Experiment 6: Heat Effects

Laboratory Report

Emmanuel Brian C. Padre, Miguel Austin A. Partin, Lu Andrei S. Pusung, Bernice Ann S. Sabayle,
Kim BJ Salvador

Department of Biology
College of Science, University of Santo Tomas
Espaa, Manila Philippines

Abstract certain amount is called specific heat, or specific

Heat affects nature in many different ways, in this
experiment, three different interactions of heat
were observed. Namely, the specific heat, heat
fusion and thermal expansion of solids. In order
to solve for the specific heat capacity of an
unknown metal, the formula = was
used. For the heat fusion of ice, = and
lastly, for the coefficient of the linear thermal
expansion, = ( ). These activities yielded
percentage error values of 8.33%, 52.5% and
68.33% respectively. Errors yielded are due to
inconsistencies and inaccuracies in performing
the activities with the working environment as
one of the factors also considered.
1. Introduction
Thermodynamics is a branch of science that
deals with the relationships between heat,
temperature and other forms of energy. It is
concerned with several properties of matter; Heat
is the at the pinnacle of this topic.
Heat is energy transferred between a system
and its surroundings in some way other than
through work or the transfer of matter due to a
temperature difference between them. As a form
of energy, heat is conserved it cannot be created
or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred from
one place to another. Heat can also be converted
to and from other forms of energy.
The amount of heat required to increase the
temperature of a certain mass of a substance by a
heat capacity. Specific heat is a physical property,
which means that it depends on the substance
under consideration and its state as specified by
its properties. Also, it is an intensive variable and
has units of energy per mass per degree. The heat
capacity of a substance can differ depending on
what extensive variables are held constant. The
specific heat of a metal depends almost entirely
on the number of atoms in the sample, not its
mass.
Latent heat is energy released or absorbed, by
a body or a thermodynamic system during a
constant-temperature process. Such a process
may be a phase transition, such as the melting of
ice or the boiling of water. Thermal expansion,
on the other hand, is the tendency of matter to
change in shape, area, and volume in response to
a change in temperature, through heat transfer.
When a substance is heated, its particles begin
moving more and thus usually maintain a greater
average separation. Materials which contract with
increasing temperature are rare; this effect is
limited in size, and only occurs within limited
temperature ranges.
The objectives of this experiment are as
follows: to determine the specific heat of a solid
by method of mixtures, to determine the latent
heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization of
water and to determine the coefficient of linear
thermal expansion of a solid.
2. Theory =
Activity 1
=
The concept of Specific heat was used in this
experiment. Specific heat is the amount 1 =
of heat required to change a unit of a substance =
by one degree in temperature. When there is a
phase change encountered, the heat that is =
removed or added during a phase change does not
=
alter the temperature. The mass of the sample, the
inner vessel of calorimeter, the inner vessel with
water, the initial temperature of water and inner
vessel, temperature of sample and the equilibrium Activity 2:
temperature were recorded. The mass of the water
The concept of latent heat was used in this
was computed by subtracting the mass of the
experiment. Latent heat can be understood as heat
vessel with water to the mass of the vessel only.
energy in hidden form which is supplied or
The Specific heat of a sample was computed
extracted to change the state of a substance
using this formula:
without changing its temperature. The mass of
= ( ) the inner vessel, mass of inner vessel with water,
mass of inner vessel with water and melted ice,
Legend: initial temperature of water and inner vessel and
equilibrium temperature were measured and
Q = Heat Energy
recorded. The mass of water inside the inner
= Final Temperature vessel was computed by subtracting the mass of
the inner vessel with water to the mass of inner
m = mass vessel of calorimeter alone. The mass of melted
ice was also computed by subtracting the mass of
= Initial Temperature the inner vessel of calorimeter with water and ice
to the mass of inner vessel of calorimeter with
c = Specific heat
water. The latent heat of fusion was computed
You could also compute the specific heat of 2 using this formula :
substances with different temperature using this
=
formula:
Legend:
1 1 ( 1 ) + ( )
=
( ) Q = Heat Energy

Legend: m = mass of the substance

= L = the specific heat for a particular substance

=

1 =
1 = Activity 3
The concept of thermal expansion of solids was
used in this experiment. Thermal expansion is the
affinity of matter to change in volume in reaction
to a change in temperature. When a substance is
heated, its particles begin moving and become
active hence maintaining a greater average
separation. Materials that contract upon an
increase in temperature are rare. This effect only
occurs within limited temperature ranges because
of its limited size. Coefficient of thermal
expansion is known as the degree of expansion
divided by the change in temperature and it
commonly varies with temperature. The initial
length of rod, initial and final readings of
micrometer disc, the final and initial temperature
of rod were measured and recorded. The
elongation of rod was computed by subtracting
the final and initial reading of micrometer disc.
The value of coefficient of thermal expansion
was computed using the formula:
e The inner vessel was placed into its insulating
= jacket. The initial temperature of the water was
0 ( 0 )
Where:
= coefficient of thermal expansion
e = change in measurement
0 = length
= final temperature
0 = initial temperature
3. Methodology
There were three activities performed for
the experiment. One for Specific Heat of Metal,
one for the Heat Fusion of Water and one for the
Thermal Expansion of Solids.
For the Specific Heat of Metal, the metal
object was weighed. The metal object was tied to
a 30 cm long thread which was immediately put
into the metal jacket. The metal jacket was placed
inside a beaker with water. The beaker was
heated up to 80C. The inner vessel was weighed
with a calorimeter. Right after weighing, 2/3 of it
was filled with water and weighed again. It was
placed in its insulating jacket and the
temperature was taken. The object was
transferred into the calorimeter when the it
reached 80C. The water was stirred with a
thermometer and the equilibrium temperature was
recorded. The specific heat of the object and
percent error were computed.
For the Heat Fusion of Water, the empty
inner vessel of the calorimeter was weighed.
Then it was filled with water and weighed again.
recorded. Ice was added into the calorimeter.
After the ice melted the equilibrium temperature
was recorded. The inner vessel was weighed
again together with the water and melted ice
inside it. The heat of fusion was computed by
Conservation of Heat Energy. The percent error
was also computed.
The initial length of the rod was
measured and recorded. Then it is placed inside
the steam jacket. The steam jacket was mounted
in the metal flame. The first outlet of the jacket
was connected to the boiler by rubber tubing. The
initial temperature of the rod was recorded. The
metal frame was connected to the galvanometer.
The micrometer was moved until it touched the
end of the rod. The initial reading of the
micrometer was recorded. The disc was unwound
so that the rod can expand freely. Using a steam
coming from the boiler, the rod was heated for
twenty minutes. The final temperature was
recorded then the disc was moved until it is in
contact again with the rod. The final reading of
the disc was recorded. The coefficient of linear
thermal expansion of the rod and percent error
were computed.
4. Results and Discussion
Activity 1: Specific Heat of Metal
Table 1: Data on Specific Heat of Metal
Mass sample 16.80 g
Mass of inner vessel of calorimeter 43.67 g
Mass of inner vessel of calorimeter 235.01 g
with water
Mass of water inside inner vessel of 191.44 g
calorimeter
Initial temperature of water and 15.2 C
inner vessel of calorimeter
Temperature of sample 91 C
Equilibrium temperature of sample, 15.5 C
water and inner vessel of
calorimeter
Calculated specific heat of sample 0.0394
cal/g C
Accepted value of specific heat 0.215
cal/g C
% error 8.33 %
Table 1 displays the calculated
specific heat of the sample metal. Specific
heat is the ability to absorb or release energy.
The heat required to raise the temperature of
the unit mass of a given substance by a given
amount (usually one degree) is known as
specific heat of a substance. In this activity,
heat flows from the metal to the water and its
container (calorimeter), which resulted to the
samples temperature to fall and the
temperature of the water and container to
rise. It is presumed that the sample metals
heat lost was both absorbed by the water and
calorimeter. With the data gathered in Table
1, our group was able to calculate the specific
heat of the sample metal. We calculated the
specific heat of a sample metal to be 0.0394
cal/g C and yielded 8.33% error. With this
experiment, we were able to find out that
most metals have low specific heat capacity
because they absorb energy easily. The %
error obtained in this activity is may be due
to the following factors: error in reading the
thermometer and extreme temperature
changes due to heat transferring to the
environment.
Activity 2: Heat of Fusion of Water
Mass of inner vessel of 47.33 g
calorimeter
Mass of inner vessel of 200. 25 g
calorimeter with water
Mass of water inside inner vessel 152.92 g
of calorimeter
Mass of inner vessel of 225.08 g
calorimeter, water and melted ice
Mass of melted ice 24.56 g
Initial temperature of water and 50 C
inner vessel of calorimeter
Equilibrium temperature of inner 76 C
vessel of calorimeter, water and
melted ice
Calculated latent heat of fusion 122.94
cal/g C
Accepted value of latent heat of 80 cal/g
fusion C
% error 52.5%
Table 2: Data on Heat of Fusion of Water
Table 2 shows the latent heat of
fusion. Throughout the process of melting,
both the liquid and solid phases of a pure
substance are in equilibrium with each other.
The Latent Heat of fusion is the amount of
thermal energy required to cause a liquid to
freeze (by taking that much heat out) or a
solid to melt (by putting that much heat in).
The calculated latent heat was 122.94 cal/g
C yielding a high percent error of 52.5 %.
Improper stirring that causes the final
temperature to be too warm and gives an
experimental value of Latent Heat of fusion
that is too low is a possible cause to the %
error obtained in this activity.
Activity 3: Thermal Expansion of Solids
Initial length of Rod 549 mm
Initial reading of Micrometer 0 mm
Disc
Final reading of Micrometer 0.3 mm
Disc
Elongation of Rod 0.3 mm
Initial temperature of Rod 27 C
Final temperature of Rod 99 C
Experimental Value of 0.0000076
Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion
Accepted Value of Coefficient 0.000024
of Thermal Expansion
% error 68.33%
Table 3: Data on Heat Thermal Expansion of
Solids
Table 3 indicates the thermal
expansion of solids. As shown in the table,
the length L0 of an object changes by an
amount of L when its temperature changes
an amount of T. Where is the coefficient
of linear expansion. The elongation of the rod
L was calculated by subtracting the initial
reading of micrometer disc from the final
reading of the micrometer disc. The
elongation of the rod in this activity was 0.3
mm. The calculated value for the coefficient
of thermal expansion was 0.0000076 which is
far from the accepted value of 0.000024. This
yielded to a very high percent error of
68.33%. It was obtained by dividing the
difference of the accepted value of thermal
coefficient and experimental value of
coefficient of thermal expansion to the
accepted value of thermal coefficient
of thermal expansion and multiplied by 100.
This activity exhibits a linear
expansion because there was an increase in
one dimension of a solid (sample metal).
Lastly, this experiment showed that the
change in length is directly proportional to
the change in temperature.
5. Conclusion
In the experiment, the specific heat of an
unknown metal was allowed to be determined
through the use of Energy conservation and the
equation = , however the researchers
have committed a percentage error that values to
8.33% which is in a relatively tolerable value of
error. The experimental value for the specific heat
of the unknown metal was deemed acceptable.
On the second activity regarding heat of fusion of
water, the calculated value for the latent heat of
fusion is 122.94cal/g that yields a percentage
error of 52.5%. The group were also able to
observe the thermal expansion an aluminum rod
and taken note of the changes Subsequently
determining the thermal coefficient of the said
metal which yielded a calculated value of thermal
expansion of 0.0000076 which gave a percentage
error of 68.33%. The percentage errors from
Activities 2 and 3 were beyond the acceptable
value of percentage error which is at least 20%,
the huge value of the percentage error may be
attributed to miscalculations and misreading of
values which is an error done on the part of the
researchers, rest assured that the theoretical
concept of this experiment is accurate and proven
6. Applications
Is it possible to add heat to your body without
changing its temperature?
- It is possible in the concept of phase
change wherein constant temperature
is needed. Same energy is required in
the conversion of solid into liquid or
liquid into vapor, also known as latent
heat.
Explain why steam burns are more painful that
boiling water burns.
- When water becomes liquid from gas,
it undergoes a phase change. Phase
change requires a lot more energy
than merely temperature change.
When steam hits your skin, it releases
a lot of energy as it condenses back to
liquid undergoing phase change.
Although steam has the same
temperature as boiling water, it is
more painful because when boiling
water makes contact with the skin, it
does not undergo phase change
therefore releasing less energy.
Early in the morning when the sand in the
beach is already hot, the water is still cold. But
at the night, the sand is cold while the water is
still warm. Why?
- This might involve their respective
specific heat. Water has a higher
specific heat than sand. In the
morning, the sand requires less
energy to change its temperature
therefore it easily become hot. It also
applies the same in the evening
wherein the sand cools off easily.
Water on the other hand requires a lot
of energy for it to raise its
temperature. At night, water has so
much energy that it takes a lot of time
before it reaches the same equilibrium
as the air.
Explain why alcohol rub is effective in reducing
fever.
- This may be justified through the
concept of convection wherein heat
moves away which causes the fluid to
carry away the energy. Alcohol helps
in reducing fever as the fluid absorbs
the heat in the body.
Why is water not used in liquid in glass
thermometer?
Water will not rise or fall as the temperature
changes unlike in mercury. When water is used,
the glass thermometer might burst when the
temperature got too hot may freeze when it gets
too cold. Also, water is not as dense as mercury
and at atmospheric pressure; water is only
liquidus over a narrow temperature range of
100C which limits its usefulness. A
thermometer should have a nice linear response
to a rise in temperature.
Cite instances where thermal expansion is
beneficial to man. Cite also instances where
thermal expansion is a nuisance.
- One instance wherein thermal
expansion is beneficial to man is
through fire sprinklers. Fire sprinklers
have a bimetallic strip that bends
when heated and connects to the
electricity thus triggering the
sprinklers. On the other hand, thermal
expansion can also be harmful for
man. This concerns railroad tracks
and roadways. Most railroad tracks
 are made up of pieces of steel
supported by wooden ties and laid
with a gap between the ends that
serves as a buffer for thermal
expansion. Even with these buffers, if
the steel expands too much, the ties
might break. Another instance is
when there is a road construction and
the cement is poured in bulk, when it
expands in the heat of the day or
contracted in the cool of the night, it
might result into surface cracks and
fracture.
The density of aluminum is 2700kg/3 at
20C. What is its density at 100 C?
- Assuming that the length of the
aluminum is 1m,
= =0
= 1 (2.4105 )(100 20)
= 0.0019
=
2700
= Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-
(1.0019)
= 2684.67 / Cutnell,
How much heat is needed to change 1g of ice
at 0C to steam at 100C?
- Q1: 1g of ice at 0C to 1g of water at
0C
Q2: 1g of water at 0C to 1g of water
at 100C
Q3: 1g of water at 100C to 1g of
steam at 100C
Q1 = mLf = 1 (80) = 80 cal
Q2 = 1 (1) (100 0) = 100 cal
Q3 = mLv = 1 (540) = 540 cal
Total heat needed = 720 cal
An aluminum calorimeter has a mass of 150g
and contains 250g of water at 30C. Find the
resulting temperature when 60g of copper at
100C is placed inside the calorimeter.
C of water = 1 cal/g C
C of Al = 0.22 cal/g C
C of Cu = 0.09 cal/g C
=
( )
=
150 (. 22)( 30)
+ 250 (1)( 30)
+ 60 (. 09)( 100)
= 31. 31
7. References
Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). Equilibrium
Thermodynamics, (1st edition 1968),
third edition 1983, Cambridge University
25445-0.
J.D. & Johnson, K.W. (2015)
Introduction to Physics 10th Ed. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Luisiana State
University
Maxwell, J.C. (1871), Theory of Heat (first ed.),
London: Longmans, Green and Co