receptors : -

( 1- specificity ) . .
( ) 13

muller ..
receptor ..
each receptor > arise > one sensation .
receptor
... rods & cones retina
electromagnetic waves light
mechanical stimulation apply it to eye light
( ) ..
.. ..

Muller's Law receptor

rods & cones stimulation

 stimulus
receptor stimulated stimulus
rods & cones
<< Electromagnetic waves
adequate stimulus
adequate stimulus energy
mechanically energy ..
stimulus
mechanical
adequate stimulus energy

muller 's law
**************************************
2- excitability

receptor potential .. receptor

.. receptor
pacinian corpuscle

receptor easily dissected ..
1 receptor pacinian 1 afferent

terminal part unmyelinated 1st node

of ranvier corpuscle
 polarized terminal part stimulation
. RMP state

pressure p pacinian
pressure pacinian p

microelectrode glass rod

terminal unmylinated part pacinian
depolarization
receptor receptor potential ..
depolarization stimulation

intensity stimulation
stimulus
very slowly ) rapidly ( receptor potential

not obey all base receptor potential

or none law
obey not
very slowly ... rapidly

polarized state node of ranvier st1

+ve ve - attract .. .. -ve +ve

MCQ active passive

 passive

local current circuit

local current circuit
threshold depolarization +ve
action potential
action potential receptor potential
depolarized state action potential
nd action potential2 receptor potential
receptor potential depolarized state AP
longer duration
.. 3rd action potential
repititive 1 AP .. recpeptor potential
train of impulses AP in
express tra
impulses AP
.. train of impulses
stimulus AP repititive
1st node of conduction receptor potential
AP ranvier

receptor
mechanical energy ..
function
AP energy .. transducer

generatorgenerate AP

..
Stimulus stimulus !!
amplitude RP RP can be graded rapidly
slowly maximum
AP can't be graded .. all or none
law

Aps ..
amplitude
frequency of AP

the stronger the stimulus , the more will be

frequency of AP
amplitude of RP
RPamplitude
APfrequency
amplitude
RPamplitude
AP frequency
STIMULUS RP
localized state of partial depolarization
 RP stimulus
amplitude 1st step
very slowly then reaches its maximum

local circuits
adjacent parts passive conduction
adjacent node of ranvier mylinated

repititive AP
repititive AP .. 1 AP receptor
train of impulses
frequency of AP proportional to intensity of stimulus

14 ) properties of receptor potential (

AP AP
all or AP
none law
can't be summated ARP
tendon local response ..
Excitatory potential knee potential
receptor potential
glucose , fat insulin
glucose Insulin
lipolysis lipogenesis
 ..

CHO, fat insulin

properties
it's non propagated local stat of partial depolarization
1 ) active passive ..
passive
passive

2) AP graded = not obey all or non law

3) summated = not have ARP

) 4 it initiates AP
receptor potential , 1st node of ranvier depolarized
AP to the threshold level

duration of RP longer than AP

5 :10 msec 1 msec repititive AP

stimulus :-
receptor potential conduction
passively repititive AP

receptor innervation amplitude AP
frequency
..
longer the stimulus the more will be the amplitude of RP
& frequency of AP

conduction !! actively OR passively
passively
local state of partial depolarization threshold
firing levelAP
RP AP
AP .. action potential a
all or none law a ARP
...RP

..
situation ..

physiology
AP
tripple a

excitatory postsynaotic potential

inhibitory RP local response ..
 AP
glucose , fat Insulin
glucose
lipolysis lipogenesis
..
.. ) 3- adaptation (
continous constant stimulus
amplitude of stimulus .. Stimulus
frequency of APs stimulus RP
stimulus APs
stimulus
decline RP amplitude , AP frequency
adaptation

adaptation ..
.. decline decline << amplitude of RP , frequency
of AP
despite contious constant stimulation

adaptation

decline decline
amplitude of RP , frequency of AP
..
 according to rate of adaptation
receptors 3 :-

1- slowly adapting receptors

2- moderatly adapting receptors

3- rapidly adapting receptors

.. 99,9
% .
body weight ..
rate of adaptation 3
according to
importance of information ....
signal receptor
slowly adapting
pain
pain
pain signals .. pain adaptation
pain

Pain is classified as slowly adapting
slowly adapting nonadapting slowly adapting
..
pain adaptation slowly non
adapting receptor

MCQ worldwide
slowly adapting
static receptor .....
static receptor tonic slowly adapting
MCQ
slowly adapting receptors static | tonic
receptors
slowly adapting receptors
pain stretch
receptors
pain
stretch receptors lung
stretch receptors vagus inhibition
receptors
.. slowly adapting receptors
ms spindle static position ..
position ....
Posture signals contiously alert body

rapidly adapting touch

. !!




adaptation
touch rapidly adapting receptor
rapidly adapting

rapidly adapting phasic ...

phasic receptor rapidly adapting
static tonicslowly adapting
MCQ modes of receptors

cerebellum
predict time & position
.. predicting
position time
receptors predict new time & position
time .. ..
time ..
time
time time
time
!! moderatly adapting receptors
pain .. touch paintouch
 3 :-
pain _ touch _ temp
pain .... slowly adapting
touch .... rapidly adapting
Temp.... moderatly adapting
temp cold warm
adapt

warm cold
cold VC warmVD
..



.. ..

severe VC
amputation of finger

cold .. warm moderatly adapting cold

adapting



.. coldVC

Cold
..
..

..
.. moderatly adapting
adapt more slower .. << cold
moderatly adapting
smell & taste chemical senses
.. 3-4

moderatly adapting
cause of adaptation receptor

mechanism of adaptation of receptor
receptor adapt
rods & cones
photosensitive pigment
light adaptation pigment ..
dark adaptation
pigment adapt
 by change of concentration of photosensitve pigment
dark & light adaptation
special sense
mechanism of adaptation adapt
rods & cones lightdark

30


light adaptation ..

no time special sense

to base 10 ..... log 100 = 2 base
log 10 power base
100
log 100 = 2 stimulus 100 AP
log 1000 = .... 10
10003
stimulus 1000 AP 3 .. .. 6

MCQ
Log stimulus
100 2 AP
 1000 3 AP 3
6
MCQ
still AP 6
function of receptors
compression function of receptors
receptor compress AP
nerve
function receptor 2 detect change , transducer
change receptorAP
generator generate AP
STIMULUS AP
stimulus
..
AP 500 ...
ARP stimulus
AP
100 .. 2
1000 .. 3
100000 .. 5
10000000 .. 7
MCQ

stimulus weber
wechner principle
 stimulus steven's principle
AP stimulus
const
power .

steven power stimulus very

high intensity weber weber
wechner
intensity

Stimulus .... receptor receptor
AP .... stimulus very high
intensity compress
compress AP .. lock receptor 100000
weber wechner
stimulus high intensity steven's power law ..
AP stimulus = const power

locality
.. 3..
locality
locality depends on projection .. projection
.. ..



...
.. stimulation free n ending AP
cortex cell
.. AP
face
CC
receptor ..
AP
, receptor

3 synapse sensory pathway synapse
unidirectional

AP CC Stimulation

..
case ...



..
 compression
depressed
ceneral anasthia
skull
AP AP
stimulated
CC
project


...

projection...


cancer




.. free n ending
cancer
free n ending

 amputation
concept ...
irritation
nerve

irritation AP

..
phantom limb
projection
cortex
receptor receptor
phantom limb
author projection

projector

projection 100%
locality by projection cortex
cortex receptor receptor
phantom limb

each part in the body has a seperate presentation area in
CC where impulses reaches specific area
 sensation projected
projected .... projected to receptor area
even if receptor is absent as in phantom phantom
limb
receptor
phantom limb

irritation
thumb irritation ....


itching
...



projection
projection AP sensory code
somatic sensation
sensation 10 90%
....
Sensation .... special senses ... special
sensation
4 smell _ taste _ vision _ hearing
 .. branch
somatic general sensation
organic sensation sensation
psychology
organic sensation
..... fear , sadness emotional sensation
! somatic sensation
special , general , somatic
general , somatic , organic
classification of somatic sensations

receptor 1-
exterior .. exteroceptive
touch ,temp sensation
viscera interoceptive
deep visceral sensation
sensation
Sensation
Proprioceptive sensation: .. sense of position , sense of
movement


!! ..
position , movement , proprioceptive sensation
rate of movement
 2- physiologic classification stimulus

Receptor .. .. ..

mechanosensitive sensation sensation
tactile touch touch
fine
texture of material

touch

wool silk texture of material
touch : stereognosis
Stereo , gnosis recognize

, , ,
stereognosis touch , touch vibration , itching
Tickling mechanical stimulation
thermosensitive sensation re
thermosensitive
..

sensation mechanosensitive sensation

 receptor
receptor re re mechanosensitive
cutaneous : pain sensation
Pain
Deep
visceral pain viscera headache
characters of somatic n endings
index
sensations somatic
classification of nerves nerves 4
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 A,B,C
___ B A ___ 100 | ___ C
A alpha , beta ,gamma , delta
each type of sensation according to fibres
proprioceptive sensation equilibrium
all the time
.. jumping
fast slow
fast fastest . A alphafibres
pain protective sensation ..
slow C fibres slow fibres .. slowly
adapting
conduction velocityadaptation
 ..
6 -20 .. 10 - 20 ...1\6
...
velocity A 100
C ,5 : 2 m

somatic sensory pathways
2 I hope pathways

fibres
designs anatomy
anatomy anatomy ..

design

receptor CC
3 neurons 3 order neurons <<< 1st , 2nd
, 3rd
1st order neuron
neurons DRG << dorsal root ganglion
Ganglion .. cell bodies CNS

 1st order neuron DRG

1st order neuron
DRG
.. its own neuron
Muller's law .... each receptor carry each type of
sensation
pathway neuron

pathway receptor cortex

1st order neuron DRG
.. 1st order neuron
DRG neurons pain touch
pressure

.. 1st order neuron
DRG not the same neuron
3rd order neuron thalamus
thalamus

sensory cortex highest sensory area
thalamus
CC thalamus
 cortex thalamus
highest sensory area
crude cortex fine
sensation crude thalalmus
.. fine thalalmus cortex
3rd order neuron
neuron pain touch
thalamus

nd order neuron2 2nd

cross cortex

textbook
why crossing
theory worldwide ..
department ...
why crossing
crossing
pathway

fibres C unmyelinated
crossing
 pathway theory
crossing
2nd order neuron crossing
.. crossing axon 2nd2nd
2nd

sp cord 3 columns : ventral , lateral ,dorsal
3 columns
2nd order neuron
column
..
available columns available columns
3 .. 3 columns

column dorsal column
.. .. column
dorsal column
dorsal column most medial
.. column
fine sensations
epicretic sensations fine touch , fine
pressure
fine touch fine pressure vibration
stereognosis , proprioception
dorsal column most medial
, most medial ..
ventral column
crude sensations crude touch , crude pressure
itching & tickling ventral
column laterally pain temp

fine
crude itching & tickling pain & temp
45 hot pain
temp pain
pain temp ..

fine dorsal column crude ventral
column pain , temp 5 .. cold pain ,
45 .. hot pain

3
pain , temp crude touch , crude
pressure
dorsal pathway
fine sensations .. ..
 1st order neuron pain , temp pain
temp pain , temp
1st order neuron DRG
Fibres unipolar order neuron axon
dendrite receptor pain ..free n ending
fibres C fibres fibres localisation
A delta crude sensations pain ,
temp crude sensations
2 columns
crude fine sensations C fibres
Adelta
CC localisation C fibres
unmylinated
cortex mylinated fibres cortex
localisation crude sensations C
Adelta
cortex localisation..

order neuron 2nd dorsal horn

pain temp Muller's law .. specificity
cord :-

1- med division of dorsal root

2- lat division of dorsal root



med dorsal column

med division of dorsal
horn middle line fine
pain , temp crude lat division
..
.
lat division2nd order neuron
2nd order neuron .. cross axon 2nd order neuron
cross central canal lat column .. ..
thalamus 3rd order neuron
tract sp cord thalamus
spinothalamic lat column lat
spinothalamic tract pain lat
spinothalamic tract
MCQ
lat spinothalamic tract pain

opposite side

surgical treatment of pain

intractable pain pain
intractable pain left leg lat spinothalamic
tract
 right side
pain pain , temp
crude
..
1st order neuron
DRG specificity
unipolar dendrite
receptor crude sensations C fibres
.. localisation cortex
A delta crude
lat division..
lat division of dorsal root
2nd order neuron dorsal horn axon
cross column
3rd order neuron thalamus .. tract
sp cord thalamus
Spinothalamic column column ventral
ventral spinothalamic A delta int
capsule post limb int capsule A delta C
A delta localisation thalamus
post limb of int capsule cortex A DELTA

... ..


..
dorsal column ....
1st order neuron
DRG
unipolar .. dendrite receptor
dendrite
fibres
A alpha , Abeta
C A delta cortex
cortex localization fibres
med lat med
division of dorsal root
..
..
med division lat division 2
pathways
receptor A alpha , Abeta C
sp cord ..

med division fine crude crude
spinothalamic pathway 2
tracts design ...
 crossing 2nd order neuron

medulla sp cord .. 2nd order neuron
fibres fine sensations gracill & cuneate nuclei
cuneate cuneate .. upper hale of the body
gracillis , gracil tract ..
, cuneate
2 tracts : gracill & cuneate
lower 1\2 Gracill
upper 1\2 Cuneate
medulla 3rd order neuron

cross axon
line decussation cross order neuron 2nd

3rd order neuron medial leminscus
cotex A alpha , Abeta thalamus

1 .. somatic sensory area 1 somatic sensory area

2
MCQ post limb of int capsule
crossing
fine sensations gracill & cuneate
medulla top sp cord .. top top cross
sp cord crossing
 tracts sp cord CNS

tracts side
tracts crude ... opposite side

Theory why crossing

crossing already
clinical trauma sp cord
crude opposite side crossing sp
cord tracts sp cord opposite side
fine cross top crossing medulla
crossing sp cord same side
dorsal column unimodality
mechanosensitive
unimodality mechanosensitive sensations
MCQ

polymodality

pain,temp,crude touch,crude pressure,itching & tickling
...

1st order neuron DRG
3rd order neuron Thalamus
 2nd order neuron crossing

dorsal column fibre

fibre A alpha , Abeta
fibres A alpha , Abeta crude
C localisation
2 pathways ....
sp cord ... med
division
lat division

2nd order neuron top cross top

2nd order neuron gracille & cuneate medulla
crossingmedulla
2nd order neuron dorsal horn sp cord
crossing
tracts sp cord : gracille & cuneate
lat & ventral spinothalamic tracts

...
leminscus

grey's anatomy
 lemincus 2 tracts brain stem
3:
2 tracts brain stemcommon function
2 tracts __ gracille & cuneate brain stem
fine sensations
med leminscus 2 lat & ventral
spinothalamic tracts brain stem
brain stem spinal leminscus

leminscus 2 tracts brain stem common

function fine leminsus .. medial
.. sp cord
4 leminsci
4 leminsci fine medial
spinal thalamus post limb of int
capsule
ant limb post limb of int capsule SSA1
CORTEX SSA1 A delta
thalamus

..
fine sensations crude sensations 3
.. 3
 crude fine 3 columns
DRG crude DRG fine 1st order neuron ..
C , A fine : A alpha , Abeta fibres
delta
top gracille & top cross 2nd order neuron .. fine
cuneate

2nd order neuron

post horn \ dorsal horn

opposite side ... ... sp cord crossing

.. middle line gracille & cuneate
pain , temp Lat
crude touch , crude pressure Ventral
med leminscus brain stem spinothalamic
spinal leminscus
thalamus 3rd order neuron ..
thalamus , RF , .. dorsal column
cortex
lat med division of dorsal root
division

medial
cerebellum
spinocerebellar tract
 .. cerebellum spinocerebellar tract
..
equilibrium fine

crude DRG 1st order neuron

A delta
med A alpha , Abeta .. Fine Fine
lat division division
top gracille & cuneate fine cross
sp cord
cortex thalamus