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J. Chem. Thermodynamics
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a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In the present work, the temperature dependence of heat capacity of vitamin B8 (myo-inositol) has been
Received 2 July 2017 measured for the first time over the range from 8 K to 340 K by precision adiabatic vacuum calorimetry.
Received in revised form 24 August 2017 Based on the experimental data, the thermodynamic functions of the vitamin B8, namely, the heat capac-
Accepted 26 August 2017
ity, enthalpy H(T)H(0), entropy S(T)S(0) and Gibbs function G(T)H(0) have been determined for
Available online 30 August 2017
the range from T ? 0 K to 340 K. The value of the fractal dimension D in the function of multifractal gen-
eralization of Debyes theory of the heat capacity of solids was estimated and the character of heterody-
Keywords:
namics of structure was detected. The enthalpy of combustion (2747.0 2.1) kJmol1 of the vitamin B8
Vitamin B8
Myo-inositol
was measured for the first time using high-precision combustion calorimeter. The standard molar
Adiabatic vacuum calorimetry enthalpy of formation in the crystalline state (1329.3 2.3) kJmol1 of B8 at 298.15 K was derived from
Heat capacity the combustion experiments. Using combination of the adiabatic and combustion calorimetry results the
Combustion calorimetry thermodynamic functions of formation of the myo-inositol at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa have been cal-
Thermodynamic functions culated. The low-temperature X-ray diffraction was used for the determination of coefficients of thermal
expansion.
2017 Elsevier Ltd.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2017.08.028
0021-9614/ 2017 Elsevier Ltd.
A.V. Knyazev et al. / J. Chem. Thermodynamics 116 (2018) 7684 77
adiabatic vacuum calorimeter with discrete heating was used. The An isoperibol bomb calorimeter described previously [9] was
calorimeter design and the operation procedure were described used for the measurements of energies of combustion of the
earlier [8]. The calorimeter was tested by measuring the heat myo-inositol. The solid sample of compound was weighed with a
capacity of high-purity copper and reference samples of synthetic microbalance of 106 g resolution. We used small polyethylene
corundum and K-2 benzoic acid. The analysis of the results showed pieces prepared from commercial 1 mL ampoules (Fa. NeoLab, Hei-
that relative standard uncertainty of the heat capacity of the sub- delberg, Germany). This was employed as an auxiliary material in
stance at helium temperatures was within 2%, then it decreased order to achieve complete combustion. The combustion products
to 0.5% as the temperature was increase to 40 K, and was equal were examined for carbon monoxide (Drger tube) and unburned
to 0.2% at T > 40 K. carbon, but none was detected. The energy equivalent of the
Table 1
Experimental values of isobaric heat capacities (JK1mol1) of myo-inositol, M = 180.156 gmol1. po = 0.1 MPa.
ur(Cp(T)) = 2% (5 < T h2 0) K; 0.5% (20 < T h4 0) K; 0.2% (T > 40 K), u(T) = 0.01 K, ur(p) = 1% (level of confidence = 0.68).
78 A.V. Knyazev et al. / J. Chem. Thermodynamics 116 (2018) 7684
calorimeter ecalor = (14795.1 1.0) J K1 was determined with a pies, H298, of the compound were computed with the thermody-
standard reference sample of benzoic acid (SRM 39 j, NIST). Correc- namic procedures [12,14] implemented in the data output.
tion for nitric acid formation was based on the titration with
0.1 moldm3 NaOH (aq.). The relative atomic masses used for
the elements were calculated as the mean of the bounds of the 3. Results and discussion
interval of the standard atomic weights recommended by the
IUPAC commission in 2011 [10] for each of these elements. 3.1. Heat capacity
2.3. Quartz-crystal microbalance technique The C op measurements were carried out between 8 K and 340 K
(see Table 1). The mass of the sample loaded in the calorimetric
The Quartz Crystal Micrabalance (QCM) technique with the ampoules of the BKT-3.0 device was 0.5418 g. A total of 183 exper-
open surface (Langmuir-type) sublimation was used for recording imental C op values was obtained in two series of experiments
of the temperature dependence of the sublimation rate. The (Fig. 1). The heat capacity of the sample varied from 20% to 50%
detailed description of the QCM technique can be found elsewhere
[11].
Table 2
Briefly, the solid sample of myo-inositol was dissolved in twice-
Coefficients in the fitting polynomials for myo-inositol.
distilled water and obtained solution poured in an open cavity
inside of the thermostat block. After heating the solution to T/K 8.550 40340
polynomials type 2 1
363 K the water was gently vapourized and the solid film of stud-
ied compound with high thermal contact with the thermostat A 2.75883052 2.74353336
B 1.50843836 7.33676608
block. Water was fully removed from the film by exposing to vac-
C 0.387259434 8.38636574
uum (105 Pa) for 1 h at temperature 393 K. Thus obtained solid D 3.92957686 102 1.88654864
film with good thermal contact with metal thermostat was used E 0.130532770 0.207067559
for further investigation. Directly over the solid film of the sample F 4.33058693102 1.10546683102
placed the QCM sensor. When studied sample is heated and G 0.408506536 2.30121114104
H 1.19473626
exposed to vacuum a certain amount of sample sublimes and
I 0.636570563
deposited on the surface of the quartz crystal. The mass increase
Dm on the QCM surface produces the shift of the vibrational fre-
quency Df. The experimentally determined with QCM technique
temperature dependence of the frequency change rate (df/dt) Deviation from fitting curve / %
was used to evaluate the sublimation enthalpy by using the
Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The frequency shift rates were con-
verted into the absolute vapour pressures according to the proce-
dure published before [11]. Nevertheless, the ambiguity in the
surface area of the sample and calibration uncertainty gives the
final uncertainty of the absolute vapour pressure is comparable
to the absolute vapour pressure but the level of vapour pressures T/K
can be estimated. The initial frequency shift rates were used to
evaluate of the sublimation enthalpy for myo-inositol and, there-
fore, the uncertainty of the absolute vapour pressures does not
affect the uncertainty of the sublimation enthalpy.
2.4. Calculation
Quantum chemical calculations were performed with the Gaus- Fig. 2. Temperature dependence of the deviation from fitting curve.
Cp / JK-1mol-1
T/K
T/K
Table 3
Thermodynamic functions of crystalline myo-inositol, M = 180.156 gmol1, po = 0.1 MPa.
0 0 0 0 0
5 0.0950 0.000095 0.0237 0.000024
6 0.1967 0.00024 0.0492 0.000059
7 0.3623 0.000509 0.0910 0.000128
8 0.6094 0.000989 0.1546 0.000248
9 0.9596 0.00176 0.2451 0.000446
10 1.387 0.00306 0.3742 0.000687
15 4.502 0.01730 1.491 0.005053
20 8.030 0.04852 3.261 0.01671
25 11.83 0.09808 5.458 0.03837
30 15.78 0.1671 7.964 0.07181
35 19.73 0.2559 10.69 0.1184
40 23.57 0.3642 13.58 0.1790
45 27.22 0.4911 16.57 0.2543
50 30.99 0.6366 19.63 0.3448
60 38.84 0.9855 25.97 0.5725
70 46.97 1.414 32.56 0.8650
80 55.23 1.925 39.37 1.224
90 63.55 2.519 46.36 1.653
100 71.84 3.196 53.48 2.152
110 80.06 3.956 60.72 2.723
120 88.17 4.797 68.03 3.367
130 96.15 5.719 75.40 4.084
140 104.0 6.720 82.82 4.875
150 111.7 7.798 90.26 5.740
160 119.4 8.954 97.71 6.680
170 126.9 10.19 105.2 7.694
180 134.3 11.49 112.6 8.784
190 141.7 12.87 120.1 9.947
200 149.1 14.32 127.6 11.19
210 156.4 15.85 135.0 12.50
220 163.7 17.45 142.4 13.89
230 171.1 19.13 149.9 15.35
240 178.5 20.87 157.3 16.88
250 185.9 22.70 164.8 18.49
260 193.4 24.59 172.2 20.18
270 200.9 26.56 179.6 21.94
273.15 203.2 27.20 182.0 22.51
280 208.4 28.61 187.1 23.77
290 216.0 30.73 194.5 25.68
298.15 222.1 32.52 200.6 27.29
300 223.5 32.93 202.0 27.66
310 231.1 35.20 209.4 29.72
320 238.7 37.55 216.9 31.85
330 246.2 39.98 224.3 34.06
340 253.7 42.48 231.8 36.34
ur(Cp(T)) = 2% (5 < T h2 0) K; 0.5% (20 < T h4 0) K; 0.2% (T > 40 K). ur(function values) = 2% (T < 40 K); 0.5% (40 < T h8 0) K; 0.2% (80 < T h3 4 0) K., ur(p) = 1% (level of
confidence = 0.68).
Table 4
Results for combustion experiments at T = 298.15 K (p = 0.1 MPa) for myo-inositol.a.
Table 5
Thermochemical data at T = 298.15 K (p = 0.1 MPa) for myo-inositol.
1
C op =J K1 mol A B T=K=30 C fT=K=30g2
D fT=K=30g3 E fT=K=30g4
F fT=K=30g5 G fT=K=30g6 1
1
lnfC op =J K1 mol g A B lnfT=K=30g C ln fT=K=30g
2
3 4
D ln fT=K=30g E ln fT=K=30g
5 6
F ln fT=K=30g G ln fT=K=30g
7 8
H ln fT=K=30g I ln fT=K=30g
2
Partitioning into 2 intervals of the temperature dependence of
the heat capacity contributes to the best smoothing of the experi-
mental curve. Their root mean square deviation from the averaging
C op = f(T) curve was 0.15% within the range T = (8 to 40) K, 0.075%
Fig. 4. Scheme of myo-inositol synthesis. from T = (40 to 80) K and 0.050% between T = (80 and 340) K
(Fig. 2). The experimental values of the molar heat capacity of
myo-inositol over the range from 8 K to 340 K and the averaging
of the total heat capacity of calorimetric (ampoule + substance) C op = f(T) plot are presented in Fig. 1. The heat capacity C op of this
over the range between 8 K and 340 K. The experimental points
substance gradually increases with rising temperature and does
of C op within the temperature interval (8.5340) K were fitted by
not show any peculiarities. It should be noted that the temperature
means of the least-squares method and polynomial equations dependences of the heat capacity of myo-inositol and a-D-glucose
(Eqs. (1) and (2)) of the C op versus temperature have been obtained. [15], which has a similar chemical composition as inositol, in the
The corresponding coefficients (A, B, C, etc.) are given in Table 2 temperature intervals (1025) K and (160340) K practically coin-
Table 6
Results of the temperature dependence of frequency shift rate dfdt1 of the QCM and corresponding product of condensation coefficient, sample surface roughness and vapor
pressure (acpsat) for myo-inositol, as well as, sublimation enthalpy Dcrg Hm (T) determination.a
Table 7
Compilation of data on standard enthalpies of sublimation, Dcrg Hm , of myo-inositol.
a
Method Trange/K (Dcrg Hm /Tav)/kJmol1 K_1 Dcrg Hm (298.15)/kJmol1 Ref.
cide (Fig. 3). Differences in the heat capacity of compounds in the From the experimental C op values within the range (2550) K,
temperature interval (25160) K are due to the difference in the the value of the fractal dimension D of the myo-inositol was eval-
structure of the compounds and the number of hydrogen bonds uated. According to the fractal theory of the heat capacity [16], D is
in the crystals. It should be noted that the difference between the most important parameter that specifies the character of
the heat capacity of myo-inositol and a-D-glucose reaches 15% in heterodynamics of the substance structure. For solids of a chain
the temperature interval 25160 K [15]. structure the relation C op versus T at lower temperatures is propor-
82 A.V. Knyazev et al. / J. Chem. Thermodynamics 116 (2018) 7684
tional to T1, of a layer structure to T2 and of steric one to T3 [17]. In reproduces the C op values of myo-inositol at T < 9 K with the same
the fractal theory of the heat capacity, an exponent on T is the heat relative standard uncertainty.
capacity function is denoted by D and is called the fractal dimen- The calculations of H(T)H(0) and S(T)S(0) were made by
sion. This follows specifically from Eq. (3) [16]: the numerical integration of Cp = f(T) and Cp = f(lnT) curves,
D respectively, and the Gibbs function G(T)H(0) was estimated
T
C v 3DD 1kNcD 1nD 1 ; 3 from the enthalpies and entropies at the corresponding tempera-
hmax
tures [17]. It was suggested that the relative standard uncertainty
where N is the number of atoms in a formula unit, k the Boltzmann of the function values was 2% at T < 40 K, 0.5% between 40 K and
constant, c(D + 1) the c-function, n(D + 1) the Riemann n-function, 80 K and 0.2% in the range from 80 K to 340 K.
and hmax is the characteristic temperature. As follows from infer-
ences [16], D can be evaluated from the experimental data on the 3.3. Combustion calorimetry. Thermodynamic characteristics of myo-
temperature-dependent heat capacities from a slope of the corre- inositol formation
sponding rectilinear sections of the plot lnCv versus lnT. Without a
substantial uncertainty it may be assumed that at T < 50 K C op = Cv. Experimental results from combustion experiments with the
From the lnCv versus lnT plot and Eq. (3) it was found that in the myo-inositol are given in Table 4 and Table 1S. Standard specific
range (2550) K, D = 1.5, hmax = 271.5 K for myo-inositol. With these energies of combustion Dcu(cr) of myo-inositol are given in
values of D and hmax Eq. (3) reproduces the experimental C op values Table 4. They have been used to derive the standard molar
over the temperature range mentioned with an uncertainty of enthalpy of combustion Dc Hm (cr) and the standard molar enthalpy
0.34%. The D-value points to the chain structure of myo-inositol of formation of compound in the crystalline state Df Hm (cr) (see
[1719]. Table 5). Values of Dcu and Dc Hm refer to the reaction:
Table 8
Parameters of unit cells and thermal expansion coefficients versus temperature for myo-inositol; po = 0.1 MPa.
Standard uncertainties u are u(T) = 1 K, u(a) = 0.0008 nm, u(b) = 0.0010 nm, u(c) = 0.0017 nm, u(b) = 0.13, u(V) = 0.0020 nm3, u(q) = 0.003 gcm3, ur(p) = 1% (level of
confidence = 0.68).
A.V. Knyazev et al. / J. Chem. Thermodynamics 116 (2018) 7684 83
from the combustion energies of the auxiliary materials (the ratio the thermal expansion coefficient in given direction corresponds
between the mass of compound and the mass of the auxiliary to length of radius-vector, which is traced from origin of coordi-
material was taken into account for each combustion experiment nates to edge of figure of expansion [34]. The thermal expansion
[22]), the uncertainties of the enthalpies of formation of the reac- of the myo-inositol is anisotropic; the greatest thermal deforma-
tion products H2O and CO2 [21]. tions are observed along the crystallographic axis a, which is due
It should be noted that the enthalpy of combustion of myo- to the weakest hydrogen bonds along this direction (Fig. 6).
inositol inositol is less by 58 kJmol1 compared with a-D-
glucose, which is due to structural effects [23].
From the absolute value of the entropy of the myo-inositol
(Table 2), carbon in the form of graphite, gaseous hydrogen and
oxygen [24,25] the standard entropy of formation Df Sm of myo-
inositol at T = 298.15 K was calculated by methods described ear-
lier [26]. The Gibbs function of formation Df Gm of the myo-
inositol was evaluated from Df Hm and Df Sm values (Table 5). The
values conform to the following process:
6 Cgr 6 H2 g 3 O2 g ! C6 H12 O6 cr
The standard molar thermodynamic functions in the crystalline
state collected in Table 5 can be used for optimization of methods
of synthesis, as well as for validation of theoretical and empirical
methods for prediction of thermodynamic properties. As an exam-
ple, we analysed the reactions of myo-inositol synthesis from car-
bohydrates (Fig. 4). It turns out that the reactions are
thermodynamically allowed regardless of natural carbohydrate
structure; therefore this is one of the most probable ways of syn-
thesis of this vitamin-like compound in living organisms.
The next task of the work was the X-ray diffraction investiga-
tion of compound with the purpose of definition of the thermal
expansion coefficients. The temperature dependence of the unit
cell parameters is plotted in Fig. 5 and Table 8 lists these parame-
ters together with thermal expansion coefficients and densities.
The density values obtained are slightly smaller than those pre-
sented in the work [7], in which the calculated density (q =
1.61 gcm3) from X-ray diffraction data is given. It should be
noted that the density of X-ray diffraction data is the maximum
and corresponds to the density of an ideal single crystal.
Thermal expansion coefficient is the quantitative characteristic
of thermal expansion. We used the formula aL 1L DDLT , where aL
coefficient of thermal expansion, L unit cell parameter. Value of Fig. 6. 2D thermal expansion diagrams for myo-inositol.
84 A.V. Knyazev et al. / J. Chem. Thermodynamics 116 (2018) 7684
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