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PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Seventeenth Annual Convention, October 1988

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH SUMATRA BASIN -

WITH EMPHASIS ON SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR DATA

S.P.C. Sosromihardjo. Y

ABSTRACT
The new Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data has
provided the basis to modify the tectonic model of North
Sumatra Basin. Four lineament directions which have
been recognized in the SAR project area (N69"E, N30"E,
N27"W and N72"W) are related to strain ellipse fold axes,
as well as shear, thrust and normal fault directions.
Integration of SAR data with other surface and subsurface
geological data enabled a reconstruction of the tectonic
evolution of North Sumatra throughout the Tertiary.
INTRODUCTION
In June, 1986, Intera Technologies Ltd. performed a
Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) survey for Mobil
in North Sumatra. The system used in this survey was
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).
STRATIGRAPHY
Figure 2 shows the generalized stratigraphy of the North
Sumatra Basin. The lithologic units used in this discussion
are based on the papers by Kamili et a1 (1976) and
Cameron et a1 (1980). Other data has also been
incorporated to modify the illustrated stratigraphic
column for this area.
The Tertiary sequence began with the Meucampli
Formation, a unit of non-fossiliferous clastic sediments.
This formation is associated with volcanic activity as
evidence by intercalated lava flows found mainly in the
northwestern portion of the basin. These rocks represent
a transgressive fluviatile sequence. Its time-stratigraphic
equivalent, the Tampur Formation, is a widely distributed
marine shelf carbonate unit in the eastern half of the
basin.

SAR is an active remote sensing system that supplies
it's own energy source. Images can be acquired inde-
pendent of lighting conditions and largely independent of
weather. Although SAR does not penetrate vegetation,
bedrock and topographic features are frequently well-
expressed in the images of the forested terrain. SAR
systems are therefore superior to other remote sensing
methods in areas where cloud cover and heavy vegetation
are the common phenomena, especially in the tropics,
such as Indonesia.
The project area covering mainly the eastern half of
Aceh Province, North Sumatra, encompasses 21,300 km2
(Fig. 1). Theradar data were digitally processed into six
analog strips. A mosaic map at the same scale is used as
the interpretation base map.
Integrating the result of the SAR survey with other
surface and subsurface data, this paper presents a model
of the Tertiary tectonic evolution of North Sumatra.
The strain ellipse of a wrench assemblage model
(Harding 1973 and Lowell 1985) nicely simulates the
faulting and folding mechanism of Tertiary sediments
between high-standing, rigid basement blocks.
Mobil Oil Indonesia, Inc., Jakarta, Indonesia.
Unconformably overlying the Meucampli and Tampur
is the basal transgressive Bruksah Formation deposited
in fluviatile and paralic environments during Late
Oligocene. This basal unit represents the initial filling of
localized troughs or grabens. Conformably overlying or
laterally grading into the Bruksah is the Bampo For-
mation. These dark-grey to black shales were mainly
deposited in a euxinic marine environment. Early Miocene
tectonism led to complete marine withdrawal from the
North Sumatra Basin and produced a regional erosional
surface. This tectonic event formed the North Sumatra
Basin configuration intoits present shape.
After the Early Miocene tectonism, the North Sumatra
Basin was in relative quiescence. The Peutu Formation
was laid down mainly in the northwestern half of the basin
while its equivalent Belumai Formation was deposited in
the southeastern-half. The Peutu is a calcareous shale
deposited in an open marine environment. The Arun
Limestone member was laid down over fault-bounded
highs. These biogenic reefal carbonates are present at
Arun, Peusangan and Lho Sukon. The Belumai For-
mation, deposited to the east along the margins of the
basin, consists of calcareous sandstones and calcarenites.
In the shelf area pinnacle reef growths are common
(Malacca Limestone).
188
During Middle to Late Miocene rapid basin subsidence
occurred, resulting in the deposition of the thick marine
shale of the Baong Formation. This section conformably
overlies the Peutu and Belumai Formations, except on
basement highs and shelfal areas where a hiatus took
place. Baong deposition marked the maximum marine
trangression in the North Sumatra Basin.
A major regressive cycle began during Late Miocene
and continued throughout Plio-Pleistocene. The Keuta-
pang, Seurula and Julu Rayeu clastics were deposited
within this regressive cycle.
REGIONAL TECTONIC SETTING
Figure 3 shows the plate tectonic setting of Indonesia,
located at the convergence of three of the worlds largest
plates: the Eurasian Plate, the Indian-Australian Plate and
the Pacific Plate.
Most papers dealing with the tectonic evolution of
western Indonesia attribute northward movement of the
Indian-Australian Plate towards the Eurasian Continental
Plate as being the major active tectonic force. Patriat and
Achache (1984;after Daly et a1 1987) plotted a detailed
path of India from magnetic anomalies -70 My (Late
Cretaceous) to the present. Convergence velocity
decreased at -50 My (Early Eocene) from 15-20 cm/year
to less than 10 cm/year. The decrease in velocity is
interpreted as the beginning of the continental collisicjn
between India and Eurasia. The present day collision of
these plates is expressed as the uplift along the Himalaya
Mountain Range, defined as the Pakistan syntaxis, Indus
sutures and Assam syntaxis. Beginning at the eastern edge
of the Assam syntaxis the collision path turns southward
and is expressed as the subduction complex stretching
from the Burma Trench to the Andaman-Nicobar Trench
in the Andaman Sea and the Sumatran Trench southwest
of Sumatra and south of Java. These trenches mark the
interplate movements between the oceanic-crustal portion
of the Indian-Australian Plate and the continental
Eurasian Plate.
The oblique subduction of the Sumatra Trench results
in right lateral strike-slip movement along the great
Sumatran Fault which extends from the northwest tip of
Sumatra to the southeast end of Sumatra where i
probably intersects the Sumatra Trench. To the north this
fault continues as the West Andaman Fault complex
which becomes a series of transforms in the Andaman Sea
spreading centre; and it continues again as a right lateral
strike-slip fault at the Hainzee-Sagaing Fault zones in
Burma.
SAR RESULTS
Figure 4 is an interpretation based on an original mosaic
of six south-looking radar strips covering the eastern half
of Aceh Province, ,northern Sumatra. The overall quality
of radar images is good. The south illumination is the best
for the topographical and structural trends in the project
area.
The SAR mosaic was interpreted in detail by Mars
Associates of Phoenix (unpublished report) and by
MOBIL geologists; however detailed interpretation will
not be discussed in this paper. In general two main
structural domains can be recognized on the SAR mosaic:
1. The North and East Coast Foothills or the Foreland
Area
This region is represented by a relatively fine structural
texture dominated by Neogene sediments of Peutu
Formation and younger. The resistance diagram of the
foreland units clearly shows that the Keutapang
Formation is the most well-defined surface unit in the
Foreland area. Contacts between the overlying Seurula
and the underlying Baong Formations are clearly seen
in the SAR mosaic due to the Keutapang being more
resistant than the underlying and overlying formations.
The contact between Peutu and the overlying Baong
Formation is also obvious, but not so with the
underlying Bampo Formation since these units are in
fault contact. However, when they lie in stratigraphic
contact the Bampo being less resistant, reveals erosional
differences.
2. The Mountainous Region of Barisan
This area shows a coarse structural texture representing
hard Pre-Tertiary rocks and extrusive-volcanics. The
arbitrary boundary between this region and the
Foreland area is marked by the outcrops of the Peutu
Formation. Stratigraphic interpretation of this area is
more difficult than in Foreland area due to: (1) a higher
percentage of radar shadow (a factor of high relief),
and (2) a greater concentration of faulting and
fracturing. The latter factor effects radar signatures
because of increased drainage. Karst topography of the
Tampur carbonate can be recognized in the lower right
portion of the SAR mosaic. In the lower left portion
of the mosaic, a circulars shaped structure depicts a
collapse block due probably to the release of energy
of the underlying magma chamber by the eruptions of
the volcanoes to the north of this downwarping block.
Sumatran Trend and Antithetic Trend Faults
Figure 5 is a simplified structural overlay. Numerous
faults were mapped in the mountainous region of Barisan;
however for simplicitys sake, not all lineaments and faults
are shown here.
Two lineament trends are dominant in the project area.
The first is approximately NNW-SSE and sub-parallel to
the Sumatran Fault System which can be seen on the lower

left corner of the mosaic. This trend will be referred to
as the "Sumatran Trend". The second trend, NNE-SSW,
is referred to as the "Antithetic Trend". The displacement
along the Sumatran Trend is dominantly right-lateral
similar to the great Sumatran Fault System. On the other
hand the Antithetic Trend is left-lateral and the faults are
interpreted most likely basement involved.
In the Foreland area the Sumatran Trend is reflected
as a series of right-lateral wrench faults, the most distinct
of which bound the Arun gas field. The western
boundary, interpreted along a linear scarp, just west of
Lho Seumawe, is known as the Lho Seumawe Fault.
Right-lateral movement is inferred from the shape of the
coast. The eastern boundary fault is marked by the altered
course of the Keureutu River (Keureutu Fault).
Close to the area of the Arun Field to the west, other
Sumatran Trend faults are interpreted which bound the
Western High (Mane and Seumpo faults). The Mane Fault
clearly extends into the Barisan Mountains. The extension
of the Seumpo Fault is covered by flows from the
Geureudong Volcano.
Other significant Sumatran Trend faults are the
Samalanga-Sipopok and the Lokop-Kutacane faults.
These faults are oriented nearly N-S, but swing NNW-
SSE as they merge to the south into the Sumatran Fault
System. The Lokop-Kutacane Fault probably extends to
the north in the subsurface as a lineament which separates
two different basement areas. Most of the wells drilled
in the area to the east of this lineament encountered
Tampur carbonate basement. This area will be referred
to as 'Tampur Platform'. On the other side of the
lineament, basement is Pre-Tertiary greywacke and slate
complex. To the offshore this lineament continues as the
Early Miocene Rayeu Hinge feature.
Faults in the Antithetic Trend are not as evident as those
of the Sumatran Trend because their traces are masked
by the course of subsequent streams. Displacement along
these faults is probably less than along the synthetic set.
The Antithetic Trend fractures are well displayed on the
radar lineament map.
LINEAMENT INTERPRETATION
Lineaments manifest themself as alignments of
vegetation, soil tones, stream courses, topographic scarps,
saddles and sags, or more frequently as combinations
thereof. These alignments are observed either directly in
exposed rocks, or indirectly as surface traces in overlying
materials. Figure 6 is the lineament interpretation map
from the radar mosaic. For this project, lineaments less
than five kilometers in length were not mapped.
Figure 7 shows the statistical rose diagram and
189
histogram of lineament orientations and lengths in the
project area. Both diagrams represent the same data in
different formats. There are four average trends shown
for each of the fracture sets in the histogram, i.e. N72"W,
N27"W, N30"E and N69"E.
Well-defined lineament sets shown on the rose diagrams
are normally indicative of a single principal stress
direction. In reviewing the radar mosaic over the project
project area it is readily apparent that several trends of
structural elements are present. The clay model expe-
riment by Harding (1974) is used to explain and interpret
the predominant trends of lineaments.
Lineament patterns in the project area can be grouped
into three main strain ellipse diagrams: one was active
during the Early Tertiary and the other two developed
during the Late Tertiary.
Early Tertiary Strain Ellipse
This strain ellipse was generated from the right-lateral
couple movement of two large faults known as Sumatran
Fault to the south and Malaccan Fault to the north
(Fig. 8). The Malaccan Fault has probably been inactive
since Miocene time.
The rotational couple between these two faults
produced a pull apart basin which was bounded by the
Samalanga-Sipopok Fault to the west and by the Lokop-
Kutacane Fault to the east.
These faults presently trend almost north-south. This
trend of lineaments also occurs in the eastern half of the
North Sumatra Basin as well as in the Central and South
Sumatra Basins.
Other significant results of the Sumatran-Malaccan
couple are synthetic strike-slip (right-lateral) and antithetic
strike- slip faults, which trend N27"W and N30\"E
respectively. (the Sumatran and the Antithetic Trends).
Late Tertiary Strain Ellipses
There were two main strain ellipses active during Late
Tertiary. One occurred as a result of wrenching move-
ments along the Early Tertiary Sumatra Trend faults, and
the second is generated from movements caused by the
reactivation of the pull apart basin bounding faults
(Samalanga-Sipopok and Lokop-Kutacane Faults) in a
right-lateral sense. These movements produced both
rotational and non-rotational strain ellipses (Fig. 9).
The wrenching of the Sumatran Trend faults generated
N72"W trending folds and thrusts. This trend is recog-
nized as folds in the western half of ,the project
(Peudada Anticline, Arui Sane Syncline etc.) and thrusts
in the Pirak area. The causative mechanism of these folds
is probably the rotational couple between the Samalanga-
Sipopok Fault and the Seumpo Fault (Fig. 11). The NW-
190
SE trending anticlines and synclines just west of the Lho
Seumawe Fault are probably generated from non-
rotational wrenching of the fault itself which is
transformed into a thrust along the Barisan in a N72"W
direction (Pirak Thrust, Fig. 5).
The N-S non-rotational movement of the Lokop-
Kutacane-Rayeu alignment resulted in anticlines and
synclines above it. (i.e. Julu Rayeu Anticline) This
wrenching also produced thrusting with the same trend
as the folding at the edge of the Barisan. This NW-SE
thrusting is the extension of the previously mentioned
N72"W trending Pirak Thrust. This thrust merges into
the Lokop-Kutacane Fault as it continues to the south.
TERTIARY TECTONIC EVOLUTION
The Tertiary tectonic evolution of North Sumatra, as
part of the Sunda Craton, has been discussed by many
authors. Most of the discussions are related to the idea
of Sumatra rotation. There are conflicting theories about
the sense, cause and amount of rotation that Sumatra and
the Sunda craton have undergone during the Tertiary.
Hamilton (1979) agrees with Molnar and Taponnier (1975)
who suggested that clockwise rotation was caused by drag
as India moved northward into Eurasia.
In contrast, Davies (1984) advocates a counterclockwise
rotation. He believes that Sumatra originally trended
north-south and was bounded to the west by north-south
transform faults of the Ninety East Ridge type. As
subduction began, the Sunda microplate was rotated
counterclockwise by compression from the Indian Oceanic
crust.
Daly et a1 (1987), in a series of reconstructions, show a
nearly east-west orientation of Sumatra parallel to the
trenching of the Indian-Australian Plate into the Eurasian
Plate during Late Cretaceous to Paleocene time (Fig. 10).
Continuing northward movement of India dragged
Sumatra along the trench into its current NW-SE
orientation.
A series of tectonic reconstructions in this paper are
modelled after Daly's et a1 hypothesis. Parts of their
reconstructions are also included with minor modifica-
tions. The Harding strain ellipse diagram is also shown
in each of the reconstructions to explain the causative
mechanism of the resulting fracture trends.
Late Eocene (Fig. 11)
Basins of Sumatra started forming in Late Eocene when
the Indian Continent began colliding with the Eurasian
Plate (Daly et at 1987). During this time Sumatra was
probably oriented WNW-ESE. The Sumatra Basins were
bounded by broad dextral fault zones to the north and
to the south, i.e. the Malaccan and the Sumatran Faults.
The rotation in a right-lateral sense between these two
faults resulted in a pull apart basin bounded by the
Samalanga-Sipopok Fault to the west and the Lokop-
Kutacane-Rayeu alignment to the east. This pull apart
basin will be referred to as the 'Pase Sub-Basin' .
Similar extensional trends also developed to the west
and east of the Pase Sub-Basin (Sigli and Tampur
Platforms). These extensional faults are presently trending
almost north-south. Extensional fissures in the Sigli
Platform provided conduits for Late Eocene basalt
intrusives and flows found within the Meucampli clastics.
In the Tampur Platform, block faultingresulted in highs
and lows (Tamiang High, Yang Besar High, Tamiang
Deep etc.)
The fluviatile Meucampli clastics were deposited on the
Sigli Platform, whereas its equivalent Tampur carbonates
were widely laid down over the Tampur Platform. The
sediments within the Pase Sub-Basin were most likely
deposited in marine conditions and are time equivalent
to those rocks deposited in the geanticlinal area of
Barisan. Cameron et a1 (1980) described them as the
Simomeu Formation which consist of a marine clastics
complex. Over the present day highs they were probably
eroded, but may possibly be preserved in the present day
lows. However, there are no wells to confirm this.
Early Oligocene (Fig. 12)
The collision and the subduction of the Indian Plate
into the Eurasian Plate decelerated after Eocene time and
had reached a stabilized rate at the end of Early Oligocene
(-30 My). As a result, the extensional force changed to
an oblique compressive subducting margin as seen today
along the Sumatra Trench (Daly et a1 1987). The change
from extensional to compressive regime caused the
inversion of the Pase Sub-Basin which is expressed by the
regional uplift and unconformity over Eocene sediments
in the North Sumatra basinal area.
In spite of the above mentioned changes, the Eocene
strainellipse diagram continued through Oligocene giving
rise to a similar tectonic setting. The dextral couple of
Sumatran and Malaccan Faults developed synthetic faults
within the Pase Sub-Basin. Today, these faults are
trending N27"W and are referred to as the Sumatran
Trend faults.
Late Oligocene (Fig. 12)
During the latter part of the Late Oligocene block
faulting took place due to relaxation of the Early
Oligocene compressive stresses. These block faults
occurred along pre-existing lines of weakness of the Early
Oligocene synthetic faults (Sumatran Trend faults). At this
stage the North Sumatra Basin was formed into its present
shape.

Sedimentation during Late Oligocene consists of basal
clastics and graben fills of the Bruksah Formation
deposited in fluvial to paralic environments. These clastics
grade laterally and upward into restricted marine Bampo
shales. Reefs probably grew along the edges of highs.
Early Miocene to Middle Miocene (Fig. 13)
After a temporary period of relaxation, compressive
stresses were reactivated during Early Miocene. This
caused another regional uplift which led to withdrawal
of the marine influence from most parts of the basin
except in the lows. As a consequence widespread erosion
occurred resulting in regional unconformities, over the
highs (i.e. Arun, Lho Sukon, Peusangan).
As plate convergence west of the Andaman Sea became
acute, due to the continuing northward movement of
India, the Sumatra Trench (or Andaman Trench)
movement became dominantly strike-slip instead of
subduction. The release of energy due to the change in
character of the movement generated rifts in the Andaman
Sea. These rifts stopped the NW-SE movement of the
Malaccan Fault and probably transformed it to a N-S
direction. This N-S trend in the present day tectonic setting
is known as the western edge of the Mergui Ridge. The
eastern edge of the Mergui Ridge (a branch of Malaccan
Fault) probably extended to the Sipopok-Samalanga
Fault. Since that time, the Sigli Platform has probably
been the southward extension of Mergui Ridge. The
Lokop-Kutacane Fault-Rayeu Hinge alignment probably
continues as the Khlong-Marui Fault into the Malay
Peninsula as its present direction swings from nearly N-S
to NE, offshore in the Malacca Straits.
Following this uplift, the North Sumatra Basin was in
a relative quiescence. However the Andaman Sea Rifts
resulted in an open marine incursion into the North
Sumatra Basin (Davies 1984) which allowed growth of
reefal carbonates (Arun, Lho Sukon, Peusangan etc.) over
the highs. Within the lows restricted marine Bampo shales
were succeeded by open marine neritic calcareous shales
of the Peutu Formation. On the Tampur Platform reefs
grew along the Rayeu Hinge (i.e. Alur Siwah Limestone).
To the north in the shelf area (Malacca Shelf) pinnacle
reefs fluorished and sandy facies of the Belumai
Formation were deposited.
Continued downwarping of the Andaman Sea Rifts
throughout the Middle Miocene allowed a rapid marine
influx into the North Sumatra Basin. As a result the Early
Miocene reefs stopped growing and were buried by the
thick outer neritic to bathyal sediments of the Baong
formation.
By the end of Middle Miocene the basin became
completely filled by Baong shale marking the maximum
transgressive cycle over the North Sumatra Basin during
the Tertiary.
191
Late Miocene Plio-Pleistocene (Fig. 14)
The northward movement of India caused continued
strike-slip movements along the Sumatran Fault. These
movements induced the reactivation of extensional pull
apart faults (Sipopok-Samalanga and Lokop-Kutacane)
in a right-lateral sense.
The Oligocene synthetic faults which bounded the highs
and lows were also reactivated. Movements along these
faults were relatively gentle during Late Miocene but
reached a maximum during Plio-Pleistocene. The strain
ellipse, showing a wrenching couple active along the
Sipopok-Samalanga and the Lokop-Kutacane faults,
generated folds which currently trend N72"W (Fig. 9B).
The Pirak anticline and associated thrusting are products
of this wrenching. Along the Lokop-Kutacane Fault the
Pirak thrust and folds changed from N72"W to follow
the pattern of N-S wrenching strain ellipse as shown in
Figure-9A. As it merged into the Lokop-Kutacane Fault,
the Pirak thrust assumed a right-lateral sense.
Offsets along the antithetic faults are reflected along
the Arm-Cunda High. These N69"E trending offsets
occurred onshore north of the Pirak Thrust and offshore
north of Lho Seurnawe.
The N-S wrenching pattern of the Lokop-Kutacane
Fault is reflected by the N-S alignment of folds (e.g. Julu
Rayeu Field). A similar mechanism probably occurred
along the N-S fold alignment east of the Lokop-Kutacane-
Rayeu feature. Some of the folds along this trend are
offset along antithetic fractures of the N-S strain ellipse.
These features agree with the Harding clay wrenching
model (1973) as shown in Figure-15. At present this
alignment coincides with the western edge of the Tamiang
Deep. There are several other significant N-S features to
the east i.e. Tamiang Fault zone and Yang Besar Fault
zone.
Continuing compressive stress is reflected by overall
shallowing conditions following Baong deposition. This
marked the beginning of a regional regressive cycle.
Coarse clastic shallow marine sediments of Keutapang
were deposited during Late Miocene. Rapid uplift of the
Barisan during Plio-Pleistocene produced a rapid
shedding of coarser clastic materials constituting the
flwiatile to estuarine and paralic sediments of Seurula
and Julu Rayeu Formations (Davies 1984).
Continuing subduction of the Indian Oceanic Plate
below Sumatra generated thermal upwelling which caused
the uplift of the Barisans during Plio-Pleistocene. At weak
points magmas found their ways to the surface. The
Geureudong Volcano is located at the intersection between
the Seumpo synthetic fault and its antithetic fracture. The
sinking circular shaped block which includes the Lake
Tawar graben was probably formed due to magma
evacuation through the Geureudong Volcano.
192
Present Day Tectonic Elements (Fig. 16 Bi 17)
The present day tectonic elements of the North Sumatra
Basin can be divided into three main regions :
A. Sigli Platform :A Late Eocene N-S trending feature,
probably the south extension of Mergui Ridge since
Early Miocene time.
B. Pase Sub-Basin .- A Late Eocene pull apart basin
containing N27"W trending wrench faults which
bound highs and lows. These Sumatran Trend faults
divide the Pase sub-Basin into five elements from east
to west: Lho Sukon Deep, Arun-Cunda High, Jawa
Deep East, Western High and Jawa Deep West.
Wrenching movements along these faults generated
folds and thrusts which, in general, trend N72"W.
C. Tampur Platform : Early Tertiary N-S trending
extensional faults in this area were reactivated as right-
lateral wrench faults. This N-S wrenching is reflected
by the folds which, in general, trend N27"W similar
to the synthetic fault trends in the Pase Sub-Basin.
However, the Early Tertiary synthetic faults are not
as prominent as in the Pase Sub-Basin. The northern
portion of the Tampur Platform, the Malacca Shelf,
was relatively quiet during Tertiary.
CONCLUSIONS
The SAR data has proved a useful aid in establishing
continuity of surface alignments which was a problem in
previous surface geological mapping. This enabled the
development of a tectonic model of the North Sumatra
Basin.
The present day highs and lows in the project area were
caused by two major tetonic events: 1) Late Eocene right-
lateral strike-slip movements along the N27" W Sumatran
Trend faults and 2) Late Oligocene extension which re-
arranged the strike-slip fault bounded blocks into highs
and lows (Fig. 16)
Although pot specifically discussed, the tectonic model
developed in this paper combined with stratigraphy will
aid in delineating fairways for potential hydrocarbon
occurrences in the North Sumatra Basin. Wrench
movements are important for both trap formation and
as conduits for hydrocarbon migration from the deep
mature source areas to reservoirs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to thank the Mobil o i l management
and PERTAMINA for their approval to publish this
paper. Acknowledgement is expressed to colleagues in
Mobil Oil Indonesia Inc., especially to U . C. Gardner
who provided significant contribution through his ex-
pertise in SAR interpretation. A special gratitude is
expressed to L.Z. Valachi for this support and for editing
this paper.
REFERENCES
Cameron, N.R., Clarke, M.G.C., Aldiss, D.T., Aspden,
J.A. and Junuddin, A. 1980. The Geological Evolution
of Northern Sumatra. Proceedings IPA 9th Annual
Convention, 149-186.
Cameron, N.R. and Pulunggono, A. 1984. Sumatra
Microplates, Their Characteristics and Their Roles in
The Evolution of The Central and South Sumatra
Basins. Proceedings IPA 13th Annual Convention,
121-143.
Carey, S.W. 1975. Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia.
Proceedings IPA 4th Annual Convention, 17-48.
Daly, M.C., Hooper, B.G.D. and Smith, D.G. 1987.
Tertiary Plate Tectonics and Basin Evolution in
Indonesia. Proceedings IPA 16th Annual Convention,
399-428.
Davies, P.R. 1984. Tertiary Structural Evolution and
Related Occurrences, North Sumatra Basin. Pro-
ceedings IPA 13th Annual Convention, 19-49.
Hamilton, W. 1979. Tectonics of The Indonesian Region.
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1078.
Harding, T.P., Wilcox, R.E. and Seely, D.R., 1973.
Basic Wrench Tectonics. Bulletin AAPG Vol. 57 (l),
74-96.
Harding, T.P. 1974. Petroleum Traps Associated with
Wrench Faults. Bulletin AAPG Vol. 58(7), 1290-
1304.
Kamili, Z.A., Kingston, J., Achmad, Z., Wahab, A.,
Sosromihardjo, S. and Crausaz, C.U. 1976. Contri-
bution to The Pre-Baong Stratigraphy of North
Sumatra, Indonesia. Proceedings IPA 5th Annual
Convention, 91-108.
Lowell, J.D. 1985. Wrench Assemblage. Structural
Styles in Petroleum Exploration, 45-54.
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I97
 96O30' 97OOO'
I

FIGURE 6 - Lineament Interpretation Map

 \
40
\ - ,4",50

PERCENT 5.7 4.2 2.8 1.4 0.0 1.4 2.8 4.2 5.7
JOTAL NUMBER OF LINEAMENTS 1963 MEAN LENGTH PER CELL (KM) 313.1 1
TOTAL LENGTH OF LINEAMENTS (KM) 18786.51 NUMBER OF LINEAMENTS PER CELL 33
MEAN LENGTH OF LINEAMENTS (KM) 9.57 CELL 3 DEGREES

3 DEGREE CELL
I N30E
n
N
S ?
u d
J
J
w
0
U(D
p01!
I
:
c
sw o
I I I I I I
0
w 90 60 30 0 30 60
AZIMUTH

FIGURE 7 - Rose Diagram and Histogram for The Project Area

L
 N
0
0

- ~~

FIGURE 8 - North Sumatra-Early Tertiary Ellipse (Based on Harding, 1973)

 I

E LJ
A. SUMATRAN TREND WRENCH 6. NORTH-SOUTH WRENCH

FIGURE 9 - North Sumatra-Late Tertiary Strain Ellipse (Based on Harding, 1973)

INDIA //
f / RIDGE-TRANSFORM
/ MIGRATES WESTWARDS
/
/
/
/
B +

FIGURE 10 - Asia-Pacific Paleocene-Eocene Tectonic Reconstruction (After Daly et al, 1987)

FIGURE 11 - North Sumatra-Late Eocene Reconstruction
 1 h,
0
P

\ P T E R D A L Y E T A L 1987) 'p" 6 CY/YR

FIGURE 12 - North Sumatra-Oligocene Reconstruction

205
206

i
 207

/ ' '27 ,"

./-

I!+?-

. .
4" N

I 0
0 KILOMETERS 100 0
I I \

FIGURE 16 - North Sumatra-Tectonic Elements (Present Day)

2 09