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    Low Drag Kayaks: Cyberiad

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    احمد عبدالكريم
    This document compares the hydrodynamic performance of three kayak hull shapes: Fish, Symmetric, and Swede. Through testing, it finds that: 1. The Symmetric hull has the lowest wave resistance, though differences between the hulls are small. 2. All hulls experience squat (increased sinkage) at speed due to dynamic displacement, with the Fish squatting most and Swede least. 3. Accounting for squat, resistance values are 5-13% higher than static tests would indicate at typical racing speeds of around 3 m/s. 4. No simple hull modification can significantly improve on the evolved designs, but squat effects must be considered for accurate analysis.

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    Low Drag Kayaks: Cyberiad

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    احمد عبدالكريم
    3 views11 pages
    This document compares the hydrodynamic performance of three kayak hull shapes: Fish, Symmetric, and Swede. Through testing, it finds that: 1. The Symmetric hull has the lowest wave resistance, though differences between the hulls are small. 2. All hulls experience squat (increased sinkage) at speed due to dynamic displacement, with the Fish squatting most and Swede least. 3. Accounting for squat, resistance values are 5-13% higher than static tests would indicate at typical racing speeds of around 3 m/s. 4. No simple hull modification can significantly improve on the evolved designs, but squat effects must be considered for accurate analysis.

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    Kayaks 3

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    This document compares the hydrodynamic performance of three kayak hull shapes: Fish, Symmetric, and Swede. Through testing, it finds that: 1. The Symmetric hull has the lowest wave resistance, though differences between the hulls are small. 2. All hulls experience squat (increased sinkage) at speed due to dynamic displacement, with the Fish squatting most and Swede least. 3. Accounting for squat, resistance values are 5-13% higher than static tests would indicate at typical racing speeds of around 3 m/s. 4. No simple hull modification can significantly improve on the evolved designs, but squat effects must be considered for accurate analysis.

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    3 views11 pages

    Low Drag Kayaks: Cyberiad

    Uploaded by

    احمد عبدالكريم
    This document compares the hydrodynamic performance of three kayak hull shapes: Fish, Symmetric, and Swede. Through testing, it finds that: 1. The Symmetric hull has the lowest wave resistance, though differences between the hulls are small. 2. All hulls experience squat (increased sinkage) at speed due to dynamic displacement, with the Fish squatting most and Swede least. 3. Accounting for squat, resistance values are 5-13% higher than static tests would indicate at typical racing speeds of around 3 m/s. 4. No simple hull modification can significantly improve on the evolved designs, but squat effects must be considered for accurate analysis.

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    of 11

    LOW DRAG KAYAKS

    Leo Lazauskas
    Cyberiad
    THREE K1 HULLS
    Fish, Symmetric & Swede
    100kg Displacement

    Direction of Travel

    Same Weight, Width and


    almost identical Surface Area
    TOTAL HYDRODYNAMIC RESISTANCE
    =
    SKIN-FRICTION
    +
    WAVE RESISTANCE

    SKIN-FRICTION
    1. MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE TOTAL
    2. PROPORTIONAL TO WETTED AREA

    WAVE RESISTANCE
    1. PROPORTIONAL TO BEAM SQUARED
    2. MINIMUM FOR SYMMETRIC HULLS
    3. SAME FORWARDS AND BACKWARDS
    TOTAL RESISTANCE

    0.035
    Fish
    Symmetric TOTAL
    Swede
    0.03

    0.025
    Resistance Coeffcient

    0.02 SKIN-FRICTION

    0.015

    0.01
    WAVE
    0.005

    0
    1 2 3 4 5 6
    -1
    Speed (ms )

    Fish and Swede have identical total resistance


    Symmetric hull is best...
    But not by much!
    SQUAT

    0.08
    Fish
    Symmetric
    0.06 Swede BOW
    Change in position of bow and stern (m)

    0.04

    0.02

    -0.02

    -0.04

    -0.06 STERN

    -0.08
    1 2 3 4 5 6
    -1
    Speed (ms )

    Fish squats most. Least buoyancy in the stern.


    Swede squats least. Most buoyancy in the stern.
    DYNAMIC DISPLACEMENT

    110
    Static
    Fish
    Symmetric
    Swede

    105
    Displaced Weight (kgs)

    100

    95

    90
    1 2 3 4 5 6
    -1
    Speed (ms )

    Squatted Values
    About 9 kg more at 3 ms1
    About 7 kg less at 6 ms1
    BUT THATS NOT PLANING!
    SKIN-FRICTION

    0.026
    Static
    Fish
    Symmetric
    0.025 Swede

    0.024

    0.023
    CF

    0.022

    0.021

    0.02

    0.019
    1 2 3 4 5 6
    -1
    Speed (ms )

    Squatted Values
    About 5% higher at 3 ms1
    About 5% lower at 6 ms1
    WAVE RESISTANCE

    0.015
    Static
    Fish
    Symmetric
    Swede

    0.01
    CW

    0.005

    0
    1 2 3 4 5 6
    -1
    Speed (ms )

    Squatted Values
    About 13% to 25% higher at 3.3 ms1
    TOTAL RESISTANCE

    0.04
    Static
    Fish
    Symmetric
    Swede

    0.035
    CT

    0.03

    0.025
    1 2 3 4 5 6
    -1
    Speed (ms )

    Squatted Values
    About 7% to 11% higher at 3.3 ms1
    Almost no difference at mean race speed.

    SOMETIMES YOU CAN GET LUCKY!


    TAKE-HOME LESSONS

    1. NO MAGIC BULLETS
    Kayak hulls are already highly-evolved.
    No possibility of large improvements
    with simple convex hull shapes

    2. SQUAT IS IMPORTANT
    Analyis based on static values can be mis-leading.
    FURTHER WORK

    How does the location of the paddler


    affect sinkage, trim and resistance?

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