0210 APRI L VOL.

59 G5593

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high-performance ceramics
2010
Trade Fairs &
Conventions
POWTECH 2010, Germany
CERA GLASS 2010, India
QUALICER 2010, Spain
IPB 2009, China

Ceramics Forum
The Glass Industry in the
EU Today a Survey

High-Performance
Ceramics

A. Kaiser*, R. Lutz*
Composition Modifications
on the Properties of Some Ceramic Bricks Filling
Bioactive Glasses and
Glass Ceramics Energy Saving
Titanium Nitride Coating

Uniaxial Hydraulic Pressing as Shaping

of Cobalt Chromium
Coronary Stents:
a SEM-EDS Analysis
Ceramic Based
Bio-Medical Implants
Preparation of Ca-_/`-
Sialon Powders by Micro-
wave Reaction Nitridation

Building Materials
Effect of Bi2O3 on Cordie-
rite Formation in Cordieri-

Technology for Advanced Ceramic Products

te Based Bodies

TILE & BRICK

The Use of Residues in
the Manufacture of
Ceramic Tile Bodies
Hot-Pressed Gres
Porcellanato Body
Effect of Calcite on the
Brick Body Closing
Glossiness and Slipperi-
Tile surface

of Larger Size
ness of Polished Porcelain
Stoneware Tiles Polished Porcelain
Effect of Diaspore Addition
on Microwave-Assisted Stoneware Tiles
Sintering of Floor Tile

12.04.10 13:54

The author Abstract Keywords

The corresponding author, Dr. Alfred Kaiser, studied Chemistry This paper gives an overview about hydraulic pressing,
at the University of Wuerzburg, Germany, and received his PhD various shaping technologies and relat- shaping, advanced
in 1979. From 1979 to 1989 he was Project Manager, Depart- ed selection criteria for the production ceramics, high-perform-
ment Manager and Deputy Director at the Fraunhofer Institute of advanced ceramics. The uniaxial ance ceramics, vacuum
for Silicate Research in Wuerzburg, specializing in materials hydraulic pressing technology is ad- pressing, large speci-
development (sol-gel process) and environmental aspects of dressed in detail and recent develop- men
glass technology. From 1989 to 1995 he was Manager Technol- ments are discussed which enable new Interceram 60 (2011) [34]
ogy at the Test Center of Gustav Eirich, Hardheim, Germany, application possibilities of this technol-
where he focused on mixing and granulating technology. From 1995 to 2005 he ogy, especially for the manufacturing
worked as Manager Plant Engineering at Laeis GmbH in Trier, Germany. Since of parts having larger dimensions. Sev-
2005 he has been Manager Business Development at the same company, now eral examples of oxide ceramics, non-
located in Wecker, Luxembourg. Dr. Kaiser is a member of the German Ceramic oxide ceramics as well as carbon based
Society, the German Engineering Federation, and the American Ceramic Society. products clearly show the broad range
The author of numerous technical papers has served in various technical commit- of utilization possibilities.
tees. E-Mail: kaiser@laeis.eu

1 Introduction of the investigation is the statement, that
Shaping of ceramics has a long tradition, this pressing technology is not recommend-
starting from free hand forming several able for the new product. In other cases
thousand years ago up to the most sophisti- highly sophisticated shaping technologies
cated modern technologies [1]. The most are used which are still under development
important technologies for traditional ce- or generally suitable only for lab scale or
ramics can be classified into casting technol- prototype manufacturing. And again the
ogies, plastic forming technologies and result is the conclusion, that simple tech-
pressing technologies [2]. These well proven nologies like uniaxial hydraulic pressing
and comparably economical technologies should not been considered.
are also predominant in the manufacturing The aim of this paper is to show that mod-
of advanced ceramics [3], at least when it ern uniaxial hydraulic pressing technology
comes to large scale production (in this pa- can be used very effectively to produce ad-
per advanced or technical ceramics will vanced ceramics with high quality and with
be referred to as ceramics produced mainly comparably low capital expenditure.
from well defined raw materials, often syn-
thetic powders, rather than traditional or 2 Shaping technologies for
classical ceramics mainly made from nat- dvanced ceramics
a ditives used for the individual shaping
ural raw materials). In the course of new Most of the well proven shaping technolo-
product developments in laboratories or in gies for traditional ceramics are used also
R&D centers, however, the focus usually is for the production of advanced ceramics.
on material optimization and not on the These are mainly uniaxial and isostatic
shaping technology. Therefore, very often pressing, slip casting and pressure casting as
one of the available lab scale technologies is well as extrusion, often modified to meet
used without systematic investigation into the higher demands of technical ceramics
better alternatives and especially without [410]. Other also well established technol-
regard of a future industrial scale produc- ogies are not widely used in traditional ce-
tion. Sometimes, the available technologies ramics production, but more dedicated to
are just small scale presses which do not advanced ceramics, like hot isostatic press-
provide all of the features of an up-to-date ing, tape casting, injection moulding, thick
modern production size press and the result film and thin film technologies [1115],
and further technologies are just being es-
tablished or are under development, in-
* LAEIS GmbH, Am Scheerleck 7, L-6868 Wecker,
cluding the spark plasma sintering (SPS),
Luxembourg also called FAST (field assisted sintering
technology), freeze gelation, so called rap-
id manufacturing technologies (printing
etc.) and many more [1618].
Technically they can be classified by various
parameters, e.g.
body condition and moisture content
(dry, semi-dry, plastic, slip, )
shaping temperature (cold, warm, hot)
pressure
atmosphere (air, inert, reducing, vacu-
um, ...)
content of organic additives
This classification, however, does not give
an indication of the most suitable selection
for a specific task, and in some cases it can
be misleading. Table 1 (taken from [3]) e.g.
shows a compilation of various organic ad-
processes. This table seems to indicate a low
organic content for injection moulding and
a high organic content for uniaxial pressing
due to the number of different organic ad-
ditives. If one looks at the quantity of or-
ganics, however, it can be seen that the
organic content of bodies for injection
moulding typically is 12 orders of magni-
tude higher than for uniaxial pressing
(Table 2). Various papers compare data ob-
tained with different shaping technologies
[1921], but generally the results require a
very careful interpretation and must not be
simply generalized.
Table 2 gives also a synopsis of other charac-
teristic features of selected shaping technol-
ogies. Such a survey can help to restrict the
 0210 APRIL VOL. 59 G5593

INTERCERAM 59 (2010) No. 2 pp. 79166

Interceram 0304/2011 231
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number of suitable technologies, e.g. when material properties (reactivity against wa- may show a result similar to that shown in
The Glass Industry in the
EU Today a Survey

High-Performance
Ceramics

high moisture contents are not acceptable or ter, sintering behavior, ) Table 3 (comparison of hydraulic pressing,
Composition Modifications
on the Properties of Some Ceramic Bricks Filling
Bioactive Glasses and
Glass Ceramics Energy Saving
Titanium Nitride Coating
of Cobalt Chromium

when high production capacities (i.e. short downstream production steps (possibility pressure slip casting and tape casting of alu-
Coronary Stents:
a SEM-EDS Analysis
Ceramic Based
Bio-Medical Implants
Preparation of Ca-_/`-
Sialon Powders by Micro-

cycle times) are required. For practical pur- and costs of machining of the green and/ mina in various thicknesses).
wave Reaction Nitridation

Building Materials
Effect of Bi2O3 on Cordie-
rite Formation in Cordieri-
te Based Bodies

poses, however, the most important selec- or fired parts, necessity of near net shap- TILE & BRICK
The Use of Residues in
the Manufacture of
Ceramic Tile Bodies

3 Hydraulic pressing
Hot-Pressed Gres

tion criteria defining the optimum shaping ing, ) Porcellanato Body

Effect of Calcite on the
Brick Body Closing
Glossiness and Slipperi-
ness of Polished Porcelain
Tile surface

Polished Porcelain
process for advanced ceramics are Further important aspects are the availabil Uniaxial pressing is one of the most used
Stoneware Tiles
Effect of Diaspore Addition
on Microwave-Assisted Stoneware Tiles
Sintering of Floor Tile

product geometry (maximum length and ity of a technology which has been proven shaping technologies in practically all fields
U1_U4_IC_2_10.indd 2 12.04.10 13:54

width, product height and aspect ratio, already for comparable tasks, the necessary of ceramic production. The main advantag-
complexity capital expenditure and the operating costs es (especially with respect to advanced ce-
of product) (CAPEX / OPEX) for technologies in ques- ramics production) are:
throughput capacity tion and last but not least sustainability and possibility of dry pressing: moisture
special product requirements (density, environmental impact. contents of press bodies are typically be-
microstructure, contamination restric- If these criteria are carefully evaluated, a low 3mass-% and very often even no
tions, ) comparative study as a basis for a decision moisture at all is applied; therefore no
separate drying step before firing is neces-
sary
Table 1 Qualitative compilation of organic additives used for various shaping tech- high green density, depending on the ma-
nologies (from [3]) terial properties and the applied pressure,
similar to what can be reached with iso-
Thermoplastic binder

static pressing
Temporary binder

Separating agent good strength of the green pressed parts,

Antifoam agent
allowing for an easy and safe handling

Filtration aid
Pressing aid

even of large parts

Feedstock
Plastifyer
Lubricant
Liquifyer

very low content of binder and other

organic additives (typically less than
3mass-%, for special requirements also
Tape casting x x x x x shaping without any organic additives is
Slip casting x x possible, if the right pressing parameters
Pressure casting x x x are chosen); thus no separate debindering
Hot casting x step is needed and no extensive emission
Injection moulding x control measures become necessary
low dimensional tolerances and high con-
Extrusion x x x
ture sharpness, especially compared to
Hot extrusion x x
isostatic pressing
Uniaxial pressing x x x x x
smooth and even surface quality and also
Hot pressing x x
the possibility to press structures directly
Cold isostatic pressing (CIP) x x x x into top and bottom surfaces; thus, to-
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) gether with the low dimensional toleranc-

Table 2 Characteristic features of selected shaping technologies

Total organic content

Typical temperature

Typical cycle time

Typical moisture

Typical pressure

/ mass-% / mass-% / MPa /C /s

Tape casting 5 >50 30 0 RT
Slip casting 1 30 0 RT 100
Pressure casting 1 ... 3 30 0,15 4 RT 10 100
Injection moulding 10 30 0 50 120 200 25 60
Extrusion 10 10 5 20 RT
Uniaxial pressing 1 3 05 50 250 RT 150 2 20
Hot pressing <1 >5 0 10 20 600 2400 *
Cold isostatic pressing (CIP, dry bag) 1 3 05 400 RT 10 120
Cold isostatic pressing (CIP, wet bag) 1 3 05 400 RT 500
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) 1 0 200 500 2200 *
* cycle time defined by sintering process, not by shaping method
 0210 APRI L VOL. 59 G5593

INTERCERAM 59 (2010) No. 2 pp. 79166

232 Interceram 0304/2011
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high-performance ceramics
2010
Trade Fairs &
Conventions
POWTECH 2010, Germany
CERA GLASS 2010, India
QUALICER 2010, Spain
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Fig. 1 Closed loop

1 2
The Glass Industry in the
EU Today a Survey

High-Performance
Ceramics

control; controller
Composition Modifications
on the Properties of Some Ceramic Bricks Filling
Bioactive Glasses and
Glass Ceramics Energy Saving
Titanium Nitride Coating
of Cobalt Chromium
Coronary Stents:
a SEM-EDS Analysis
Ceramic Based
Bio-Medical Implants
design:
Preparation of Ca-_/`-

1) nominal v alue,
Sialon Powders by Micro-
wave Reaction Nitridation

Building Materials
Effect of Bi2O3 on Cordie-

2) motion controller,
rite Formation in Cordieri-
te Based Bodies

TILE & BRICK

The Use of Residues in
the Manufacture of

3) proportional valve,
Ceramic Tile Bodies
Hot-Pressed Gres
Porcellanato Body
Effect of Calcite on the
Brick Body Closing
Tile surface
4) cylinder,
Glossiness and Slipperi-
ness of Polished Porcelain
Stoneware Tiles Polished Porcelain
Effect of Diaspore Addition
on Microwave-Assisted Stoneware Tiles
Fig. 2 High alumina plates, pressed with vacuum
5) pressure transducer,
Sintering of Floor Tile

(right) and without vacuum (left)

12.04.10 13:54

6) measuring
rod/actual value

be reduced to a minimum [20]. Such im-

provements could be realized e.g. by adap-
tion of mould filling technologies and espe-
cially with the introduction of advanced hy-
draulic systems and new electric control
concepts including a closed loop control
es a subsequent adjusting/machining can big variation of green density; especially concept as shown in Fig. 1 [23]. With an
be reduced to a minimum top to bottom for products with larger up-to-date hydraulic press control, many
flexible and versatile control system, to- height (up to >10% variation reported) parameters can be easily adjusted in a wide
gether with a high degree of automation; [2, 22] range, like: mould filling box movement,
many parameters can be adjusted to opti- limited dimensional accuracy (thickness punch entry speed, speed ratio upper
mize the process and the product proper- variations up to 3% reported) [22] punch/mould frame, pressure increase
ties; storage of parameter settings provide However, due to recent developments in curve, pressure holding time, de-aeration
a good reproducibility pressing technology these perceived disad- strokes or vacuum pressing regime, ejection
high throughput capacities, due to short vantages can be considered something of speed and ejection under reduced load and
cycle times of only a few seconds the past. As shown in the next chapter, many others.
good economic efficiency uniaxial hydraulic pressing allows for the Another big step forward was the introduc-
On the other hand, sometimes also sup- shaping of very large products and also of tion of vacuum pressing technology [10].
posed limitation factors for uniaxial hy- fairly complex shapes. As has been shown Though its principle was well known long
draulic pressing of advanced ceramics are earlier, a very even vertical density distribu- time ago, it was only rarely applied in pro-
mentioned like: tion can be achieved also with real high duction plants. It is, however, one of the key
suitable only for products with simple products (i.e. large dimension in pressing factors which allow for defect-free large-
geometries and/or small dimensions direction) [5] and thickness variations can sized specimens to be pressed from fine
powders with low or even zero binder con-
tent. Fig. 2 illustrates the effect of pressing
Table 3 Pre-selection table for shaping technologies (excerpt from [20]) with and without application of vacuum for
Slip pressure Hydraulic Tape large scale alumina blocks.

casting pressing casting Besides the presses for small product ge-
green density + ++ ometries that have been known for a long
Product properties

time, today uniaxial hydraulic presses with

density distribution ++ ++ +/
pressing forces up to >50,000 kN are availa-
dimensional accuracy ++ ++ ble for advanced ceramic production. De-
pending on the required specific compac-
green strength ++ ++ (rigid) ++ (flexible)
tion force, they allow for products with a
surface quality +/ ++ surface area of up to approx. 0.8 m and
reproducibility ++ ++ ++ more to be pressed.
Various types of presses can be chosen,
slip
material requirements slip powder which are distinguished mainly by their
(water/solvent)
Process characteristics

maximum filling depth: modified tile press-

binder content low low high es with a standard filling depth of 60 mm or
yes with an enhanced filling depth of 120 mm
drying necessary yes no
(+debindering) (Fig. 3) for more or less flat products and
yes yes presses with a filling depth of up to 600 mm
large specimen limited or 800 mm for special shapes with larger
(3 dimensions) (2 dimensions)
flexible flexible height, including cylinders, tubes and others
product / wall thickness limited (Fig. 4). The latter ones are working accord-
(~0,5>50 mm) (<0,13 mm)
ing to the well known HPF principle which
geometry complexity ++ +
means that the pressing occurs by moving
process flexibility high high lower down the upper die whereas the lower die is
General

invest costs medium high low fixed (Fig. 5). As the upper die descends, the
mould frame moves down simultaneously
production capacity medium high medium
at a defined speed which can be selected via
 0210 APRIL VOL. 59 G5593

INTERCERAM 59 (2010) No. 2 pp. 79166

Interceram 0304/2011 233
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Including Special TILE & BRICK

02
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high-performance ceramics
2010
Trade Fairs &
Conventions
POWTECH 2010, Germany
CERA GLASS 2010, India
QUALICER 2010, Spain
IPB 2009, China

Ceramics Forum

3 4 5
The Glass Industry in the
EU Today a Survey

High-Performance
Ceramics
Composition Modifications
on the Properties of Some Ceramic Bricks Filling
Bioactive Glasses and
Glass Ceramics Energy Saving
Titanium Nitride Coating
of Cobalt Chromium
Coronary Stents:
a SEM-EDS Analysis
Ceramic Based
Bio-Medical Implants
Preparation of Ca-_/`-
Sialon Powders by Micro-
wave Reaction Nitridation

Building Materials
Effect of Bi2O3 on Cordie-
rite Formation in Cordieri-
te Based Bodies

TILE & BRICK

The Use of Residues in
the Manufacture of
Ceramic Tile Bodies
Hot-Pressed Gres
Porcellanato Body
Effect of Calcite on the
Brick Body Closing
Glossiness and Slipperi-
Tile surface
ness of Polished Porcelain
Stoneware Tiles Polished Porcelain
Effect of Diaspore Addition
on Microwave-Assisted Stoneware Tiles
Sintering of Floor Tile

U1_U4_IC_2_10.indd 2 12.04.10 13:54

Fig. 3 LAEIS press Alpha 1500, max. filling depth

120 mm
Fig. 5 HPF principle (active mould)
Fig. 4 LAEIS press HPF 2500, max. filling depth
600 mm

the press control panel relative to the plung-
er speed (so called active mould). The
speed of the mould can be changed several
times at pre-defined plunger positions or af-
ter reaching pre-selected pressures, thus
providing a precisely controlled densifica-
tion regime.
Additional filling and fill compensation
measures can be applied for complex shapes
and vacuum systems are available for all
types of presses. If necessary, also further
measures can be taken to avoid contamina-
tion, e.g. selection of special materials for all
components coming in contact with the
press body and even by enclosure of the
whole press and running the process under
inert atmosphere.
4 Applications
The presses mentioned above are currently
being used for the production of very differ-
ent types of technical ceramics. Some of
them are described here in order to high-
light the possibilities which are offered now-
adays by state-of-the-art uniaxial hydraulic
presses.
4.1 Ceramic armour
Ballistic protection plates for body protec-
tion as well as for vehicle protection is one
of the present top themes and steadily in-
creasing production capacities are planned
and realized. Whilst vehicle protection
plates and tiles of different formats and
thicknesses are still mainly made of high
alumina, the majority of the body protec-
tion armour plates tends to be made of sili-
con carbide (SiC), due to the lower weight
and/or better performance. Flat plates or
tiles are pressed and sintered in the tradi-
tional way. For the multi-curved body pro-
tection plates different technologies have
been established: they are either flat pressed
and sintered on curved supports for bend-
ing, or they are directly pressed into the
curved shape. In the latter case, extraordi-
nary care and attention has to be paid to a
proper filling of the mould cavity. Fig. 6
shows a multi-curved SiC body protection
plate as pressed, with a good green strength
for handling before firing.
Ceramic armour can be pressed in uniaxial
hydraulic presses for subsequent pressure-
less sintering. Sometimes, however, uniaxial
pressing is used also as a pre-densification
step for a hot pressing process to follow, in
order to make better use of the capacity of
the hot press.
4.2 Carbon based products
Manufacturing of various carbon based
products can also be a challenging task. Sev-
eral presses of various types have been used
to produce such different items like bipolar
plates for low temperature (PEM) fuel cells
(Fig. 7) or large sized carbon blocks made
from carbon black and graphite as interme-
diate products for carbon brushes etc. In
this case it is very important to guarantee a
very even density distribution throughout
the whole volume of the block, since the
small final products must have identical
properties regardless whether they are cut
from the center or from the outer area of
such a block. HPF type presses are used for
the production of these carbon blocks.
Another very interesting application is the
manufacturing of carbon-based filters for
molten metal purification. Fig. 8 demon-
strates the very delicate design of such fil-
ters, which have been pressed directly into
the shape as shown in the picture, including
the fine pore structure. Up to now, this proc-
ess has been realized only in pilot scale.
Also carbon fibre reinforced carbon materi-
als have been pressed under elevated tem-
perature (approx. 150C) in order to pro-
duce pre-forms for ceramic brake discs.
Fig.9 shows the very homogeneous struc-
ture of a disc with a diameter of 300 mm
and a thickness of approx. 30 mm.
4.3 Sputtering targets
Sputtering targets are used in PVD coating
(PVD = physical vapor deposition) as a
source for the coating material, which
through the bombardment with high energy
particles transfers into the gas phase and is
then deposited in extremely thin layers on
different surfaces. By this method, coatings
with special optical, electrical or other char-
acteristics are being achieved for example
on large plasma screens, displays of laptops,
mobile phones or architectural glass.
For this application a wide range of different
presses have been supplied to various cus-
tomers (see Table 4). Materials to be used
are indium tin oxide (ITO), alumina doped
zinc oxide (AZO) and others. Again, the
uniaxial pressing is used either as the only
shaping method for a subsequent pressure-
less sintering or as pre-densification for a
second compaction step in an isostatic press.
The advantage there is reduction of scrap to
 0210 APRI L VOL. 59 G5593

INTERCERAM 59 (2010) No. 2 pp. 79166

234 Interceram 0304/2011
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Including Special TILE & BRICK

02
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high-performance ceramics
2010
Trade Fairs &
Conventions
POWTECH 2010, Germany
CERA GLASS 2010, India
QUALICER 2010, Spain
IPB 2009, China

Ceramics Forum

6 7 8
The Glass Industry in the
EU Today a Survey

High-Performance
Ceramics
Composition Modifications
on the Properties of Some Ceramic Bricks Filling
Bioactive Glasses and
Glass Ceramics Energy Saving
Titanium Nitride Coating
of Cobalt Chromium
Coronary Stents:
a SEM-EDS Analysis
Ceramic Based
Bio-Medical Implants
Preparation of Ca-_/`-
Sialon Powders by Micro-
wave Reaction Nitridation

Building Materials
Effect of Bi2O3 on Cordie-
rite Formation in Cordieri-
te Based Bodies

TILE & BRICK

The Use of Residues in
the Manufacture of
Ceramic Tile Bodies
Hot-Pressed Gres
Porcellanato Body
Effect of Calcite on the
Brick Body Closing
Glossiness and Slipperi-
Tile surface
ness of Polished Porcelain
Stoneware Tiles Polished Porcelain
Effect of Diaspore Addition
on Microwave-Assisted Stoneware Tiles
Sintering of Floor Tile

12.04.10 13:54

Fig. 6 Body protection armour plate (as pressed)

a minimum (especially ITO is a very expen- Fig. 7 PEM bipolar plate (as pressed) Fig. 8 Carbon filter (size approx. 100 x 100 mm)
sive material) and to increase the through-
put capacity of the isostatic press. 9 10

4.4 Other applications

Further applications to mention are shaping
of stacking aids with very complex geome-
try, with especially large differences in thick-
ness which makes it difficult to achieve ho-
mogeneous densification in all parts of the Fig. 10 Complex shaped stacking aids
specimen (Fig. 10); substrates for electronic
applications (PTC) with a thickness down
Fig. 9 Brake disc pre-form
to the range of about 1 mm and an area of, A.H. de Vries: Ceramic Processing, Chapman & Hall
for example, 300 x 300 mm; silicon nitride London (1995)
[9] Kremer, R., Lutz, R.: Quality improvement of shaped
(Si3N4) plates for hobs, structured supports into account when a new product becomes refractories by modern pressing technology. Preprints
for firing of electronic devices and many marketable and an appropriate production 49. Internat. Colloquium on Refractories, Aachen
(2006) 223226
more. The range of interesting applications process needs to be developed. [10] Kaiser, A., Kremer, R.: Fast acting vacuum device: guar-
is expanding continuously. anteed quality for pressed refractories. Interceram
Refractories Manual (2003) 2833
[11] Hofer, B.: Heiisostatisches Pressen (HIP). In: Hand-
5 Conclusions References
buch der Keramik; Gruppe I D3.4. Beilage zu: Keram. Z.
[1] Reh, H.: Die Geschichte der keramischen Formgebung.
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38 (1986) [3]
[12] Hewson, G.B.: Todays HIPs: bigger, faster, cost-effi-
old technology, it can be considered to be [2] Heinrich, J.G.: Einfhrung in die Grundlagen der kera-
cient. Ceramic Industry, (May 2007) 89
mischen Formgebung.cfi (2005) (CD)
a very modern shaping technology for the [3] Kollenberg, W. (ed.): Technische Keramik: Grundlagen-
[13] Twiname, E.R., Mistler, R.E.: Tape casting: theory and
production of advanced ceramics. Due to practice. The American Ceramic Society (2000). ISBN
Werkstoffe-Verfahrenstechnik, 2nd edition. Vulkan-Ver-
978-1-57498-029-5
recent developments and process optimiza- lag, Essen (2009). ISBN 978-3-8027-2927-7
[14] Mutsuddy, B.C., Ford, R.G.: Ceramic Injection Molding.
[4] Schulle, W.: Die Preformgebung in der Keramik. Ker-
tions, it is also available and suitable for the Chapman & Hall, London (1995)
am. Z. 44 (1992) [11] 754759
[15] Teng, W.D., Edirisinghe, M.J.: Development of continu-
production of really large specimens, e.g. of [5] Kaiser, A.: Hydraulic pressing of advanced ceramics.
ous direct ink jet printing of ceramics. Brit. Ceram.
cfi/Ber. DKG 84 (2007) [6] E27E32
sputtering targets with more than half a [6] Brook, R.J., Cahn, R.W., Haasen, P., Kramer, E.J.:
Trans. 97 [4] (1998) 169173
[16] Herrmann, M., Raethel, J., Schulz, I.: Spark plasma
square meter of pressing area. On the other Processing of ceramics part I and part II. In: Materials
sintering/field assisted sintering of ceramic materials.
hand, it provides for high production capac- science and technology, Volume 17A + 17B. VCH Verlag
Interceram 58 (2009) [23] 109114
Weinheim (1996). ISBN-10: 3-527-29356-6
ities at affordable prices, especially when [17] Soltmann, U., Bttcher, H., Koch, D., Grathwohl, G.:
[7] Jahn, P., Mussler, B., Rabenstein, M., Rie, W., Eck-
Freeze gelation: a new option for the production of
compared to highly sophisticated alterna- ardt, C., Lehmann, J., Krenkel, W.: Druckschlickerguss
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