Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

GRAMMAR
1. TENSES
a. Present Tenses
Simple Present Tense
Verbal sentence
(+) S + V1 / Vs/es + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb (A)
Ex : I eat banana.
Rudi do his homework at 7 oclock.
(-) S + do/does + not + V1 + C/O/A
Ex: She doesnt know me so well.
I dont see my phone in my bag.
(?) Do/does + S + V1 + C/O/A ?
Ex : Do you bring your english book ?
Does she know how the temple are built ?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + be ( is, am, are) + C
Ex: I am handsome.
They are ugly.
(-)S + be ( is, am, are) + not + C
Ex: I am not the lucky one.
He is not the winner.
(?)Be + S + C?
Ex: Are they hungry?
Is he polite?

Present Continuous Tense

Verbal sentence
(+) S + be (is,am,are) +V-ing + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb (A)
Ex : I am going to Kebumen now.
She is repairing her bag now.
(-) S + be (is,am,are) +not+ V-ing + C/O/A
Ex: She is not watching football now.
They are not feeling good now.
(?) Be + S + V-inng + C/O/A ?
Ex : Are you having your breakfast now?
Is he locking the door now?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + be ( is, am, are) + being +C
Ex: He is being very sad now.
They are being very sad right now.
(-)S + be ( is, am, are) + not being+ C
Ex: They are not being very angry now.
Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

(?)Be + S + being +C?

Ex: Is Rara being very lucky now?
Present Perfect Tense
Verbal sentence
(+) S + has/have +V3 + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb (A)
Ex : Rudi has opened the door since 3 oclock.
(-) S +has/have +not+ V3 + C/O/A
Ex: He has not eaten her meal.
(?) Has/have+ S + V3 + C/O/A ?
Ex : Have you repaired your car?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + has/have + been +C
Ex: She has been overthere since this afternoon.
(-)S + has/have + not been+ C
Ex: We have not been to Bali.
(?)has/have+ S + been +C?
Ex: Has Rara been there for three hours?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Verbal sentence
(+) S + has/have +been+Ving + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb
(A)
Ex : Farah has been waiting here since 5 oclock.
(-) S +has/have +not+ been+Ving + C/O/A
Ex: We have not been writing a letter fot two hours.
(?) Has/have+ S + been+Ving + C/O/A ?
Ex : Have they been teaching here since last year?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + has/have + been +being+C
Ex: They have been being in hotel since yesterday.
(-)S + has/have + not been+being+ C
Ex: They have not been being in their school for two
days.
(?)has/have+ S + been +being+C?
Ex: Have you been being here since yesterday?

b. Past Tenses
Simple Past Tense
Verbal sentence
(+) S + V2 + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb (A)
Ex : I felt so good in the last competition.
She played volley ball in the afternoon.
(-) S + did + not + V1 + C/O/A
Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

Ex: She did not like him at all.

They did not want to see her.
(?) Did + S + V1 + C/O/A ?
Ex : Did you eat fried noodle for your breakfast ?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + be ( was, were) + C
Ex: I was sad last night.
They were lucky yesterday.
(-)S + be + not + C
Ex: I was not the choosen one in the last competition.
She was not happy with him last night.
(?)was/were + S + C?
Ex: Were you in the school yesterday?

Past Continuous Tense

Verbal sentence
(+) S + be (was,were) +V-ing + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb
(A)
Ex : I was calling my friend when she arrived
(-) S + be (was,were) +not+ V-ing + C/O/A
Ex: He was not sleeping when I called
(?) Be (was,were)+ S + V-inng + C/O/A ?
Ex : Were they watching TV when Rara came ?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + be ( was,were) + being +C
Ex: She was being at mall when his mother came
(-)S + be ( was,were) + not being+ C
Ex: Rara was not being at home when her grandmother
came.
(?)Be (was,were)+ S + being +C?
Ex: Were you being in Kebumen when your uncle called?

Past Perfect Tense

Verbal sentence
(+) S + had+V3 + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb (A)
Ex : I had gone to London before I met her.
(-) S +had +not+ V3 + C/O/A
Ex: I had not studied Mathematic for 3 hours before he
came.
(?) Had+ S + V3 + C/O/A ?
Ex : Had you written a letter before you went for
holiday?
Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

Nominal sentense
(+)S + had+ been +C
Ex: I had been in your home before he came.
(-)S + had + not been+ C
Ex: She had not been in Kebumen after I arrived.
(?)had+ S + been +C?
Ex: Had they been in your home before you arrived?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Verbal sentence
(+) S + had+been+Ving + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb (A)
Ex : I had been living in Kebumen for 3 years before I
moved to Surabaya.
(-) S +had +not+ been+Ving + C/O/A
Ex: She had been studying English for 3 hours before I
came.
(?) Had+ S + been+Ving + C/O/A ?
Ex : Had she been living in Swedia for 3 years before
you moved to Swedia?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + had+ been +being+C
Ex: I had been being in the classroom when my teacher
came.
(-)S + had + not been+being+ C
Ex: She had not been being in her home when her
mother arrived.
(?)had+ S + been +being+C?
Ex: Had you been being famous before you won the
competition?

c. Future Tenses
Simple Future Tense
Verbal sentence
(+) S + will/shall + V1 + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb (A)
Ex : I will go to Semarang next Sunday.
She will take me to her house next day.
(-) S + will/shall+ not + V1 + C/O/A
Ex: She will not walk together with him.
I will not go to market tomorrow.
(?) will/shall + S + V1 + C/O/A ?
Ex : Will you eat pecel for your lunch next day?
Will she visit your gallery tomorrow ?

Nominal sentense
Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

(+)S + will/shall + be+ C

Ex: I will be in Palembang next morning.
(-)S + will/shall+ not + be+ C
Ex: She will not be in her room next day
(?)will + S +Be + C?
Ex: Will they be in the station tomorrow?

Future Continuous Tense

Verbal sentence
(+) S + will/shall +be +V-ing + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb (A)
Ex : I will be visiting my grandmother tomorrow at 3 p.m
(-) S + will/shall+not+be +V-ing + C/O/A
Ex: She will not be coming here next month
(?) will/shall+ S +be+ V-inng + C/O/A ?
Ex : Will you be visiting them next year?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + will/shall+be + being +C
Ex: They will be being in Kebumen this time tomorrow
(-)S + will/shall+not+be +being+ C
Ex: He will not be being in his room next day
(?)will/shall +S +be+ being +C?
Ex: Will she be being in your school tomorrow?

Future Perfect Tense

Verbal sentence
(+) S + will/shall +have +V3 + complement (C) / object (O) / adverb
(A)
Ex : I will have finished this homework by the end of
this day.
(-) S +will/shall +not+have + V3 + C/O/A
Ex: She will not have visited her parents by this time
next week.
(?) will/shall+ S + have+V3 + C/O/A ?
Ex : Will you have gone to Jogja by the end of this week?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + will/shall+ have + been +C
Ex: She will have been here in two week.
(-)S + will/shall+ not+have + been+ C
Ex: She will not have been there in three days.
(?)will/shall+ S +have+ been +C?
Ex: Will you have been in Kebumen by the end of this
week?
Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Verbal sentence
(+) S +will/shall+ have+been+Ving + complement (C) / object (O) /
adverb (A)
Ex : I will have been sleeping for 3 hours before he goes
home.
(-) S +will/shall+not+have +been+Ving + C/O/A
Ex: He will not have been finishing this homework by
the end of this week.
(?) will/shall+ S + have+been+Ving + C/O/A ?
Ex : Will you have been finishing your task by the end of
this day?

Nominal sentense
(+)S + will/shall+have+ been +being+C
Ex: I will have been being in Singapore by the end of
this year
(-)S + will/shall+ not have+been+being+ C
Ex: She will not have been being in Tokyo in this year
(?)will/shall+ S + have+been +being+C?
Ex: Will he have been being in hospital before she
comes?

2. COMPOUND, COMPLEX, COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

a. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The
coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Example :
Riki studies English, and Aga studies Indonesian.
Joan played badminton, so Juan went shopping

b. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent
clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since,
after, although, or when (and many others) or a relative pronoun such as that, who,
or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green,
and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.
Example :
The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow
After they finished their task, they went to the mall
This is the bicycle which I bought yesterday

c. Compound-complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence is made up of compound and complex sentence. It is
made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

Example:
Although I like to go surfing, I havent had the time to go lately, and I havent
found good place to surf.
Independent clause : I havent had the time to go lately
Independent clause : I havent found good place to surf
Dependent clause : Although I like to go surfing
I would have purchased the shirt that you like, but it was too expensive
Independent clause : I would have purchased the shirt
Independent clause : it was too expensive
Dependent clause : that you like

3. PASSIVE
a. Present Pattern
Active : S + V1 + O
Passive: S + to be V3 + (by___)
Example:
Active : Kaido eats cucumber
Passive: Cucumber is eaten by Kaido

b. Continuous Pattern
Active : S + to be Ving + O
Passive: S + to be being V3 + (by___)
Example:
Active : Rara is painting the dooor
Passive: The wall is being painted by Angga

c. Perfect Pattern
Active : S + to be (has/had/have) V3 + O
Passive: S + to be (has/have/had) been V3 + (by___)
Example:
Active : Rasta has given Mary an invitation to her party
Passive: Mary has been given an invitation by Rasta to her party

d. Future Pattern
Active : S + modal (will,shall,etc) V + O
Passive: S + modal(will,shall,etc) be V3 + (by___)
Example:
Active : Rubi will join the car competition tomorrow
Passive: The car competition will be joined by Rubi tomorrow

e. Special Passive
S+ need/want/require + Ving
Ex : the room needs cleaning
S+need/want.require + to be V3
Ex : the room needs to be cleaned
Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

4. CAUSATIVE
a. Active Object
S + has/have/had + object + V1
Ex : I have Luffy climbed the wall. It means I ask Luffy to climb
the wall
S + get/got/gotten+ object + to + V1
Ex : She gets Suiton to clean her room. It means she asks Suiton
to clean her room
b. Passive Object
S + has/have/had/get/got/gotten + object+ V3
Ex: I have/get my car repaired (by Akbar). It means I ask
someone (Akbar) to repair my car

5. DEGREE OF COMPARISON
a. Positive degree
The positive degree is used to denote the mere existence of quality. When it is used as
comparison, positive degree must be used with as.
Example :
The exam we have done is not as difficult as the pre-exam
He is as tall as his father

b. Comparative degree
The comparative degree is used to compare two persons or things having the same
quality.
Example :
Rudi is taller than his father
My mother today looks so much happier than yesterday
My sofa is more comfortable than yours

c. Superlative degree
Superlative degree is used when more than two persons or things are compared. It is
singles one from all the rest.
Exampe:
Azwin is the tallest boy in his class
Ratri is the most dilligent student I have ever met

6. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

a. Countable
Countable nouns are things that we can count. For example: "pencil". We can count
pencils. We can have one, two, three or more pencils. Countable nouns can be singular
or plural.
Example :
my brother is playing in the yard
my cats are hungry
Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/an/the/my/this with it.
Example :

I want a new pencil case

Where is my lovely dog?

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone. Example :

I like Agnes Monica

Apples are red

We can use some and any with countable nouns. Example:

I have got some dollars.

Has she got any eraser?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

I have got a few dollars
I havnt got many bags

"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people. Example :
There is one person here.
There are three people here.

b. Uncountable
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts,etc that cannot divide into separate
elements. We cant count them. For example, we cant count milk. We can count bottles
of milk or litres of milk, but we cannot count milk itself. We usually treat uncountable
nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

This hot news is very important.

His luggage looks so heavy.

We dont usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cant say
"an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of. Example :

a jar of butter
a bottle of milk
a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns. Example :

I have got some money.

Has he got any work?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns. Example :

Ananta Galih Nusantara / 2314100052 / Chemical Engineering

I have got a little money.

I have not got much advice.

7. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Conditional sentence consists of two clause: if clause and main clause and also constists of
three types.
Type 1
Tense : Present
If clause : if + S + V1
Main clause : S + will+ V1
Fact : Future
Example : If Rara studies for her tryout, she will pass it. It means it is possible that she
will pass her tryout.
Type 2
Tense : Past
If clause : if + S + V2
Main clause : S + would+ V1
Fact : present
Example : If my mother cooked for lunch, I would not go to KFC. It means my mother
doesnt cook for lunch, so I go to KFC.
Type 3
Tense : Past Perfect
If clause : if + S +had+ V3
Main clause : S + would have+ V3
Fact : past
Example : If I had bought the book, I would have done my homework. It means I
didnt buy the book, so I didnt do my homework.