4973 A Mehta/ Elixir Hum. Res. Mgmt.

39 (2011) 4973-4979

Available online at www.elixirjournal.org

Human Resource Management

Elixir Hum. Res. Mgmt. 39 (2011) 4973-4979

MBA (Management by astrology): A theoretical framework

A Mehta
Christ University Institute of Management, Bangalore.

A B ST R A C T
A R TI C L E I N F O
In A.D. 1605 Sir Francis Bacon appended to the "Advancement of Learning" some
Art i c l e h i st ory :
prescriptions for posterity. These contain an injunction to construct "A Just Astrology".
Received: 1 August 2011;
Bacon had previously assessed the condition of this science in his main text. Like alchemy,
Received in revised form:
astrology had a noble aim; like alchemy again, it had been more imaginative than rational;
22 September 2011;
and, once more like alchemy, it needed the corrective and the purge. Astrology, as Bacon
Accepted: 30 September 2011;
conceives it, is central and fundamental, for he defines it as "the real effects of the celestial
bodies upon the terrestrial". This includes the action of the sun on the earth: without which
K ey w or d s there would be no astrology, because there would be no astrologers (JOSHUA C.
MBA, GREGORY, 1944). This paper provides a review of ancient literature for the application of
Astrology, astrology in business management. It proposed a theoretical framework in terms of MBA for
Management, the instrument development and testing in future research. The findings of the secondary
Management by astrology. data review along with the proposed theoretical framework will help the stakeholders to
know the various positive and negative aspects of the astrology .It will also help to integrate
the concept of astrology with the business administration. It will provide guidance to the
various agencies to formulate the strategies and policies to boost the business astrology in
general management that will finally promote systematic implementation of the astrology
in management process along with the management theories supported by statistical and
astrological software.
2011 Elixir All rights reserved.

Introduction Astrology is interesting for the social science of religion in many

Webster-Merriam dictionary defines astrology as
divination of the supposed influences of the stars and planets
on human affairs and terrestrial events by their positions and
aspects. ( Allum Nick,2010) . "Every person's life is shaped by
three precise biological rhythms physical, emotional, and
intellectual that begin at birth and extend unaltered until
death." Biorhythm theory was originated by Wilhelm Fliess, a
friend and colleague of Sigmund Freud (Fodor, 1971;
Thommen, 1973; Cohen, 1976; Dale, 1976; O'Neil, 1975), but
unlike Freud's psychoanalysis it was quickly consigned to the
occult or pseudoscientific rubbish heap. Nonetheless, vast
numbers of websites currently promote biorhythm methods for
predicting the changing quality of one's life by counting forward
from birth in three precise sine waves of 23, 28, and 33 days. In
a sense, biorhythms is like astrology for cloudy skies, because it
similarly calculates aspects of an individual's fate in terms of
cycles, but without the complexity introduced by the subtle
motions of the planets across the constellations. On the other
hand, biorhythm promoters often confuse their theory with
standard biological observations that living organisms have
roughly daily or circadian rhythms. Thus, of all the 10 items,
this one may be able to pass as a normal theory rather than an
occult or supernatural theory, at least for many respondents
(Bainbridge, 1978). If you ask the right question, you are likely
to get the right answer, however ignorant you might be of
advanced statistics. And if you ask the wrong question, then all
the advanced statistics and all the computer facilities in the
world will not help you to get the right answer. Hans J.
Eysenck (Quoted in Elwell, D., Scholars versus Scribblers,).
ways. It featured in several ancient religions, notably the
Babylonian state religion and Mithraism that was one of the
chief competitors to Christianity (Toulmin and Goodfield, 1961;
McIntosh, 1969; Ulansey, 1989). In recent years, it has become
a central feature of the New Age movement (Bainbridge, 2004),
and it well illustrates the connection between new religious
movements and related phenomenon having different degrees of
social organization, often called client and audience cults
(Bainbridge and Stark, 1980).
J. Gordon Melton (1985) has written about the growth of
astrology publishing in the late 19th century and early 20th
century, noting that interest in the subject was passed to a new
generation in the 1960s. But the remarkable surges in the graph
demand further explanation. In the book Business Management
with Astrology by Karen Boesen that has been written for the
constantly growing group of company owners, CEOs and
managers who are considering using business astrological
counseling in their decision process. according to this book
personal astrology - targeted at the individual - has in recent
years seen vast growth worldwide and accordingly Business
astrology has also grown, but less overtly.
Managers who use such consultants must be able to explain
and in some cases defend their choice to employees, colleagues
and the board of directors. This book explains what business
astrology is, its benefits and risks, and in which areas it is best
applied. Detailed explanations and examples from large
companies show how a serious business astrologer works, in
which areas business astrology can contribute in everyday
company life, and how to plan and achieve results based on

Tele:
E-mail addresses: mehta0108@gmail.com
2011 Elixir All rights reserved
4974 A Mehta/ Elixir Hum. Res. Mgmt. 39 (2011) 4973-4979
business astrology consulting. The book makes it easy for non-
astrologers to evaluate potential pros and cons of working with a
professional business astrologer - seen in connection with, as
well as opposed to, the many other forms of consultancy
available to businesses today. It also provides inspiration for
astrologers, who desire more knowledge of business astrology,
as all explanations and examples are given in everyday English
as well as with astrological terminology.(Management in
astrological perspective by Karen Boesen.) . Another book
Planned: Organization & Management, targets business
managers. The book explains about astrological work methods
in organizations with the following theories and tools: Solar Arc,
Solar Return, Progressions, Transits, Moon phases, Eclipses. It
use following tools to match with various management theories
such as SWOT analysis, Future workshop, Scenario
methodology ,Strategic Option Development and Analysis
(SODA) ,Strategic Choice Approach (SCA), Soft Systems
Methodology (SSM), Multi management theory, Balanced
Scorecard(http://www.erhvervsastrologi.dk/uk_erhvervsliter.htm
). Citizens in both North America and Europe are apt to read
horoscope columns in newspapers and magazines. While some
people read these casually and purely for entertainment, some
believe that astrology has scientific status and can provide real
insight into events and personality. Using data from a European
survey, this article explores some of the reasons why some
people think that astrology is scientific and how astrology is
viewed in relation to other knowledge-producing practices.
Three hypotheses in particular are tested. The first is that some
Europeans lack the necessary scientific literacy to distinguish
science from pseudoscience. The second is that people are
confused about what astrology actually is. The third is derived
from Adornos work on authoritarianism and the occult and
postulates that those who adhere to authoritarian values are more
likely to believe in astrological claims. Support is found for all
three hypotheses (N Allum , 2010)
Literature review
Some modern religious movements incorporate astrology,
such as the Rosicrucian Fellowship (Heindel and Heindel, 1922)
and Children of God (Bainbridge, 2002). Professional
astrologers, whether they operate over the telephone or from
consulting rooms, are client cult practitioners who serve a
clientele by casting personal horoscopes. Astrology books and
the numerous astrology columns in newspapers and magazines
are audience cult phenomena, providing little if any direct social
connection to astrologers. The thousands of websites related to
astrology are chiefly audience cult phenomena, but many of
them also represent client cult services(Bainbridge,2002). In
astrology, prediction is distinguished from forecasting. When an
astrologer predicts, she states what may be expected in a
lifetime. When an astrologer forecasts, she states times when
predicted events are likely to occur. In accord with his teacher,
Zoltan Mason, and in the tradition of Morin, Robert Corre
explains that prediction answers the question, What may I
expect in this lifetime? Forecasting answers the question,
When may I expect it? Corre,(2001). Forecasting is prediction
timed. An astrologer predicts every time she uses an astrological
chart to make a statement about a person or the persons world.
Several reviews of the literature on astrology (Dean et al., 1997
and Eysenck and Nias, 1982) show, in general, little support for
any claim of an effect of astrology. As highlighted by Dean et al.
(1997), the effect sizes of astrologers judgment amount to no
more than 0.05, indicating very little practical relevance of
astrology. When astrological effects are in fact observed, they
usually can be explained better by non-astrological factors like
the Barnum effect (i.e. the tendency for people to identify
with personality descriptions of a general and vague nature)
or by acquaintance with Sun Signs and so on (Eysenck & Nias,
1982, p. 43).For not only do sizeable proportions of the
American and European public believe in the efficacy of
astrology, they also believe that it is scientific (National Science
Board, 2006). Around 60% said astrology is not at all scientific
with around 30% saying it is sort of scientific in seven surveys
between 1988 and 2001. In 2004, the proportion rejecting
astrology rose slightly, to 66% (National Science Board, 2006).
In Europe, there appears to be more widespread belief that
astrology is scientific. In 1992, respondents were asked how
scientific they thought astrology was, with a 5-point scale
anchored at either end with very scientific or not at all scientific.
Only one quarter considered astrology not at all scientific, with
another quarter considering it very scientific and the remaining
respondents falling somewhere in between (INRA, 1993). In
2001, the question was asked in a slightly different way, with
only two response options offered rather scientific or not
scientific. Fifty-three percent thought astrology was rather
scientific (European Commission, 2001a;Allum Nick,2010). In
1992, Eurobarometer surveys showed that more highly educated
Europeans were less likely to think that astrology is scientific,
whereas in 2001, this was not the case (European Commission,
2001a). most recent National Science Foundation data show that
while 84% of college graduates think that astrology is not at all
scientific, just 62% of those who only graduated from high
school share this belief (National Science Board, 2008). Some
statistical researchers and analysts take the patchy history of
tests of astrological factors to establish that astrologys basic
premisethat celestial configurations pervasively and
profoundly influence or mirror life on Earth in accord with
astrologys theory, method, principles and rulesis false.
Practitioners of celestial arts take the less than satisfactory
results of statistical tests to demonstrate that something is wrong
with statistical test results. A way to reconcile these two views
has been available for almost four centuries, and remains readily
available now. Tests of astrological factors that rely on the
categorical meanings of planets and signs, undetermined by the
configuration of planets and signs within the houses of the
astrological chart, seek meaning where no meaning lies. These
tests proceed with complete disregard of a sound theory of
astrological signification and determination, and in complete
disregard of sound astrological method(Seator,2010). Four of the
sites were in fully three categories each, so these can provide
useful qualitative descriptions of general-interest astrology
websites. LuckyFortune.com, in the Horoscopes, Astrological
Readings, and Zodiac categories, offered "free daily horoscopes
and astrology readings for your zodiac sign by free subscription
email in multiple languages Plus one inspirational message."The
Indian(Vedic)astrologysite,www.indianastrology2000.com, was
in the Astrological Birthchart, Horoscopes, and Vedic Astrology
categories. It offered "birth chart and forecast based on moon
sign by Indian (Vedic) astrologers. Birth chart reading and
reports daily, monthly." And the third and fourth of these sites
were in the Astrological Birthchart, Horoscopes, and Astrology
Software categories. Astrocom.com "Offers a variety of charts
and readings together with books, software and a personalized
astrology course." AstroGraph.com provides "Interactive
4975 A Mehta/ Elixir Hum. Res. Mgmt. 39 (2011) 4973-4979
astrology software for both Macintosh and Windows."(
Bainbridge,2002;2004;2005)
Proposed Theoretical Framework
Webster-Merriam dictionary defines horoscope as s a
diagram of the relative positions of planets and signs of the
zodiac at a specific time (as at ones birth) for use by astrologers
in inferring individual character and personality traits and in
foretelling events of a persons life.(Allum Nick,2010).In terms
of motivation to believe, astrological predictions are very often
favorable. This makes them attractive, even to those who are
skeptical of astrology (Dean, 1987; Glick, Gottesman, & Jolton,
1989). The use of astrology to explain personality and, for
instance, to understand how to achieve success and control in
personal affairs is a generally strong motivation for people
(Baumeister & Leary, 1995).people tend to use information
shortcuts that are easy and quick to process that facilitate
decision-making and judgment (Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky,
1982). people will believe a statement about their personality
that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some
systematic procedure tailored to especially for them (Dickson &
Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule,
2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). Several studies have investigated
the relationship between date of birth and individual differences
in personality or general intelligence but, in general, these
studies are based on small sample sizes. Only a couple of newer
studies by Chotai, Forsgren, Nilsson, and Adolfsson (2001) and
by Chotai, Lundberg, and Adolfsson (2003), operate with
appropriate sample sizes (i.e. 2130 and 1145 subjects,
respectively). A series of articles suggest that subjects born
during spring or summer are significantly more intelligent than
subjects born during the rest of the year, though the differences
are small (e.g. Bibby et al., 1996, Eysenck, 1995, Eysenck and
Nias, 1982 and Pintner and Forlano, 1943). Forlano and Ehrlich
(1941) studied the relationship between date of birth and
personality and found that subjects scoring high on Extraversion
(E) and low on Neuroticism (N) were more prone to be born
during the colder months of the year. Gupta (1992) used the
Hindi version of the EPI on 104 subjects (2738 years of age)
and the I6 reports that people born during the summer score
higher on Neuroticism than subjects born during winter or
autumn, and lower on Impulsiveness than subjects born during
spring and autumn. Chichilenko and Barbarash (2001) studied
154 male 1720 year old young adults and found that those born
during winter, in general, scored significantly higher on
Neuroticism N than those born during autumn, who again scored
significantly higher than those born during summer. The female
subjects (N = 373) born during winter or summer scored
significantly higher on N than those born during spring. With
respect to Extraversion E, males and females born during
autumn scored significantly higher than those born during
summer. The astrological Sun Sign is the commonly known star
sign based on the place of the sun in relation to the date of birth
of the subject. This Sun Sign is commonly associated with
different attributes for different signs (Eysenck & Nias, 1982,
for details). In Astrologia Gallica, Morin offered a theory and
method of astrology that he set within a system of cosmology
and natural philosophy. Morins astrological method is founded
on his theory of astrological determination and signification. In
Morins theory, planets are universal significators that mean
nothing until their meanings are determined in accord with a
sound method of determination. In his method, the houses of the
chart determine astrological meaning and effect. A brief
discussion of Morins method and a look at his theory follow.
Morin referred to the placement of a planet in the Sky as (in
translation) the planets celestial state or zodiacal state. He
referred to a planets placement in the houses of the chart as (in
translation) the planets terrestrial state or local
determinations. In Morins system, the meaning of a planet as it
is placed in an astrological chart depends on the planets nature,
celestial state and local determinations. A planets nature is
found in the full set of the planets categorical meanings and
includes whether the planet is a natural benefic or a natural
malefic. A planets celestial state comprises its (1) sign
placement, which includes the planets essential dignities, (2)
the nature and celestial state of its dispositor(s), (3) aspects with
other planets, particularly with the planets dispositor(s),
considered by nature and celestial state and as delivered in a
particular aspect form, and (4) various other factors that include
planetary motion (direct or retrograde, fast or slow), whether the
planet is combust the Sun, and whether it is oriental of the Sun
or occidental of the Moon. A planets terrestrial state includes
(1) its location in a house, (2) its house rulership, which includes
the house(s) it rules, the house location of its dispositor(s) and
the house location of any planets it disposes, (3) its aspects with
other planets considered by house location and house rulership,
and its aspects with house cusps, and (4) its influence on the
house opposite the one in which it sits, which may be referred to
as reflection. Terrestrial state is reducible to the two basic
forms of local determinations: location and
rulership(Seator,2010;2007).
Conclusions
Most people reject astrology. Most people reject psychics
and UFOs, as well. Therefore, for most respondents, these ideas
may fall in a single, rejected category of rubbish. Believers in
astrology, however, may have various feelings about psychics
and UFOs. They may have a tendency to accept all three, but
they also may make fine distinctions among them, far finer than
the general public of disbelievers makes. This reminded me of a
remarkable unpublished study that Jerry Gaston carried out in
1978 of readers of Fate magazine, since 1948 a central medium
of New Age and occult communication. Gaston asked readers of
the magazine how much they liked each of a list of topics,
similar to the ones considered here, and compared new readers
with long-time subscribers (Stark and Bainbridge, 1985: 414-
416). These are unchurched people who nonetheless have a
religious orientation, and by existing theory should be more
open to non-traditional spiritual ideas like astrology (Stark and
Bainbridge, 1985, 1987).However, science literacy clearly
makes a difference. Net of a range of other potential
confounding influences, the better is ones understanding of
scientific terms and concepts, as well as factual knowledge of
4976 A Mehta/ Elixir Hum. Res. Mgmt. 39 (2011) 4973-4979
science, the better one is able to distinguish science from
pseudoscience. it should probably be borne in mind that for most
people, reading a horoscope is a leisure activity and not one of
central importance either. Nevertheless, by understanding how
Europeans differ in their perceptions of astrology and
horoscopes, it is possible to gain some insight into the bases of
how citizens evaluate scientific and pseudoscientific claims
more generally ( Allum Nick,2010). In Astrologia Gallica,
Morin set forth at length his theory and method of astrological
determination and laid out the principles and rules according to
which the method that derives from the theory is applied. It is
unnecessary to know all the specific rules that Morin stated in
order to understand the fundamentals of the theory on which he
based his method of determination. The details of Morins entire
system of method, principles and prioritized rules become
essential in the application of the method to judge charts and
predict from them. Comprehension of the entire system and its
details also would be necessary for one who attempted to assess
the system with statistical tests. What are germane for present
purposes are the broader implications that Morins theory and
method have for statistical tests of astrology (Seator,2010).
References and Suggested Reading
.Adorno, T. (1974). The stars down to earth. Telos, 6(Spring).
Adorno, T. (1994). The stars down to earth: The Los Angeles
Times astrology column. In S. Crook (Ed.), The stars down to
earth and other essays on the irrational in culture (pp. 46-171).
London, England: Routledge.
.Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford,
R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York, NY:
Harper & Row.
Allum, N., Sturgis, P., Tabourazi, D., & Brunton-Smith, I.
(2008). Science knowledge and attitudes across cultures: A
meta-analysis. Public Understanding of Science 17, 35-54.
Allum, Nick, What Makes Some People Think Astrology is
Scientific? (2010). Science Communication, pp. 1-26, 2010.
Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1860385
Allum, Nick, What Makes Some People Think Astrology is
Scientific? (2010). Science Communication, pp. 1-26, 2010.
Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1860385
Bainbridge, William Sims, and Rodney Stark. 1980 "Client and
Audience Cults in America," Sociological Analysis 41: 199-214.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 1976. The Spaceflight Revolution.
New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 1978 "Biorhythms: Evaluating a
Pseudoscience," Skeptical Inquirer 2(2): 40-56.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2002a. "Public Attitudes toward
Nanotechnology," Journal of Nanoparticle Research 4: 561-570.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2002b. "Validity of Web-Based
Surveys," pp. 51-66 in Computing in the Social Sciences and
Humanities, edited by Orville Vernon Burton. University of
Illinois Press.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2003. "Religious Opposition to
Cloning," Journal of Evolution and Technology, 13,
www.jetpress.org/volume 13/bainbridge.html.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2004a. "After the New Age," Journal
for the Scientific Study of Religion 43: 381-394.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2004b "The Evolution of Semantic
Systems," pp. 150-177 in The Coevolution of Human Potential
and Converging Technologies, edited by Mihail C. Roco and
Carlo D. Monemagno. New York: New York Academy of
Sciences (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
volume 1013).
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2004c. "The Future of the Internet:
Cultural and Individual Conceptions," pp. 307-324 in Society
Online: The Internet in Context, edited by Philip N. Howard and
Steve Jones. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2004d. "Religion and Science,"
Futures 36: 1009-1023.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2004e. "Sociocultural Meanings of
Nanotechnology: Research Methodologies," Journal of
Nanoparticle Research 6: 285-299.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2005a. "Atheism," Interdisciplinary
Journal of Research on Religion,
http://www.bepress.com/ijrr/vol1/iss1/art2/.
Bainbridge, William Sims. 2005b. "The Transhuman Heresy,"
Journal of Evolution and Technology 14(2):1-10; available at
http://jetpress.org/volume14/bainbridge.html.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong:
The desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental
human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
Belew, Richard K. 2000. Finding Out About: A Cognitive
Perspective on Search Engine Technology and the WWW. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Bibby et al., 1996 P.A. Bibby, S.J. Lamb, G. Leyden and D.
Wood, Season of birth and gender effects in children attending
moderate learning difficulty schools, British Journal of
Educational Psychology 66 (1996), pp. 159168.
Blackmore, S., & Seebold, M. (2001). The effect of horoscopes
on womens relationships. Correlation, 19, 17-32.
Brin, Sergey, and Lawrence Page. 1998. "The Anatomy of a
Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine. Pp. 107-117 in
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the
World Wide Web. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Capturing Astrology in Statistical Tests, The International
Astrologer, ISAR, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Aries Issue 2010), pp. 82-90.
Carlson, S. (1985). A double-blind test of astrology. Nature,
318, 398-399.
Centers for Disease Control, 1988 Centers for Disease Control,
Health status of Vietnam veterans, Journal of the American
Medical Association 259 (1988), pp. 27012719.
Centers for Disease Control, 1989 Centers for Disease Control,
Health status of Vietnam veterans: Vol. IV. Psychological and
neuropsychological evaluation, Center for Environmental Health
and Injury Control, Atlanta, Georgia (1989).
Chan, Lois Mai. 1994. Cataloging and Classification. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Chichilenko and Barbarash, 2001 M.V. Chichilenko and N.A.
Barbarash, Effect of the season of birth on personality, health,
and emotional stress in adolescents, Human Physiology 27
(2001), pp. 507509.
Chotai et al., 2001 J. Chotai, T. Forsgren, L. Nilsson and R.
Adolfsson, Season of birth variations in the temperament and
character inventory of personality in a general population,
Neuropsychobiology 44 (2001), pp. 1926.
Chotai et al., 2002 J. Chotai, M. Jonasson, B. Hgglf and R.
Adolfsson, The temperament scale of novelty seeking in
adolescents show an association with season of birth opposite to
that in adults, Psychiatry Research 111 (2002), pp. 4554.
Chotai et al., 2003 J. Chotai, M. Lundberg and R. Adolfsson,
Variations in personality traits among adolescents and adults
according to their season of birth in the general population:
further evidence, Personality and Individual Differences 35
(2003), pp. 897908.
4977 A Mehta/ Elixir Hum. Res. Mgmt. 39 (2011) 4973-4979
Cited in Morin, J.B. (1994) Astrologia Gallica, Book XXII:
Directions. James Herschel Holden (trans.), Washington, D.C.:
American Federation of Astrologers. (Original work published
1661), p. 15 and translators note 16.
Clarke et al., 1996 D. Clarke, T. Gabriels and J. Barnes,
Astrological sign as determinants of extroversion and
emotionality: an empirical study, The Journal of Psychology 130
(1996), pp. 131140.
Cohen, Daniel. 1976. Biorhythms in Your Life. Greenwich,
Connecticut: Fawcett.
Compendium. New York: National Council for Geocosmic
Research, pp. 19-21.
Corre, R. M. (November 23, 2001). Additional Resources:
Choice Sayings on Astrology: Astrological Aphorisms.
http://forumonastrology.com/newmain.html
Curry, P. (1989). Prophecy and power: Astrology in early
modern England: Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Dale, Arbie. 1976. Biorhythm. New York: Pocket Books.
Danso, H., Hunsberger, B., & Pratt, M. (1997). The role of
parental religious fundamentalism and right-wing
authoritarianism in child-rearing goals and practices. Journal for
the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 496-511.
Dawson, Lorne L., and Douglas E. Cowan. 2004. Religion
Online: Finding Faith on the Internet. New York: Routledge.
Dean et al., 1997 G.A. Dean, D.K.B. Nias and C.C. French,
Graphology, astrology, and parapsychology. In: H. Nyborg,
Editor, The scientific study of human nature: Tribute to Hans J.
Eysenck at eighty, Pergamon: Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford,
England (1997), pp. 511542.
Dean, G. (1987). Does astrology need to be true? Part 2: The
answer is no. Skeptical Inquirer, XI, 257-273.
Dickson, D. H., & Kelly, I. W. (1985). The Barnum effect in
personality assessment: A review of the literature. Psychological
Reports, 57, 367-382.
Dictionary definitions and etymological information are drawn
from the Oxford English Dictionary: Second Edition on CD-
ROM. (2004). Oxford University Press.
Durant, J., Evans, G., & Thomas, P. (1989). The public
understanding of science. Nature, 340, 11-14.
Dutton, D. (1995). Theodor Adorno on astrology. Philosophy
and Literature, 19, 424-430.
Ertel, S. and Irving, K. (1996). The Tenacious Mars Effect.
London: Urania.
European Commission. (2001a, December). Europeans, science
and technology. Retrieved from
http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/archives/eb/ebs_154_
en.pdf
European Commission. (2001b). Europeans, science and
technology (55.2): SPSS dataset. Retrieved from
http://www.data-archive.ac.uk
European Commission. (2005a). Special Eurobarometer 224:
Europeans, science & technology. Retrieved from
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_224_report_
en.pdf
European Commission. (2005b). Special Eurobarometer 225:
Social values, science & technology. Retrieved from
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_
en.pdf
Evans, 1999 M.G. Evans, On the asymmetry of g, Psychological
Reports 85 (1999), pp. 10591069.
Eysenck and Nias, 1982 H.J. Eysenck and D.K. Nias, Astrology:
Science or superstition?, Maurice Temple Smith Ltd, London,
England (1982).
Eysenck, 1995 H.J. Eysenck, Genius: The natural history of
creativity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995).
Eysenck, H. J., & Nias, D. K. B. (1982). Astrology: Science or
superstition? London, England: Maurice Temple Smith.
Eysenck, H.J. and Nias, D.K.B. (1984). Astrology: Science or
Superstition? Middlesex: Penguin. Eysenck, H.J. and Nias,
D.K.B. Astrology, p. 31.
Feldman, S. (2003). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of
authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 24, 41-74.
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.).
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Fodor, Nandor. 1971. Freud, Jung, and Occultism. New Hyde
Park, N.Y.: University Books.
For a fuller introduction to Morins method, see Seator, P.
(2007). The Down to Earth Sky: An
Forer, B. R. (1949). The fallacy of personal validation: A
classroom demonstration of gullibility. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 44, 118-121.
Forlano and Ehrlich, 1941 G. Forlano and V.Z. Ehrlich, Month
and season of birth in relation to intelligence, introversion
extroversion, and inferiority feelings, Journal of Educational
Psychology 32 (1941), pp. 112.
Furnham, A. (1991, January 26). Hooked on horoscopes: We
may not be able to persuade people that astrology and
graphology are nonsense. But psychology, with the help of a
showman, reveals why they are so popular. New Scientist.
Furnham, A., & Schofield, S. (1987). Accepting personality test
feedback: A review of the Barnum effect. Current Psychological
Reviews and Research, 6, 162-178.
Fuzeau-Braesch, S., as cited in Harris, P. (2004). Astrology and
Individuality in Chronic Pain
Gentry et al., 1985 T.A. Gentry, J.A. Wakefield and A.F.
Friedman, MMPI scales for measuring Eysencks factors,
Journal of Personality Research 49 (1985), pp. 146149.
Glick, P., Gottesman, D., & Jolton, J. (1989). The fault is not in
the stars: Susceptibility of skeptics and believers in astrology to
the Barnum effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
15, 572-583.
Goldberg, David, David Nichols, Brian M. Oki, and Douglas
Terry. 1992. "Using Collaborative Filtering to Weave an
Information Tapestry," Communications of the ACM, 35: 61-70.
Goulart, Ron. 1972. An Informal History of the Pulp Magazines.
New York: Ace.
Gupta, 1992 S. Gupta, Season of birth in relation to personality
and blood groups, Personality and Individual Differences 13
(1992), pp. 631633.
Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan, eds. 2000. Religion and
the Internet. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics.
Econometrica, 46, 1251-1271.
Hill, J.A. and Thompson, J. (Winter 1988-89). The Mars-
Redhead Link: A Scientific Test of Astrology. NCGR Journal,
pp. 24-34.
http://home.uchicago.edu/~/jonaz/astrology.pdf
http://www.astro.com/astrology/in_morin_e.htm
http://www.astro.com/astrology/in_morin_e.htm
http://www.astro.com/samples/pdf/ph3e.pdf
http://www.astro.com/samples/pdf/ph3e.pdf
http://www.erhvervsastrologi.dk/uk_erhvervsliter.htm
4978 A Mehta/ Elixir Hum. Res. Mgmt. 39 (2011) 4973-4979
http://www.kean.edu/~bregal/docs/True%20place%20of%20astr
ology.pdf
http://www.religionomics.com/old/erel/S5-
ASREC/REC05/Bainbridge%20-
%20Charting%20Astrology.pdf
Huang, Zan and Chung, Wingyan and Ong, Thian-Huat and
Chen, Hsinchun (2002) A Graph-based Recommender System
for Digital Library. In Proceedings Joint Conference on Digital
Libraries, pages pp. 65-73, Portland, OR.
Hyman, H., & Sheatsley, P. (1954). The authoritarian
personality: A methodological critique. In R. Christie & M.
Jahoda (Eds.), Studies in the scope and method of the
Authoritarian Personality. Glencoe, IL: Free Press of Glencoe.
Introduction to Morins Method of Determination. The
Mountain Astrologer, Vol. 20, pp. 49-61.
Irving, K. (2007). Willie Suttons Rules of Research. In
NCGR, Inc., Research Symposium
Irving, K., Willie Suttons Rules of Research, p. 19.
Joinson and Nettle, 2005 C. Joinson and D. Nettle, Season of
birth variation in sensation seeking in an adult population,
Personality and Individual Differences 38 (2005), pp. 859870
JOSHUA C. GREGORY (1944). Ancient Astrology,nature 153,
512-515 (29 April 1944),doi:10.1038/153512a0 available at
(http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v153/n3887/abs/153512
a0.html)
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982).
Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
Kirscht, J. P., & Dillehay, R. (1967). Dimensions of
Authoritarianism: A review of research and theory. Lexington:
University of Kentucky Press.
Landauer, Thomas K., Peter W. Foltz, and Darrell Laham. 1998.
"Introduction to Latent Semantic Analysis," Discourse
Processes, 25:259-284.
Legree et al., 1996 P.J. Legree, M.E. Pifer and F.C. Grafton,
Correlations among cognitive abilities are lower for higher
ability groups, Intelligence 23 (1996), pp. 4557.
Lindeman, M. (1998). Motivation, cognition and pseudoscience.
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 39, 257-265.
Losh, S., Tavani, C., Njoroge, R., Wilke, R., & Mcauley, M.
(2003). What does education really do? Skeptical Inquirer, 27,
30-35.
Management. Correlation, Vol. 22, pp. 5-23.
Marty, Martin E. 1996. Modern American Religion: Under God,
Indivisible, 1941-1960. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McIntosh, Christopher. 1969. The Astrologers and their Creed.
New York: Praeger.
McQuaid, Donald A. 1979. The International Psychic Register.
Erie, Pennsylvania: Ornion Press.
Melton, J. Gordon. 1985. "The Revival; of Astrology in the
United States." Pp. 279-299 in Religious Movements, edited by
Rodney Stark. New York: Paragon.
Miller, J. D. (1998). The measurement of scientific literacy.
Public Understanding of Science, 7, 203-223.
Miller, J. D. (2004). Public understanding of, and attitudes
toward, scientific research: What we know and what we need to
know. Public Understanding of Science, 13, 273-294.
Miller, J. D., Pardo, R., & Niwa, F. (1997). Public perceptions of
science and technology: A comparative study of the European
Union, the United States, Japan and Canada. Bilbao, Spain:
Fundacion BBV.
Morin de Villefranche, J.B. (2008). Astrologia Gallica, Book
XXI: The Active Determinations of the Celestial Bodies and the
Passive Determinations of the Sublunary World. Richard S.
Baldwin (trans.).
Morin, J.B., Astrologia Gallica, Book XXI, Preface, p. 4.
Morin, J.B., Astrologia Gallica, Book XXI, Section 1, ch 3, The
description and refutation of an error frequently encountered in
astrology, p. 19.
Morin, J.B., Astrologia Gallica, Book XXI, Section 1, ch. 3, p.
20.
Morin, J.B., Astrologia Gallica, Book XXI, Section 1, ch. 3, pp.
21-22.
Morin, J.B., Astrologia Gallica, Book XXI, Section I, ch. 2, The
formal or essential determination of the planets and the fixed
stars, p. 13.
Morin, J.B., Astrologia Gallica, Book XXI, Section I, ch. 3, p.
19.
N Allum (2010), What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is
Scientific?, Science Communication December 13,
2010,Available at
http://scx.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/12/04/107554701038
9819.abstract
National Science Board. (2000). Science and engineering
indicators: 2000. Arlington, VA: Author.
National Science Board. (2002). Science and engineering
indicators: 2002 (NSB-02-1). Arlington, VA: Author.
National Science Board. (2006). Science and engineering
indicators: 2006. Arlington, VA: Author.
National Science Board. (2008). Science and engineering
indicators: 2008. Arlington, VA: Author.
Nederman, C., & Goulding, J. (1981, Winter). Popular occultism
& critical social theory: Exploring some themes in Adornos
critique of astrology & the occult. Sociological Analysis: A
Journal in the Sociology of Religion, 4, 325-332.
Newhart, B. (1998). An infinite number of monkeys. The
Button-Down Mind Strikes Back! U.S.A.: Warner Brothers
Records Inc. (Original work published 1960).
NLSY1979 Users Guide, 2004 NLSY1979 Users guide: A
guide to the 19792002 National Longitudinal Study of Youth
Data (2004). Prepared for the US Department of Labor by
Center for Human Resource Research. The Ohio State
University Columbus, OH.
Nolle, R., as cited in Smit, R. (n.d.). Research Results (91
Abstracts): from Correlation, APP, AinO, and Kosmos.
Retrieved 19 May 2008 from the World Wide Web:
http://rudolfhsmit.nl/d-rese2.htm, section 5, Houses.
Nyborg and Jensen, 2000 H. Nyborg and A.R. Jensen, Black
white differences on various psychometric tests: Spearmans
hypothesis tested on American armed services veterans,
Personality and Individual Differences 28 (2000), pp. 593599.
Nyborg and Jensen, 2001 H. Nyborg and A.R. Jensen,
Occupation and income related to psychometric g, Intelligence
29 (2001), pp. 4555.
O'Neil, Barbara and Richard Phillips. 1975. BiorhythmsHow
to Live With
Page, Lawrence, Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, and Terry
Winograd. 1999. "The Page Rank Citation Ranking: Bringing
Order to the Web." Stanford, California: Stanford University.
Available at http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1999-66
Pintner and Forlano, 1943 R. Pintner and G. Forlano, Season of
birth and mental differences, Psychological Bulletin 40 (1943),
pp. 2535.
4979 A Mehta/ Elixir Hum. Res. Mgmt. 39 (2011) 4973-4979
Quoted in Elwell, D., Scholars versus Scribblers, Retrieved 4
September 2009 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.astrozero.co.uk/astroscience/elwell_2.htm
Rabe-Hesketh, S., Skrondal, A., & Pickles, A. (2002). Reliable
estimation of generalized linear mixed models using adaptive
quadrature. Stata Journal, 2, 1-21.
Raudenbusch, S., & Bryk, A. (2001). Hierarchical linear models:
Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Resnick, Paul, and Hal R. Varian. 1997. "Recommender
Systems," Communications of the ACM, 40: 56 - 58.
Roberts, P., as cited in Harris, P. (2004). Astrology and
Individuality in Chronic Pain Management. Correlation, Vol.
22, pp. 5-23.
Rogers, P., & Soule, J. (2009). Cross-cultural differences in the
acceptance of Barnum profiles supposedly derived from Western
versus Chinese astrology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,
40, 381-399.
Ross, L., & Anderson, C. (1982). Shortcomings in the
attribution process: On the origins and maintenance of erroneous
assessments. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.),
Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (Vol. 11, pp.
143-157). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Scheitle, Christopher P. 2005. "The Social and Symbolic
Boundaries of Congregations: An Analysis of Website Links,"
Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 1:
www.religjournal.com.
Schuman, H., & Presser, S. (1996). Questions and answers in
attitude surveys: Experiments on question form, wording, and
context. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Seator, P. (2008/2009). Astrological Prediction and Statistical
Tests, Correlation, Vol. 26 (2), pp. 14-49.
Seator, P. (2008-2009). Astrological Prediction and Statistical
Tests, Correlation, Vol. 26 (2), pp. 14-49
Seator, P., Capturing Astrology in Statistical Tests, The
International Astrologer, ISAR, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 82-90. It is
drawn in part from an earlier and longer essay:
See generally Campion, N. & Kollerstrom, N. (Spring/Summer
2003). Galileos Astrology, special issue of Culture and Cosmos,
Vol. 7, no. 1.
Stark, Rodney, and Charles Y. Glock. 1968. "Are We Entering a
Post-Christian Era?" Pp. 204-224 in American Piety: The Nature
of Religious Commitment. Berkeley, California: University of
California Press.
Stark, Rodney, and William Sims Bainbridge. 1985. The Future
of Religion. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
The Down to Earth Sky: An Introduction to Morins Method of
Determination, The Mountain Astrologer, Mercury Direct, Vol.
20, pp. 49-61 (2007)
The phrase Exactitude confers intensity is lifted directly from
Robert Corres teaching in his Forum on Astrology classes,
www.forumonastrology.com
Thommen, George S. 1973. Is This Your Day? New York:
Avon.
Toulmin, Stephen Edelston, and June Goodfield. 1961. The
Fabric of the Heavens. New York: Harper.
Ulansey, David. 1989. The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries:
Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Astrologers, Inc.
(Original work published 1661.) The 2008 edition of the
translation of Book 21 omits the title Morin gave to the volume
and substitutes for it another title: The Morinus System of
Horoscope Interpretation.
Welty, Christopher. 2004. "Ontology." Pp. X-Y in Encyclopedia
of Human-Computer Interaction, edited by William Sims
Bainbridge. Great Barrington, Massachusetts: Berkshire.
Witte, James C., Lisa M. Amoroso, and Philip E. N. Howard.
2000. "Research Methodology: Method and Representation in
Internet-Based Survey Tools," Social Science Computer
Review, 18: 179-195.
Wolfe, Michael B. W., and Susan R.Goldman. 2003. "Use of
Latent Semantic Analysis for Predicting Psychological
Phenomena: Two Issues and Proposed Solutions," Behaviour
Research Methods 2003(35):22-31.
Wuthnow, Robert. 1988. The Restructuring of American
Religion: Society and Faith since World War II. Princeton, New
Jersey: Princeton University Press.
www.encirclinglight.com/astrological-prediction-statistical-tests
www.encirclinglight.com/down-to-earth-sky
www.encirclinglight.com/down-to-earth-sky;
Wyman, A. J., & Vyse, S. (2008). Science versus the stars: A
double-blind test of the validity of the NEO Five-Factor
Inventory and computer-generated astrological natal charts.
Journal of General Psychology, 135, 287-300.
Your Life Cycles. Pasadena, California: Ward Ritchie Press.
Zuckerman and Cloninger, 1996 M. Zuckerman and C.R.
Cloninger, Relationships between Cloningers, Zuckermans,
and Eysencks dimensions of personality, Personality and
Individual Differences 21 (1996), pp. 283385.
Author Biographical notes
Arpita Mehta had received B.B.A., M.B.A., M.F.A., PGDHRM
and Lic, (III) from well known Indian universities. She is an
M.Phil, Research Scholar at Christ University Institute of
Management, Bangalore, India. She has more than four years of
industry experience. She is an Ex SAP FICO Consultant. Her
research interest includes ERP, Entrepreneurship, Strategic
Management and Research Methodology.
Email:mehta0108@gmail.com