 = 5 = 2.236 067 977 5
X 1 = 2.23 3-correct digits
x2 = 6 = 2.449 487 742 78
X 2 = 2.44 3-correct digits
x1 + x2 = 5 + 6 = 4.685 557 720 28
e1 = x1 X 1 = 5 2.23 = 0.006 067 977 5
e2 = x2 X 2 = 6 2.44 = 0.009 489 742 78
e = e1 + e2 = 5 2.23 + 6 2.44 = 0.015 557 720 28
Sum = x1 + x2 = X 1 + X 2 + e
= 2.23 + 2.44 + 0.015 557 720 28
= 4.685 557 720 28 (Checks) Ans.
1-13
(a) = 20(6.89) = 137.8 MPa
(b) F = 350(4.45) = 1558 N = 1.558 kN
(c) M = 1200 lbf in (0.113) = 135.6 N m
(d) A = 2.4(645) = 1548 mm2
(e) I = 17.4 in4 (2.54) 4 = 724.2 cm4
(f) A = 3.6(1.610) 2 = 9.332 km2
(g) E = 21(1000)(6.89) = 144.69(103 ) MPa = 144.7 GPa
(h) v = 45 mi/h (1.61) = 72.45 km/h
(i) V = 60 in3 (2.54) 3 = 983.2 cm3 = 0.983 liter
1-14
(a) l = 1.5/0.305 = 4.918 ft = 59.02 in
(b) = 600/6.89 = 86.96 kpsi
(c) p = 160/6.89 = 23.22 psi
(d) Z = 1.84(105 )/(25.4) 3 = 11.23 in3
(e) w = 38.1/175 = 0.218 lbf/in
(f) = 0.05/25.4 = 0.00197 in
(g) v = 6.12/0.0051 = 1200 ft/min
(h) = 0.0021 in/in
(i) V = 30/(0.254) 3 = 1831 in3
1-15
200
(a) = = 13.1 MPa
15.3
42(103 )
(b) = = 70(106 ) N/m2 = 70 MPa
6(102 ) 2
1200(800) 3 (103 ) 3
(c) y = = 1.546(102 ) m = 15.5 mm
3(207)(6.4)(109 )(102 ) 4
1100(250)(103 )
(d) = 4 9 3 4
= 9.043(102 ) rad = 5.18
79.3(/32)(25) (10 )(10 )
1-16
600
(a) = = 5 MPa
20(6)
1
(b) I = 8(24) 3 = 9216 mm4
12
(c) I = 324 (101 ) 4 = 5.147 cm4
64
16(16)
(d) = = 5.215(106 ) N/m2 = 5.215 MPa
(253 )(103 ) 3
shi20396_ch01.qxd 6/5/03 12:11 PM Page 7
Chapter 1 7
1-17
120(103 )
(a) = = 382 MPa
(/4)(202 )
32(800)(800)(103 )
(b) = = 198.9(106 ) N/m2 = 198.9 MPa
(32) 3 (103 ) 3
(c) Z = (364 264 ) = 3334 mm3
32(36)
(1.6) 4 (79.3)(103 ) 4 (109 )
(d) k = = 286.8 N/m
8(19.2) 3 (32)(103 ) 3