LIGHTING DESIGN: LECTURE - 2

Lamps: the artificial light sources

(electric lighting)
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: the artificial light sources

Can be produced:
Chemically
Mechanically THERMO LUMINESCENCE
INCANDESCENCE

Electrically
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE

SOLID STATE SEMICONDUCTOR

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: the artificial light sources

INCANDESCENCE

visible radiation produced by a

body at a high temperature

by passing an electric current

through a wire filament which
has a finite resistance to current
flow
 LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: the artificial light sources

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE

Generate light by sending an electrical

discharge through an iodized gas (in an
electric arc)

Releasing some of the energy of the

collision as visible radiation, and some as
ultraviolet(UV) radiation

Energy is released at specific

wavelengths as a discontinuous series of Spectral distribution of a clear mercury vapor lamp (source:
Westinghouse).
spikes which are dependent on the
chemical makeup of the gas
 LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

INCANDESCENT LAMPS

Standard incandescent lamps

amount of current passing determines the
brightness ( easily dimmable)

Tungsten halogen lamps

more efficient (quartz high temperature)

Infrared reflecting lamps

most efficient ( avoid heat loss + heat
filament)
 LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types
INCANDESCENT LAMPS
 LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types
INCANDESCENT LAMPS

Construction of typical
incandescent light sources

Common shapes of incandescent lamps

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

INCANDESCENT LAMPS
ADVANTAGES

1. inexpensive;

2. high CRI (good color rendition);

3. operates in inexpensive fixtures;

4. easily dimmed;

5. instant onoff;

6. insensitive to ambient temperature;

7. available with a variety of built-in reflectors;

8. available in many wattage and colors.

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

INCANDESCENT LAMPS
DISADVANTAGES

1. short life (7503000 hours);

2. poor over-voltage tolerance;

3. low lumen output per input watt (efficiency);

4. high heat generation (90% of input wattage goes to heat).

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types
INCANDESCENT LAMPS
USES

1. dimmable systems;

2. accent and specialty retail lighting;

3. outdoor convenience and decorative lighting systems;

4. mood lighting.
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

FLUORESCENT LAMPS
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

FLUORESCENT LAMPS

Rapid start fluorescent lamps

uses a cathode consisting of a coiled tungsten wire coated with an emission material

Instant start fluorescent lamps

uses a ballast transformer to boost the voltage up to a sufficiently high level to strike the arc
directly

High output(HO) and very high output(VHO) fluorescent lamps

heavier components are used to allow higher current flow within the arc

Compact fluorescent lamps

bent into a U shape to offer more surface area in a small space
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

FLUORESCENT LAMPS
ADVANTAGES

1. long life (20 000 hours average);

2. low cost;

3. high lumen to input watt ratio has efficiency

of about 8 times that of standard incandescent

4. available in a wide range of sizes and colors;

5. available with high CRI ratings;

6. low heat generation.

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

FLUORESCENT LAMPS
DISADVANTAGES

1. temperature sensitive. Output drops drastically in low temperatures.

Lamps used outdoors require special low temperature ballasts;

2. require expensive dimming ballast for dimming;

3. lamps contain mercury, which is classified as an environmental hazard, and can

present difficulties in disposal of burned out lamps;

4. can produce stroboscopic effect around rotating machinery.

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

FLUORESCENT LAMPS
USES

1. office space ambient lighting;

2. large retail space ambient lighting;

3. interior common space lighting;

4. compact fluorescent lamps should be

used in recessed downlighting and

accent lighting for energy savings.

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

operate on photoluminescence i.e., an electric arc passing through, and
colliding with gas atoms to produce light

operate at a higher temperature,

much higher intensity arc,

and under a much higher pressure

than fluorescent lamps

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS

METAL HALIDE LAMPS

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

XENON LAMPS
 LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

Mercury vapor lamps
produce the color spectrum of mercury, which appears
as a series of spikes

the outer envelope is coated with UV inhibitor

( to avoid high UV radiation)

very poor color rendering, particularly in the yellow

red Region CRI <20)

phosphor coatings for the outer envelope which

fluoresce

( CCT 3300k warm & 4100k White with a CRI of 50)

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

Mercury vapor lamps
BENEFITS:

1. long life (24 000+ hours);

2. bluegreen output flattering to plant color;

3. available in a variety of sizes and shapes;

4. least expensive HID source.

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

Mercury vapor lamps
DRAWBACKS:

1. long warm up time to full output (35 minutes);

2. poor CRI, even with phosphor coating;

3. inefficient lowest lumen-per-watt ratio of all the HID lamps;

4. produces UV radiation which can cause skin and eye burn if the outer
envelope is broken must be shielded for indoor use
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

Metal halide lamps
very efficient source of white light,
available in wide wattage range
contain argon, mercury, and
halide compounds (superior
spectral distribution/ high CRI value)
various phosphorus coating to
provide a desired color temperature
improve both color and luminous efficacy
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

Metal halide lamps
BENEFITS:

1. highest efficacy of any white light producing lamp;

2. long life (10 00020 000 hours);

3. available in a variety of bases and shapes;

4. available in sizes from 50 to 2000 W;

5. available in a broad range of correlated

color temperatures (29006000 K);

6. high CRI (6090);

7. insensitive to ambient temperature.

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

Metal halide lamps
DRAWBACKS:

1. requires warm-up time of 23 minutes;

2. must be used in a shielded fixture. Outer envelope breakage can allow emission of
high levels of UV light;

3. long restrike time after power outage (57 minutes standard, 23 minutes pulse
start);

4. relatively expensive lamp.

 LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

Metal halide lamps
USES:
wide variety of applications requiring various mounting heights

1. industrial facilities with high ceilings;

2. sports facilities;

3. warehouses needing high CRI;

4. retail facilities;

5. downlighting, uplighting, and accent lighting in

commercial facilities;

6. ambient lighting in facilities with.

 LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

High pressure sodium lamps
highest efficacy of any member of the true HID family

uses sodium, and a small amount of mercury and

xenon gas for arc starting.

No starting electrodes, so the ballast includes an

electronic igniter circuit that works in conjunction with
the transformer to provide the high voltage to start the
lamp

arc tube is made of ceramic material, rather than quartz

to withstand the corrosive effects of sodium and the
extremely high temperatures required for operation.
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

High pressure sodium lamps
BENEFITS:

1. high efficacy;

2. available in sizes up to 1000 W;

3. no dangerous mercury arc in the event of outer envelope breakage;

4. normal restrike in 1 minute or less instant restrike available;

5. insensitive to ambient temperature;

6. long life (24 000+ hours).

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

High pressure sodium lamps

DRAWBACKS:

1. low CRI (21 without phosphor coating);

2. relatively expensive lamp and ballast;

3. extremely high operating temperatures.

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

High pressure sodium lamps
USES:

where CRI is not of great importance,

but where high lumen output is

1. parking lots;

2. warehouses;

3. loading docks;

4. streets and highways;

5. building floodlighting.
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

Low pressure sodium lamps
BENEFITS:

1. very high efficacy (as high as 200 lumens per watt);

2. low re-strike time

DRAWBACKS:

1. monochromatic light output (very low CRI);

2. long warm up time;

3. relatively expensive.
 LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS

Low pressure sodium lamps
USES:
no interior applications, primarily in large
outdoor applications where CRI is of no consequence
1. parking lots;

2. railroad yards
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

BALLASTS
Not specifically a light source, but an integral part of the
fluorescent and HID lighting systems.

serve two functions:

(1) they start the arc in the tube

(2) they regulate the current flow in the arc tube.

Lamps and ballasts must be properly matched in order to achieve

optimum (or any) operation.
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

LED
LEDs are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert electrical
energy directly into light

Typical LED shapes.

Adapted from the IESNA Lighting Handbook - 9th Edition.
LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Lamps: Major types

LED

BENEFITS

can be extremely small and durable

some can provide much longer lamp life than other source

can generate red, yellow, green, blue or white light

have a life up to 100,000 hours

used in traffic signals and for decorative purposes.

LIGHTING DESIGN LECTURE 2
Reading assignment

1. Read about lamp designation

2. Read about lighting technology specially about LED and fiber optic
lamp technology