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Annual Hall Magazine - 2012 IQBAL PDF
Annual Hall Magazine - 2012 IQBAL PDF
IQBAL
2011-2012
Editor-in-Chief
M. Kashif Mir
Chief Patron
Lt. Gen. Zameeruddin Shah
Hon'ble Vice Chancellor
Patron
Habib Ahmad
Provost
Censor (English)
Mazhar Husain
General Warden
Editor-in-Chief Sub-Editor
M. Kashif Mir M. Rahimullah
Class XII Class XII
IQBAL
2012
CONTENTS
) M essages
E Vice Chancellor
E Registrar
E Provost
E Censor
E Teacher in Charge
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) My Mother Ahmad 15
) Snakes Gulrez 25
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) The Seven Secrets of Success Lying in our Room Mohd. Dilshad Siddique 27
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Unmah and bring it out of the dark best our earthly lives can be
dungeon of slavery to the shining vasts lived here below.
of Independence. This theme was
repeated later in poems such as For a few years he served as a
"Abdul Qadir Ke Nam", "Shem-o- professor of Philosophy and Oriental
Shair", "Jawab-i-Shikwa", etc. He Learning at the Government College,
never lost heart. His first and foremost Lahore and the Punjab University
concern, naturally, were the Indian Oriental College. Last four years of
Muslims. He was certain that the day his life he practiced at the Lahore
of Islamic resurgence was about to High Court Bar.
down and the Muslims of the South Allama Iqbal came to
Asia subcontinent were destined to Aligarh Muslim University on
play a prominent role in it.
Nov. 24, 1928 and was
In spite of his heavy political conferred with the Life
and social commitments he had time Membership of the AMU
for poetry, a poetry which made Students' Union.
philosophy sign. A.K. Brohi says -
Iqbal insists on remembering
Dr. Iqbal is undoubtedly a the past, doing well in the present
renowned poet-philosopher of and preparing for the future. His
Islam and may have in his lesson is that one should be dynamic,
writings a never failing source full of zest for action and full of love
of inspiration, delight and and life. At the end, by addressing
aesthetic wonder. He has made his son Javid, he speaks to young
signal contribution to our people at large and provides
understanding of the Holy write guidance to "New Generation".
of Islam and offered his
evaluation of the remarkable
example of which the life of the
Prophet of Islam (PBUH) has
presented to the world at large
and the high water mark of
excellence, it provides of how
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SECRET OF SUCCESS
Saim Qamar
Class XI - [Commerce]
A. I. Hall
As a chinese proverb says, "An creativity out and show to the world.
inch of gold cannot buy an inch of Coming on to my third point - be
time." Time is infinitely precious for cool & confident, develop confidence
success. First thing is that, for getting in your Personality and when this
success the value of time is much confidence will develop in you then
more important although we know your personality doubles. Slow on to
that each hour actually has sixty the last point, have courage. If you
minutes and each minute, sixty keep your eyes fixed on your goal
seconds Seeing. The present scenario and try to get that by making your
of the world, how the world is going best efforts then certainly you can
fast, each second is very important achieve your goal because, to be a
for the youngsters, because "they can winner, we need to struggle and make
make their tomorrow better by living our goal possible. Every question
well today." Which means that they bears an answer but one has to
have to utilize time as much as they search for it, with patience and hard
can. They can give most of their work which together strengthens the
prime hours of the laws of creative path to success.
thinking because for attaining success
they should know each & everything
about their surroundings as the child "Thoughts lead to action,
of today is the father of tomorrow. Action leads to achievement
Coming to the second point Achievement leads to fulfilment."
which is creativity. Each & every
male/female has an "Art of Creativity"
or in other words talent, smoothness
(here not by looks) some have an
art of writing, singing, acting,
painting, leadership etc. Take your
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GLAMOUR OF INDIA
Zeeshan Nezami Ansari
Allama Iqbal Hall
We, the people of India are the Great Himalayan for defence just
sanctioned by special and antique like army. Prophet Nuh's (AS) boat
treasure. came and stopped here. Iqbal said
on-
Allah ordered human beings in
Quran 'To you be your religion and Parbat Who Sab Se Uncha
to me my religion.' A great Hadith
Hamsaaya Aasman ka
narrator Bukari (RA) explained 'Love
in my country is my faith'. So Iqbal Woh Santary Humaara
said on - Who Paasbaan Humaara
Mazhab Nahin Sikhaata
The Chinese man Hiven-Tisang
Aapas Mein Beir Rakhna came to Nalanda (Bihar) for
education. And Lord Buddha
Hindi Hain Hum
received enlightment in Bodh Gaya
Watan Hain Hindustan Hamara (Bihar). A Great Mathematician
Aryabaata researched at Teregana
Prophet SAW said 'I feel cool
(Bihar).
breeze coming from the direction of
Hind.' Iqbal said upon 'Living in Hind Buddha, Aryabaata, Chisti,
atmosphere is like living in heaven. Nanak, Vivekananad, Iqbal, Sir Syed
So I am praising the followings lines and Nehru (founder of NAM) these
of Iqbal. great personalities are here and
regulated in a smooth way and they
Ghubat Mein Ho Agar Hum
met the world fame leaders and
Rehta Hai Dil Watan Mein organized various organizations and
Samjhon Walim Hamein Bhi programs appearing in those as a
delight for set up of peace and
Dil Ho Jahaan Hamaara securities all over the world.
The great nation China made Many countries Greek, Afganis,
wall for her defence. Allah gifted us Iranian, Turkey and European's
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My Mother
Ahmad
Class XII - [ATX-I]
My mom is the only one, Her life itself is a story of a big feat.
Who cares for me and brings me fun. so she does not let me easily accept defeat.
Had she not been with me, It is due to her prophetic deeds,
I would not have become such a tree. that heaven lies below her feet,
Whose branches are spread here and there. So the most important for me is none
Wherever I move in this world, other
I thank God for this special pearl. but my mother, my mother, my mother
For she has been someone in my life, To me she is a mentor and a guide
Who has taught me a lesson to sacrifice. always ready to corrrect me and
The most important for me is none other. make things alright,
After God the most important
But, my mother, my mother, my mother
position goes to her.
She is my God, she is my divine.
For God is our creator and she is
who cares nothing for herself, but keeps our originator.
me fine.
We all fall short of words
She makes me smile.
to describe the mothers worths
and shoots my trouble which mound
and pile. To me if someone is the dearest; its
none other
She soothes and relaxes me from pain.
than my mother, my mother, my
Without a desire for any advatages mother.
or gain.
Thus the most important for me is
none other.
but my mother, my mother, my mother
In my life she acquires a special
position,
because she serves me with passion
compassion and devotion.
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SWOT analysis i.e. matching your So, always try to see the brighter
strengths & weakness, with the side of life. Next comes Honesty,
identified career options, that which says, that whatever efforts
matches your personal profile. you do, should be with full Honesty
Once you identify your career and commitment. Honesty is the
options (at least three) the next foundation stone of one's character,
stage is to make necessary Queries, so if you are honest to yourself,
about how you can achieve your then only you will be honest
desired target or aim. Prepare towards your goal. The next
yourself for the desired target; try important aspect is Time
to learn all the necessary traits and Management. As you know, God
knowledge required. Develop a has made us different in every
tendency of Learning and be always aspect but he has made one thing
ready for improvement as you will common for all of us, and what is
agree that success in life will come TIME. So you have to make the
on its own terms and conditions, best use of the available time i.e.
not as per our wishes as we know 24 hours and that is the success
that life is full of ups and downs mantra of almost all the great
and it may be sometimes difficult people, ranging from Nelson
to go on, but you should develop Mandela to Bill Gates. I would also
an attitude which says "when the like to suggest, that to keep your
going gets tough, the tough gets pace going, you need to love your
going", i.e. Positive attitude. goal like a small baby and have to
nurture it with full interest &
Positive attitude plays a very devotion, and have to be focused
vital role in your success, because throughout. Most people, who fail
it helps you to fight the hard times in life, don't fail because they lack
in a more positive frame of mind in talent or abilities, but because
and hence, good results do come. they fail to concentrate & focus
As some body has rightly said, that their energies in one single
"a Man is a product of his thoughts, direction, for e.g., a magnifying
whatever he thinks he becomes". glass if kept on moving will do no
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SO ME POLITICIANS AND
SOME
AL UMNI OF AA.M.U.
ALUMNI .M.U.
Mohd. Rahimullah
Class-XII (Comm.)
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AMU World Alumni Summit Quick and unexpected was the call
was organised on 18-19 Oct. Your sudden death shocks us all.
2008. Alumni from 26 Only those who have lost can tell
countries participated in the The loss of a dear one without a
programme. Aligarians met farewell.
their old friends, classmates We didnt see you close your eyes.
and teachers. Mohammad We didnt see you die
Hamid Ansari was part of the All we heard was you were gone
meet. The Vice Chancellor Pro. without a last good bye!
P.K. Abdul Azis welcomed the
Alumni and proposed an AMU
Alumni Endowment Fund for
activities of alumni in the
University.
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SNAKES
Gulrez
Class: XI ATX
SSSC BOYS NRSC
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SUCCESS BEHIND A TO Z
Mohd. Adeel Alam
Class XI - [ATX]
A - An honest man is the noblest work of God.
B - Better to be alone, than in a bad company.
C - Character is the crown of glory.
D - Defeat the defeat before the defeat defeats you.
E - Eagerness is the success behind hard works.
F - Failure is the stepping stone to success.
G - God made man, man made money, money made man mad.
H - Honour is the reward of virtue.
I - Inspiration is foundation of personality.
J - Join hands to glorify your nation.
K - Knowledge is power which makes a real man.
L - Life is long if you know how to use it.
M - Make hay while the sun shines.
N - Nothing great is ever achieved without enthusiasm.
O - Opportunity knocks but once.
P - Peace cannot be achieved by force, it can only be achieved by
understanding.
Q - Quitter never win, winners never quit.
R - Reach for stars even if you have to stand on cactus.
S - Success is the progressive realisation of worthy goal.
T - There is nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so.
U - United we stand divided we fall.
V - Value the parents because we are because they were.
W - Where there is a will, there is a way.
X - Xmas will remind you of Jesus.
Y - Youth is the wisdom of personality.
Z - Zest is the breath of life.
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WOMEN QUOTATIONS
QUOTA
Ali Faran Gulrez Adnan Anwer
Class XI - [ATX] Class XI - [PCM]
Women is a very important Actions speak louder than
creation of God. No one can imagine words.
this world without women. I feel that
if men are physically stronger than Grace will last, favour will blast.
women, then women are also Winners dont do different
mentally and emotionally stronger
things, they do the things
than men. The men who think
differently.
women are much inferior to them,
then I feel that they have forgotten When you do the common
that they are in this world also things in life in an uncommon
because of a woman. In many parts way, you will command the
of the world women are treated as
attention of the world.
slaves and they are not given equal
rights like men. In some places they Knowledge is free but you have
are aborted before they are born. In to bring your container.
some parts of Rajasthan in our
country when a girl is born a big piece Knowledge is treasure, but
of sweet is put into her mouth and practise the key to it.
she is choked to death. If these things He that is down needs fear no
would not have happened then we
fall.
don't know we would have got how
many ladies like Indira Gandhi, Kiran Nothing succeeds like success
Bedi and Kalpana Chawla. If God and nothing fails like failure.
has made both men and women as
human beings then who are we to There is no substitute for hard
decide that who is superior and who work.
is inferior. God has given different
The wisest of the wise may err.
powers to both men and women,
through which they both can create Diamonds shine because they
wonders. do not speak.
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When I think about corruption, we really curb it? And the answer is,
I think about me and you, I think yes! We can but not a big YES.
about us and the society, and I also
Yes! we can eradicate
think about those corrupt persons,
corruption from India. But let me
who are fighting for corrupting the
make it crystal clear to you that we
corruption. Corruption is not a
cannot just eradicate it, by changing
pebble that you can pick up and
laws, by doing hunger strikes, and
throw.
street fighters on the road, nor we
Corruption is one million times can eradicate it by the virtue of some
bigger than the Everest, and the same persons who are fighting for
amount of times, deeper than the removing corruption from India. And
deepest oceans. But as a matter of let me also tell you that all the
fact, corruption is not a physical dramas you watch on television and
structure and is now in our DNA and stories you read on the internet are
is following within us, in our blood not and never going to help you in
and our heart is pumping it. By any way to fight against corruption.
looking at others we cannot see
So what to do? Well, let me
corruption rather we have to look
suggest some of the possible ways
within us to see the mightiness of
to fight and win over corruption. And
corruption. The entire body of the
yes, let me make it clear that we
society is corrupt, and just we cannot
cannot eradicate corruption at the
alone blame the politicians,
stroke of midnight, it will definitely
executives, judiciary, business men
take the necessary amount of time.
or anyone else for promoting
corruption. 1. Change in Law
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Youths are the backbone of any politics to such a sad pass that it has
country. They are the pillars upon come to be identified as a dirty game
which the edifice of nation stands. in the country.
Naturally, if they are strong in
The present political situation in
character, the country will also be
the country demands large scale
strong; and if they suffer from
participation of youths, who
weakness, the country will become
inalienably are better educated, less
weak. A country's march on the path
prejudiced, less corrupt and more
of development and greater prosperity
energetic and efficient. Preventing
depends largely upon the
the youths from participating in
contribution of its youths. Especially
politics would not do any good. On
in a developing country like ours,
the contrary, it may aggravate the
where a democratic set up requires
mass participation, the youths have problems all the more. This puts a
to play a pivotal role in almost all special responsibility on the
walks of life, politics being no shoulders of the youth of the country.
exception. Youth can, and should play
dominant, positive, and if necessary,
Politics as it stands today in our an active role too. They can cleanse
country, has become synonymous the present political quagmire
with corruption, falsehood, through fresh ideas and reforms.
fraudulence, graft, hypocracy, shame They can help the country get rid of
and everything that goes with these. the evils of communalism and
In the present scenario, the casteism. They can most effectively
politicians, with their nefarious spread modern education in every
designs and activities, have virtually nook and corner of the country. They
made a mockery of democracy. can make the planning system more
These ill mannered, selfish and effective so as to achieve economic
unreasonable people have brought growth with social justice. They can
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introduce a scientific temper all, the future is their. They are the
throughout the country. They can masters of tomorrow.
effectively reduce, if not completely Only the youth can prove the
eradicate, corruption in high places. truth of Swami Vivekanand's saying-
The youth can give a new "My hope of youth of character and
dimension and a constructive shape intelligence, renouncing everything
to national politics. There is no for the service of others, who can
reason why the youth of the country sacrifice their lives in working out my
should not be given a decisive role ideas and doing good to themselves
in shaping their own destiny. After and to the country at large."
UNKNOWN DESIRE
Shah Anwara Khan
Class XI - [Commerce]
Why dont I know what I want to be? I feel suffocated tied up in chains,
Why dont I feel why I should be? But for sure eternally the pride I must maintain.
Is my life worthy to admire, I dont want to lie rather I would love to die,
Or am I the one with unknown desire? Before the time comes Ill say the world goodbye!
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Once a man lived in a sub-urban dawned on him that how less he knew.
village of Uttar Pradesh. He was a The more he leaned the more he
school master of the only school in discovered about his ignorance.
the village. He lived there with his only Then Arya decided to search the
son and three daughters. His village answer of the questions which
was famous for its wide variety of haunted his mind. He thought of going
sugarcane. So, merchants from far outside the village in search of his
off places came to the village to buy answers that he didn't have enough
sugarcane Everyone respected the money to go out of the village. Then
village school master. The inhabitants a wealthy trader came to his village.
of the village were too busy in their Arya interacted with the trader. The
farming to learn something from the trader was a blessed man with good
master. nature and was impressed by the boy's
There was only one person in the wit and was willing to take the boy as
village who was curious to learn. He a helper with him as Arya was having
was the master's only son, Arya was a good knowledge of Sugar trade. The
like a person who grasped everything boy sought permission from his father
which he learnt from his surroundings. and his father half heartedly sent the
He learned alphabets and simple boy as he knew that the child was
numeric relations from his father. The gifted and he could not be confined
fact that 'o' when used before doesn't in that small village.
affect a number but when used after Arya with his brilliant mind made
enlarges it ten times fascinated him. many changes in the traditional sugar
It became a habit of Arya to interact market and furnished the trade of the
with the merchants who came to their wealthy merchant. Slowly, he set up
village. He learned many new things his own trade and flourished. Soon
about trade. Then he started raising he became a wealthy man. He forgot
many intelligent questions which were about the questions of the past and
neither answered by his father nor by also about his family and his village.
the village priest (supposed to be most His father was suffering from an
intelligent in a village). It suddenly incurable disease and the income of
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his father was meagre to serve for his Arya didn't answer.
own and three sisters of Arya while "Did you see the beautiful waterfall
Arya on the other side enjoyed a lavish behind my castle?" The wise man
life. asked again. Then Arya realised that
After a long time, on a foreign land in paying attention to the oil drops he
he heard about a man who was was deprived of seeing the beauty of
believed by the people to be the wisest the town. Arya left the castle of the
living person on the earth. He decided wise man and came again after some
to visit the town which was owned by time and said, "I was amazed by the
the wise man he thought of getting calligraphy of the dome and I also
answer to all the questions which saw the tomb which was made of
haunted him in the past. He visited yellow marble."
the man and was surprised by the The wise man asked with
simplicity of the person. He was firmness "Where are the oil drops
helping his family in the household which I gave you?" Arya saw that the
works though he was so rich and wise. spoon was empty and there was
The first question that Arya asked nothing in it. Arya felt that in seeing
was "What is the reason that people the fantasies of the town the oil spilled
from far off places come to seek unnoticed from his spoon. Then the
wisdom from you?" wise man said, "Search for the
The man answered with fascinations of this world but don't
unfathomable friendliness, "First see forget your family and the village that
my fascinating city and then I will tell nourished you "the oil drops". This is
the secret behind my wisdom" and the only way that you can achieve
he gave him a spoon with few drops true wisdom."
of oil and said that while seeing the Arya realized his mistake and
city a single drop of oil should not returned to his village. He worked for
fall. the development of his village and he
After few hours Arya arrived and his family lived happily ever after.
with the spoon and said, "I have seen After few years some people
the town and the drops of oil are also believed that in a modern village of
intact." U.P. a person lived who was the
The wise man again with his wisest person on the earth!.
unreasoned simplicity asked "Have
you seen the calligraphy on the dome
of rock? Oh how eloquent it is!"
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COMMUNAL HARMONY
Faiz Ahmed Khan
Class - XI ATX-I
A.I. Hall R.No. 209
"Mazhab nahi sikhata aapas me person holds. But, we cannot live
bair rakhna, Hindi hai hum, Watan joyously in a communal tensed
hai Hindustan Hamara". This country. Some alternatives needs to
famous quotation of a great be undertaken for the establishment
ideologist Dr. Mohd. Iqbal of the 20th of communal harmony, which would
century, emphasized on communal instill a sense of affection and
tensions faced by Indian at that time brotherhood among Indians.
and this proverb would serve as an
excerpt for uniting the Indians, who Our government have strict
laws, which envisages for an end to
are bounded by communal
communal disparities. But, in spite
disparities, was thought by Iqbal.
of having such strict laws, we are
We are surrounded by unable to extinguish the fire of
communal disparities, since the eve communalism within our minds. This
of independence. The killing of the communal bias would only come to
father of Nation M.K. Gandhi on an end, when all of our citizens would
30th January, 1948, by an R.S.S. realize the importance of harmonious
trained Nathuram Godse to the country. Harmony and no internal
recent 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks struggle would lead to the
by the Let group are all instances of development of this country. The very
communal intolerant attitudes of a root of communalism needs to be
certain group of people or rather a uprooted from our society through
mass as a whole. available reforms. But unfortunately,
it is not suddenly possible in a country
Communal riots and tensions like ours, where people are carrying
are caused on the basis of indifferent different perceptions and
attitudes and ideologies, which a idiosyncrasies on every aspect of life,
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EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
THROUGH EDUCATION
Dr. Naila Rashid
PGT (Psychology), SSS (Boys)
Aligarm Muslim University, Aligarh
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Article 15 (1) provides for no The Indian Penal Code lists out
discrimination by the state on the various offences against women and
grounds of religion, race, caste, sex ensures that due justice should
and place of birth. received by aggrieved women and
provides for exemplary deterrent
Article 15 (3) makes it punishment for the guilty.
mandatory for the state to make
special provision for women and The Indian Criminal Law
children. guarantees safety to women against
marital crimes, physical crimes and
Article 16 envisages equality of crimes against her modesty.
opportunity and gives status to
The Indian Succession Act 1956
women or workplace and in the
provides equal right to women to
matter of seeking empowerment.
inherit property from her father and
Article 39 (a) speaks out about her father in law.
state policy to be directed to securing The Indian Marriage Act 1955
the right to an adequate means of was also directed to strengthen the
livelihood for men and women. rights of the women in matrimony.
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both daughters and sons. They are competent in education, will -power,
likely to take a greater interest in their courage and adaptability. These
children's work, and can help them aspects are discussed as follows:
in acquiring basic literacy and
a) Education : History of
numeracy skills. In TLC districts,
civilization of the world has proved
elementary school admission figures
that education is the first and foremost
registered sharp increases.
requirement of human development
Experience around the world of personality and status. Hence
shows that educating women and women can equalize themselves with
empowering them with a stronger rule men if they excel in education.
enhances the quality of not merely Without proper education even if they
their own lives but also contributes enjoy the rights and facilities will
to economic growth, survival, health hardly be benifited. The present state
of all members of the family, reduces of women population in India clearly
fertility and helps slow population indicates that they need education
growth. first. Education helps the women to
maintain high moral character and
STRATEGIES FOR WOMEN warns them against the ensuing
EMPOWERMENT oddities. Education helps in improving
the economic status also. Children of
The past experience of Indian
educated mother prosper fast and
politics proves that political maintain social etiquette better than
reservation for women is not others. The educational system is the
essential to improve the status of only institution which can counteract
women. Even without reservation we the deep foundations of the inequality
hand many dynamic women of the sexes that are built in the minds
politicians in pre-independence and of men and women through the
post-independence period in India. socialization process (Nagendra,
Even without political reservation 2007: 140).
women in Indian society can improve
their personalities and achieve equal b) Will-Power: Discrimination
status and rights in every field with can make a person improved and
men only when they become able to raise status equal to others.
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ARAB SPRING:
WHERE IS IT LEADING
Mohd. Ahmad
B.Sc. Final Year
(Physics)
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QUALITIES OF A HERO
Md. Samir Alam
A.I. Hall
"It was March 1815 Napolean The newspaper was just
was returning from his exile on the respecting the attitude of society that
island of Elba. It is amusing to see bowed before a conquering hero."
how newspaper reported his return.
The above extract pinches our
The headlines of newspaper' speak-
mind to think that what is the
March 9 - The monster has formula behind the success of a
escaped from the place of hero? Why can't everyone become
banishment. a hero? What are the qualities that
make the hero so powerful?
March 10 - The corrosion ogre
has landed at cope jlean. The most important quality that
an ideal hero should possess is
March 13 - The tyrant is now at
leadership. Its importance is rightly
Lyon.
depicted by the words of Philip II.
March 19 - Bonaparte is "An army of deer led by a lion is
advancing by forced marches, more to be heard than an army of
but it is impossible that he can lion led by a deer". A hero is
reach Paris. somebody who is selfless, who is
generous in spirit, who just tries to
March 21 - The emperor give back as much as possible and
Napolean is at Fountain Bleau.
help people. A hero is someone who
March 22 - Yesterday evening, saves people and who really deeply
His Majesty, the emperor made cares. The ears of a hero must ring
his public entry and arrived at with the voices of people. A hero is
tuileries. Nothing can exceed the someone we can admire without
universal joy. apology.
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IN SEARCH OF HAPPINESS...
Zeeshan Ali
Class XI (Commerce)
A.I. Hall
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from the rest of our being. We have saying, "Happiness is like a butterfly,
comfortably packed ourselves like if you run after it, it will fly away.
closed boxes thinking that we will be But when you sit somewhere quietly
quite happy there. But we are never it comes and rests on your shoulder".
happy, because, what we get is not
So, quite going after
what we want. The fact is, what we
happiness, simply do what you ought
want is attainable, but we refuse to
to do and happiness will come in
go the only way that will take us
search of you
there. We get what we want when
we follow three golden rules-respect "The most superior deed
God, respect nature and give to other before Allah is to satiate the thirst of
what they can't get in their life. the thirsty, even if an animal".
At this point I remember the Prophet Mohammad
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had a common value and was banks took their shape and we finally
accepted by one and all and hence, have a modern banking system
there were gold standards in use. where everyday transactions of
These standards included gold or millions take place.
silver depending upon the standards
The prices of Gold and Silver
set by the governing body of the
do affect the economy of a country
country. The usage of these metallic
and this was true when banking
coins is known as Gold coin
initially started and paper money
standards. Gold standard was
took its shape, as there was a
adopted firstly by England in 1921
hundred percent Gold backing of the
and by 1936, all the countries left
banking notes issued by the
this, reason being that it was very
authorities. But, as the system
difficult to handle precious metal as
started to grow, the loopholes were
a medium of exchange and secondly
discovered and instead of issuing
that when the coins moved from
money against the amount of the
hand to hand, the metal used to wear
gold kept, the bank notes issued from
out and the value used to decrease.
the governing authorities were more
These things altogether, plus the
than the gold kept with the banks.
weight of the gold coins, opened up
This deception was very alarming for
the minds of the moneylenders who
the countries because this created a
used to keep the gold and issued a
situation of inflation, a reason being
"Receipt", which was like a cheque
that the supply of money which was
in our times. Travellers travelling to
released from the central banks was
Europe and neighboring countries for
more than the supply of commodities
trade or other purposes used to take
in the market. Hence the purchasing
these receipts with them. On
power of the people went up and the
reaching the destination, they used
world got to know of the term
to get back their money from the
"Inflation" and we are still victims of
collaborative. Up till here all was
it.
good because people were getting
back their gold from the receipt. But We are living in the era of
the problem rose when these globalization, where our planet earth
moneylenders started issuing receipts is known as a global village and we
which were accepted like the bank are under the same umbrella so the
notes. From there this system of significance of Gold and Silver and
paper money started. Then the its rates affect the world economy
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EDUCATION SYSTEM
OF INDIA
Waqaruddin Siddiqui
B.Sc.2nd Year (Physics Main)
Marris Hostel V.M. Hall
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the best in the Oriental and the nature of their mutual relationship
Occidental learning, a combination determine the nature and scope of
of Islamic studies with Arts and their education. The differences
Sciences of the modern world; a between the Muslim and the non-
symbiosis of the material and Muslim system of education are
moral values; and, a fusion of the primarily due to the differences
tradition with experiment. Sir Syed between their social positions and
started his views about the relationships. It is really a matter of
education of women in the issues great gratification and assurance that
of Aligarh Institute Gazette of 1868 the social status of man and woman
and 1871. As a true Muslim, he in the Muslim society has been
has expressed his views on the ordained by God Himself and sent to
education of woman in full it through Prophet Mohammad
accordance with the Divine and (PBUH) who has wisely interpreted
the Pro p h e t i c injunctions and implemented it through his
regarding the status and position Ahadis. Unfortunately, with the
of woman in Islam. Keeping in view passage of time, the Muslim
all these considerations, the community has gone astray from
present paper explores Sir Syed's divine path and involved itself in
ideas on woman education. The unnecessary reasoning. Consequently,
paper has been divided into two the matters of faith are being
sections: Section-I, discusses the scrutinized against the touchstone of
status and education of Muslim reason. The logicians have forgotten
woman in Islam while Section-II, that reason never leads to a
explains Sir Syed's ideas on woman unanimous elucidation of any
education. problem and is often deluding. This
assumption raises three questions: (1)
Section - I
what is the original status of woman
in the Muslim society. (2) what are
2. STATUS AND EDUCATION
the consequent salient features of
OF WOMAN IN ISLAM
female education in the Muslim
The status of man and woman community, and (3) what are the
in a society and the system of their problems which reasoners have
education are inseparably created for the Muslim society and
interrelated. Their social status and how to solve them?
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and plan their roles and life- 3. Verses IX: 71-72 state
styles accordingly. The divine specially that the difference of
difference of one degree one degree between man and
necessitates proper woman is restricted to their
understanding and adjustment social or worldly affairs only.
between these partners and So far as their religious,
not misunderstanding, quarrel spiritual and other worldly
and hostility. status is concerned, they are
perfectly equal and alike.
2. Verse IV: 34 clarifies further
Faithful Muslim woman, like
the difference of one degree
between man and woman by faithful Muslim man, enjoins
furnishing the reason for man's the just and forbids the evil,
superiority over woman. observes regular prayers,
According to the verse, men practices regular charity,
are superior to women on obeys God and His Apsotle
account of their superior and receives God's Mercy and
strength and means and enters Gods' Gardens.
enable them to protect,
maintain and support their 4. Islam differentiates between
women-folk. It is this man and woman in the social
superiority of man which and worldly matters only and
differentiates his duties from declares that man is superior
those of woman's. The main to woman by one degree on
functions of man are the account of his superior
protection, maintenance and strength and means. However,
support of woman whereas Muslim man and woman are
those of woman are to obey equal in religious and other
man and guard his property worldly matters.
in his absence. These duties
of woman confine her role 5. The difference of one degree
primarily to the four-walls of between man and woman
her home. It is particularly enjoins separate social status,
emphasizable here that these duties, life-styles, systems of
distinct and respective roles of training and education, and
woman make them protector places of work. Muslim woman
of one another.
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MUSLIMS IN INDIA:
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Ms Sadaf Nasir
(Editor, Sarojini Naidu Hall Magazine)
Research Scholar, D/o, Sociology & Sociology Work
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
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Census data would be the best lack of skills do not allow them to
source of information for enter high-income occupations. In
ascertaining this socio-economic modern industry and trade, Muslims
backwardness of Muslims but, rarely own big businesses or have
unfortunately, Indian census positions in large-scale industry or
authorities do not publish this type business and generally lack strong
of data. Yet data available from entrepreneurial skills. There is not a
different sample surveys conducted single Muslim industrial house among
in different parts of the country reveal the 50 that exist in India, and at the
that the Muslims have been left out lower end of the scale most Muslims
of the development process. are poor and backward.
Marginalized status of Indian
The socio-economic profile of
Muslims is not merely confirmed by
the Muslims by the Sachar
individual researchers and surveys of
Committee has been depicted as a
voluntary organizations but also by
depressing one. In all major socio-
committees of Government. Socio-
economic indicators, the members of
economic and educational
India's biggest religious minority are,
backwardness of Muslims is self
on the average, worse off than
speaking facts mentioned by the
members of the majority community.
Gopal Singh committee in 1983,
First, they spend less on items of daily
justice Sachar committee, 2006,
consumption because they
justice Ranganath Mishra
apparently earn less. The incidence
commission in 2007 and the Andhra
of poverty is therefore likely to be
Pradesh backward class commission.
higher among Muslims than Hindus.
Majority of the Muslims live in Second, literacy rates are
rural areas. In rural India more than substantially higher among the
90% of Indian Muslims are small and Hindus and a Hindu boy or girl who
marginal farmers, artisans and goes to school is more likely to go
workers. Being engaged in such on to college than a Muslim. Third,
occupations makes them poor, while working Muslims are to be found
their educational backwardness and more in casual labour and seassonal
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EARLY JOURNALISTIC
ENDEAVOURS OF SIR SYED
Prof. M. Shafey Kidwai
The first newspaper of India, was its owner and Munshi Sukh Lal
The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta was its first editor.
General Advertiser was launched in
About a decade later, Delhi
1780 from Calcutta. An employee
Urdu Akhbar was launched from
of the East India Company, James
Delhi. The first newspaper from
August Hickey was its founder,
Delhi was launched in 1836.
hence it is also known as the
Krishnamurthy, Nadig says:
Hickey's Gazette.
"The Urdu Akhbar is believed to
In India, Urdu and Persian
have made its appearance in 1836
journalism began almost
in Delhi."
concurrently. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
launched a Persian newspaper, Urdu Akhbar was started by
"Miratul Akhbar" from Calcutta in Moulvi Mohammad Baqar, a
1822. Tahir Masood points out that renowned scholar of Delhi. It was
the Miratul Akhbar was not only the generally regarded as a complete
first newspaper of India but was newspaper that published
also the first in entire Persian informative and thought-provoking
speaking world including Iran. material on the topics of public
interest. Urdu Akhbar enjoyed
A month earlier, the first Urdu
enormous popularity.
newspaper, "Jam-e-Jahan Numa"
was published from Calcutta. Its Since his early age Sir Sayyid
first issue had hit the stand on (1817-1898) had been a regular
March 20, 1822. Hari Har Dutt reader of Urdu Akhbar which he
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claims related to the exact year of report for the year of 1848 which
its launch dispassionately. states that Sayyidul Akhbar was
started in 1841 and the paper was
A number of historians of early
said to be the organ of the Sunni
Indian Journalism including
sects of the Muslims and Sayyid
Bhatnagar, P.R, (1947), Sabri,
Abdul Ghafoor is its owner and
Imdad (1953), Natrajan S. (1955),
editor".
Siddiqui Mohammad Ateeq (1957)
Khurshid Abdus Salam (1963) This prompted two historians of
Krishnamurthy, Nadig (1966) and early Urdu Journalism Nadir Ali
Davis, Emmet (1983) have claimed Khan (1987) and Tahir Masood
that Sayyidul Akhbar was started (2002) to conclude that the
in 1837. Conversely a reference in Sayyidul Akhbar was started in
an official report published by the 1841, not in 1837 as claimed by
Government Press had put a Hali and the other historians of
question mark on the year of its Urdu Journalism.
publication.
The report in question pertains
The Government of North to 1848 and it makes a casual
Western Provinces prepared an reference to Sayyidul Akhbar. It
administrative report for the mentions the name of its proprietor
perusal of the Lieutenant Governor Sayyid Abdul Ghafoor but authentic
of North Wester n Provinces. contemporary evidence makes it
Siddiqui, Mohammad Ateeq (1961) clear that its owner was Sayyid
tracked down the report that gives Mohammad Khan who had set up
a detailed account of the a lithographic Press in Delhi. The
newspapers and publications of the first collection of Ghalib was printed
North Western Provinces during the at this Press. The title page of the
period of 1848 to 1853. Mr. A. first edition Diwan-e-Ghalib
Shakespeare, Assistant Secretary of (collection of Ghalib) carries the
the Government had prepared the following line at the bottom:
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"During and for long after the Having written a book titled,
mutiny, the Mahomedans were "The Causes of the Indian Revolt"
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in 1859, Sir Sayyid realized that the Sir Sayyid wanted to get it
misconception about the Muslims published in Urdu and English
still persists; hence he decided to simultaneously but many difficulties
publish a bilingual journal - "The came in his way, which Hali
Loyal Mahomedans of India" from enumerates:
Moradabad. He wanted to acquaint
"At that time translation from
the Government with the fact that
Urdu into English was an expensive
the Muslims in several cities whole
business and the cost of printing by
heartedly supported the British in
type rather than the traditional
their hour of crisis. They even put
lithographic process was much
their lives into jeopardy in saving
higher, Therefore, Sir Sayyid
the British from the rebels.
proposed that each man whose
According to Hali, Sir Sayyid name to be included should bear
wanted to write a lengthy book on the cost of printing the section
the subject in Urdu and English to concerning itself. It is pity that very
be published in parts in India and few people showed any enthusiasm
Britain but it did not materialize. for the project and the result was
that only three installments (273
As a result, the Loyal
pages in all) were finally issued.
Mahomedans of India was
These appeared from 1860 to
launched, it was a bilingual journal
1861".
aimed at highlighting the Muslims'
loyalty to the British. It also carried The first issue of the Loyal
the certificates, recommendations Mahomedans of India appeared in
and other letters issued by the 1860 from Moradabad. Its size was
officials of the Government to the 18x22/8 and each page was divided
Muslims for their unflinching into two equal columns. Each
loyalty. The description was also column has a width of 2 inches and
appended with the full description a length of 6 inches. The total
of remunerations and the awards. printed area on a page is 12 inches.
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In line with it, the Judicial and Central Provinces. Those who
Commissioner of Oudh, Sir George revolted against the British to topple
Campbell (1824 -1892) termed the the government were mostly
rebellion truly Indian in nature as Hindus. The Muslims did join them
both the Muslims and the Hindus as they were those who lost their
joined it with equal vehemence. It empire to the British. A number of
was not the Muslims alone who prominent rebels who led a fierce
waged a war against the British as battle against the British were
Campbell refers to Mopala Muslims Jhansi Ki Rani, Tantya Tope and
of South India and Farizi Muslims Nana Saheb and they were all non-
of Bengal who did not join the Muslims. This aside, a number of
rebellion. historical evidences also endorse
Sir Sayyid.
Campbell's views are also
endorsed by Sen., Surendra Nath There is no denying of the fact
(1977) who produces a long list of that the Muslims in some areas
Muslim rulers. He mentions the especially in Rohilkhand and the
name of Nizam of Hyderabad, Western part of the North India led
Muslim rulers of Rampur, Karnal, the rebellion and Sir Sayyid holds
Moradabad, and Dhaka. They no brief for them. He hardly makes
stood by the British in their hour of an effort to get them absolved of
crisis. Many prominent Muslims the charge of rebellion. Sir Sayyid
such as Qazi Ramzan Ali, Sayyid writes:
Ahmad Khan, Maula Baksh and
"I am no advocate of those
Shah Kabeeruddin were the close
Mahomedans who behaved and
associates of the British.
joined the rebellion, on the contrary
The history of the rebellion I hold their conduct in utter
makes it clear that the Muslims did abhorrence as being in the highest
take part in it but they did not degree criminal and wholly
spearhead it in the Oudh, Bihar inexcusable - Such unwor thy
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Whatever Sir Sayyid had said, The letter also mentions Sir
is authenticated by the letters and Sayyid's losses at Delhi where his
certificates issued by the British properly was ransacked as the
officials. Mr. Alexander rebels came to know that he was a
Shakespeare's lengthy letter loyal subject of the British. His loss
appends the narration: at Delhi and Bijnore was estimated
at Rs. 30000.
"All the three officials on whom
I am reporting have shown Sir Sayyid's exemplary courage
conspicuous loyalty but I were and devotion to his official duties
required to draw a distinction, I was acknowledged by the
should do so a favour to Syed Government and subsequently he
Ahmed Khan whose clear sound was promoted to the rank of
judgment and rare uprightness and Principal Sudder Ameen. He was
zeal could scarcely be surpassed. I also provided with a pension of Rs.
feel assured his official character 200 per mensem for his own life
is so well established the and the life of his eldest son.
independent of his official services Further, a robe of honour (Khilat),
during this crisis, his promotion to comprising five pieces, three gems
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hastily arming his relatives, friends Here the letters and certificates
and retainers, some 200 men in all, appreciating Shurfooddeen's
he proceeded to Badaun. There, gallantr y issued by Mr. A. M.
meanwhile anarchy had made Phillips, Joint Magistrate, Etah, Mr.
fearful strides, for the prisoners had W. Edwards, Judge, Mr. C.P.
been set free, the mutineers were Carmichael, Officiating Magistrate,
in possession of the Government Mr. W. J. Brambly, Magistrate and
treasure, and plunder prevailed as Collector of Aligarh, Mr. Elliot
every side, while the air was rent Colvin and Mr. R. Alexandra,
with the firing of musketry. Through Commissioner Rohilcund Division
scenes of fire and outrage the lend credence to the description.
Sheikh made his way to the The first volume runs into 82
Magistrate's house and taking him pages in which a number of specific
under his protection together with instances are quoted where the
three other European gentlemen Viz Muslim alone protected British. The
Mr. Donald, indigo planter, his son detailed description calls attention
and his friend at his own house in to invaluable services rendered by
Shekhpoora, and kept them there. the Muslims during the period of
Thence, he afterwards conducted unprecedented peril. The gallantry
them all in safety to another village shown by the Muslim justifies the
of his name kurkora. claim of Sir Sayyid that one finds
at the beginning of the first volume:
Soon the rebel troops carrying
guns, 500 cavalry and an entire "It is the Mahomedans alone the
regiment of infantry reached the credit belongs of having stood the
Badaun then the European wished staunch and unshaken friends of
to go Puttealee, a nearby town, the Government amidst that fearful
where the English force was tornado that divested the country,
posted. Sheikh escorted them and shook the empire to its centre
across the Ganges". and whoever ready heart and hand
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them from all calamities, and the end of the documents, Abu Bakr,
perform all offices of good will Omar Bin Alcherab, Osman bin
toward them, so that the Muslimin Affawan and Ali Bin Abu Talib signed
may be sharers with them in as witnesses. It was signed on the
prosperity and adversity. Moreover, first day of the moon of the fourth
all come ought to be made that no month, the fourth year-of Hegira in
violence be offended to them as the Medina.
matters relating to marriages Viz
that they should not compel the The publication of the treaty went
parents to match their daughters a long way in convincing the Muslims
with the Muslimin; nor shall they to shun their pronounced hostility
be molested for refusal either to give towards the Christians. The excerpts
a bridegroom or a bride for this act of the treaty are spread over ten
wholly voluntary depending on their pages.
free will and pleasure".
Similar to the previous issues, the
The treaty contains many third volume also calls attention to
provisions that ensure the the gallantry shown by six loyal
Christians and "other religious Mahomedans - Sheikh Tajudeen,
minorities with equal rights. The Daroga, Moradabad, Sayyid Turab
Prophet directed the Muslims to Ali, Deputy Collector, Bijnore, Sheikh
follow it otherwise they would be Ameer Ali, Tehsildar, Peelibhit,
treated as the enemies of God. It Sheikh Badaruddin, Tehsildar,
was clearly braced for ushering in Auanla, Barriely, Monshi Abdul
a new era of goodwill and mutual Ghani, Supplier Railways and
trust between the Muslims and the Mahomed Ibrahim Khan, Tehsildar,
Christians. Shamlee. Seventy eight pages are
The League, lay in oblivion for allocated to their description.
years, speaks volumes about
If all three volumes are sifted at
tolerance, generosity and
once, one can easily conclude that
benevolence of the Prophet during
Sir Sayyid was the first Urdu
the prime of the Muslims glory. At
journalist who sowed the seeds of
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QURRATUL-AIN HYDER
Shazia Abdul Rehman
Class X -
Siwan (Bihar)
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3. Perwej Shahidi All India Award, 13. Fellow for Sahitya Akademy,
West Bengal Urdu Academy, 1994.
1981.
14. Kul Hind Bahadur Shah Zafar
4. Uttar Pradesh Academy Award Award conferred by Ali
for Literary Achievements, Mohammed Khusro, 2000.
1982.
Man's love is of man's life a
5. Ghalib Award, 1982. thing a part 'tis a woman's whole
existence.
6. Padma Shri, 1984.
Lord Byron, 'Don Juan'.
7. Ghalib-Modi Award conferred
by Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime
Minister of India, 1984.
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S.
Name Designation Portfolio/Remark
No.
1 Mr. Habib Ahmad Provost PROVOST
2 Mr. MazharHussain Warden General Warden
3 Dr. Mehboob Ahmad Warden In-Charge Dining Hall
4 Dr. Haseenuddin Warden AGF Hostel, In-Charge Common
Room
5 Mr. Mohd. Ayub Warden AFF Hostel, In-Charge Reading
Room
6 Dr. TamkeenHussain Warden ATF Hostel, Residential
7 Dr. M. Abu Saleh Warden BGF Hostel, President, Lit. &
Cult. Society
8 Dr. Ashhad Jamal Warden BFF Hostel, In-Charge
Computer Cell
9 Dr. TariqueQureshi Warden BTF Hostel, In-Charge Game &
Sports.
10 Dr. Nabiullah Khan Residential
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OFFICE STAFF
S.
Name of the Employee Designation/Duty Assigned
No.
1 Mr. Shakeel Ahmad Section Officer (Administration)
2 Mr. AzeemTazimulHaque L.D.C. (A/c)
3 Mr. AnisMohd. Khan L.D.C. (Admin.)
4 Mr. Sabir Ali Khan L.D.C. (Admin.)
5 Mr. Naved Ahmad L.D.C. (A/c)
6 Mr. Mohd. Ajmal L.D.C. (Admin.), (Ledger Keeper)
7 Mr. Mohd. Nasir M.T.S. (Dealing Assistant, Students).
8 Mr. Mohd. Ilyas LDC (Admin.)
9 Mr. Sultan Ahmad M.T.S./Office Attendant
10 Mr. Mohd. Muqeet M.T.S./Hall Attendant
11 Mr. Shahzad Ali Daily Wager (Unskilled), Student Dealing
12 Mr. RaifulAzam Daily Wager (Clerical), Ledger Keeper
13 Mr. ShamimAlam Daily Wager (Unskilled), Dealing
Assistant, Mess A/c
14 Mr. Shuiab Ahmad Daily Wager (Unskilled)
15 Mr. Fahad Ahmad Daily Wager (Clerical), Computer Cell.
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SUB-ORDINATE STAFF
S.
Name of the Employee Designation/Assigned Duty
No.
1 Mr. Syed Hasan Electrician-cum-Tube well Operator
2 Mr. Mohammad Yaqoob Office Attendant
3 Mr. Siraj Ahmad Pump Attendant
4 Mr. SabirHussain Pump Attendant
5 Mr. Imamuddin Pump Attendant
6 Mr. Imran Ali M.T.S. (Plumber)
7 Mr. Rafeeq Ahmad Hall Attendant (Common Room Attendant)
8 Mr. Munshi Khan Hall Attendant (Gate Keeper)
9 Mr. Naim Ahmad Hall Attendant (Electrician)
10 Mr. Shahabuddin Hall Attendant (Electrician)
11 Mr. Habib Ahmad Hall Attendant (Carpenter)
12 Mr. M. Ali Hasan Hall Attendant (Gate Keeper)
13 Mr. Yunus Kitchen Attendant (Gate Keeper)
14 Mr. Ishratullah Mali (Gate Keeper)
Contd...
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S.
Name of the Employee Designation/Assigned Duty
No.
15 Mr. Khurram Ali Khan Daily Wager (Unskilled), Gate Keeper
16 Mr. Mohammad Jamal Khan Daily Wager (Unskilled), Gate Keeper
17 Mr. M. Arif Khan Daily Wager (Unskilled), Gate Keeper
18 Mr. Deepak Kumar Safaiwala
19 Mr. Om Prakash Safaiwala
20 Mr. Yogender Safaiwala
21 Mr. Nisar Ahmad Hall Attendant (Mali)
22 Mr. Haseen Ahmad Daily Wager (Unskilled),Mali
23 Mr. M. Danish Khan Daily Wager (Unskilled),Reading Room
Attendant
24 Mr. AbulQuasim Daily Wager (Unskilled),Reading Room
Attendant
25 Mr. Mohd. Akram Daily Wager (Unskilled), Electrician
26 Mr. Mohd. Shamsad Daily Wager (Unskilled), Electrician
27 Mr. Jagdish Prasad Daily Wager (Unskilled), Safaiwala
28 Mr. Babloo Daily Wager (Unskilled), Safaiwala
29 Mr. Kaiser Pal Daily Wager (Unskilled), Safaiwala
30 Mr. Ravi Daily Wager (Unskilled), Safaiwala
31 Mr. Mohd. Shadab Daily Wager (Unskilled),Reading Room Attendant
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S.
Name of the Employee Designation/Assigned Duty
No.
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S.
Name of the Employee Designation/Assigned Duty
No.
13 Mr. Shareef Ahmad Hall Attendant (Bearer)
Contd...
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S.
Name of the Employee Designation/Assigned Duty
No.
Contd...
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S.
Name of the Employee Designation/Assigned Duty
No.
41 Mr. ZiaurRehman Daily Wager (Unskilled) (Bearer)
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S.
Name of the Employee Designation/Assigned Duty
No.
55 Mr. Mahboob Ali Daily Wager (Unskilled) (Bearer)
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A M U Tarana
by Asrar-ul-Haq Majaaz
Ye mera chaman, hai mera chaman, main apne chaman ka bulbul hun
Sar-Shaar-e-nigah-e-nargis hun, paa-basta-e-gesu-e-sumbul hun
Ye mera chaman, hai mera chaman, Ye mera chaman hai mera chaman
Main apne chaman ka bulbul hun
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Iqbal 2012
Is bazm mein teghain kheencheen hain, is bazm mein saghar tode hain,
Is bazm mein aankh bichhai hai,is bazm mein dil tak jode hain
Har shaam hai shaam-e-misr yahan, har shab hai shab-e-sheeraz yahan
Zarraat ka bosa lene ko,sau baar jhuka aakaash yahan
Khud aankh se ham ne dekhi hai, batil ki shikast-e-faash yahan
Ye mera chaman hai mera chaman,Ye mera chaman hai mera chaman
Main apne chaman ka bulbul hun,
136
Iqbal 2012
137
Iqbal 2012
Is bazm mein neze phenke hain, is bazm mein khanjar choome hain
Is bazm mein gir kar tadpe hain, is bazm mein pee kar jhoome hain
Yan hame ne kamanden daali hain, yan ham ne shab-khoon mare hain
Yan ham ne Qabaen Nochi hain, yan ham ne taj utare hain
Har aah hai khud taseer yahan, har khwab hai khud ta beer yahan
Tadbeer ke pa-e-sangeen par jhuk jati hai taqdeer yahan,
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D l ~ x Zw v
~ Z > <
D l ~ V v
/// ///