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TELECOMMUNCATION
surroundings.
rotary system and pointer which is initially holds at off position. The
the number of the second party with whom he/she wants to talk then
a ring tone rights on the second party phone and conversation stars.
Switching System:
switching system.
system and the total number of such links equal to the number of
Switching System
Manual automatic
Electromechanical electronic
Digital Analog
to their outstanding merits over the latter types some of which are
enumerated below;
reduced.
3. M.D.F to I.D.F.
reasons:
No Secrecy of Conversation.
4. NECESSITY OF AN EXCHANGE:-
means that he/she have to make his/her call through the Exchange.
Exchange can be broadly divided into two as:-
1. Manual Exchange
2. Automatic Exchange
BHEL
INTERNAL INTERNAL/EXTERNAL(PABX)
Main Hospital
(Max Exchange)
(C-Dot)
below:-
Lucknow.
PABX-500 lines
lines analog
5. ELECTRONIC EXCHANGES :
1. Tone Type
2. Pulse Type
1. Tone Type : In this type of exchange sine waves are used . There
speed of dialing for a given number is more than that of pulse type.
which the dialing speed is lesser. The telephone apparatus used for
both types are different in construction . But not a days both type of
Dial Tone is heard if a free lines is available. This means that the
the subscriber takes up the receiver then signals are sent M.D.F.
number on the line card is free then the ringer section of that
sent to the calling subscriber as soon as his line seize the free
line. The subscriber must not dial before receiving this tone:
which rigs the bell. It may be 0.4 Sec. ON, 0.2 Sec OFF,0.4 Sec.
ON and 0.2 Sec OFF and so on or it may be 0.75 Sec ON and 0.75
Sec OFF and so on. When this ringing tone is received, the calling
Subscriber knows that the connection is complete and that the bell of
dialed can be not be obtain. If any subscriber dials which is not actually
Now a days push button type telephone apparatus are used. This
1. Ringer Section
2. Speech Section (Transmitter and receiver section)
From telephone exchange two wires or connectors run for each number
exchange supplies 40-60 volt D.C and 110/20 Hz. To operate this
circuit .This is required because of voltage drop that may crept in long
high band . Till the handset is on hook ,the ringing section of the
set the ringing section becomes off, also the dialing and speech
section becomes ready . on lifting the handset first the dial tone
pulses are made on and off according to the number dialed . For
1. Outgoing calls
2. Incoming calls
voltage limiter drops this voltage to 9-12v on hearing the dial tone it is
confirmed that the apparatus it ready to works and after dialing the
number a ringing pulse is send to the called party. When the calling
party picks up the handset the billing meter of the exchange becomes
In the incoming calls the telephone detects the ringing signals from the
exchange and provides the ring at the instance of ringing signal there
(A.C.) is sent from the ringer section of the exchange to start the ringer
the handset is not picked up at called party. The duration of this tone, if
unattended, is /minute after which an engage tone is hear. After lifting
the exchange to run the circuitry. These are broadly categorized in two
categories:
volts of DC is required.
for power failure ,it used. Battery backup is utilized for smooth
up lead acid battery from the rectifier block, so that during power
power supplies are used for powering various modules of them are :
Noising
3. Wrong dialing.
4. Cross connection.
M.D.F :-
a) Fuses
b) Heat coils
c) Lighting protectors
internal and the external cables are available at this frame and,
I.D.F :-
metering and from the exchange side cables are run to the
They are :-
1. MAX lines
2. PABX lines
3. DOT lines
MAX lines
PABX
PABX lines are used for both internal and external
periphery of BHEL, he can use these lines. There are about 500
with 24 line members in each. Its I.D.F. section has 40 tag block.
code 69.
DOT lines :
There lines are the direct telephone lines from D.O.T. the
lines and any BHEL number starting with digit 5 can be accessed using
code 48.
Distribution Box. They are further of two types based upon their
PVC type.
2. 2 pair cables
3. 5 pair cables.
4. 10 pairs cables.
5. 20 pairs cable.
6. 50 pairs cables.
100 Pair Cable: The color coding is same as that of the above 20
1. 20 Pairs white
2. 20 Pairs Yellow
3. 20 Pairs Black
4. 20 Pairs Violet
5. 20 Pairs Red
14.AN OVERVIEW OF C-DOT EXCHANGE :
can use only 148 lines for the subscriber and the rest 16 points are
128-Point,C-DOT Exchange :
points are used for conferencing facility in the exchange . thus this
In 256 points C-DOT exchange 204 lines in which 8 lines are used
for conferencing , thus remaining 196 lines are used for the
conferencing.
NOTE :-
Out of the above mentioned cards. The power supply unit (PSU).
Configuration of Exchange :-
256 Parts
Max Junctions 8 16
32
208
200
Conferencing part Tone parts 8 8
Tone parts 8 16
16
Duplex
PCM/TDM
Features of C-DOT –
1. No A/c required
3. Expandiability
PABX EXCHANGE:-
Manufacturer- ALCATEL
Supplier- TCIL
5. ATR-2
6. CPU
7. MMSFB
8. U8-3
9. SUVG
2. RE-CALL 854
• Wetting of connector
• Weak insulation
2.
CALL TRANSFER: 2 parties conversing , any
rd
3. PARTY CONFERENCE:
4.
MALICIOUS CALL TRACE: dial 9 during
ex-tension.
5.
APPOINTMENT REMINDER: Dial 7-xx-yy
B) SECTOR 6 EXCHANGE :
Capacity-256 lines
C) PABX=ALCATEL 4400
2. CALL TRANFER
3. ENQUIRY CALL:
5. CONFERENCE- 3 PARTY:
7. PASSWORD MODIFICATION
9. APPOINTMENT REMINER:
D) BSNL
DYNAMIC LOCK
WAKE UP CALL
CALL WAITING
ABBREVIATED DIALING
from the fact that the basic material used in their used in their
Fiber cable are about the thickness of a human hair any dirt
ways :-
conditioners etc.
Various tools are also used to check the faults in the telephone
lines.