Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture3 PDF
Lecture3 PDF
Chapter 3
Introduction
Dierential formulation
Principle of Virtual Work
Variational formulations
Approximative methods
The Galerkin Approach
d 2u
AE 2 = 0 Strong Form
dx
Boundary Conditions (BC)
Given: Length L, Section Area A, Young's modulus E
Find: stresses and deformations.
u(0) = 0 Essential BC
( L) = 0
Assumptions:
The cross-section of the bar does not change after loading.
du
The material is linear elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous.
AE =R Natural BC
The load is centric.
dx x= L
End-eects are not of interest to us.
Method of Finite Elements I
Institute of Structural Engineering Page 6
Denition
The strong form of a physical process is the well posed
set of the underlying dierential equation with the
accompanying boundary conditions
Analytical Solution:
du(x)
u(x) = uh = C1x + C2 & (x) = = C1 = const!
dx
Disadvantages
The analytical solution in such equations is
i. In many cases dicult to be evaluated
ii. In most cases CANNOT be evaluated at all. Why?
Complex geometries
Complex loading and boundary conditions
= LU
0 0
x
0 0
y
U 0 0
z
U = V , L= , T = xx yy zz 2 xy 2 yz 2 xz
W 0
y x
0
z y
0
z x
2 2 2
y 2 0 2 0 0
x 2 xy
2 2 2
0 0 2 0
z 2 y 2 yz
2 2 2
2 0 0 0 2
z x 2 xz
L1 = 0 L1 = 2
2 2 2
0 0
yz xz x 2 xy
2 2 2 2
0 0
xz zy xy y
2
0 2 2 2 2
0
xy z 2 xz yz
Body loads: L2 + f B = 0
T = xx yy zz xy yz zx , L 2 =LT
Surface loads:
l 0 0 m 0 n
where N = 0 m 0 l n 0
sf
on s f we have f =0
0 0 n 0 m l
= C
1
=C
Dierential Formulation
f dV + U f f dS + U iT R iC
SfT S
T
dV = U T B
V V Sf i
Variational Formulation
Principle of Minimum
Total Potential Energy
Conservation of energy: Work = change in potential,
kinetic and thermal energy
For elastic problems (linear and non-linear) a special case
of the Principle of Virtual Work Principle of minimum
total potential energy can be applied
U is the stress potential:
ij = U / ij
1 T
U = C dv
v
2
W = f Udv + f Uds
BT Sf
v s
Principle of Minimum
Total Potential Energy
Variational Formulation
By utilizing the variational formulation, it is possible to
obtain a formulation of the problem, which is of lower
complexity than the original dierential form (strong
form).
This is also known as the weak form, which however can
also be a_ained by following an alternate path (see
Galerkin formulation).
For approximate solutions, a larger class of trial functions
than in the dierential formulation can be employed; for
example, the trial functions need not satisfy the natural
boundary conditions because these boundary conditions
are implicitly contained in the functional this is
extensively used in MFE.
Approximative Methods
Instead of trying to nd the exact solution of the continuous
system, i.e., of the strong form, try to derive an estimate of what
the solution should be at specic points within the system.
The procedure of reducing the physical process to its discrete
counterpart is the discretisation process.
Approximative Methods
Variational Methods Weighted Residual Methods
approximation is based on the
start with an estimate of the the solution and
minimization of a functional, as those
demand that its weighted average error is
defined in the earlier slides.
minimized
Rayleigh-Ritz Method
The Galerkin Method
The Least Square Method
The Collocation Method
The Subdomain Method
Pseudo-spectral Methods
aL2 ax 3
u( x) = x
2EA 6EA
x
3 2.5
2.5 2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Length (m) Length (m)
x
d 2u
AE 2 = ax Strong Form
dx
Boundary Conditions (BC)
Given an arbitrary weighting function w
that satises the essential conditions and u(0) = 0 Essential BC
additionally:
( L) = 0
du
AE =0 Natural BC
If
then,
dx x= L
why?
why?
x
Observe that the weak form involves derivatives of a lesser order than the
original strong form.
Method of Finite Elements I
Institute of Structural Engineering Page 30
where:
Or in matrix form:
The Galerkin Method
( )
EAu2 x ( ax ) dx = 0 u2 =
L2
L
w2
0 3EA
Wasnt that much easier? But.is it correct?
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Length (m)
element: 1 element: 2
1 2 3
Instead of seeking the solution of a single bar we chose to divide it into three
interconnected and not overlapping elements
1 2 3
1 2 3
Vector of
degrees of
freedom
Displacement
eld
Shape Function
Matrix
The weak form also involves the rst derivative of the approximation
and set:
Why??
or even be]er