Version 1.

itech - 2012
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Versions Authors Date Description

1.0 : D. Remaud, itech 23/10/12 Compilation of various documents.
E. Bourgeois, IFSTTAR
1.1 D. Remaud Integration tool for efforts in volume
elements
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

1. GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS

1.1. Mohr-Coulomb criterion

Description of the problem

A bi-axial test is conducted on a soil sample. The axial load is increased until the failure is reached. This
failure is analyzed with the theoretical Mohr-Coulombs failure criterion.
The theoretical solution is given by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion:

f = (I- III) + (I + III) sin - 2 c cos = 0

where I and III are the largest and the smallest principal stress, respectively (compressive stresses are
positive).
Thus failure occurs in compression if:

I > III 1+sin - 2c cos

1-sin 1-sin

(a) (b)

Figure 1 Mohr-Coulomb criterion representation:

(a) in the deviatoric plane, (b) in the principal stress space

Geometry
The sample is a cube of 1m size.

Material properties
h Eu c' '
3
(kN/m ) (MPa) (kPa) ()
Soil sample 1200 100 0,3 1 or 2 30

Loading and boundary conditions

The load is applied on 2 sides of the sample.
Normal displacements fixities are applied on the 2 other free sides.
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Results
Input parameters Result: 1 at failure
2 Cohesion Reference CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
kPa kPa kPa
1 Error 1 Error
kPa % kPa %
1 1 6,464 -6,480 0,25 6,479 0,23
2 1 9,464 -9,494 0,32 9,494 0,32
2 2 12,928 12,963 0,27 12,968 0,31
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

1.2. Limit pressure procedure

Description of the problem

Nota: see also Tutorial 1 for the complete modeling process description.
According to Houlsby et al. [1], the ultimate bearing capacity obtained for the considered footing
problem is:

p = 5,69x cu

Geometry

1m 0,5
m

This 3D model
is equivalent
to this axisymmetrical model

FE Model
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Material properties
h Eu cu u K0
3
(kN/m ) (MPa) (kPa) ()
Soil mass 20 50 0,45 20 0 0,5

Applied load
A uniform pressure of 100 kPa is applied on the footing.

Results
Analytical reference CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
Factor of safety 1,156 1,110

Limit pressure 113,8 kPa 115,6 kPa 111,0 kPa

Relative error 2% 2%
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

1.3. C-phi reduction procedure

Description of the problem

Note: see also Tutorial 4 for the complete modeling process description.
This model is based on Griffiths and Lane [2] works. They describe a procedure to reduce shear strength
parameters of soils in a slope, also called c-phi reduction procedure.
A parametric study analysis is conducted with cohesion of the weak layer varying.

Geometry
20 m

6m 12 m

u=0
20 m
20m

12 m 6m
u=0
12 m

10 m
u=v = 0 10 m

60 m

Figure 1: Situation of the problem

FE Model
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Material properties
h Eu cu u
3
(kN/m ) (MPa) (kPa) ()
Slope 1200 100 0,3 30 0
Weak layer 1200 100 0,3 6- 30 0

Results
FOS
cu2/cu1
CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
1 1,465 1,506
0.8 1,424 1,451
0.6 1,367 1,394
0.4 0,932 0,977
0.2 0,464 0,489

These results are plotted for comparison on the Figure 7 of the referenced article. They show the very
good agreement between results in 2D and 3D. It verifies the c-phi procedure implemented in CESAR-
LCPC version 5.
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

2. ELEMENTS VALIDATION

2.1. Beam elements

Reference
Study SSLL06 from [3].

Description of the problem

Nature Value
Medium radius r 3m
Circular hollow section :
De 0.02 m
Di 0.016 m
-4
Area S 1.131 10 m
-9 4
Inertia I 4.637 10 m
11
Youngs Modulus E 2 10 Pa
Force F1 10 N
Force F2 5N
Couple M 8 Nm
Number of elements 10

Results
Point Quantity Reference CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
B v 0.3791 mm 0.3780 mm 0.3780 mm
B w 0.2417 mm 0.2418 mm 0.2418 mm
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

2.2. Bar elements

Reference
Study SSLL11 from [3].

Description of the problem

Nature Value
-4
Section AC and CB 2 10 m
-4
Section CD and BD 1 10 m
11
Youngs modulus E 1.962 10 Pa
Nodal force F -9810 N
Number of elements 4

Results
Nature Point Reference CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
Horizontal displacement C 0.26517mm 0.265 mm 0.265 mm
Vertical displacement C 0.08839 mm 0.088 mm 0.088 mm
Horizontal displacement D 3.47902 mm 3.479 mm 3.479 mm
Vertical displacement D -5.60084 mm -5.600 mm -5.600 mm
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

2.3. Shell elements

2.3.1 Built-in rectangular shell

Reference
Study SSLS01 from [3].

Description of the problem

Nature Value
Length 1m
Width 0.1 m
Thickness 0.005 m
Youngs modulus 2.1 E11 Pa
Poissons ratio 0.3
Uniform pressure 1700 Pa

Results
Quantity Reference CESAR-LCPC 3D Error
Point x=1m Maximal vertical 0,0973 m 0,0959 m 1,4 %
displacement
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

2.3.2 Cylinder under uniform pressure

Reference
Study SSLS06 from [3].

Description of the problem

Nature Value
Radius 1m
Height 4m
Thickness 0.02 m
Youngs modulus 2.1 E11 Pa
Poissons ratio 0.3
Internal pressure 10000 Pa

Results
Quantity Reference CESAR-LCPC 3D
Point A S11 (N/m) 0 3068
S22 (N/m) 500000 495535
R (m) 2.38e-6 2.374e-6

L (m) 2.86e-6 2.848e-6

CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

2.4. Volume elements

2.4.1 Hanging steel piece

Reference
Study SSLV07 from [3].

Description of the problem

A piece of steel is modeled.
1m
1m
A
C

3m

Material parameters: Linear isotropic elasticity

Nature Value
11
E 2.10 N/m2
Poissons ratio 0,3
Density 7800 kg/m3

Boundary conditions
- Hanging at point A (z=3m), uA = vA = wA = 0.
- Rotation stability around axes Ox and Oy: uB=vB=0 at point B (z=0)
- Rotation stability around axis Oz: uC = 0 at point C.
Loads
- Self-weight of the structure
- Upper face: uniform pressure for equilibrium of the structure weight (P = - x Vx g =
-229554 N/m)

Results
Point Quantity Reference CESAR-LCPC 3D
B (z=0) Displacement (m) 1.72E-6 1.722E-6
A (z=3) Szz N/m2 229000 229554
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

2.4.2 Integrated results in a concrete beam (3D)

Introduction
CESAR-LCPC proposes a specific feature for integration of resulting stresses inside a volume piece of
any material.
As a validation of this tool, we compare results to standard structural analytics.

Reference
Beam on supports loaded by a punctual force at its middle.

A B

C
l/2 l/2

10 m

Analytical solution:

Mz = Pl /4

wmax =Pl3 / 48EI

Description of the problem

A beam of 10 m length is modeled in volume quadratic elements, its section is rectangular: b = 20 cm ; h
= 40 cm.

Material parameters: Linear isotropic elasticity

Nature Value
E 30 000 MPa
Poissons ratio 0,2
Density 2500 kg/m3
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Boundary conditions
- Support at point A (x=0 m), uA = vA = wA = 0.
- Support at point B (x=10 m), uB = vB= wB = 0.
- Rotation stability around axis Ox: vC = 0.
Loads
- Nodal force at the middle of the beam.
- P = 100 kN

Results
Point Quantity Reference CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
C (z=5 m) Vertical displacement 65,1 mm 62,8 mm 65,5 mm
My -0,25 MN.m -0,25 MN.m -0,25 MN.m

Results analysis in CESAR-LCPC 2D

1. Generation of a line cut along the beam.
2. Drawing of the chart M, Bending moment along the previously defined line cut.
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Results analysis in CESAR-LCPC3D

1. Activation of the tool Beam forces MNV in plane
2. Definition of the plane :
- P (5 ; 0 ; 0)
- Vy (0 ; 1 ; 0)
- Vz (0 ; 0 ; 1)
3. Options: activate Attach clip plane.
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

2.5. Contact elements

Reference
NAFEMS Benchmark entitled Benchmark 2: 3D Punch (Rounded Edges).

Description of the problem

A
P

10 mm
100 mm

Punch
200 mm

Foundation

200 mm
Materials behaviour:
Linear isotropic elasticity
Eu
(MPa)
Punch 210000 0,3
Foundation 70000 0,3

Contact behaviour
The contact elements of CESAR follow this rule of friction:

c n tan

As the coefficient of friction to be imposed in this analysis equal to 0.1 (tan6 = 0.1), following
parameters are affected to the contact element:
Eu cu u Rt
(MPa) (kPa) () (MPa)
Friction 210000 0 6 100000

Rt rules the opening of the contact, when: n RT . Therefore a high value of Rt imposed the non-
opening of the contact.
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Boundary conditions
The foundation is embedded at its base: u = v = w = 0.
In 3D, the rotation stability around axis Oz is prevented: u=v=0 at point A (center of the upper face of
the punch).

Loads
The upper face of the punch is subjected to a uniform pressure of 100 MPa

FE Model
In 2D, the model is analyzed considering an asymmetry; only a section is represented. The mesh is
made of triangular elements, with quadratic interpolation. Contact elements are generated at the
interface between the punch and the foundation.
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Results
The results are plotted on the graph below.
They are in good agreement with the other codes although peaks are slightly different.
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

3. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

3.1. Modal analysis (MODE)

3.1.1 Modal analysis of a beam frame

Reference
Study SDLX01 from [3].

Properties
E 2.1E11 N/m2
Poissons ratio 0.3
3
Density 7800 kg/m
E-4 2
Section 1.392 m
E-10 4
Inertia 2.673 m

Boundary conditions
Points A et B are fixed (u=v==0)

Model
Each segment is modelled by 15 beam elements
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Results
Eigen value Reference CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
1 8.8 8.78 8.78
2 29.4 29.4 29.43
3 43.8 43.8 43.84
4 56.3 56.3 56.28
5 96.2 96.2 96.15
6 102.6 102.6 102.64
7 147.1 147.0 147.04
8 174.8 174.8 174.79
9 178.8 178.8 178.78
10 206 206.0 206.03
11 266.4 266.5 266.43
12 320 320.0 320.06
13 335 335.1 335.07

3.2. Direct integration

Under construction.
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

3.3. Harmonic loading (LINH)

Reference
Study SDLL08 from [3].

Properties
Nature Value
E 2.E+11N/m2
Poissons ratio 0.3
Density 7800 kg/m3
S 2.872E-3 m2
Iz 1.943E-5 m2

Boundary conditions
Points A, B, and D are fixed (u=v=w=0)
Links at B and E.

Harmonic loading
FG(t) = F0 sin(t) with : F0 = -100000N and = 80 rad/s

Results
Point Parameter Analytical CESAR-LCPC 3D
B,E wB -0.098m -0.100
G wG -0.227m -0.227
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

4. THERMAL ANALYSIS

4.1. Steady state (DTLI)

Reference
We study here a thick homogeneous tube with internal radius ri, external radius re, submitted to an
internal temperature i and external temperature e.

The material is supposed to have a linear behaviour with following parameters:

kx ky 1
k xy 0

Analytical solution
Temperature is calculated by following equation:

r
Log
i ( e i ) ri
re
Log
ri

FE model
Model is made of quadrangle elements with 8 nodes in 2D, hexahedron elements with 20 nodes in 3D.
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Results
R Analytical CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
1.00 200.00 200.00 200.00
1.08 191.70 191.50 191.70
1.15 183.98 183.56 183.98
1.25 175.31 174.98 175.31
1.34 167.35 167.02 167.35
1.45 158.44 158.10 158.44
1.56 150.19 149.85 150.19
1.69 141.05 140.69 141.05
1.83 132.60 132.23 132.60
1.99 123.21 122.86 123.21
2.15 114.55 114.20 114.55
2.34 105.01 104.64 105.01
2.53 96.19 95.82 96.19
2.76 86.46 86.08 86.46
2.99 77.50 77.13 77.50
3.27 67.63 67.26 67.63
3.54 58.56 58.19 58.56
3.87 48.54 48.14 48.54
4.20 39.37 38.91 39.37
4.60 29.28 29.03 29.28
5.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

4.2. Transient (DTLI)

Reference
We analyze here the propagation of the thermal front in a semi-infinite material mass. The problem has
a unique direction, so it can be limited to a slender rectangle.

The material is supposed to have a linear behaviour with following parameters:

kx k y 1
k xy 0
C 1
The flux is imposed on the left such as : (t ) 1

Initial temperature in the material is: (0) 0

We analyze during 20 time steps as follows:

(t0=0) 2x0,005 ; 4x0,01 ; 14x0,02

Analytical solution
Temperature at point A is calculated by following equation, as long as the perturbation is not back
to A.
t
( A ) 2.

Finite element model

Model is made of quadrangle elements with 8 nodes in 2D, hexahedron elements with 20 nodes in 3D.
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

Results
t t Analytical CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.005 0.005 0.080 0.084 0.050
0.005 0.010 0.113 0.110 0.088
0.010 0.020 0.160 0.158 0.144
0.010 0.030 0.195 0.193 0.185
0.010 0.040 0.226 0.224 0.217
0.010 0.050 0.252 0.251 0.246
0.020 0.070 0.299 0.297 0.294
0.020 0.090 0.339 0.337 0.334
0.020 0.110 0.374 0.372 0.371
0.020 0.130 0.407 0.405 0.404
0.020 0.150 0.437 0.435 0.434
0.020 0.170 0.465 0.463 0.463
0.020 0.190 0.492 0.490 0.489
0.020 0.210 0.517 0.515 0.515
0.020 0.230 0.541 0.540 0.539
0.020 0.250 0.564 0.563 0.562
0.020 0.270 0.586 0.585 0.584
0.020 0.290 0.608 0.606 0.606
0.020 0.310 0.628 0.627 0.626
0.020 0.330 0.648 0.647 0.646
CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

4.3. Transient Non linear behaviour (DTNL)

Reference
The analyzed problem is the same as the one described in the previous chapter. The difference stands
in the material behaviour. We consider here a non-linear conductivity and thermal capacity:

k x k y 1 ; k xy 0 ; C 1
These functions are discretized for temperature varying from 0 to 0,75 with steps of 0,05 C.
We analyze during 20 time steps: (t0=0) 2x0,005 ; 4x0,01 ; 14x0,02

Analytical solution

t
Temperature at point A is a function of time: ( A) 1 4 1

Results
t t Analytical CESAR-LCPC 2D CESAR-LCPC 3D
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.005 0.005 0.077 0.066 0.067
0.005 0.010 0.107 0.100 0.100
0.010 0.020 0.149 0.141 0.141
0.010 0.030 0.179 0.173 0.172
0.010 0.040 0.205 0.199 0.198
0.010 0.050 0.227 0.221 0.221
0.020 0.070 0.264 0.257 0.257
0.020 0.090 0.295 0.289 0.288
0.020 0.110 0.322 0.316 0.316
0.020 0.130 0.347 0.341 0.340
0.020 0.150 0.369 0.363 0.363
0.020 0.170 0.389 0.384 0.383
0.020 0.190 0.408 0.403 0.403
0.020 0.210 0.426 0.421 0.421
0.020 0.230 0.443 0.438 0.438
0.020 0.250 0.459 0.454 0.454
0.020 0.270 0.474 0.469 0.469
0.020 0.290 0.488 0.483 0.483
0.020 0.310 0.502 0.497 0.497
0.020 0.330 0.515 0.511 0.511
 CESAR-LCPC version 5 Validation manual

5. REFERENCES
[1] Undrained bearing capacity factors for conical footings on clay, G. T. Houlsby and C. M. Martin,
Gotechnique 53, No. 5, pp. 513520, 2003
[2] Slope stability analysis by finite elements, D.V. Griffiths and P.A. Lane, Gotechnique 49, No 3, pp.
387-403, 1999
[3] "Guide de validation des progiciels de calcul de structures", AFNOR Technique, SFM, 1990 (in
French)
[4] Advanced Finite Element Contact Benchmarks, A.W.A. Konter, Report No FENET-UNOTT-DLE-09,
2005
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itech - 2012