HandsOnRelaySchool

TransformerProtectionOpenLecture
 HandsOnRelaySchool
TransformerProtectionOpenLecture

ClassOutline
Transformerprotectionoverview
Reviewtransformerconnections
Discusschallengesandmethodsofcurrent
differentialProtection
Discussotherprotectiveelementsusedin
transformerprotection

ScottCooper scottc@mantatest.com
(727)415-5843
EasternRegionalManager 204 37th Avenue North #281
MantaTestSystems Saint Petersburg, FL 33704
TransformerProtectionOverview
TransformerProtectionZones
 TypesofProtection
MechanicalProtection

AnalysisofAccumulatedGases
Looksforarcingbyproducts
SuddenPressureRelays
Orificeallowsfornormalthermalexpansion/contraction.Arcing
causingpressurewavesinoilorgasspaceoverwhelmingtheorifice
andactuatingtherelay.
Thermal
Causedbyoverload,overexcitation,harmonicsandgeomagnetically
inducedcurrents
Hotspottemperature
TopOil
LTCOverheating
 TypesofProtection
RelayProtection

InternalShortCircuit
Phase:87HS,87T
Ground:87HS,87T,87GD
SystemShortCircuitBackUpProtection
PhaseandGroundFaults
Buses:50,50N,51,51N,46
Lines:50,50N,51,51N,46
 TypesofProtection
RelayProtection

AbnormalOperatingConditions
OpenCircuits:46
Overexcitation:24
Undervoltage:27
AbnormalFrequency:81U
BreakerFailure:50BF,50BFN
 PhaseDifferential
Overview

Whatgoesintoaunitcomesoutof
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
aunit
Kirchoffs Law:Thesumofthe I1 I2
UNIT
currentsenteringandleavinga
junctionis(shouldbe)zero
Straightforwardconcept,butnot
thatsimpleinpracticewith
I3
transformers
 PhaseDifferential
Overview

Ahostofissuespresentsitselftodecreasesecurityandreliabilityoftransformer
differentialprotection
CTratio causedcurrentmismatch
Transformationratio causedcurrentmismatch(fixedtaps)
LTCinducedcurrentmismatch
Deltawye transformation ofcurrents
Vectorgroupandcurrentderivationissues
Zerosequencecurrentelimination forexternalgroundfaultsonwye windings
Inrushphenomena anditsresultantcurrentmismatch
Harmoniccontentavailabilityduringinrush periodduetopointonwave
switching(especiallywithnewertransformers)
Overexcitationphenomena anditsresultantcurrentmismatch
Internalgroundfaultsensitivity concerns
Switchontofault concerns
CTsaturation,remnance andtolerance
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept
Compensation(2)
ChangeinCTRatio 1:1, Y-Y

4:1, 3Y 1:1, 3Y
IA, IB, IC Ia, Ib, Ic

IA', IB', IC' Ia', Ib', Ic'

IA'*4 = Ia'
IB' * 4 = Ib'
IC' * 4 = Ic'
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept

Compensation(3)
TransformerRatio 2:1, Y-Y

1:1, 3Y 1:1, 3Y
IA, IB, IC Ia, Ib, Ic

IA', IB', IC' Ia', Ib', Ic'

IA' = Ia' / 2
IB' = Ib' / 2
IC' = Ic' / 2
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept
Compensation(2)
ChangeinCTRatio

IA, IB, IC Ia, Ib, Ic

IA', IB', IC' Ia', Ib', Ic'

There must be an easier way..

 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept

100MVA 100MVA
IN OUT
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept

Tap Calculation with Wye CTs Tap Calculation with Delta CTs
TransformerVA TransformerVA
WindingTap = WindingTap =
VL L CTR 3 VL L CTR
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
TransformerTapCalculationPerUnitConcept

Each measured current is divided by the winding Tap. The

result is a percent of rating. These percent of ratings can be
compared directly.
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics
ABconnecteddeltawye transformer
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

Subtracting Vectors: Subtract from reference phase vector the

connected non-polarity vectorin our example Ia-Ib

c -b

b
Can be repeated for B & C, or you can assume 120 and 240
displacement from A for B&C respectively
Ib Ic and Ic Ia would be the vectors
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

ACconnecteddeltawye transformer
Ia-Ic Ia

Ic-Ib
Ia Ia

Ib-Ia Ic
Ib

Ib Ib
Ia

Ic-Ib Ic

Ib-Ia
Ib Ia-Ic
Ic Ic
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

Subtracting vectors: Subtract from reference phase vector the connected non-
polarity vectorin our example Ia-Ic

b -c

Can be repeated for B & C, or you can assume 120 and 240
displacement from A for B&C respectively
Ib Ia and Ic Ib would be the vectors
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

AngularDisplacementConventions:
ANSIYY, @0;Y ,Y@X1lagsH1by30
ANSImakeslifeeasy
Eurodesignationsuse30 incrementsofLAGfromtheX1bushingtothe
H1bushings
Dy11=X1lagsH1by11*30=330
or,H1leadsX1by30
Thinkofaclock eachhouris30degrees

0
11 1

10 2

9 3 Dy1 = X1 lags H1 by 1*30 = 30, or

H1 leads X1 by 30 (ANSI std.)
8 4
7 5
6
 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

C c A

US Standard Dy Example:
H1 (A) leads X1 (a) by 30
Currents on H bushings are delta quantities

Assume 1:1 transformer

 PhaseDifferential
OverviewTransformer Basics

US Standard Yd Example:
H1 (a) leads X1 (A) by 30
Currents on X bushings are delta quantities

B b A

Assume 1:1 transformer

 PhaseDifferential
Overview

Appliedwithvariable
percentageslopesto
accommodateCTsaturation
andCTratioerrors
Appliedwithinrushandover
excitationrestraints
Setwithatleasta20%pickup
toaccommodateCT
performance
ClassCCT;+/ 10%at20X
rated
IfunitisLTC,addanother+/
10%
Maynotbesensitiveenough
forallfaults(lowlevel,ground
faultsnearneutral)
 PhaseDifferential
EMRelayApplication

CTratiosandtapsettingsareselectedto
accountfor:
Transformerratios
Ifdeltaorwye connectedCTsare
applied
Deltaincreasesratioby1.73
DeltaCTsmustbeusedtofilterzero
sequencecurrentonallwye transformer
windings
Dy transformerconnectionscompensated
byydCTconnectionstomakethecurrents
applestoapples.
 PhaseDifferential
EMRelayApplication

Zerosequenceelimination:InEMrelayswithwye connectedtransformers,
deltaconnectedCTsareusedtoremovethegroundcurrent.
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
Settingscompensateforthefollowing:
Transformerratio
CTratio
Vectorquantities
Whichvectorsareused
Wherethe1.73factor(3)isapplied
Whenexamininglinetoline
quantitiesondeltaconnected
transformerwindingsandCT
windings
Zerosequencecurrentfilteringfor
wye windingssothedifferential
quantitiesdonotoccurfrom
externalgroundfaults
PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

Angulardisplacement(IECandSEL)
IEC(Euro)practicedoesnot
*1
haveastandardlikeANSI
*1 Mostcommonconnectionis
Dy11(lowleadhighby30!)
*2
Obviouslyobservationof
*2 angulardisplacementis
extremelyimportantwhen
parallelingtransformers!

*1 = ANSI std. @ 0
*2 = ANSI std. @ X1 lag H1 by 30,
or high lead low by 30
DigitalRelayApplication

All wye CTs shown, most can retrofit legacy delta CT applications
 BenefitsofWyeCTs
Phasesegregatedlinecurrents
Individuallinecurrentoscillography
Currentsmaybeeasilyusedforovercurrent
protectionandmetering
Easiertocommissionandtroubleshoot
Zerosequenceeliminationperformedby
calculation
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

Zerosequenceelimination:Indigitalrelayswithwye connected
transformersandwye connectedCTs,groundcurrentmustberemovedfrom
thedifferentialcalculation.

3I0 = [Ia + Ib + Ic]

I0 = 1/3 *[Ia + Ib + Ic]

Used where filtering is

required, such as wye
winding with wye CTs
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

2nd and 4th

Harmonics
During
Inrush

TypicalTransformerInrushWaveform
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

HarmonicallyRestrainedDifferentialElement
InrushDetectionandRestraint
Inrushoccursontransformerenergizingasthecoremagnetizes
Sympathyinrushoccursfromadjacenttransformer(s)energizing,fault
removal,allowingthetransformertoundergoalowlevelinrush
Characterizedbycurrentintoonewindingoftransformer,andnotout
oftheotherwinding(s)
Thiscausesthedifferentialelementtopickup
Useinrushrestrainttoblockdifferentialelementduringinrushperiod
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

InrushDetectionandRestraint
2nd harmonicrestrainthasbeenemployedforyears
Gapdetectionhasalsobeenemployed
Astransformersaredesignedtoclosertolerances,both2nd harmonic
andlowcurrentgapsinwaveformhavedecreased
If2nd harmonicrestraintlevelissettoolow,differentialelementmay
beblockedforinternalfaultswithCTsaturation(withassociated
harmonicsgenerated)
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

InrushDetectionandRestraint
4th harmonicisalsogeneratedduringinrush
OddharmonicsarenotasprevalentasEvenharmonicsduringinrush
OddharmonicsmoreprevalentduringCTsaturation
Use4th harmonicand2nd harmonictogether
M3310/M3311relaysuseRMSsumofthe2nd and4th harmonicas
inrushrestraint
Result:Improvedsecuritywhilenotsacrificingreliability
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

OverexcitationRestraint
Overexcitationoccurswhenvoltsperhertz
levelrises(V/Hz)
Thistypicallyoccursfromloadrejectionand
malfunctioninggenerationAVRs
Thevoltageriseatnominalfrequencycauses
theV/Hztorise
Thiscauses5th harmonicstobegeneratedin
thetransformerasitbeginstogointo
saturation
Thecurrententeringthetransformerismore
thanthecurrentleavingduetothisincreasein
magnetizingcurrent
Thiscausesthedifferentialelementtopickup
Use5th harmonicleveltodetectoverexcitation
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication
2.0

1.5 TRIP

87T Pick Up
1.0 with 5th Harmonic Restraint Slope 2

87T Pick Up
RESTRAIN
0.5
Slope 2
Breakpoint
Slope 1

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

87TPickUp
ClassCCTs,use20%
LTC,add10%
Magnetizinglosses,add1%
0.3to0.4pu typicallysetting
Slope1
Usedforlowlevelcurrents
Typicallysetfor25%
Slope2breakpoint
Typicallysetat2Xratedcurrent
Thissettingassumesthatanycurrentover2Xratedisa
throughfaultorinternalfault,andisusedtodesensitizethe
elementagainstunfaithfulreplication
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

Slope2
Typicallysetat70%
InrushRestraint(2nd and4th harmonic)
Typicallysetfrom1520%
Employcrossphaseaveragingblockingforsecurity
OverexcitationRestraint(5th harmonic)
Typicallysetat30%
Raise87Tpickupto0.60pu duringoverexcitation
Nocrossphaseaveragingneeded,asoverexcitation is
symmetriconthephases
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

Unrestrained87HPickUp
Typicallysetat810puratedcurrent
Thisvalueshouldbeabovemaximumpossibleinrushcurrent
andlowerthantheCTsaturationcurrent
C37.91,section5.2.3,states10puanacceptablevalue
Canusedatacapturedfromenergizations tofinetunethe
setting
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

CTIssues:
Remnance:Residualmagnetismthatcausesdcsaturationofthe
CTs
Saturation:Errorsignalresultingfromtoohighaprimarycurrent
combinedwithalargeburden
Tolerance:ClassCCTsarerated+/ 10%forcurrentsx20of
nominal
Thrufaultsandinternalfaultsmayreachthoselevelsdependingonratio
selected
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

CTIssues(cont.)
BestdefenseistousehighClassCvoltagelevels
C400,C800
Thesehavesuperiorcharacteristicsagainstsaturationandrelay/wiring
burden
Uselowburdenrelays
Digitalsystemsaretypically0.020ohms
Useavariablepercentageslopecharacteristictodesensitize
thedifferentialelementwhenchallengedbyhighcurrentsthat
maycausereplicationerrors
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

PointonWaveConsiderationsDuringEnergization
Asmostcircuitbreakersaregangedthreepole,eachphaseisclosedata
differentangleresultinginlessharmonicsononephaseandmoreonthe
others
Lowlevelsofharmonicsmaynotprovideinrushrestraintforaffectedphase
securityrisk!
Mostmodernrelaysemploysomekindofcrossphaseaveragingschemeto
compensateforthisissue
Providessecurityifanyphasehaslowharmoniccontentduringinrushoroverexcitation
Thiscanoccurdependingonthevoltagepointonwavewhenthetransformerisenergizedfora
givenphase
Crossphaseaveragingusestheaverageofharmonicsonallthreephasestodeterminelevel
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

ImprovedGroundFaultSensitivity:
87Telementistypicallysetwith2040%pickup
ThisistoaccommodateClassCCTaccuracy
duringafaultplustheeffectsofLTCs
Thatleaves2040%ofthewindingnotcoveredfor
agroundfault
Employagrounddifferentialelementtoimprove
sensitivity(87GD)
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

SwitchontoFault:
Transformerisfaultedonenergizing
Harmonicrestraintonunfaulted phasesmaywork
againsttripdecisionifcrossphaseaveragingisused
Unfaultedphasewillhavenoharmonics,otherphases
mayhavehighvalue
Employ87HStoprotectwindingthatisbeing
energized
Employ87GDoncoupledwindingifitiswye
 PhaseDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

SwitchontoFault(cont):
Employ87HStoprotectwindingthatisfirstenergized
87HSissetaboveinrushcurrent
Iffaultisnearthebushingendofthewinding,thecurrentwillbehigher
thaninrush
Typically912pu thrucurrent
87HSdoesnotemployharmonicrestraint
Fasttrippingonhighcurrentfaults
 GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

Use87GD IA

IA + IB + IC = 3I0
Iffaultisinternal, IB

oppositepolarity
Iffaultisexternal,same IC
polarity
IG
 GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

IA IA

IB IB

IC IC

IG IG

Internal External
 GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

RestrictedEarthFaultTripCharacteristic
87GDPickUp
Elementnormallyusesdirectionalcomparisonbetweenphase
residualcurrent(3I0)andmeasuredgroundcurrent(IG)
Nousersetting
Pickuponlyapplicablewhen3I0 currentisbelow140mA(5A
nom.)
Pickup=3I0 - IG
If3I0 greaterthan140mA,elementuses:
3I0 * IG * cos.Itwilltriponlywhenthedirectionsofthe
currentsisopposite,indicatinganinternalfault
Usingdirectioncomparisonmitigatestheeffectsofsaturationon
thephaseandgroundCTs
 GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

IA
Residual current
calculated from
IB individual phase
currents. Paralleled
CTs shown to
illustrate principle.

90
IC

IG IG 3I0 IG
180 0
-3IO

270
GroundDifferential
DigitalRelayApplication

90
-3IO
IG
180 0

270
 OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

Fuses
Smalltransformers(<10MVA)
Shortcircuitprotectiononly
Overcurrentprotection
Hside
Throughfaultprotection
Differentialbackupprotectionforhighsidefaults
Xside
Systembackupprotection
Unbalancedloadprotection
 OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

Hsideovercurrentelements:
Protectionagainstheavyprolongedthroughfaults
TransformerCategorybynameplatecapacity
IEEEStd.C57.1091985Curves
 Cat.2&3
FaultFrequency
Zones
ThroughFault
Category1
ThroughFault
Category2
ThroughFault
Category3
ThroughFault
Category4
 OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

XsideOverCurrent
Elements
Usedtoprotect
againstuncleared
faultsdownstream
ofthetransformer
Mayconsistofphase 51
51
G

andground
elements
Coordinatedwith
lineprotectionoff
Failed Breaker
thebus
 OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

XsideOverCurrentElements:
Negativesequenceover
currentusedtoprotect
againstunbalancedloads&
openconductors 46

Easytocoordinate
 OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

Overexcitation:
Respondstooverfluxing;excessivev/Hz
Continuousoperationallimits
ANSIC37.106&C57.12
1.05loaded,1.10unloaded
Inversecurvestypicallyavailableforvaluesoverthe
continuousallowablemaximum
 OtherTransformerProtection
OvercurrentElements

Causes:
GeneratingPlants
Excitationsystemrunaway
Suddenlossofload
Operationalissues(reducedfrequency)
Staticstarts
Pumpedhydrostarting
Rotorwarming
TransmissionSystems
VoltageandReactiveSupportControlFailures
CapacitorbanksONwhentheyshouldbeOFF
ShuntreactorsOFFwhentheyshouldbeON
Generatorunittransformerconnectedtolonglinewith
noload(Ferrantieffect)
RunawayLTCs
OverexcitationCurve

Thisistypicallyhowtheapparatusmanufacturerspecsit
Overexcitation Curve

Thisishowprotectionengineersenterthev/Hzcurveintoaprotectivedevice
References:
ANSI/IEEEC37.91,GuideforProtectiveRelayApplicationsforPowerTransformers
ANSI/IEEEC57.12,StandardGeneralRequirementsforLiquidImmersedDistribution,
PowerandRegulatingTransformers
ProtectiveRelaying:Principalsandapplications,ThirdEditionByJ.LewisBlackburn
andThomasJ.Domin
DigitalTransformerProtectionfromPowerPlantstoDistributionSubstations,CJ
Mozina
GeneralElectricTransformerConnectionsincludingAutotransformerConnections
GET2J,Dec,1970

87
T

High Side Low Side

50

51
51
G