+

( )0 ( -
). : :
-
i .
.
+
:
1 2
v
.
: :
WL ( t ) ) LiL ( t
2
- i( t ) 0 Amp Open Circuit (O.C.) :

()Kirchhoff Laws v( t ) 0 Volt Short Circuit (S.C.) :

,
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) -
) p v i : ()

). : ()
( )
""
:KCL -
(
p v i : / .
). . p >0
Voltage Controlled Voltage Source VCVS
. p <0
I1 I 2 I 3 I 4 0
+ + V2
I2
to: t - = V2 + V1
I3 or t t
V1
V1
- V2 :
I1 I1 I 4 I 2 I 3 'W ( to ,t ) p( t' )dt' v( t' )i( t' )dt Joule J - -
V2 V1
I4 to to

()Resistor
Current Controlled Voltage Source CCVS
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) - R , ohm :
V2

+ +
I1
1 :
/( Loop , ) G1 , mho , Siemens = V2 + I1
. R V1 - V2 :
r I1
V I R I G V - V2 r I1
VS VR 0 - -
:
I v2
+ or : p v i i2R
VS + VR R VS VR 0 R
- Voltage Controlled Current Source VCCS
- or : / ( ).

VS I R 0 +
I2
+ I2
()Capacitor
= I2 V1
V1 V2
:
C F Farad
g V1
KVL :
. I 2 g V1
- -
- :
: d vC
iC ( t ) C Current Controlled Current Source CCCS
dt + )iC(t
t
I2
RT Rn )vC(t + +
1

1 'vC ( t ) 1 iC ( t' )dt ]C [F I1 I2
I1
RT R C = I2
n n n - V1 V2 :
I1
CT Cn 1

1 or : I 2 I1
CT - -
n n Cn t
'vC ( t ) vC ( 0 ) 1 iC ( t' )dt
n
C - (Direct Current) DC
0
) Veq ( to ) Vk ( to .
. -
( ), - - (Alternating Current) AC
k 0
.

) vC ( 0 ) vC ( 0 :
1

1 LT Ln
:
LT n Ln n
( )DC .
+
- m mily 10 3 ; k kilo 10 3
( )0 ( -
n ). ; micro 10 6 M Mega 10 6
) ieq ( t o ) ik ( to
-
k 0

. n nano 10 9 ; G Giga 10 9

WC ( t )
1
) C VC2 ( t : p pico 10 12 ; T Tera 10 12
. 2
F 10 6 F , G Hz 10 9 Hz :
- . KVL
, . :
()Inductor - Coil
dw Joule :
L H Henry : v Volt V
. dq Coulomb
- . KCL - ():
, . :
di
vL ( t ) L L dq Coulomb
. dt
+ )iL(t i( t )
dt sec Amper A
t
1 :
( ):
iL ( t )
L ' vL ( t' )dt ]vL(t) L [H
p( t )
dw

dw dq
v( t ) i( t ) V A W

- dt dq dt
or :

1
t ] p( t ) v( t ) i( t ) [ Watt ] [ W :
iL ( t ) iL ( 0 )
L ' vL ( t' )dt
0
. -
( ), -
) iL ( 0 ) iL ( 0 :

( )DC . -

__________________________________________________________________________________________
HIT :" ,"
0202 1 " ,"
 VTh VO.C . ,VTh , :
( - )Node Voltages R1
Va Vb - R1 a
I N I S .C . ,IN , : V R1 Vab
n
+ +V -
RTh RN ,:
I1 R1 Va R3 Vb Rj R 1
VR
+
j 1 R2
V I3 2
- : I2
I S .C . O .C . I4 for the Rk Vab -
RTh +
VS R2 R4 IS resistor :
-
" /: R - VR
VR n k Vab - n +
/ k b
( ) . - a. b - Rj Rn
,VTh , j 1
a b - . I1 I 2 I 3 :KCL
.
,IN , I3 I S I4
a b - . : .
/
( ) . / VS Va V V Vb ( ):
a a
R1 R2 R3 a
a. b - I
Va Vb V IR IR IR
/ : IS b 1 2 n
R3 R4
VTh V R1 R2 Rn
RTh O.C . ,VS , (
IN I S .C . / /) Va( Vb -
( ,)R3 - )(Super-Node b
/) ( ( KCL )
G1
Vt ) It a b -
" . IR n
I
1
RTh = RN:
Va Vb VS : G j
V j 1
RTh RN t
It Gk
( - )Mesh Currents for the Rk resistor : IR n
I
k

: VTh,RTh - R1 R3 R5
I1 , I2 , I3
G j
j 1
, RL
? .
RTh VS
+ +
2 .
a R2 R4
- -
I VS
I3 :
1 I1 I2
VTh + RL
- a
R2 I IR IR
I R1 I 1 2
b R1 R2
2 VS1 I1 ( R1 R2 ) I 2 R2 0 R1 R2
VTh R1
P RL I 2 RL I1 R2 I 2 ( R2 R3 R 4 )-I3 R 4 0 I R2 I
RL RTh 2 R1 R2
b
I 2 R4 I 3 ( R4 R5 ) VS2 0
RL RTh , :

VTh2 : , KVL
Pmax
4 RTh
, .
D Y -
: IS ,
:
( )R2 a
P PRL RL , - ( Super-Mesh
out 100% 100% 100% ) KVL :
Pin PVTh RTh RL
VS1 I 1 R1 R3 I 2 R4 ( I 2 I 3 ) 0
R3 Ra
R2
I3 KVL "":
RS R4 ( I 3 I 2 ) R5 I 3 VS2 0 Rb o Rc
a I S = V S / RS a
I S I1 I 2 :
VS + RS
- RS RS IS b c
() R1

b b
VS = IS . RS ( / )
.
(*)
, / R2 R3 R R R R R R
( Ra R1 a b b c c a
a ,b - "" R1 R2 R3 Ra
).
RP RS :
R1 R3 R R R R R R
Rb R2 a b b c c a
R
a
R
a () .
R1 R2 R3 Rb
R1 R2 Ra Rb Rb Rc Rc Ra
+ + Rc R3
V -
Rp RP V -
R1 R2 R3 Rc

b b
RTh
RS a a
a a
VTh + IN RN
-
I R RS I R
b b
b b

__________________________________________________________________________________________
HIT :" ,"
0202 2 " ,"
 . . ] [ 1 Sec
- . .RX -
y( 0 ) 0 . . - . ] o [ rad Sec
y ( 0 ) 0 - Q 2 . R1 R2
o
." +.

) yZSR( t ) y p yh u( t : ,
:
Q ,o ,
VS +- a G b

. ( ZIR R3 RX
.
). ( Q ,o ,

. " . .)R, L, C - G ( )
. :
-" :
" ) f ( t " KCL.KVL - R2
RX R3
. : KCL " v KVL R1
(or D, F) A, B -" " .i
y( 0 ) 0 , y + " ( 0 ) 0 (*) , " , Vab ,
( )ZSR: ZIR. ZSR - ( , ,
yZSR ( 0 ) y p ( 0 ) yh ( 0 ) 0 .1 :ZIR
).
. Q ,
o ,
.
y ZSR ( 0 ) y p ( 0 ) y h ( 0 ) 0
Or: . " ( t 0 -
yZSR ( 0 ) 0 " .)ZIR "
y ZSR ( 0 ) 0 . / : :
P( s ) S 2 S 2
o2 0 . t .1 " 0 -
y y ZIR y ZSR .3 :
. :
.2 " KCL. KVL -
S1,2 2 o2 .3 :)Zero Input Response( ZIR
. : . ( , ) =
( " ).
RL / , " , . .
ZIR ." " ZIR -
, : )1 S1,2 : " :
t=0 Io )i(t y a y 0 at
- o ; Q 1 2 )y(t yZIR ( t ) yo e
IS RS
+
R vR y( 0 ) yo
)(DC L vL
:" t 0 " . t 0
+
-
)i(t A+B
y ZIR Ae s1 t B e s2 t t .4 :)Zero State Response( ZSR
. ().
. .
,: ." +
iL ( 0 ) I o I s
, : )2 S1,2 : .
y a y f ( t )
VL ( 0 ) 0 o ; Q 1 2
)y(t


) yZSR( t ) y p yh u( t
( )t = 0 S1 S 2 y( 0 ) 0

R . A ZSR - ) u(t
" : t t t . t 0
y ZIR Ae Bt e
di R
i 0 . :ZIR
dt L : )3 S1,2 : yh D e a t
i( 0 ) iL ( 0 ) I o I s ,:
. " .
o ; Q 1 2 )y(t
- () a t 2 :
t ke- t
i( t ) I o e " " : S1,2 jd
A y p At 2 Bt C
t
d o2 - () sint cos t
2
L R :
:
T 2 d y p Acos t B sint
RL / " , ZSR '.
yZIR e t A cos(d t ) B sin(d t ) -"
R
or: " ) f ( t
+ vR - )i(t +
) y ZIR De t cos(d t .
= )VS (t + D -" "
]u(t) [V - L vL y( 0 ) 0 + (
- : )4 S1,2 :
)ZSR:
R yZSR ( 0 ) y p ( 0 ) yh ( 0 ) 0
)y(t
di R 1 " :
i VS y( t ) yZIR yZSR .5 :
dt L L 0 ; Q t
i( 0 ) iL ( 0 ) 0 ,:
S1,2 jo
" " : "
) yZIR A cos(ot ) B sin(ot " :
i(t ) 1 1 et ) u (t or:
R d2y dy
) yZIR D cos(ot 2 ) o2 y f ( t
L R : dt 2 dt
. . " y( 0 ) yo ) y 2 y o2 y f ( t :

RC / , " , y( 0 ) y1 " y( 0 ) yo :
ZIR
. y ( 0 ) y1
.2 :ZSR
__________________________________________________________________________________________
HIT :" ,"
0202 3 " ,"
 )iR(t R dvC dvC 1 t=0
iC C vC iC RS
a b
dt dt C
)i(t + vR - )iL(t v 1 v
+ vC
1
iL iR 1 iL R iL C -
VS (t) = + vL C C R C R )i(t vR
L VS + + + R
u(t) [V] - vC ( 0 )
(DC) -
iL ( 0 ) v
1 +
- vC + - v( 0 ) C Vo
C
C R - - )i(t
V
Io o
)iC(t 1
C v( 0 )
. vC (*) / " C R a
/ " , RLC vC (0 ) Vo VS ,:
vR vL vC VS ZSR
iC (0 ) 0
iR iL iC i
)iC(t )iL(t )iR(t + )t = 0( b
di + + + R .
iR L vC VS = )IS (t C vC L vL R vR v
dt ]u(t) [A " b:
- - -
-
dv dvC 1
iC C vC 0
dt dt RC
/ " . i
d 2vC R dvC 1 1
L vC (0 ) vC (0 ) Vo ,:
vC VS iC iL i R I S
2 L dt LC LC t
dt
C
dv
iL
v
IS
vC (t ) Vo e " " :

R 2L o 1 LC dt R
RC :
di
: ZSR vL L .
dt
" , RC / " ,
: d 2 iL 1 diL 1 1 ZSR
vC ( 0 ) 0 , vC ( 0 ) 0 iL IS
dt 2 RC dt LC LC
: " ( )ZIR )iR(t )iC(t
: ZSR
, vC vC
VS " ) ( 0 ) , ( 0 = )IS (t
+
vC
+

.ZIR " RLC " , R vR C

]u(t) [A -
. : -
iL ( 0 ) 0 , iL ( 0 ) 0
()Steady State = S.S.
() . : " ( )ZIR " :
: " ) , iL ( 0 ) , iL ( 0 IS dvC 1 1
vC I S
) a(t ) Am cos( t .ZIR " RLC
.
dt RC C
:
vC (0 ) vC (0 ) 0 " ,:
/ , " , RLC
)a(t ZIR " : RC
T
Am
)iR(t R vC ( t ) R 1 e t
) u( t
t + vR - Io )iL(t .

+
vL L RLC / , " ,
- vC + -
ZIR
2 rad : - Vo +
2 f sec
T Io
)iC(t )iC(t )iL(t )iR(t +
- Am ... ( ,)
C +
+ + +
- rad sec
iR iL iC i C Vo vC L vL R vR v

- - -
- f Hz sec 1 vR vL vC 0 -
-
- T sec t
di 1
- rad () iR L VC (0) i (t ' )dt ' 0 ,Vo , ,Io ,
dt C0 .

) v(t ) Vm cos( t v : iC iL iR 0
d 2i R di 1
) i(t ) I m cos( t i : i0 dv 1
t
v
dt 2 L dt LC C v(t ' )dt 'iL (0) 0
- Vm V , I m A /
dt L R
0
- v rad , i rad /
R 2L o 1 LC 2
d v 1 dv 1 :C -
() :
v(t ) 0
i( 0 ) iL ( 0 ) I o " I: dt 2 RC dt LC
v i rad 1
" :II o 1 LC
:
t T sec 2 RC
i
2 di di 1
vL L vL S1,2 2
o2
) : v(t dt dt L
v(0) vC (0) Vo " I:
i 1 vL 1 vR vC 1 i R vC
t o T
1
v(t )
T Vm cos( t )dt 0 L L L " :II
to
:
i ( 0 ) i( 0 )R vC ( 0 )
1
t0 T L
1 1 2
v 2 (t )
T Vm2 cos 2 ( t )dt
2
Vm
i ( 0 ) 1 I o R Vo
t0 2 L
(:)rms = root mean square , RLC / " ,
ZSR

__________________________________________________________________________________________
HIT :" ,"
0202 4 " ,"
 v i Z :

~ ~
X Im Z Z sin Z Veff Vrms v 2 (t )
1
Vm
: ~ 2
() Z:
1
Pav Vm I m cos Z Veff I eff cos Z
2 ~
Z
.
v i 0 : ~
Z
jX .
1 :
Pav Vm I m Veff I eff Z ( )
2 )( Cos:
v i 90 o : R
) v( t ) Vm cos( t
:
Pav 0 :
:
Z tan 1
X

~
, /. Z R2 X 2 , Am cos t Re Am e j( t )
R

p. f . cos( v i ) cos Z
() :
() , :
~

Re Am e j e j t Re A e j t
~ ~
ZR R ~
A Am e j , , A -:
v i : ~

Z L j L j X L X L 90 o ~
A x jy :
i v
i v ~ 1
ZC j X C X C 90 o
- :
~~ ~ 1 j C ~
x A cos Am cos
*S V I ( ):
2 ~
~ ~
~ 1
~ Y : y A sin Am sin
V Vm e j v , I I m e ji Z ~
R jX A Am x2 y2
S Vm I m e j v i
~ 1 ~ 1
Y
2 R jX R2 X 2
tan 1
tan 1
Im A
~
y

S Vm I m cos v i j Vm I m sin v i
~ 1
2
1
2

R
R2 X 2
j 2
X
R X 2
G jB
Re A
~
x
~ ~
S Pav j Q S e j

~ ~
G Re Y Y cos Y
- G
:
~
~
B Im Y Y sin Y
- B
v( t ) Vm cos t v
~
V Vm e jv Vm v
S ~ :
~ , :
S ]S [VA
jQ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ :
]P [W VR I Z R I R I i R0 o I R i
]Q [Var ~ ~~ ~ ) i( t ) I m cos( t i
VL I Z L I jX L
I I m e ji I m i
~

P
~ ~ :
I i X L 90 o I X L i 90 o
VC I Z C I jX C
P : ~ ~~ ~ ,
p. f . ~ cos

S ~ ~ ( )
I i X C 90 o I X C i 90 o ( , ')
- : .
~ ~ ().
P S p . f . S cos : ( /)
.90o -
~ :
Q S sin CIVIL Rule .90o -
) Vm1 cos( 1 t 1 ) Vm2 cos( 2 t 2
~
~ ,
S P2 Q2 V ( )
KVL :
, (
: 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ).
~ V VR VL VC VR VX
S P jQ .
: 0 :0o
) sin( ) cos( 90 :
~
S P jQ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
V VR j VL j VC VR j V X
: 1) 6 cos(314t 45o ) 6 45o
~ ~
I I m e ji V Vm e jv ~ 2) 8 sin(500t 15o ) 8 75o
~ V ()
V V ~ 3) 4 cos(200t 30o ) 5 cos(200t 20o )
) Z ~ m e j( v i ~ ~
Z R-
I Im V :X
j VX 4 30o 520o 3.91 108.4o
Complex. Conj. V
Z R jX
Z R jX 4) 7 sin(800t ) 3 cos(800t ) j 7 3
~
I V
. R 3 j 7 7.616113.2o

:
~ *~ ~
S P jQ Vrms I rms ) v(t ) Vm cos( t v : :
~ ~
~
: I
) i(t ) I m cos( t i I I me ji V Vme jv
:
S I rms Z I rms R jX
~ ~ 2 ~ 2
) p(t ) v(t ) i(t :
~ V
~
V ~ ~
Z ~ m e j( v i ) Z e j Z Z Z
~ ~ 2 ~ 2 I Im
S I rms R j I rms X t o T
1
p( t )dt
:
~ 2
P I rms R
~ 2
Q I rms X
Pav Z v i :
T to
~ , Z
S P jQ ():
~ ( ).
: V :
1 eff max 2
Pav Vm I m cos( v i ) ~ ~
~ 2 ~ 2 ~ 2 2 Z Z Z R jX
~ Vrms Vrms R Vrms X
S P Q ) Pav Veff I eff cos( v i :
Z

2 2
~ ~
Z Z
R Re Z Z cos Z

__________________________________________________________________________________________
HIT :" ,"
0202 5 " ,"
 M K L1L2 0 K 1 .5 ( ~ 2
). Vrms : Z R
. P
(*) ' ' (.)+ R
RLC :
:
~ 2
Z11 Z S R1 jwL1 - Yeq .1 ( - Zeq ). Vrms : Z X
Q
: . .2 X
Z 22 Z L R2 jwL2 . .3
( 180o
~ ~ ~
Z11I1 jwMI 2 Vs ) . new .
~ ~ ( DC - .4
Z 22 I 2 jwMI1 0 ). ?

Ptanold tan new Qold Qnew

~
~
Z 22Vs ~ ~ jwM ( .5
I1 I2 I1 ). C
Z11Z 22 w2 M 2 Z 22 ~ 2 ~ 2
Vrms Vrms
"" :
: o

~
V w2 M 2 " ., p. f . cos 1
Z int ~s Z11 o :
Is Z 22 RLC .
w2 M 2 cos new 1 , tan new 0
Z ab Z int Z s R1 jwL1 Q:
Z 22 :
RLC P tanold Qold
Z r Z TOTout
w M2 2

w M 2 2
*Z 11
( ) : C
~ ~ ~ 2 ~ 2
Z 22 Z 22
2
IL IC Vrms Vrms
~ Q ~
- Zr . IS IS
:
: R
~ Q CR
Vth Vcd jwMI1 oL o ZTh=RTh+XTh
: ZL . +
: a
RLC Band Pass
w2 M 2
Z th R2 jwL2
*
Z11 , .
~+ =ZL
2
Z11 VTh
. H , L RL+XL
.1 .
.2 : - - Band Pass -: b
. H L
. L , L .3
() :
1 2
: .4
( ) Z L ZTh
*
v1( t ) i1( t ) v2 ( t ) i2 ( t ) 0
. . , H j , -: RL RTh , X L X Th :
.

H j
.
~ ~ ~
~ VTh VTh VTh
I
: . ZTh Z L ( RTh RL ) j( X Th X L ) RTh RL

V1 V2 - Band Pass - 0
H j 1 2 .
I1 I2 ~
~ VTh :
I
~ ~ . - 3 dB 2 RL
V1 V2 ~ ~
N1 I1 N 2 I 2 ~ 2
N1 N 2 : VTh
1 ~2 :
H j Pmax I RL
N
a 1 dB 20 log 2 8 RL
N2 H j max
~
VTh ( )rms ,:
RLC :
. ~ 2
~ 2 VTh
M (' ).
1 1 Pmax I rms RL
1 4 RL
o 2Q 4Q 2
dI dI
v1 L1 1 M 2 + . . +
dt dt Q >> 1: Z L R L , X L 0
dI dI 1 1 :
v2 L2 2 M 1 - - H o 1
8Q 2 Z L R L ZTh RTh X Th
dt dt 2 2
2 Q
: :
1 1 .
L o 1
2
2Q 8 Q ):(Resonance
v1 j L1 I1 j MI2 + . . + ( ) Band Pass -:
v j L I j MI o
2 2 2 1
H L 0
v i
,:
- - Q ,:
: M
.L 1 ( )+
( ) o 1 , LC

Im Zeq Im Yeq 0
.2
Q R L CR R - RLC :
o o
Q . o 1 LC
RLC :

jwM - Zeq .1 ( - Yeq ).
ZS .2 .
.3 .
(
I1 I2 180o ) .
.4 (DC -
).

Zin
__________________________________________________________________________________________
HIT :" ,"
0202 6 " ,"
 *
L1 L2 M 2 :
Leq
L1 L2 2M

__________________________________________________________________________________________
HIT :" ,"
0202 7 " ,"