method directly related to the GUM is

described.
The relation between the standard uncertainty and the calibrated new scale
factor can be expressed by the term (F u) which characterizes a range of possible
scale factors (Not to forget, F is a mean value and u is the standard deviation
of this mean value!). Under the assumption of a Gauss normal density distribution
(Fig. 2.17a) this range covers 68 % of all possible scale factors. For a higher
confidence, the calculated standard uncertainty can be multiplied by a covering
factor k[1. The range (FX k # u) means the scale factor plus/minus its
expanded uncertainty U = k # u. Usually a coverage factor k = 2 is applied
which covers a confidence range of 95 %.
To determine first the expanded uncertainty of the calibrationUcal, the standard
uncertainty uN of measurement of the RMS from its calibration, the Type A
standard uncertainty from the comparison and the Type B standard uncertainties
related to the reference measuring system are combined according to the geometric
superposition:
Ucal k # ucal 2 #
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiff
iffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u2
N ? u2
A ?X
N
i0
uBiRMS2
vuut
: ?2:28?
The expanded uncertainty of calibration appears on the calibration certificate
together with the new scale factor. But in case of a HV acceptance test, the
expanded uncertainty of a HV measurement is required. When the AMS is calibrated
and all possible ambient conditions are considered (ambient temperature
range, range of clearances, etc.), then the expanded uncertainty of HV measurement
can be pre-calculated by the standard uncertainty of the calibration ucal and
the Type B contributions of the AMS uBiAMS