INTRODUCTION

This fieldwork introduces using both the transit and theodolite when laying a

simple curve. The method used is called the double-deflection angle method, where the

deflection angle is both measured from PC and PT. For every point on the curve the

formula for the deflection angle would not differ whether it is measured from PC or PT.

The incremental chords are also measured from both instruments and must also result

to similar answers. Whether it is a computed or actual value the data from both ends

must be the same.

OBJECTIVES AND INSTRUMENTS

1. To be able to lay a simple curve on the uneven ground

2. To be able to lay a simple curve using double-deflection angle method.

3. To master the use of the transit and theodolite in laying a simple curve.
PROCEDURES

1. The professor gives the following data:

d1 = 2.5

D = 5

d2 = 2.5

Location of PC on the site (Note location and not station is now given

since d1 and d2 are given)

Azimuth of the backward tangent (PC to V) = 0

Adopt Full chord length of 2 m (Preferably 2m to 5m)

GIVEN I = d1 +8D + d2 = 45 (Simple curve with 8 intermediate points)

NOTE: Be very careful in assigning the location of PC and the direction of the

backward tangent so that the curve will not be obstructed by any structure.

VERY IMPORTANT: Before going to the field the student must compute:

a. Angle of Intersection I = 45

b. Total deflection angle I/2 = 22.5

c. Length of the long chord C = 11.48m

d. Half d1 d1/2 = 1.25

e. Half d2 d2/2 = 1.25

f. Half D D/2 = 2.5

2. The students:
2.1. Set up the transit at PC. Level and orient the transit to the magnetic

south.

2.2. Turn the telescope in the direction of the backward tangent and mark its

direction with a range pole.

2.3. Set the horizontal vernier reading to zero. With the lower still loosened,

direct telescope again along the tangent.

2.4. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope until the reading on

vernier equals the magnitude of the total deflection angle of the curve.
 Along the line with a distance equal to the length of the long chord from

PC locate the position of the PT.

2.5. Set the theodolite on the exact position of PT.

2.6. Level the theodolite and set the horizontal vernier to zero while sighting

PC.

3. To locate the first intermediate point A in the curve mark on the ground and

1
intersection of the line of sight in both instruments with a reading equal to ( ).
2

(Note that the first instruments reading is referred from the back tangent while

the second instrument reading is referred from the long chord.)

4. The next intermediate point B may be located on the ground using the same

1 +
procedure as in step B, but this time use a reading equal to ( ).
2

5. The third intermediate point C may also be found following the same process,

1 +2
but now use a reading in the horizontal vernier equal to ( ).
2
6. ontinue the process to locate other intermediate points on the curve with a

gradual increase in the deflection angle up to the last intermediate point.

7. Compute the % error using the formula:

....
% = | | 100%
..
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The main instrument that we used was the theodolite since it was much easier to

use than the transit. We placed it on PC and we mainly used the transit as a checker if

the values we gathered in PC is similar with the values in PT. We were asked to

compute for the percent error of the computed and actual values of the incremental

chords. There was no percent error greater than 3% and our smallest percentage error

is 0%. The computed length of the whole chord compared to the actual has a percent

error of 0.68%.

LEARNINGS

I have learned that this method is better than the first two i have encountered. I

prefer this method more because with two instruments being used there is an

assurance when collecting data. The gathered data in one point should be similar with

the data in the second point. It would mean that the instrument in the second point

would serve as a checker for the data to be collected in the second point. This method

is basically another version of the incremental chord and deflection angle method.

EXPERIENCES DURING FIELDWORK

We were already familiar with the procedure and steps so our performance in

the fieldwork ran smoothly. Since we mainly used the theodolite it was like performing

fieldwork 1 again. Once every data was completed it was only then when we used the

transit to check if our values were correct. The tasks were evenly distributed and
everybody in the team did their job, which is another reason why we performed faster

than before.

RECOMMENDATIONS

My recommendation for future surveyors in order to have an assurance of good

data is to make sure that the person controlling the theodolite/transit knows how to

properly use it. This is important because the process would be much faster when the

instrument can easily be used and the person using it has a good amount of knowledge

using it.