Sabszzmf F'Sabs Z

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 32

34567

5  6>56

*V d4Z*bn
SabSZZmf f`SabS*ZH
34567 S`*3 V*3/\-\ ,m]daV*B
86 5< 6 >>>  5=8 )%
MARCH 1, 2012

&  w b\`\31,*q +*jZqx a\ab\Sb , ]`\aW*,W1ZSS


1-\,m \-* P 1`f\,Z\-\ `*,Sb1Wq a1O
W1ZZ\yD /`1,ZS1 ,`1Y1Z* ab\`\31,m1 +*jZS ]\4,\WqWS Wp/qY Z*+Wp/*bn 4* ]`\Saf\/qkSYD \/\+ZmY
\+`*4\Y ob\b 3d`Z*W ]\V*4m,*1bE V*V\1 4Z*h1ZS1 YS`\,m1 a\+mbSq SY1pb , a,1b1 +S+W1yaVSf ]`\`\h1ab,D Z
db1j*1b Wp/1y +W*-\y ,1abnp \ b\YE hb\ *`ab,\ \-* P `1*WnZ\1 ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\ Z* Z1+1 P ,aV\`1 ]\V\ZO
hSb a\ 4W\Y S ,aq 41YWq ab*Z1b `*1YD 'b\b 3d`Z*W dV`1]Wq1b ,1`d ,
Sada* `Sab*E V\b\`my dY1`E hb\+m Ym
Y\-WS \+`1abS ,1hZdp 3S4ZnE S V\b\`my a1yh*a ]`*,Sb V*V *`n \3n1-\ *`ab,*D ,S/1b1WS
1-\,m S4/*O
pb ob\b 3d`Z*W Z1]`1`m,Z\ a 5<;= -\/*D Z ]\WSbSh1aVS Z1yb`*W1Z S ]\WZ\abnp \aZ\,*Z Z* S+WSSD
1a]W*bZ\D 'b\ S4/*ZS1 P h*abn ,a1YS`Z\y +S+W1yaV\y ]`\a,1bSb1WnZ\y /1qb1WnZ\abSE V\b\`*q ]`\,\/Sbaq f`SabS*ZaVSYS ,S/1b1WqYS
1-\,m S ]\//1`3S,*O
1baq /\+`\,\WnZmYS ]\31`b,\,*ZSqYSD aWS Z1 dV*4*Z\ SZ*h1E +S+W1yaVS1 gSb*bm ,4qbm S4 w ,qk1ZZ\-\ Sa*ZSq P 1`1,\/* Z\,\-\ YS`*xD

 
7 a1 WS wf`SabS*Z1x Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 f`SabS*Z1H
8 w m /1`3Sb1an Y\1-\ aW\,*x
9 wZS Z1 \b YS`*x
: wp+Sb1 /`d- /`d-*x
; w) \bV`mW b,\1 SYqx
< w'b* +W*-*q ,1abn \ g*`ab,1 +d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z*x

 )%  


5:
4dh*yb1 W\,\ \-*D
*V aW1/d1b \bY1h*bn /1Zn aY1`bS
Sada* `Sab*H
5< Z*1b1 WS ,mH
5= `S+WS3*yb1an V \-dD
w ]`13Z1Y +\Wnj1 Z1 +d/db ,a]\YSZ*bnx
67 Sb*b1WS SZb1`1adpbaqD
),Wq1baq WS dh1ZS1 \ `\Sg1 +S+W1yaVSYH
& 68 SanY\ S4 \aaSS
7> +dh*yb1 a,\Sf /1b1yD wZ /1`3*Waq
1-\,mx

 
5> b\Sb WS /\,1`qbn ]1`,\Yd ,]1h*bW1ZSpH
57 gb1VS ab*Z\,qbaq SabSZZmYS f`SabS*Z*YS
6> b\ ]W\f\-\ , a]S`SbS4Y1H
& 6: ,1b* S bV*ZS , +S+W1yaVS1 ,`1Y1Z*
76 *V ,m ]`1/ab*,Wq1b1 a1+1
Sada* `Sab*H
a1 WS wf`SabS*Z1x Z* a*Y\Y /1W1
f`SabS*Z1H
& Wp/1y Sa]\,1/d1b f`SabS*ZabO ,*,jSy , Z*]Sa*ZSS S+WSSE a\\+kSWB
,\H \ /*ZZmY wbW*a* f`SabS*ZaVSf
`1WS-SyxE , 6>5> -\/d ,\ ,a1Y YS`1 Z*ahSbmO
w ZbS\fSS dh1ZSVS ]\ ,\W1 ]`\,S/1ZSq
,]1`,m1 +mWS Z*4,*Zm f`SabS*Z*YSx L1qO
,*W\an \V\W\ 6E7 YSWWS*`/* f`SabS*Z LAtlas ZSq 55B6:MD +`*bSb1 ,ZSY*ZS1E hb\ f`SabS*O
of Global ChristianityMD  b\y 31 ]d+WSV*gSSE Z*YS +mWS Z*4,*Zm dh1ZSVS `Sab*D \
\/Z*V\E -\,\`SbaqE hb\ ,a1 \ZS ]`SZ*/W1O Vb\ b*V\y dh1ZSV Sada* `Sab*H  w \O
3*b +\W11 h1Y V 85>>> V\Ze1aaSyE , V*3/\y ,\Y Y13/dZ*`\/Z\Y b1\W\-Sh1aV\Y aW\,*`1
S4 V\b\`mf a,\S dh1ZSq S Z\`Ym ]\,1/1ZSqD \,\-\ *,1b*x \+lqaZq1baqB w mbn dh1ZSO
\ZqbZ\E ]\h1Yd Z1V\b\`m1E ab\WVZd,jSan V\Y Sada* P 4Z*hSb +14\-\,\`\hZ\ ]\O
a b*VSY `*4Z\\+`*4S1Y wf`SabS*ZaVSfx `1O 31`b,\,*bn ,a1y a,\1y 3S4ZnpDDD `*4 S Z*O
WS-SyE Sa]mbm,*pb 4*Y1j*b1Wnab,\ S /*O ,a1-/*x LThe New International Dictionary of
31 `*4\h*`\,*ZS1D ZS Y\-db 4*/*,*bnaq ,\O New Testament TheologyMD
W1/\,*b1WnZ\E SaO
]`\a\YB wa1 WSE Vb\ Z*4m,*pbaq f`SabS*Z*O bSZZmy f`SabS*ZSZ P ob\ b\bE Vb\ ,a1g1O
YSE Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 f`SabS*Z1Hx W\ S +14\-\,\`\hZ\ ]`S/1`3S,*1baq dh1ZSy
*aaY\b`SY ]`SY1`D 1`1a1V*q -`*ZSgdE S 4*]\,1/1y Sada*E \aZ\,*b1Wq f`SabS*ZO
h1W\,1VE V*V ]`*,SW\E /\W31Z dV*4*bn a,\1 ab,*D
-`*3/*Zab,\D /Z*V\ ob\-\ Z1/\ab*b\hZ\B \Z abn WS b*VS1 Wp/S a`1/S YZ\31ab,* b1fE
/\W31Z ]\/b,1`/SbnE hb\ \Z /1yab,Sb1WnO Vb\ Z*4m,*pb a1+q f`SabS*Z*YSH b\E ]\
Z\ b\bE 4* V\-\ a1+q ,m/*1bE ]`1/lq,S, /\VdO aW\,*Y Sada*E /\W3Z\ \bWSh*bn 1-\ Z*ab\O
Y1ZbE d/\ab\,1`qpkSy WShZ\abnE Z*]`SY1` qkSf ]\aW1/\,*b1W1yH *,*yb1 SaaW1/d1Y
]*a]\`bD \/\+ZmY \+`*4\Y \b Z*ab\qk1-\ +S+W1yaVS1 \b,1bm Z* obS ,\]`\amD  aW1/dO
f`SabS*ZSZ* b`1+d1baq +\Wnj1E h1Y ]`\ab\ pkSf ab*bnqf \+ad3/*pbaq ]qbn ,maV*4mO
-\,\`Sbn \ a,\1y ,1`1 , `Sab*D Yd Zd3Z\ ,*ZSy Sada*E V\b\`m1 ]\Y\-*pb d4Z*bn
]\/b,1`/SbnE hb\ \Z q,Wq1baq b*V\,mYD *O 1-\ dh1ZSV\,D m `*aaY\b`SYE V*V ]\abdO
VSY \+`*4\YH ]*WS f`SabS*Z1 , ]1`,\Y ,1V1E S ]\]mb*1YO

W\,\ wf`SabS*ZSZx ,\jW\ , \+Sf\/ ]`SO aq `*4\+`*bnaqE Vb\ a1-\/Zq aW1/d1b aW\,*Y
Y1`Z\ , 88 -\/d ZD oD ab\`SV dV*E dh*ab,\O `Sab*D

 ) ") 5  6>56 3


w m /1`3Sb1an Y\1-\
aW\,*x
waWS ,m /1`3Sb1an Y\1-\ aW\,*E b\ ,m /1yab,Sb1WnZ\
Y\S dh1ZSVSD m ]\4Z*1b1 SabSZdE S SabSZ*
\a,\+\/Sb ,*ax L
 <B 75E 76MD

b\ ob\ \4Z*h*1bD \/ waW\,\Yx Sada*


]\/`*4dY1,*pbaq 1-\ dh1ZSqE V\b\`m1 +mWS
/*Zm 1Yd a,mj1D Sada aV*4*WB wb1gE V\b\O
`my ]\aW*W Y1ZqE /*W YZ1 4*]\,1/n \ b\YE
hb\ SY1ZZ\ q /\W31Z aV*4*bnx L \*ZZ* Z\Y bV`\,1ZSSxE ]`SZqb*q *bSV*Z\Y ,
56B8=MD \Wqan a,\1Yd Z1+1aZ\Yd bgdE 1O 5=:9 -\/dB w*b\WSh1aV*q 1`V\,nE V\b\`\y
-\,1 \-dE Sada ]`\S4Z1aB w,\1 aW\,\ 1abn /\,1`1Z\ `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZS1 S b\WV\,*ZS1 bO
SabSZ*xD Z h*ab\ aamW*Waq Z*
W\,\ \-* , V`\,1ZSqE th1`]*1b a,\p d,1`1ZZ\abn \ ,a1YE
]\//1`3Vd a,\Sf dh1ZSy L \*ZZ* 5;B5;C *bO hb\ +mW\ \bV`mb\E Z1 b\WnV\ S4 \/Z\-\
,qO
e1q 8B8E ;E 5>MD \ob\Yd SabSZZm1 f`SabSO k1ZZ\-\ Sa*ZSqD \ob\Yd S Sa*ZS1E S
*Z1 /1`3*baq aW\,* Sada*E b\ 1abn ahSb*pb `1/*ZS1 /\W3Zm ]`SZSY*bnaq S ]\hSO

W\,\ \-*E S+WSpE SabSZ\y S Z*S,majSY b*bnaq a \/SZ*V\,mY hd,ab,\Y +W*-\-\,1ZSq
*,b\`Sb1b\Y , ,\]`\a*f ,1`\,*ZSy S Z\`Y S d,*31ZSqrxD  3d`Z*W1 w*VWSZ4x ]`SO
]\,1/1ZSqD ,\/SWSan aW\,* \/Z\y 31ZkSZmOa,qk1ZZ\O
*V ]\abd]*WS ]1`,m1 f`SabS*Z1D \O aWd3Sb1Wq S4 \`\Zb\ L*Z*/*MB w*h1Y ,ZSO
/\+Z\ SadadE *]\ab\W *,1WE Z*]Sa*,jSy Y*bn t`1,\WpgS\ZZ\Ydr -\W\ad /,dfbmaqh1O
Z*S+\Wnj11 V\WSh1ab,\ VZS- S+WSSE d,*O W1bZ1y /*,Z\abSH  Z*a a*YSf YZ\-\ ]`1O
3*W \3n1
W\,\D Z aV*4*WB wa1 Sa*ZS1 V`*aZmf S/1yE V\b\`m1 WSj*pbaq a,\1y
,/\fZ\,W1Z\ \-\Y S ]\W14Z\x L6 SY\e1p aSWmE S4O4* b\-\ hb\ Z*Y ]`Sf\/Sbaq ]\ab\O
7B5:MD d3hSZmE V\b\`m1 Z*4Z*h*WSan \+dO qZZ\ \4S`*bnaq Z* Sada* S Sa*ZS1xD
h*bn /`d-Sf f`SabS*ZE /\W3Zm +mWS wb,1`O  \
,S/1b1Wqf 1-\,m , w \,\y V*b\WSO
/\ /1`3*bnaq ,1`Z\-\ aW\,*  \-*x LSbd h1aV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSx -\,\`SbaqB wWq ZSf
5B;E =MD *ZZSY f`SabS*Z*Y a\,1b\,*W\an \bO S+WSq P 1/SZab,1ZZmy *,b\`Sb1b , ,\]`\O
,1`-*bn weSW\a\eSp S ]dab\y \+Y*Z ]\ b`*O a*f ,1`\dh1ZSq S ]\,1/1ZSqxD 1/*,Z\ , *O
/SgSqY h1W\,1h1aVSYE ]\ ]`SZgS]*Y ob\-\ Z*/1 \/SZ Yd3hSZ* ]`1`,*W 31ZkSZdE
,SO
YS`*E * Z1 ]\ `Sabdx L\W\aaqZ*Y 6B<MD /1b1Wq 1-\,mE V\b\`*q Z*h*W* a ZSY `*4O
b\ ]\abd]*1b b*V a1-\/ZqH  w*b1O -\,\`E SE dV*4m,*q Z* 11 S+WSpE aV*4*WB
fS4Sa1 *b\WSh1aV\y g1`V,Sx gSbS`d1baq w) ]\ZqWE Vb\ ,mE ]\ ,*j1y ,S4SbZ\y V*`O
w\-Y*bSh1aV*q V\ZabSbdgSq \ \31ab,1ZO b\hV1xD

34567 `Y1ZSqB >>5>E `1,*ZE *Nq ;9D 1W*`danB 1WS-S\4Z\1 \+lO


1/SZ1ZS1 ,S/1b1W1y
1-\,m , 1a]d+WSV1 1W*`danE 66>>7>E
SZaVE *Nq =D 1WSV\+`Sb*ZSqB The Ridgeway, London
The Watchtower (ISSN 0043-1087) is published semi-
monthly by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New
York, Inc.; L. Weaver, Jr., President; G. F. Simonis, Secretary-
aWS ,m 31W*1b1 ]\WdhSbn +\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS SWS NW7 1RN. 1`Y*ZSqB 65617 Selters. `d4SqB >5>6E +SWSO Treasurer; 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483.
f\bSb1E hb\+m a ,*YS ]`\,\/SW\an +1a]W*bZ\1 /\O aSO6E *Nq 67;D
4`*SWnB PO Box 29345, 61293 Tel Aviv. *4*fO 5 2012 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsyl-
Y*jZ11 S4dh1ZS1 S+WSSE ]\3*Wdyab*E ]SjSb1 ,S/1O ab*ZB >9>>>>E WY*bmE *Nq 5=<D m`-m4ab*ZB ;6>><>E SjO vaniaD a1 ]`*,* a\f`*ZqpbaqD
4/*b1Wnab,\B Wachtturm

b1WqY
1-\,m ]\ \/Z\Yd S4 ZS31dV*4*ZZmf */`1a\,D V1VE *Nq <>D *b,SqB A.k. 15, Rga, LV-1001. Sb,*B Pd 2632, Bibel- und Traktat-Gesellschaft der Zeugen Jehovas, e. V.,

\WZmy a]Sa\V */`1a\, eSWS*W\, Y\3Z\ Z*ybS Z* LT-48022 Kaunas. \W/\,*B PO Box 472E MD-2005 Chi sinau. Selters/Taunus. Verantwortliche Redaktion: Ramon Temp-
www.watchtower.org/address. \aaSqB ,S/1b1WqY
1-\,mE *Nq 5<6E *ZVbO 1b1`+d`-E leton, Selters/Taunus. Printed in Germany.
5=>>>>D "B 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483.
4 V`*SZ*B ;=8=5E n,T,O `pf\,ShTE */a =99D SZWqZ/SqB
PO Box 68, FI-01301 Vantaa. 'ab\ZSqB PO Box 1075,10302 Tallinn.
Vol. 133, No. 5 Semimonthly RUSSIAN
ab\`SV SW p`*Zb Z*]Sa*WE hb\
wZS f`SabS*Z1 w`*4/`*3*WS a,\SY +W*-\O
h1abS1Y S +W*-\]`Sab\yZ\abnp ]*/O
VSy Z* `*4,W1h1ZSq q4mh1aVSy YS`xD
Z1 \b b\ ]\abd]*1b b*V a1-\/ZqH  w \O
,\y V*b\WSh1aV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSx \
YS`*x ]\4SgSS f`SabS*ZaV\-\ Z1yb`*WSb1b*
-\,\`SbaqB wbV*4 +`*bn , `dVS \`d3S1
wS` ,\4Z1Z*,S/1W SfE ]\ `1WS-S\4ZmY d+13/1ZSqY Z1 SY1O
]\b\Yd hb\ \ZS 1b Y\`*WnZ\-\ \]`*,/*ZSqxD  \/Z\y
Z1 \b YS`*x j,1yg*`aV\y -*41b1 a\\+k*W\anE hb\E
]\ /*ZZmY ]`*,\4*kSbZ\y \`-*ZS4*O
L
 5;B58MD
gSS w`*,* *e`SV*Zg1,xE , 5==8 -\/d
, -1Z\gS/1 , d*Z/1 wdh*ab,\,*WS
,a1 g1`V,SE V`\Y1
,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mx
b\ ob\ \4Z*h*1bD \aV\WnVd Sada +mW LReformierte PresseMD
Z1 \b YS`*E \Z Z1 ]`SZSY*W dh*abSq , a\O \,\`q \ f\W\V\ab1 ,\ ,`1Y1Z* Z*gS4Y*E
gS*WnZmf S ]\WSbSh1aVSf V\ZeWSVb*f b\-\ \/SZ dhSb1Wn a\V`dj*WaqE hb\ wZSV*V*q
,`1Y1ZSD waWS +m Y\1 g*`ab,\ +mW\ \b -`d]]* SWS \`-*ZS4*gSqE a\ab\qk*q S4 `qO
ob\-\ YS`*EP \+lqaZSW \ZEP b\ Y\S aWd3SO /\,mf -`*3/*ZE Z1 ,mabd]SW* ]`\bS, Y*aO
b1WS +\`\WSan +mE hb\+m q Z1 +mW \b/*Z a\,mf W3SE 31ab\V\abS S 4,1`ab,xD \ ]\aW1
Sd/1qYD \ Z1bE Y\1 g*`ab,\ Z1 \bap/*x L \O b\-\ V*V \Z \+`*bSWaq , Y1`SV*ZaVSy Y1O
*ZZ* 5<B7:MD Z b*V31 ]\+d3/*W a,\Sf ]\aW1O Y\`S*WnZmy Yd41y \W\V\ab*E \Z Z*]Sa*WB
/\,*b1W1y Z1 ]1`1ZSY*bn YmjW1ZS1E `1hn S
w1]1`n q 4Z*p ]`*,/dxD Z d4Z*WE hb\
,SO
]\,1/1ZS1E V\b\`m1 \ad3/*pbaq ,
W\,1 \O
/1b1WS 1-\,m b,1`/\ ]`S/1`3S,*WSan a,\O
-* L*be1q 6>B69P6;MD
Sf d+13/1ZSyE Z1aY\b`q Z* 31ab\V\1 \+`*O
*V ]\abd]*WS ]1`,m1 f`SabS*Z1D *V
k1ZS1D
\bY1h*W 3\Z*b*Z *yY\Z/E ]Sa*,jSy Z*
`1WS-S\4Zm1 b1YmE ]1`,m1 f`SabS*Z1 w\bV*O  hb\ Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn \+ Sf Z\`Y*f Z`*,O
4m,*WSan dh*ab,\,*bn ,DDD ,\yZ*fE V*VSYS ab,1ZZ\abSH w
1-\/Zq ]\/*,Wqpk11 +\WnO
+m ZS +mWS ]\aW1/ab,SqE +d/n b\ ]\Z\j1O jSZab,\ Y\W\/mf V*b\WSV\, Z1 a\-W*aZm a
ZS1E bp`1YZ\1 4*VWph1ZS1 SWS aY1`bnxD b1YE h1Yd g1`V\,n dhSb \ a\3Sb1Wnab,1 S /\O
ZS +mWS -\b\,m ab`*/*bnE WSjn +m Z1 ]\O +`*hZ\Y a1Va1xEP Z*]Sa*Z\ , 3d`Z*W1 w(D
D
abd]Sbnaq a,\1y ]\4SgS1y Z1yb`*WSb1b*D V*b\WSVxD  Z1Y ]`S,\/qbaq aW\,* /nqV\O
`\Y1 b\-\E \ZS \bWSh*WSan a,\SYS Z\`Y*O Z*E V\b\`my aV*4*WB w\ Y\SY Z*+Wp/1ZSqYE
YS Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abSD ]\ab\W 1b` -\,\`SW \h1Zn YZ\-S1 P /dY*pE /\+`*q ]\W\,SZ* P
f`SabS*Z*Y \ b1fE Vb\ Z1 `*4/1WqW Sf d+13O a\3Sb1Wnab,dpb /\ ,abd]W1ZSq , +`*VxD  ,
/1ZSyB wZS , Z1/\dY1ZSSE ]\b\Yd hb\ ,m w \,\y +`Sb*ZaV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSx \bY1h*O
d31 Z1 +13Sb1 a ZSYS , b\b 31 \Ydb `*4-dW*E 1baqE hb\
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m wZ*ab*S,*pb Z*
S -\,\`qb \ ,*a \aV\`+Sb1WnZ\x L5 1b`* 8B8MD a\+Wp/1ZSS ,ma\VSf Z\`Y Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abSxD

 )  5=8 )%B *41`+*y/3*ZaVSyE *41`O L*d/S\4*]SaS b\WnV\ Z* ]dbdZfd*ME VSb*yaVSy Ld]`\k1ZO ,1ZaVSyE a`*Z*ZOb\Z-\E ad*fSWSE b*-*WnaVSy7E b*SbSE b*yO
+*y/3*ZaVSy LVS`SWWSg*ME *yY*`*7E *W+*ZaVSyE *Yf*`O ZmyME V\Z-\E V\`1yaVSy67E V\a*E Vd*ZnqY*E VfY1`aVSyE W*O aVSyE b*YSWnaVSyE b*b*`aVSyE b,SE b1Wd-dE b1bdYE bS,E bS-`*yE
aVSyE *Z-WSyaVSy67 Lb*V31 j`Seb `*yWqME *`*+aVSyE *`O bmjaVSyE WSZ-*W*E WSb\,aVSyE W\4SE Wd,*W1E Wd-*Z/*E WdZ/*E b\VO]SaSZE b\Z-*E b\b\Z*VE b`dVE ba,*Z*E ba\Z-*E bd,*WdE bdYO
YqZaVSyE *`YqZaVSy L4*]*/ZmyME *e`SV**ZaE *h\WSE +*dO Wd\E Y*,`SVSyaVSy V`1\WnaVSyE Y*yqE Y*V1/\ZaVSyE Y*W*O +dV*E bd`1gVSyE dV`*SZaVSyE dY+dZ/dE d`/dE d`ddZ/E eS/3SE
W1E +1Z-*WnaVSyE +SV\WnaVSyE +SaW*Y*E +\W-*`aVSyE ,*Wqyb*E -*aSyaVSyE Y*W*qW*YE Y*WnbSyaVSyE Y*`*bfSE Y*`j*WWnO eSZaVSy7E e`*Zgd4aVSy687E f*da*E fSWS-*yZ\ZE fSZ/SE fS`SO
,*`*yO,*`*yE ,1Z-1`aVSy67E ,1Z/*E ,\ab\hZmy d,1*E ,n1bO aVSyE YS4\E YSf1E Y\Z-\WnaVSyE Y\`1E YnqZY*ZaVSyE Z-*d+1O Y\bdE f\`,*baVSyE g\gSWnE h1jaVSy7E hS+1Y+*E hSWd+*E hSO
Z*YaVSyE -*E -*SbqZaVSy V`1\WnaVSyE -*ZE -`1ZW*Z/aVSyE -`1O `1E Z/1+1W1E Z/\Z-*E Z1Y1gVSy67E Z1\a\W\Y\ZSVE Z1O b\Z-*E hSh1,*E j,1/aVSy7E jSba,*E j\Z*E o,1E oab\ZaVSyE
h1aVSyE -`d4SZaVSyE -d*`*ZS68E -d/3*`*bSE /*baVSy7E 4*Z/1E ]*WnaVSyE Z4SY*E ZS/1`W*Z/aVSy67E ZSdoE Z\`,13aVSy7E ZnqO oeSVE q]E q]\ZaVSy67D
4dWdE S,`SbE S-+\E SW\V*ZaVSyE SZ/\Z14SyaVSyE SaW*Z/aVSyE Z1V*E \`\Y\E \b1b1W*E ]*W*dE ]*Z-*aSZ*ZaVSyE ]*Z/3*+SE 6 *V31 Z* CD.
Sa\V\E Sa]*ZaVSy67E Sb*WnqZaVSy67E y\`d+*E V*4*faVSyE V*ZO ]*]nqY1Zb\ L`d+*ME ]*]nqY1Zb\ Lp`*a*\ME ]1`aS/aVSyE 8 *V31 , e\`Y*b1 MP7 (CD-ROM).
Z*/*E V*\Z/1E V*b*W*ZaVSyE V,*Z-*WSE V1hd* LZV*jME V1O ]\WnaVSy67E ]\Z*]1E ]\`bd-*WnaVSy687E `*`\b\Z-*E `dYmZO 7 *V31 *d/S\4*]SaS Z* www.jw.org.
hd* LqVdh\ME V1hd* L \WS,SqM7E V1hd* LdaV\ME V1hd* L'VO aVSyE `daaVSy67E a*Y\*ZaVSyE a*Z-\E a*]\b1V LSabYdaME a,*O
,*/\`ME VSV\Z-\E VSVdypE VSWd+*E VSY+dZ/dE VSZnq`d*Z/*E bSE a1+d*ZaVSyE a1yj1WnaVSy V`1\WnaVSyE a1]1/SE a1`+aVSyE
VS`-S4aVSyE VS`S+*bSE VS`dZ/SE VSb*yaVSy Lb`*/SgS\ZZmyM7 a1`+aVSy LW*bSZSg*ME a1a\b\E aSZ-*WnaVSyE aW\,*gVSyE aW\O
wp+Sb1 /`d- /`d-*x
w) /*p ,*Y Z\,dp 4*]\,1/nB Wp+Sb1 /`d- /`d-*D *V q Wp+Wp
,*aE b*V S ,m Wp+Sb1 /`d- /`d-*D a1 d4Z*pbE
hb\ ,m Y\S dh1ZSVSE 1aWS Y13/d ,*YS
+d/1b Wp+\,nx L
 57B78E 79MD

b\ ob\ \4Z*h*1bD `Sab\a ]\,1W1W a,\O


SY ]\aW1/\,*b1WqY Wp+Sbn /`d- /`d-* b*V
31E V*V \Z Wp+SW SfD  V*V Sada Wp+SW
a,\Sf dh1ZSV\,H -\ Wp+\,n ]`1\/\W1,*W*
`*a]`\ab`*Z1ZZm1 , b\ ,`1Yq ]`1/d+13/1O
ZSq ]`\bS, 31ZkSZ S Wp/1y S4 /`d-Sf Z*`\O
/\, L \*ZZ* 8B;P5>MD p+\,n ]\+d3/*W* SO
ada* 31`b,\,*bn a,\SY ,`1Y1Z1YE aSW*YS S
\b/mf\YE hb\+m ]\Y\-*bn /`d-SY L*`V*
:B7>P78MD \W11 b\-\E Sada ]`\q,SW WpO
+\,n ,1WSh*yjSY \+`*4\YD w) P /\+`my ]*aO
bdfEP aV*4*W \ZDP \+`my ]*abdf \b/*1b /`d- /`d-dE h1Y ]\b1`]1WS \b da1`/Sq Z1,1`dO
a,\p /djd 4* \,1gx L \*ZZ* 5>B55MD pkSfxD  Z1/*,Z\ ]`\,1/1ZZ\1 ,
" SaaW1O
*V ]\abd]*WS ]1`,m1 f`SabS*Z1D `SaO
/\,*ZS1 ,mq,SW\ b1aZdp ,4*SY\a,q4n Y13/d
bS*Z1 ]1`,\-\ ,1V* Z*4m,*WS /`d- /`d-* +`*O `1WS-S\4ZmYS hd,ab,*YS Wp/1y P +\WnO
bnqYS S a1ab`*YS LSWSY\Zd 5E 6MD \aV\WnVd jSZab,\ S4 V\b\`mf Z*4,*WS a1+q f`SabS*Z*O
\ZS ahSb*WSE hb\ wZ1b `*4WShSq Y13/d Sd/1O YS P S `*a\,mYS ]`1/`*aad/V*YSD *V ]`*O
1Y S -`1V\YE ]\b\Yd hb\ \/SZ \a]\/n Z*/ ,a1O ,SW\E ]`Sf\3*Z1 \/Z\y S b\y 31 g1`V,SE 3SO
YSxE \ZS `*/djZ\ ]`SZSY*WS , a,\Sf a\+`*O ,dkS1 , `*4Zmf ab`*Z*fE `*4\+k1Zm S ]\ob\O
ZSqf Wp/1y S4 ,a1f Z*`\/\, LSYWqZ*Y 5>B55E Yd Z1 Y\-db SWS Z1 f\bqb \V*4m,*bn ]\Y\kn
56MD \aW1 qbS/1aqbZSgm 77 -\/* ZD oD dh1ZSO 1/SZ\,1`g*YE V\-/* b1 , Z1y Zd3/*pbaqD
VS , 1`da*WSY1 w]`\/*,*WS a,\1 SYdk1ab,\ \-/* , 6>>8 -\/d Z* W\`S/d 4* /,* Y1aqO
S ,W*/1ZSqE S `*a]`1/1WqWS ,m`dh1ZZm1 g* \+`djSW\an h1bm`1 d`*-*Z*E ]`1/a1/*b1Wn
/1Zn-S Y13/d ,a1YSE , 4*,SaSY\abS \b b\-\E \YSb1b* ]\ h`14,mh*yZmY aSbd*gSqY jb*O
Vb\ , h1Y Zd3/*WaqxD *h1YH b\+m Z\,\V`1O b* W\`S/* `1jSW ]`\,1`SbnE ]`*,SWnZ\ WS
k1Zm1 Y\-WS \ab*bnaq , 1`da*WSY1 S ]\O Sa]\Wn4d1baq ]`1/\ab*,W1ZZ*q \YSb1b\Y
a,qbSbn a1+q wb\YdE hb\+m ,ZSV*bn , *]\O ]\Y\knD Z \bY1bSWE hb\ ZS \/Z* /`d-*q \`O
ab\WnaV\1 dh1ZS1x L1qZSq 6B85P89MD b\ -*ZS4*gSq Z1 /1yab,d1b ab\Wn aW*31ZZ\E V*V
/,S-*W\ b1YS dh1ZSV*YS `Sab*H
]dabq Y1O
,S/1b1WS 1-\,mD Z /*31 ]`1/W\3SW
,SO
Z11 6>> W1b ]\aW1 aY1`bS *]\ab\W\, 1`bdWO /1b1WqY ,4qbn ,a1E hb\ SY Z1\+f\/SY\D *Z11E
WS*Z 4*]Sa*WE hb\ -\,\`SWS \ f`SabS*Z*fB , 5==; -\/dE /\+`\,\Wngm S4 hSaW*
,S/1b1O
w*V \ZS Wp+qb /`d- /`d-*DDD V*V \ZS -\b\,m W1y 1-\,m ]`S,14WS , 1Y\V`*bSh1aVdp
/`d- 4* /`d-* /*31 dY1`1bnxD 1a]d+WSVd \Z-\ Y1/SV*Y1ZbmE ]`\/dVbm S
b\ ]\abd]*1b b*V a1-\/ZqH  VZS-1 w aO \/13/d a,\SY +`*bnqY ]\ ,1`1 S /`d-SY WpO
b\`Sq d]*/V* S `*4`dj1ZSq SYaV\y SY]1O /qYE \V*4*,jSYaq , +1/1D \-/*
,S/1b1WS
`SSxE S4/*ZZ\y , 5<7; -\/dE \bY1h*W\anE hb\ 4* 1-\,m S4 1,`\]1yaVSf ab`*Z a\+`*WS ]`1/O
YZ\-S1 ab\W1bSq b1E Vb\ Z*4m,*WS a1+q f`SO Y1b\, ]1`,\y Z1\+f\/SY\abS Z* adYYd \V\W\
abS*Z*YSE w]`ShSZSWS -\`*4/\ +\Wnj1 4W* YSWWS\Z* /\WW*`\,
"D

6  ) ") 5  6>56


w) \bV`mW
b,\1 SYqx
w) \bV`mW b,\1 SYq Wp/qYE V\b\`mf bm /*W YZ1
S4 YS`*D DDD ) \bV`mW SY b,\1 SYq S 1k1
\bV`\px L
 5;B:E 6:MD

b\ ob\ \4Z*h*1bD Sada \bV`m,*W SYq +mW\ +m \bWSh*bnEP +mW\ d]`*4/Z1Z\ , SdO
\-*E -\,\`q \ Z1Y , aWd31ZSSD \-/* Sada /*S4Y1 d31 /\ f`SabS*ZaV\y o`m S a\O
hSb*W Sa*ZSqEP * \Z /1W*W ob\ h*ab\EP ,1`j1ZZ\ Z1dY1abZ\ /Wq ,a1W1ZaV\y ,1O
\Z ]`\S4Z\aSW SYq \-* LdVS 8B5:P65MD `m `SabS*ZaV\y 1`V,Sx LRevised Standard
Z dhSW a,\Sf dh1ZSV\, Y\WSbnaqB wb1gE VersionMD \ob\Yd \3n1 SYq +mW\ 4*Y1O
]dabn a,qbSbaq b,\1 SYqx LdVS 55B6MD Z1Z\ , Z1Y bSbdW\Y w\a]\/nxD  , Z1/*,O
*V ]\abd]*WS ]1`,m1 f`SabS*Z1D ]\O Z1Y dV*4*ZSS 1]SaV\]*YE S4/*ZZ\Y *bSV*O
ab\W 1b` aV*4*W ab*`1yjSZ*Y , 1`da*WSO Z\YE -\,\`SW\anB w ]1aZ\]1ZSqf S Y\WSbO
Y1E hb\ \- a\+`*W S4 Wp/1y `*4Zmf Z*O ,*f \3n1 SYq , e\`Y1 b1b`*-`*YY*b\O
gS\Z*WnZ\ab1y wZ*`\/ ,\ SYq a,\1x L1qZSq Z*  1 Z1Wn4q +d/1b d]\b`1+Wqbn SWS
59B58MD ]\ab\Wm S /`d-S1 f`SabS*Z1 ]`\]\O ]`\S4Z\aSbnxD
,1/\,*WS \ b\YE hb\ wV*3/myE Vb\ ]`S4m,*O b\ , Z*jS /ZS d]\b`1+Wq1b S \bV`mO
1b SYq 1-\,mE a]*a1baqx L1qZSq 6B65C SYO ,*1b SYq \-*H \-/*
1`-1yE 1k1 +d/dhS
WqZ*Y 5>B57MD `\Y1 b\-\E \ZS Sa]\Wn4\,*WS ]\/`\abV\YE 3SW , S`-S4SSE \Z ]\aY\bO
\3n1 SYq , a,\Sf ]SanY*fD  \a1eb1E `1W eSWnYE , V\b\`\Y d]\YSZ*W\an SYq
a+\`ZSV1 Sd/1yaVSf 4*V\Z\,E a\ab*,W1ZZ\Y \-*E 1-\,*D \aW1 ob\-\ \V\W\ /1aqbS
, V\Zg1 III ,1V* ZD oDE /*,*WSan dV*4*ZSqE V*V W1b \Z Z1 aWmj*W \3n1-\ SY1ZSD \4O
]\abd]*bnE 1aWS 4*-\`qbaq f`SabS*ZaVS1 `dO /Z11
1`-1y ]1`11f*W ,
"E S b*Y V Z1O
V\]SaSB w,*Z-1WSq S VZS-SE ]`SZ*/W13*O Yd ]`SjWS
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m S ]\V*4*WS

kS1 YSZ*Y \h1,S/Z\E f`SabS*Z*Y S4 1,`1O 1Yd SYq \-* , S+WSSD Z +mW \h1Zn
1,E Z1 a]*a*pb \b ]\3*`*E Z\ \ab*,Wqpb -\O `*/E hb\ Z*j1W Wp/1yE V\b\`m1 d]\b`1+WqO
`1bn ,Y1ab1 a SY1Z*YS \-*E , ZSf 4*VWph*O pb SYq 1-\,*D `SY1h*b1WnZ\E hb\ , w`1O
pkSYSaqxD bn1Y S4/*ZSS Z\,\-\ Y13/dZ*`\/Z\-\ aW\O
b\ ]\abd]*1b b*V a1-\/ZqH  ]`1/SaO ,*`q o+ab1`*x , ab*bn1 w 1-\,* \-x /*1bO
W\,SS V \/Z\Yd *Z-WSyaV\Yd ]1`1,\/d S+O aq aW1/dpk11 \]`1/1W1ZS1B w1`f\,Z\1 +\O
WSSE V\b\`my +mW \/\+`1Z *gS\Z*WnZmY 31ab,\E V\b\`\1 ]`S4Z*pbE S 1/SZab,1ZZ\1
a\,1b\Y g1`V,1y `Sab* ,
"E aV*4*Z\B +\31ab,\E V\b\`\Yd ]\VW\Zqpbaq
,S/1b1O
w]\b`1+W1ZS1 Wp+\-\ a\+ab,1ZZ\-\ SY1ZS WS 1-\,mxD
/Wq \/Z\-\ 1/SZab,1ZZ\-\ \-* P V*V +d/O 1 * `daaVSy q4mV \3n1 SYq \+mhZ\ b`*ZaWSb1`S`dO
b\ 1abn /`d-S1 +\-SE \b V\b\`mf 1-\ Zd3Z\ 1baq V*V w 1-\,*xD

 ) ") 5  6>56 7


w'b* +W*-*q ,1abn \ g*`ab,1
+d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z*x
w'b* +W*-*q ,1abn \ g*`ab,1 +d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z* ]\ ,a1y \+Sb*1Y\y 41YW1
/Wq a,S/1b1Wnab,* ,a1Y Z*`\/*YE S b\-/* ]`S/1b V\Z1gx L) 68 B58MD

b\ ob\ \4Z*h*1bD ,*Z-1WSab dV* Z*O bSWE hb\ w1WnaE ]1`,myE Vb\ Z* ]SanY1 ,mO
]Sa*WE hb\ Sada w]\j1W ]\ -\`\/*Y S /1O abd]*W ]`\bS, f`SabS*Zab,*DDD Z*aY1f*WO
`1,ZqYE ]`\]\,1/dq S ,\4,1k*q +W*-dp aq Z*/ b1YE hb\ 1,*Z-1WS1 `1,Z\abZ\
,1abn \ g*`ab,1 \-*x LdVS <B5MD
*Y SO ]`\]\,1/\,*WS j1`ab\+SbhSVSE a*]\3ZSO
ada aV*4*WB w) /\W31Z ,\4,1k*bn +W*-dp VSE ,*WqWnkSVSE a*Ym1 -`d+m1 Yd3W*ZmxD
,1abn \ g*`ab,1 \-* S , /`d-Sf -\`\/*fE *Z 1`Z*`/S Z*]Sa*W , VZS-1 w*ZZS1
,1/n /Wq ob\-\ q S ]\aW*Zx LdVS 8B87MD ,1V* g1`V,SxB w `SabS*Z1 /\W3Zm +mWS
Z ]\aW*W a,\Sf dh1ZSV\, ]`\]\,1/\,*bn S/bS S -\,\`Sbn ,14/1 S a\ ,a1YSD * +\WnO
+W*-dp ,1abn ]\ -\`\/*Y S /1`1,ZqY S jSf /\`\-*f S , -\`\/*fE Z* \+k1ab,1ZZmf
]\4/Z11 ]\,1W1W SYB w d/1b1 YZ1 a,S/1b1O ]W\k*/qf S , /\Y*fD 1W*ZZm1 S Z131O
WqYSDDD /\ V`*q 41YWSx L1qZSq 5B<C dVS W*ZZm1D DDD DDD\ V`*1, 41YWSx LLes Premiers

5>B5MD Siecles de LGEgliseMD
*V ]\abd]*WS ]1`,m1 f`SabS*Z1D h1O b\ ]\abd]*1b b*V a1-\/ZqH w/Z* S4
ZSVS Sada* a`*4d 31 ab*WS ,m]\WZqbn 1-\ ]`ShSZ ,a1\+k1y ]\b1`S SZb1`1a* V /df\,O
]\`dh1ZS1D ZS wV*3/my /1Zn , f`*Y1 S ]\ Z\Yd 4*VWph*1baq , b\YE hb\ g1`V\,n Z1a1O
/\Y*Y Z1 ]1`1ab*,*q dhSWS S ,\4,1k*WS `n14Z\ \bZ\aSbaq V a,\1y \+q4*ZZ\abS ]`\O
+W*-dp ,1abn \ `Sab1x L1qZSq 9B86MD ]\,1/\,*bn S dhSbnxEP Z*]Sa*W *Z-WSV*ZO
`\]\,1/\,*WS ,a1 f`SabS*Z1E * Z1 b\WnV\ aVSy a,qk1ZZSV 1y,S/ \ba\ZD  a,\1y
S4+`*ZZm1D ab\`SV ,-dab 1*Z/1` \bY1O VZS-1 w\h1Yd V*b\WSVS df\/qb S4 g1`O

8  ) ") 5  6>56


* V\-\
dV*4m,*pb
]`S4Z*VSH
*aaY\b`1, +S+W1yaVS1 ]`S4Z*VS
SabSZZmf f`SabS*ZE \+ad3/*,jS1aq
, obSf ab*bnqfE Y\31b1 WS ,m aV*O
4*bnE Z* V\-\ \ZS dV*4m,*pbH \bq
adk1ab,dpb /1aqbVS bmaqh V\Ze1aO
aSyE Z*4m,*pkSf a1+q f`SabS*ZaVSO
YSE ]\YZSb1E hb\
Sada aV*4*W a,\SY
]\aW1/\,*b1WqYB w1 ,aqVSyE -\,\O
`qkSy YZ1B t\a]\/SE \a]\/SrE ,\yO
/1b , Z1+1aZ\1 g*`ab,\E * WSjn b\bE
Vb\ Sa]\WZq1b ,\Wp Y\1-\ bg*E V\O
V,SHx \a1 dSa 1`1a ,*/*Wd]1E \]SamO b\`my Z* Z1+1a*fx L*be1q ;B65MD
,*q /1qb1WnZ\abn 1,*Z-1WSab\,E */,1ZbSO
aWS ,m Z*y/1b1 b1fE Vb\ Sa]\WZq1b
ab\, S /`d-SfE \bY1bSWE hb\ w\ZS Z1 f\/qb
]\ /\Y*YxD  \
,S/1b1Wqf 1-\,m \Z Z*O ,\Wp bg*EP b1fE Vb\ a\\b,1bab,d1b
]Sa*WB wZS Y1b\/ShZ\ ]`\]\,1/dpb ]\ /\O ]`S4Z*V*Y SabSZZmf f`SabS*ZEP S

Y*Yx LPor que se van los CatolicosHMD ]`Sa\1/SZSb1an V ZSYE b\ aY\31b1
 3d`Z*W1E , V\b\`\Y \+\4`1,*pbaq ,*3O \+`1abS ,1hZm1 +W*-\aW\,1ZSq ]\/
Z1yjS1 `1j1ZSq 1`f\,Z\-\ ad/*
"E
]`*,W1ZS1Y *`ab,* \-*D +`*bSO
+mW\ \]d+WSV\,*Z\ SZb1`1aZ\1 S ]`*,/SO
,\1 Z*+Wp/1ZS1E a/1W*ZZ\1 3\Z*b*Z\Y b1an V ,S/1b1WqY
1-\,mE V\b\`m1
1`WSB w
b\Sb d]\YqZdbn \
,S/1b1Wqf 1O /*WS ,*Y obd ]d+WSV*gSpE hb\+m
-\,mE S +\WnjSZab,\ a`*4d ]\/dY*1b \ ]`\O d4Z*bn +\Wnj1 \ *`ab,1 \-* S
]\,1/ZSV*fE V\b\`m1 , Z1]\/f\/qk11 ,`1O \ +W*-\aW\,1ZSqfE V\b\`m1 \Z\ ]`SO
Yq ]`Sf\/qb V Z*Y /\Y\yD Wq
,S/1b1W1y
Z1a1b LdVS 8B87MD
1-\,m ]`\]\,1/n ]\ /\Y*Y Z1 ]`\ab\ a]\O
a\+ \+`*bSbn Wp/1y , a,\p ,1`dE ob\ a*Y*
adbn Sf ,1`mx LCato Supreme Court ReviewE
6>>5O6>>6MD

 
 )&
]1`,\Yd ,]1h*bW1ZSpH
  dab`\S,jSan , V`1aW1E ,`*h a1q , g*`S 4`*SWqD  S+WSS Z*]Sa*Z\B
 aY\b`1W ]\ b1W1,S4\`d b\VOj\d a dh*O
abS1Y S`W*Z/aV\-\ YSZSab`*D -Wq/1,O
w\-/* \ZS amZ\,nq 1aa1q ]`SjWSE \Z
d,S/1W WS*,* S aV*4*WB t *,1`ZqV*E ob\
jSan , 1-\ WSg\E ,`*h 4*Y1bSW ]`S4Z*VS S 1abn ]\Y*4*ZZSV 1-\,mrD \ 1-\,*
\]df\WSD Z ]\a\,1b\,*W YSZSab`d Z1Y1/O aV*4*W
*YdSWdB t 1 aY\b`S Z* 1-\ ,Z1jO
W1ZZ\ ]`\ybS \+aW1/\,*ZS1D Z\abn S Z* 1-\ ,ma\VSy `\abE ]\b\Yd hb\
`*h \V*4*Waq *+a\WpbZ\ ]`*,D  Z1O q \b,1`- 1-\D \- aY\b`Sb Z1 b*VE V*V h1O
-\ +mWE hb\ Z*4m,*1baqE Z*Y1b*ZZmy -W*4E W\,1VB h1W\,1V ,S/Sb b\E hb\ ,S/qb -W*4*E
b\ 1abn a]\a\+Z\abn ]\ab*,Sbn ]`*,SWnO * 1-\,* ,S/Sb a1`/g1rxD \ 31 ]\,b\`SO
Zmy /S*-Z\4E ]`\ab\ ,4-WqZd, Z* ]*gS1ZO W\an S a j1abnp /`d-SYS amZ\,nqYSD *O
b*D 1V\b\`m1 31 ahSb*pbE hb\ d ZSf Z*Y1O W11 ]`\S4\jW\ b\E h1-\
*YdSW S 1aa1y
b*ZZmy -W*4 , b\Y aYmaW1E hb\ \ZS Y\-db ZSV*V Z1 \3S/*WSB \- S4+`*W +d/dkSY
+14\jS+\hZ\ \]`1/1WSbn f*`*Vb1` S V*h1O g*`1Y ,\anY\-\ amZ*E *,S/* P Y*WnhSO
ab,* h1W\,1V* S ]\ZqbnE Y\3Z\ WS 1Yd /\O V*E V\b\`\-\ ZSVb\ S Z1 /dY*W 4,*bn L5
*O
,1`qbnD YdSW* 5:B:P56MD
\W-\1 ,`1Yq SaaW1/\,*b1WS ]mb*WSan
b\-\ ,`1Y1ZS Y*W\ hb\ S4Y1ZSW\anD
`*4`*+\b*bn Z*dhZmy Y1b\/ \]`1/1W1ZSq 1aV\WnV\ W1b Z*4*/ , 1`Y*ZSS \/SZ
f*`*Vb1`* h1W\,1V* ]\ 1-\ ,Z1jZ\abSD ]`\e1aa\` V`SYSZ\W\-SS ]`\,1W oVa]1O
ZS Z*4,*WS 1-\ eS4S\-Z\YSV\yE V\b\`*q `SY1ZbE , V\b\`\Y dh*ab,\,*W\ 9>> abdO
, w\aaSyaV\Y oZgSVW\]1/Sh1aV\Y aW\,*O /1Zb\,E S4dh*pkSf p`Sa]`d/1ZgSpD 1O
`1x \]`1/1Wq1baq V*V wdh1ZS1 \ ,m`*31O `1/ abd/1Zb*YS +mW\ 56 h1W\,1VB Z*O
ZSS f*`*Vb1`* h1W\,1V* , h1`b*f WSg* S h*WnZSV ]\WSgSSE ]`\Vd`\`E V*4Z*h1y
e\`Y*f b1W*xD *VE , XIX ,1V1 *Zb`\]\W\O dZS,1`aSb1b*E a]1gS*WSab ]\ a,q4qY a \+O
-SE Z*]`SY1` `oZaSa *Wnb\ZE /,\p`\/O k1ab,1ZZ\abnpE Z1aV\WnV\ */,\V*b\, S adO
Zmy +`*b *`W4* *`,SZ*E S V`SYSZ\O /1+Zmf hSZ\,ZSV\, S b`\1 \ad3/1ZZmf
W\-SE Z*]`SY1` 14*`1 \Y+`\4\ S4 b*O ]`1abd]ZSV\,D aZ\,m,*qan Z* ,Z1jZ\abS
WSSE ]`1/W*-*WS ]\/\+Zm1 b1\`SS S Y1O b1f Wp/1y S 4Z*q Sf f\++SE abd/1Zbm
b\/mE V\b\`m1 , +\WnjSZab,1 a,\1Y a\ /\W3Zm +mWS \]`1/1WSbn `\/ /1qb1WnZ\O
,`1Y1Z1Y +mWS 4*+mbmD abS V*3/\-\ S4 ZSfE * b*V31 b\E Vb\ S4 ZSf
a1 31 YZ\-S1 ahSb*pbE hb\ a\ab*,Sbn /\W31Z a1abn , bp`nYd S 4* V*V\1 ]`1O
]`*,SWnZ\1 ]`1/ab*,W1ZS1 \ h1W\,1V1 ]\ abd]W1ZS1D
1-\ ,Z1jZ\abS ,\4Y\3Z\D \ ab\Sb WS /\O *VS1 +mWS `14dWnb*bmH V\W\ ;9 ]`\O
,1`qbn ]1`,\Yd ,]1h*bW1ZSpH g1Zb\, abd/1Zb\, ,1`Z\ \]`1/1WSWS b`1f
Z*ab\qkSf ]`1abd]ZSV\,D /Z*V\ ]`SO
d3/1ZSqE \aZ\,*ZZm1 Z* ,Z1jZ\abS +WS4Sb1WnZ\ :> ]`\g1Zb\, abd/1Zb\, b*VO
)`VSy ]`SY1` b\-\E hb\ Z1 ab\Sb ad/Sbn 31 Z*4,*WS ]`1abd]ZSV*YS S /1,qbn /`dO
]\ ,Z1jZ\abSE Ym Z*f\/SY , 1`,\y VZSO -Sf h1W\,1VE V\b\`m1 ZS , h1Y Z1 +mWS
-1
*YdSW*D 1-\,* \- ]\,1W1W ]`\`\Vd ,SZ\,ZmD *3/my a1/nY\y abd/1Zb Z*4,*W

*YdSWd ]\Y*4*bn \/Z\-\ S4 amZ\,1y 1aO ]`\Vd`\`* Z*`V\b\`-\,g1YE * Z*h*WnZSO

10  ) ") 5  6>56


V* ]\WSgSS ,\`\Y Z*4,*W V*3/my b`1bSyI Z\ S Z*Y a*YSYD *]`SY1`E , ]1`,\Y ,1V1
*V ,S/Z\E ad3/1ZSqE \aZ\,*ZZm1 b\WnV\ YZ\-S1 Sd/1S Z1 /\]daV*WS /*31 YmaWSE
Z* ]1`,\Y ,]1h*bW1ZSSE Y\-db +mbn /*W1O hb\ Sada P ob\ \+1k*ZZmy 1aaSqD \O
VS \b SabSZmD \h1YdH h1YdH ZS ad/SWS \+ Sada1 ]\,1`fZ\abO
Z\ S ,S/1WS , Z1Y ,a1-\ WSjn amZ* /1O
Z1jZ\abn \+Y*ZhS,* `1,1ZaV\-\ ]W\bZSV*D \bq Sf ,]1h*bWqO
Z*V\Yqan a h1W\,1V\YE YmE V*V ]`*,SO WS Yd/`m1 aW\,* S Y\-dk1ab,1ZZm1 /1W*
W\E e\`YS`d1Y a,\1 YZ1ZS1 \ Z1YE Saf\O Sada*E \ZS \bV*4m,*WSan ]\,1`Sbn , b\E
/q S4 Z*j1-\ ]`\jW\-\ \]mb*D *ab\ Ym
hb\ \Z Y\31b +mbn V1YOb\ +\WnjSYE h1Y \Z
aVW\ZZm \+\+k*bn S ad/Sbn \ Z1Y ]\ j*+O +mW ]\ Sf ]`1/,4qb\Yd YZ1ZSpD \ob\Yd
W\ZdD * Z*j1 YZ1ZS1 \ h1W\,1V1E ]\O Sada ]\j1W ]`\]\,1/\,*bn , /`d-S1 Y1O
YSY\ 1-\ ,Z1jZ1-\ ,S/*E Y\31b ]\,WSqbn ab*E aV*4*,B w 1 +m,*1bE hb\+m Z1 hbSWS
1-\ Z*gS\Z*WnZ\abnE a\gS*WnZ\1 ]\W\31O ]`\`\V*E `*4,1 b\WnV\ d Z1-\ Z* `\/SZ1 S ,
ZS1 SWS `1WS-SqD 1-\ /\Y1x L*be1q 57B98P9<MD
aWS Z*j1 ad3/1ZS1 \ h1W\,1V1 \V*4mO 1 Sd/1S +mWS h*abnp Z*`\/*E V\b\`my
,*1baq ]`*,SWnZmYE b\ Z*j* d,1`1ZZ\abn YZ\-\ ,1V\, 3/*W 1aaSpD /Z*V\E `dO
, b\YE hb\ Ym Y\31Y /\,1`qbn a,\1Yd V\,\/ab,dqan WSjn ]1`,mY ,]1h*bW1ZS1YE
]1`,\Yd ,]1h*bW1ZSpE ,\4`*ab*1bD \ V*V \ZS Z1 d4Z*WS 1aaSpE V\-/* b\b ]`Sj1WE
Ym `1*-S`d1YE V\-/* ]\ZSY*1YE hb\ ]`SO S , Sb\-1 WSjSWSan \3n1y +W*-\aVW\ZO
jWS V Z1]`*,SWnZ\Yd 4*VWph1ZSpH aWS Z\abS L*be1q 67B7;P7=MD
]\/\+ZmYS
Ym h1abZm a*YS a a\+\yE b\ /\W3Zm S4O ]`1/d+13/1ZSqYS ab\WVZdWSan ]\aW1/\O
Y1ZSbn a,\1 ]`1/,4qb\1 YZ1ZS1 S ]\aY\bO ,*b1WS Sada*D Z\-S1 Sd/1S Z1 Y\-WS
`1bn e*Vb*Y , WSg\D  ]`\bS,Z\Y aWdO ]\,1`SbnE hb\ -\`abV* ]`\abmf `m+*V\,E
h*1 Ym Y\31Y ]`ShSZSbn /`d-SY a1`n14O ]`14S`*1Ymf \+`*4\,*ZZmYS Wp/nYS S
Zmy ,`1/ P * ,a1 ]\b\YdE hb\ Ym S4 `1WS-S\4ZmYS `dV\,\/Sb1WqYSE Y\31b
-\`/\abS ahSb*1Y a,\1 YZ1ZS1 \ Wp/qf +1O aV*4*bn hb\Ob\ ,*3Z\1D 1E Vb\ d]\`ab,\,*O
4dV\`S4Z1ZZ\ ]`*,SWnZmYD WS , a,\Sf ad3/1ZSqfE d]dabSWS hd/1aO
aWS ad/Sbn \ h1W\,1V1 ]\ 1-\ ,Z1jZ\O Zdp ,\4Y\3Z\abn ab*bn ]\aW1/\,*b1WqYS
abSE b\ ob\ Y\31b ]\,`1/Sbn Z1 b\WnV\ 1YdE
mZ* \-* L \*ZZ* 5B5>P56MD

dV\,\/ab,dqan ]1`,mY ,]1h*bW1ZS1YE


YZ\-S1 Sd/1S \b,1`-WS
Sada*
V*V 1aaSp
1V\b\`m1 S4Y1ZSWS a,\1 YZ1ZS1 +mbn `1WS-S\4Z*q SabSZ*D *V ,m ]\YZSO

`1/S a\,`1Y1ZZSV\, Sada* +mWS b1E b1E , ]1`,\Y ,1V1 YZ\-S1 ]`S/1`3S,*WSan
V\Yd f,*bSW\ aYS`1ZSq S4Y1ZSbn a,\1 b*V\-\ 31 YZ1ZSq \+ dh1ZSV*f Sada*D
YZ1ZS1E V\-/* \ZS d,S/1WS /\V*4*b1WnO *a Z1 /\W3Z\ d/S,WqbnE hb\ , */`1a
ab,* L \*ZZ* ;B89P96MD *]`SY1`E Z1V\O b1fE Vb\ ab`1YSbaq aW1/\,*bn ]`SY1`d SO
b\`m1 `\/ab,1ZZSVS Sada* ]\Z*h*Wd Z1 ada*E 4,dh*b Z1\/\+`Sb1WnZm1 S dZShS3SO
,1`SWSE hb\ Vb\Ob\ S4 Sf /\Y*jZSf Y\O b1WnZm1 ,maV*4m,*ZSqE ,1/n Sada ]`1/dO
31b +mbn 1aaS1y L \*ZZ* ;B9MD \O ]`1/SW a,\Sf ]\aW1/\,*b1W1yB wa1 +d/db
f,*WnZ\E hb\ a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y \ZS ]1`1aY\b`1O Z1Z*,S/1bn ,*a S4O4* Y\1-\ SY1ZSxD a1 31
WS a,\S ,4-Wq/m S ]\,1`SWS , Z1-\ L1qO \Z dV`1]SW SfB wb\ ,mab\Sb /\ V\Zg*E b\b
ZSq 5B58C 5 \`SZeqZ*Y =B9C *W*b*Y 5B5=MD a]*a1baqx L*be1q 5>B66MD
\/\+ZmY \+`*4\Y a]dabq Z1aV\WnV\ /1aqO
W1/dq ]\,1W1ZSp Sada*E
,S/1b1WS
bSW1bSy Z1V\b\`m1 ]`1/ab*,Sb1WS Sd/1yO 1-\,m , Z*jS /ZS ab*`*pbaq /\Z1abS
aV\y \+kSZm , SY1 a\-W*aSWSan ]\aWdO +W*-dp ,1abn \ *`ab,1 \-* /\ Wp/1y ,\
j*bn *]\ab\W* *,W* WShZ\E * Z1 ]\,1`SO ,a1Y YS`1 L*be1q 6<B5=E 6>MD 1E Vb\ \bO
WS aWdf*YE `*a]`\ab`*Zq1YmY ]`\bS,ZSO V*4m,*pbaq Sf aWdj*bnE Y\-db WSjSbnaq
V*YS f`SabS*ZD \\+k*,jSan a *,W\YE ,\4Y\3Z\abS ,ab*bn Z* /\`\-dE ,1/dkdp V
Z1V\b\`m1 S4 ZSf ab*WS f`SabS*Z*YS ,1hZ\y 3S4ZS L \*ZZ* 5;B7MD  V*V ]\abdO
L1qZSq 6<B66P68MD ]Sb1 ,mH \4,\WSb1 WS ,m ]\,WSqbn Z*

1-\/Zq Z1V\b\`m1 Wp/S ]W\f\-\ YZ1O a1+q ]1`,\Yd ,]1h*bW1ZSp S ]`1/,4qO
ZSq \
,S/1b1Wqf 1-\,mD \h1YdH *k1 bmY YZ1ZSqY SWS 31 ]`1/]\hb1b1 +1aO
,a1-\ Z1 ]\b\YdE hb\ \ZS `*aaY\b`1WS e*VO ]`Sab`*abZ\ SaaW1/\,*bn e*VbmH \YZSO
bm SWS d+1/SWSan , b\YE hb\ dh1ZSq S /1W* b1B ,Z1jZ\abn Y\31b +mbn \+Y*ZhS,\y S

,S/1b1W1y Z1 SY1pb +S+W1yaV\-\ \aZ\,*O ]1`,\1 ,]1h*bW1ZS1 P W\3ZmYE Z\ h1abO


ZSqE * ]\b\YdE hb\ \ZS ]`\ab\ Z1 31W*pb Z\1 SaaW1/\,*ZS1 e*Vb\, Y\31b ]`SqbZ\
]\,1`SbnE hb\ d
,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m Y\31b d/S,Sbn L1qZSq 5;B5>P56MD

1 ]`1/,4qb\ WS ,*j1 YZ1ZS1


\ ,S/1b1Wqf
1-\,mH

 ) )


%





 &
w`*Ym ]*WSE ]`1,`*bS,jSan , ]`*f S ]1]1WE

" 

S/\Wm `*4`dj1ZmE a,qk1ZZm1 VZS-S
59> >>> dZShb\31Zm \-Z1YE Z\ /`1,ZS1 +\-S

]\O]`13Z1Yd 3S,db , a1`/g*f SZ/1yg1,x
5 >>> LLas antiguas culturas mexicanas dWnbd`m /`1,Z1y 1VaSVSMD


 P `\/SZ* *gb1V\,E V\b\`m1 , +mW\ ]\/\+S1 Y1aamE ,\ ,`1Yq V\b\`\y \ZS
 XIII ,1V1 +mWS Z1+\WnjSY V\hdpkSY
]W1Y1Z1YE * ,]\aW1/ab,SS \aZ\,*WS SY]1O
al1/*WS +\-\,E a/1W*ZZmf S4 41`Z*D *V31
\ZS SZ\-/* 1WS b1W* Wp/1yE ]`SZ1a1ZZmf
`SpE ZS , h1Y Z1 dabd]*,jdp SY]1`SS SZO , 31`b,dD gb1VS Sa]\Wn4\,*WS , ]\VW\Z1O
V\, , 1`dD \bq SY]1`Sq *gb1V\, ]*W* ZSS V`1abE Sa]\,1/\,*WSan S V`1abSWS YW*O
]\aW1 4*,\1,*ZSq 1Z\hbSbW*Z* , 5965 -\O /1Zg1,D \4Y\3Z\E a*YmY ]\`*4Sb1WnZmY
/dE Sf q4mVE Z*d*bWn1E a\f`*ZSWaq /\ Z*jSf +mW\ b\E hb\ *gb1VS ]\VW\ZqWSan /1,ab,1ZO
/Z1yD * Z1Y -\,\`Sb \V\W\ ]\Wdb\`* YSWO Z\y +\-\Y*b1`S \Z*gSZ1E V\b\`dp \ZS a
WS\Z\, h1W\,1V ]\ Y1Znj1y Y1`1 , 59 jb*O Wp+\,np Z*4m,*WS w *j* Y*bnxD
b*f 1VaSVSD 'b\ ]\a]\a\+ab,\,*W\ a\f`*O \ ]`1/*ZSpE , 5975 -\/d Z* b\Y a*Y\Y
Z1ZSp Z1V\b\`mf /`1,ZSf \+mh*1, *gb1V\,E f\WY1E -/1 *gb1VS ]\VW\ZqWSan \Z*gSZ1E
\ h1Y a,S/1b1Wnab,dpb aW\,* SaaW1/\,*b1O aYd-W*q V*b\WSh1aV*q 1,* *`Sq ,*/1O
Wq *Wnb1`* `SV1+1`-*E ]`S,1/1ZZm1 ,mO Wd]aV*qE -\,\`qk*q Z* q4mV1 Z*d*bWnE q,SO
j1D *VSfH W*an \/Z\Yd *gb1VdD 'b\ daV\`SW\ \+`*k1O
ZS1 *gb1V\, , V*b\WSgS4YD `*Y ob\y /1,1
+mh*S hd3/m1E Z\ 4Z*V\Ym1 +mW ]\ab`\1Z Z* \aZ\,*ZSS f`*Y* \Z*gSO
\3*WdyE a*Ymy S4,1abZmy \+mh*y *gb1O ZmD *3/my -\/ 56 /1V*+`q V ob\y +*4SO
V\, P 31`b,\]`SZ\j1ZS1 Wp/1yD Z +mW WSV1 a\,1`j*pb ]*W\YZSh1O
\aZ\,*Z Z* ,1`\,*ZSSE hb\ a\WZg1 dY`1bE 1aO ab,\ a\bZS bmaqh Z*+\3Zmf
WS 1Yd Z1 ]`SZ\aSbn a1`/g* S V`\,n Wp/1yD Y1VaSV*Zg1,E YZ\-S1 S4 V\O
*V ]Sa*W Sa]*ZaVSy Y\Z*f S1-\ d`*ZE b\`mf -\,\`qb Z* q4mV1 Z*O
, 58<; -\/d ,\ ,`1Yq ]\a,qk1ZSq +\Wnj\-\ d*bWnD
f`*Y* , 1Z\hbSbW*Z1 4* h1bm`1 /Zq +mW\  \b/*W1ZZmf -\`Zmf a1O
]`SZ1a1Z\ , 31`b,d +\W11 <> bmaqh h1W\,1VD W1ZSqf SZ/1ygm \bY1h*pb
'b\b \+mh*y ]\,1`- Sa]*Zg1, , d3*aE \/O YZ\-\hSaW1ZZm1 ]`*4/ZSVSE
Z*V\E V a,\1Yd d/S,W1ZSpE \ZS \+Z*`d3SWS ]\a,qk1ZZm1 a,qbmY ]\V`\O
YZ\-\ \+k1-\ Y13/d `1WS-S1y *gb1V\, S V*O ,Sb1WqYC ]\`\y \ZS /Wqbaq
b\WSh1aV\y `1WS-S1yD *]`SY1`E d *gb1V\, Z1aV\WnV\ /Z1y SWS /*31 Z1O
/1WnD  VZS-1 wS` *gb1V\,x
1 *d*bWn ]`SZ*/W13Sb V a1Yn1 pb\O*gb1VaVSf q4mV\,E -\,\`SbaqE hb\ V\`1ZZm1 3SO
Z* V\b\`mf -\,\`qb b*VS1 a1,1`\*Y1`SV*ZaVS1 ]W1Y1Z*E b1WS wa,q4m,*pb ]\VW\Z1ZS1
V*V f\]SE j\j\Zm S V\Y*ZhSD 1V\b\`m1 aW\,* S4 q4mV*
Z*d*bWn ]1`1jWS S , `daaVSy q4mVE Z*]`SY1` *,\V*/\E j\O V*b\WSh1aVSY a,qbmY a \+`qO
V\W*/E V\y\b S b\Y*bD /*YSE V\b\`m1 +mWS d ZSf /\

 ) ") 5  6>56 13


\`b1a*x LEl universo de los aztecasMD `\Y1 b\O `1\/\W1,*q b`d/Z\abS
-\E a`1/S SZ/1yg1, jS`\V\ `*a]`\ab`*Z1Z *a]`\ab`*Z1ZS1 +S+W1yaV\y SabSZm a`1O
a]S`SbS4YD *+\W1,E \ZS S/db V 4Z*f*`qYE /S SZ/1yg1, Z1 \+f\/Sbaq +14 b`d/Z\ab1yD
V\b\`m1 a\,1`j*pb `Sbd*WnZ\1 \hSk1ZS1 /Z* S4 ZSf a,q4*Z* a `1WS-S\4ZmYS ]`*4O
S ]`SZ\aqb , 31`b,d 3S,\bZmfD  b\Yd 31 /ZSV*YSD 
*ZO-dabSZO*]*Z1
,S/1b1O
YZ\-S1 S4 ZSf Z1-`*Y\bZm S Z1 dY1pb hSO WqY 1-\,m 4*]`1bSWS ]`\]\,1/\,*bn ]\
b*bn ZS Z* Sa]*ZaV\YE ZS Z* Z*d*bW1D \O /\Y*Y S4 ab`*f*E hb\ Wp/S ]1`1ab*Zdb /*O
aV\WnVd \ZS ]`S/1`3S,*pbaq a,\Sf b`*/SO ,*bn /1Zn-S Z* ]`\,1/1ZS1 ]`*4/ZSV\,D \-O
gSy S -\,\`qb Z* a,\1Y q4mV1E * b*V31 3SO /* W\`1ZaS\ ]`\]\,1/\,*W ,Y1ab1 a Z1O
,db , ZSk1b1E YZ\-S1 Wp/S \bZ\aqbaq V ZSY +\Wnj\y -`d]]\y Y1abZmf
,S/1b1W1yE -\O
]`1Z1+`13Sb1WnZ\D ,\`qkSf Z* Z*d*bW1E b`\Sf S4 ZSf *`1ab\O
,*WSD * 6> YSZdb a\+`*W*an b\W]*E hb\+m
gb1VS d4Z*pb +S+W1yaVdp SabSZd `1jSbnE hb\ a ZSYS a/1W*bnD
31 YZ\-\ W1b
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m , 1VO wZS f\b1WS dhSZSbn Z*/ Z*YS `*a]`*O
aSV1 ab*`*pbaq /\Z1abS w+W*-dp ,1abn \ ,d 4/1an S a1yh*aEP -\,\`Sb W\`1ZO
g*`ab,1x /\ ,a1f Wp/1y L*be1q 68B58MD aS\DP b\Ob\ ]`1/W\3SW a,q4*bn Z*a S +`\O

6>>> -\/* eSWS*W


,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m , aSbn , `1VdE hb\+m Ym db\ZdWSI m ]`\,1O
1VaSV1 4*+\bSbaq \ b\YE hb\+m Wp/SE -\,\O WS , bp`nY1 ,ap Z\hnD * aW1/dpkSy /1Zn
`qkS1 Z* Z*d*bW1E aWmj*WS +W*-dp ,1abn Z*Y Z* ]\Y\kn ]`Sj1W Z*j +`*bE p`SabE
Z* `\/Z\Y q4mV1 S hb\+m /Wq ZSf \`-*ZS4\O S /,\1 /`d-Sf
,S/1b1W1yD f b\31 +`\aSO
,m,*WSan Z*d*bWnq4mhZm1 a\+`*ZSqD S+O WS , bp`nYdD  V\Zg1 V\Zg\, ,a1f Z*a ,m]dO
W1yaVdp WSb1`*bd`d Z*h*WS ]1`1,\/Sbn Z* abSWS ]`S daW\,SSE hb\ Ym ]\VSZ1Y -\`\/xD
Z*d*bWnE * /Wq Wp/1yE -\,\`qkSf Z* Z1YE 1aY\b`q Z* ob\E ,a1-\ h1`14 -\/ b*Y +mW\
+mWS \`-*ZS4\,*Zm Vd`am hb1ZSq S ]SanY*D \+`*4\,*Z\ a\+`*ZS1E , V\b\`\Y Z*ahSbm,*O
*VS1 ]W\/m ob\ ]`SZ1aW\H \b Z1aV\WnV\ W\an 5; V`1k1Zmf
,S/1b1W1yE * Z* ,ab`1hS
aWdh*1,D ]`Sf\/SW\ \V\W\ 9> h1W\,1VD
\-/* \/Z* SZ/S*ZV* ,]1`,m1 daWmj*W*  *gb1VaV\Y -\`\/V1 \*]*W*
,S/1O
+S+W1yaVdp `1hn Z* q4mV1 Z*d*bWnE \Z* ,\aO b1Wq 1-\,m ]\ SY1ZS Wn+1`b\ ]`S-W*aSO
VWSVZdW*B wm f\/SWS Z* ,ab`1hS /1aqbn WS Z* `1WS-S\4Zmy ]`*4/ZSVD Z \bV*4*WO
W1b S df\/SWS a -\W\,Z\y +\WnpE ]\b\Yd aq ]`SybSE S 1-\ +`\aSWS , bp`nYdD *b1Y
hb\ ]W\f\ 4Z*1Y Sa]*ZaVSyD
1yh*a 31 Ym a\4,*WS \+k11 a\+`*ZS1E Z* V\b\`\Y Z1V\O
V*V +d/b\ Z*hSZ*1Y Z\,dp 3S4ZnIx :>OW1bO b\`m1 ]`1/W\3SWS 1-\ ]\,1aSbnE hb\+m ZSO
ZSy d*Z ,Y1ab1 a 31Z\y S /1bnYS S4dh*W Vb\ +\Wnj1 Z1 \aY1WS,*Waq ]`Sa\1/SZSbnO
S+WSp S ]\a1k*W f`SabS*ZaVS1 ,ab`1hS aq V 1-\ `1WS-SS S \ab*,Sbn Y1abZm1 \+mO
Z* Sa]*ZaV\Y q4mV1 ,\a1Yn W1bE Z\ b*V S Z1 h*SD 1aV\WnV\
,S/1b1W1y ]\]mb*WSan
a/1W*W ZSV*VSf da]1f\,D *b1Y a ZSY Z*h*O \a,\+\/Sbn 1-\E Z\ Sf b\31 *`1ab\,*WSD
WS ]`\,\/Sbn S4dh1ZS1 S+WSS Z* Z*d*bW1D \ \V\Zh*ZSS Z1/1WnZ\-\
1 ]`\jW\ S -\/*E V*V \Z V`1abSWaqI ]`*4/ZSV* ,a1f Sf \a,\+\O
*V ]\V*4m,*pb obS aWdh*SE YZ\-S1E Vb\ /SWSD 1Y Z1 Y1Z11 ]`\bSO
]\4Z*V\YSWaq a S+WS1y Z* Sa]*ZaV\YE Z1 ,\/1yab,S1 ]`\/\W3*W\anD
]\ZSY*WS 11 ]\WZ\abnpD \ ]\a1k*q ,ab`1O \-/* +`*bnq \+`*bSWSan
hS a\+`*ZSq S V\Z-`1aam S hSb*q ]d+WSV*O 4* ]\Y\knp V hSZ\,ZSV*YE
gSS Z* `\/Z\Y q4mV1E \ZS aY\-WS ,ZSVZdbn S b1 `*a]\`q/SWSan ]`1V`*O
, +S+W1yaVdp SabSZd S ]\ZqbnE V*V*q \b,1bO bSbn ]`1aW1/\,*ZSqD p+\O
ab,1ZZ\abn ,\4W\31Z* Z* ZSf V*V Z* f`SO ]mbZ\E hb\ ,aV\`1 ]\aW1
abS*ZD ob\-\ a*Ymy q`my ]`\bS,O

14  ) ") 5  6>56


ZSV ]`SZqW +S+W1yaVdp SabSZd S V`1abSWO /SE \+lqaZq1bE ]\h1Yd \Z* ab*W* S4dh*bn
aqD  \*]*W1 a1yh*a 1abn a\+`*ZS1D ob\b q4mVB w /,df h*a*f \b Y\1-\ /\Y* , +*O
`*V*f ]\/ \f`*Z\y 3S,1b \V\W\ j1abS bmO
df\,Z*q 3*b,* aqh ]`S143Sf `*+\hSfE -\,\`qkSf Z* Z*O
,S/1,E hb\ YZ\-S1 Wp/SE -\,\`qkS1 Z* d*bW1D 'bS Wp/S +144*kSbZmE S Sf h*ab\
Z*d*bW1E ]`SZSY*pb SabSZdE Z1Y*W\
,S/1O \aV\`+WqpbD 'b\ \h1Zn `*aab`*S,*1b Y1ZqE
b1W1y ,4qWSan 4* S4dh1ZS1 ob\-\ q4mV*D /O ,1/n *gb1VSE Z1V\-/* -\`/my Z*`\/E ab\qO
Z*V\ ob\ Z1]`\ab\D gb1VS \h1Zn ab1aZSO WS d Sab\V\, Z*j1y VdWnbd`mD m ]`\]\O
b1WnZm1 Wp/S S S4O4* ]W\f\-\ \+`*k1ZSq a ,1/\,*WS SY Z* Sa]*ZaV\Y 6> W1bE Z\ \ZS
ZSYS Z1\f\bZ\ -\,\`qb Z* a,\1Y q4mV1D  b\O 
Z1 ,a1 ]\ZSY*WS S Z1 ]`\q,WqWS \a\+\-\
Yd 31 , Z1Y YZ\-\ Z*`1O SZb1`1a*D /Z*V\E V\-/* q ,mdhSW* Z1O
hSyD aV\WnV\ aW\, Z* Sf q4mV1E ,a1 S4Y1ZSO

\ZqE V\b\`*q 4Z*hSO W\anD ZS \V`d3SWS Y1Zq S ab*WS aWdj*bnD
b1WnZdp h*abn a,\1-\ ,`1O ) aV*4*W* \/Z\y 31ZkSZ1E hb\ Z*dhd 11 hSO
Y1ZS ]\a,qk*1b ]`\]\,1O b*bn S ]Sa*bnE 1aWS \Z* Z*dhSb Y1Zq Z*d*bO
WpD
1yh*a ,a1 , +*`*V*f 4Z*pb Y1Zq V*V
t31ZkSZd Z*j1-\ q4mV*rD ) hd,ab,dp a1O
+q YSaaS\Z1`V\y , a,\1y ab`*Z1xD
1-\/Zq ,
b\y Y1abZ\abS 1abn Z*d*bWnq4mhZ\1 a\+`*O
ZS1D
*`Sa1W*E /`d-*q `1,Z\abZ*q ]`\]\,1/O
ZSg*E ]`SW*-*1b YZ\-\ daSWSyE hb\+m ,mO
dhSbn Z*d*bWnD Z*h*W1 \Z* ]`\,\/SW* S4dO
h1ZS1 S+WSS a ;>OW1bZSY Yd3hSZ\y ]\
SY1ZS 1WSVa Z* Sa]*ZaV\YD \/dhS, Z*O
d*bWnE *`Sa1W* ab*W* \+lqaZqbnaq a ZSY
Z* 1-\ q4mV1D 14dWnb*b +mW 4*Y1h*b1WnZmyD
Z* +mW* b`\Zdb*E V\-/* 1WSVa a]`\aSW
11B w
Wdj*1b WS Y1Zq 1-\,*E V\-/* q `*4O
-\,*`S,*p a ZSY Z* Z*d*bW1Hx 1WSVa \h1Zn
\+`*/\,*WaqE d4Z*,E hb\ 1-\,* ]\ZSY*1b
,a1 q4mVSD Z ]\a1k*1b ,a1 ,ab`1hS a\+`*O
ZSqE Z1aY\b`q Z* b\ hb\ 1Yd ]`Sf\/Sbaq S/O
bS ]1jV\Y /\ ZSf ]\Wb\`* h*a*D 1]1`n \Z
V`1k1Zmy
,S/1b1WnD *`Sa1W* -\,\`SbB
w*V `*/\abZ\ a\b`d/ZSh*bn a *Z-1W\YE V\O
b\`my ,\4,1k*1b +W*-dp ,1abn ,a1Y Z*`\O
/*YIx LbV`\,1ZS1 58B:E ;MD
\SabSZ1E , 1VaSV1 /df\,O
Zm1 ]\Wq w]\+1W1WS /Wq 3*bO
,mx L \*ZZ* 8B79MD m Y\WSYO
aqE hb\+m 1-\,* \- S /*WnO
j1 ]`S-W*j*W Wp/1y S4 ,a1f
Z*`\/\,E , b\Y hSaW1 *gb1V\,E
]\/Zqbnaq Z* 1-\ -\`d S Z*dO
hSbnaq 1-\ ]dbqY L a*Sq 6B6E 7MD

15

   

ob\y ab*bn1 ]\/ZSY*pbaq ,\]`\amE


V\b\`m1E ,\4Y\3Z\E d ,*a ,\4ZSV*WSE
S \+lqaZq1baqE -/1 , a,\1y S+WSS
,m Y\31b1 Z*ybS Z* ZSf \b,1bmD
*V aW1/d1b \bY1h*bn /1Zn *V31 ,m Y\31b1 \+ad/Sbn Sf
a\ ,S/1b1WqYS
1-\,mD
aY1`bS
Sada* `Sab*H

5D *V aW1/d1b ,a]\YSZ*bn


aY1`bn Sada*H

Sada ]\,1W1W a,\SY ]\aW1/\,*b1WqY ,a]\YSZ*bn
1-\ aY1`bnE Sa]\Wn4dq aSY,\Wm P fW1+ S ,SZ\D W1+
]`1/ab*,Wq1b b1W\
Sada*E * ,SZ\ P 1-\ V`\,nD L `\O
hSb*yb1 dVS 66B5=E 6>DM

Sada ,4qW Z14*V,*j1ZZmy fW1+D S+WSS 4*V,*aV*
h*ab\ aSY,\WS4S`d1b -`1fD \ob\Yd ]`1aZmy fW1+ P
]\/f\/qkSy aSY,\W a\,1`j1ZZ\-\ b1W*
Sada*D Z
]`SZ1a a,\1 b1W\ , 31`b,dE d]`*4/ZS, b*VSY \+`*4\Y
Z1\+f\/SY\abn ]`SZ\aSbn , 31`b,d 3S,\bZmfE V*V b\O
-\ b`1+\,*W \Sa11, 4*V\Z L,`1qY 5>B9E =E 5>MD SZ\
aSY,\WS4S`d1b /`*-\g1ZZdp V`\,n
Sada*E V\b\`dp \Z
]`\WSW 4* Z*jS -`1fSD L `\hSb*yb1 5 1b`* 5B5=C 6B68C
7B5<DM

6D \-/* aW1/d1b ,a]\YSZ*bn


aY1`bn Sada*H

Sada dY1` 58 ZSa*Z* P /1ZnE V\-/* 1,`1S \bY1h*O
WS *afdD  1,`11, /1Zn Z*hSZ*Waq a 4*f\/\Y a\WZg*D
]\aW1/ZSy /1Zn a,\1y 3S4ZS
Sada al1W ]*af*WnZmy
d3SZ ,Y1ab1 a *]\ab\W*YSE * 4*b1Y ,,1W Z\,my \+mO
h*y P 1h1`p ,\a]\YSZ*ZSq a,\1y aY1`bSD L `\hSO
b*yb1 dVS 66B58E 59DM
Z*j1 ,`1Yq 58 ZSa*Z* aWd3Sb1WS \-* ,a]\YSZ*O
pbE V*V +W*-\/*`q 31`b,1
Sada* ab*W\ ,\4Y\3ZmY
\a,\+\3/1ZS1 ,a1-\ h1W\,1h1ab,* S4 `*+ab,* -`1f*
S aY1`bS L
af\/ 56B9P;E 57E 5;MD *V 31 V*V *afd
]`*4/Z\,*WS `*4 , -\/E 1h1`p ,\a]\YSZ*ZSq aY1`bS

Sada* aW1/d1b ]`\,\/Sbn \/SZ `*4 , -\/E 58 ZSa*Z* ]\
+S+W1yaV\Yd WdZZ\Yd V*W1Z/*`pE ]\aW1 4*f\/* a\WZO
g*D L `\hSb*yb1
\*ZZ* 5B6=DM
7D b\ /\W31Z ]`SZSY*bn \b aSY,\W\,H
1`1/*,*q h*jd a ,SZ\Y a,\SY dh1ZSV*YE
Sada
aV*4*WB w'b* h*j* \4Z*h*1b Z\,\1 a\-W*j1ZS1x L5 \O
`SZeqZ*Y 55B69MD \,\1 a\-W*j1ZS1 4*Y1ZSW\ a\-W*O
j1ZS1 \Sa11,* 4*V\Z*E 4*VWph*q V\b\`\1 \- \+1O
k*W S4`*SWnbqZ*Y a/1W*bn Sf a,\SY Z*`\/\YE 1aWS
\ZS +d/db ,\ ,a1Y ]\,SZ\,*bnaq 1Yd L
af\/ 5=B9E :MD
/Z*V\ S4`*SWnbqZ1 Z1 aWdj*WSan \-*D \ob\Yd \Z
4*VWphSW Z\,\1 a\-W*j1ZS1D L `\hSb*yb1
1`1YSq
75B75DM
\a`1/ab,\Y Z\,\-\ a\-W*j1ZSq
1-\,* h1`14 Z1O
YZ\-Sf +W*-\aW\,Sb YZ\-SfD h*abZSV\, ob\-\ a\-W*j1O
ZSq Z1YZ\-\ P ,a1-\ 588 >>>D 1`14 ZSf YSWWS\Zm WpO
/1y S4 ,a1f Z*`\/\, +d/db +W*-\aW\,W1Zm ,1hZ\y 3S4O
Znp , 41YZ\Y `*pD 1V\b\`m1 S4 b1fE Vb\ a\ab\Sb ,
Z\,\Y a\-W*j1ZSSE a1-\/Zq aWd3*b
1-\,1 Z* 41YW1D
\WnV\ \ZS Y\-db ]`SZSY*bn \b aSY,\W\,E ]\b\Yd hb\ a
ZSYS
1-\,* 4*VWphSW Z\,\1 a\-W*j1ZS1E ab*,j11
/1yab,Sb1WnZmY +W*-\/*`q V`\,S `Sab*D L `\hSb*yb1
dVS 56B76C bV`\,1ZS1 58B5E 7DM

8D *V 1h1`q ,\a]\YSZ*ZSq


4*b`*-S,*1b Z*aH
aWS Ym 131-\/Z\ ]`Sadbab,d1Y Z* 1h1`1 ,\a]\O
YSZ*ZSq aY1`bS
Sada*E b\ `*ab1b Z*j* +W*-\/*`O
Z\abn
1-\,1 4* 1-\ Z1]`1,4\y/1ZZdp Wp+\,nD Z ]\O
aW*W a,\1-\ mZ*E hb\+m b\b dY1` 4* Z*jS -`1fSD \oO
b\YdE V\-/* Ym ]`Sadbab,d1Y Z* 1h1`1 ,\a]\YSZ*O

ZSqE Z*Y Zd3Z\ `*4YmjWqbn \ b\YE hb\ /Wq Z*a 4Z*hSb
aY1`bn
Sada*D *Y aW1/d1b ]\/dY*bnE V*V Ym Y\31Y
,m`*4Sbn a,\p ]`S4Z*b1WnZ\abn 4* b\E hb\
1-\,* S
SO
ada a/1W*WS /Wq Z*aD L `\hSb*yb1
\*ZZ* 7B5:C 6 \O
`SZeqZ*Y 9B58E 59DM


17
\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS Y\3Z\ Z*ybS Z* ab`*ZSg*f Z* a*Y\Y /1W1
6>:P6>< ob\y VZS-SE S4/*ZZ\y ,S/1b1WqYS
1-\,mD    )H
 
%H

b\ b*V\1 31`b,1ZZSV wZ1,1/\Y\Yd \-dxE V\b\`my *]\ab\W


*,1W d,S/1W , eSZ*fH L1qZSq 5;B67MD
 b*VSf 31`b,1ZZSV*f d]\YSZ*pb ,1W1WB -/1 V*V*q Wq31bE b*Y S ]`SZ1abS
Z1aV\WnV\ /`1,Z1-`1h1aVSf ]Sa*b1W1yD 11 , 31`b,d /\W3Z\Yd +\-dD *V ]\O
*]`SY1`E ]\ aW\,*Y ]Sa*b1Wq S -1\-O V\ZhSW \Z a +1/ab,S1YC * , ]*Yqbn \
`*e* II ,1V* ZD oD *,a*ZSqE , WSY]SS b\Y SaVd]W1ZSS S ]\ZmZ1 , `*4Zmf V\ZO
+mW w31`b,1ZZSV 1,1/\Ymf +\-\,xD g*f bbSVS Y\3Z\ ,S/1bn +14mYqZZm1
 -`1h1aVSy ]Sa*b1Wn W*,Sy SW\O *Wb*`SxD
ab`*b \bY1h*WB w eSZ*fDDD /*31 Z1O `d-\1 ,\4Y\3Z\1 \+lqaZ1ZS1 b\-\E
,1/\YmY +\31ab,*Y ,\4/,S-Zdbm *WO ]\h1Yd ab`\SWSan 31`b,1ZZSVS Z1,1O
b*`SxD /\YmY +\-*YE 4*VWph*W\anE V*V aV*O
Sa*b1Wn S\-1Z *o`bSyE 3S,jSy , 4*Z\ , \/Z\Y b`d/1E , wab`*f1 Z1 \V*O
III ,1V1 ZD oDE aamW*1baq Z* ]`1/*ZS1E 4*bn ]\hb1ZSq V*V\YdOZS+d/n Z1,1/\O
\+lqaZqpk11 ]`\Saf\3/1ZS1 w+14mO Y\Yd +\-d SWS +\-SZ1 S b*V WSjSbnaq
YqZZmf *Wb*`1yxD Z ]\,1ab,d1b \ b\YE `*a]\W\31ZSq +\31ab,* SWS Z*,W1hn
V*V , VII SWS VI ,1V1 /\ ZD oD Z1VSy Z* a1+q 1-\ -Z1,x LThe Anchor Bible Dic-
 

w  x ']SY1ZS/ a]*a eSZm \b o]S/1YSSB tionaryMD
L 
% E w \+`*,jS \,1gDDD ']SY1ZS/ ]`S-Z*W

)M
Sf V `1a\,d f\WYd S \bbd/* `*a]dabSW
Vd/* -W*4* -Wq/qbE * a\]`\,\3/*pkSY

\h1Yd , ]1`,\Y ,1V1 Sd/1S ]`14S`*WS a+\`kSV\, Z*W\-\,H


+\`kSV\, Z*W\-\, Z1 Wp+SWS ZSO b\`m1 \aV,1`ZSWSan ]\ab\qZZmY \+O
V\-/*D /Z*V\ , ]1`,\Y ,1V1 ,
4`*O k1ZS1Y a q4mhZSV*YSxD
SW1 Sf ahSb*WS \/ZSYS S4 a*Ymf ]`14O +\`kSVS Z*W\-\, +mWS S4,1abZm
`1ZZmf S ]\`\hZmf Wp/1yD a,\1y Z1h1abZ\abnpE * b*V31 b1YE hb\
SYaV*q ,W*abn \+W*-*W* Z*a1W1ZS1 \ZS Z*3S,*WSan Z* a\\b1h1ab,1ZZSV*fD
\+`1Y1ZSb1WnZmYS Z*W\-*YSD SYO 1V\b\`m1 S4 ZSfE 4*,mj*q ab\SY\abn
aVS1 hSZ\,ZSVS ,4maVS,*WS 41Y1WnZmy b\,*`\,E ,4SY*WS Z*W\-S +\WnjS1E h1Y
S ]\/djZmy Z*W\-SE * a\+S`*bn Z*W\O +mW\ ]\W\31Z\E * `*4ZSgd ]`Sa,*SO
-S Z* ,,\4E ,m,\4 SWS ]`\,\4 ]\ ab`*Z1 ,*WS a1+1D `d-S1 W\3ZmYS \+,SZ1ZSO
b\,*`\, \ZS ]\`dh*WS \bVd]kSV*Y P qYS ,mY\-*WS /1Zn-S d +1/Zmf LdVS
Wp/qYE V\b\`m1 4* \]`1/1W1ZZdp ]W*O 7B57C 5=B<MD ,S/d ,a1-\ ob\-\ V a+\`O
bd ]\Wdh*WS ]`*,\ a\+S`*bn Z*W\-S , kSV*Y Z*W\-\, \bZ\aSWSan b*V 31E V*V
V*V\yOWS+\ Y1abZ\abSD \aV\WnVd \ZS V -`1jZSV*YE SE V*V aV*4*Z\ , w,O
#
 
+mWS /\+`\,\WnZmY \`d/S1Y Z1Z*O `1yaV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSxE \ZS wZ1 SY1O
 
  & ,SabZmf `SYWqZE Sd/1S -Wd+\V\ ]`14SO WS ]`*,* +mbn ad/nqYS SWS /*31 a,SO
LIIIII  D 'DM `*WS Sf SE a\-W*aZ\ oZgSVW\]1/SS *VO /1b1WqYS , ad/1x LThe Jewish Encyclo-
Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY VWSZb\V* S b`\Z-*E \bZ\aSWSan V ZSY pediaM L*be1q =B5>E 55MD
V*V V w]`1/*b1WqY S \babd]ZSV*YE V\O

18  ) ") 5  6>56




 &  

w ]`13Z1Y +\Wnj1
Z1 +d/db ,a]\YSZ*bnx
 

) Y\-db ]`SZ\aSbn `*O Z1y ]`1/aV*4m,*1baqE hb\ ]\/ \3nSY ]`*,W1O
/\abnD maWS \ ]`SqbZ\Y ,`1Y1ZSE ]`\O
,1/1ZZ\Y a /\`\-SYS Z*Y Wp/nYSE a\-`1,*O
ZS1Y +\-\+\q4Z1ZZm1 Wp/S Z*dh*baq ]`*,1/O
Z\abSE V\b\`*q Z*]\WZSb ,ap 41YWp L
a*Sq
pb Z*Y a1`/g1D \ SZ\-/* ,\a]\YSZ*ZSq Y\O 6:B=MD *VSY \+`*4\YE Z\,*q 41YWq P ob\
-db ]`ShSZqbn Z*Y Z1Y*W\ +\WSD `Sf\/SW\an Wp/SE V\b\`m1 ]\/hSZqpbaq ]`*,W1ZSp \-* S
WS ,*Y ab`*/*bn S4O4* bq-\abZmf ,\a]\YSZ*O 3S,db ]\ 1-\ ]`*,1/ZmY Z\`Y*YD
ZSyH aWS /*E b\ ,mE ,\4Y\3Z\E 4*/*1b1an ,\O \ZSY*1b1 WS ,m b1]1`nE V*V
1-\,* dab`*O
]`\a\YB w*+d/1baq WS ob\ V\-/*OZS+d/nHx bO ZSb ]`ShSZd bq-\abZmf ,\a]\YSZ*ZSyH aV\O
,1b a\/1`3Sbaq , db1j*pkSf aW\,*fE 4*]Sa*ZO `1 \- Sa]\WZSb a,\1 \+1k*ZS1 \ Z\,\Y Z1O
Zmf ]`\`\V\Y
a*S1yD L `\hSb*yb1
a*SS +1 S Z\,\y 41YW1E dab*Z\,S, ]`*,1/Zmy Z\,my
:9B5;DM YS`1D \-/* ,a1 ]`ShSZm -\`nVSf ,\a]\YSZ*O

1-\,* Z*Y1`1,*1baq dab`*ZSbn a*Yd ]`SO ZSyE a,q4*ZZmf a eS4Sh1aVSYSE /dj1,ZmYS S
hSZd -\`nVSf ,\a]\YSZ*ZSyD *VSY \+`*4\YH
Z dZShb\3Sb obd Z1h1abS,dp aSab1Yd ,1k1y
1-\,* Z*Y1`1,*1baq dab`*ZSbn
,Y1ab1 a\ ,a1YE hb\ ]`ShSZq1b ab`*/*ZSqE S 4*O
Y1ZSb 11 h1YOb\ Z1a`*,Z1ZZ\ WdhjSYD 1`14 a*Yd ]`ShSZd -\`nVSf

a*Sp
1-\,* \+1k*1bB w) b,\`p Z\,m1 Z1+1O ,\a]\YSZ*ZSy
a* S Z\,dp 41YWpxD \Zq, ob\ \+1k*ZS1E Ym
Sa]\WZSYaq Z*/13/\yD oY\gS\Z*WnZmYS ab`*/*ZSqYSE dy/db , ]`\jO
b\ b*V\1 Z\,m1 Z1+1a*H S+WSS a\/1`O W\1D `*,1/Zm1 Wp/S +d/db , ]\WZ\y Y1`1 Z*O
3*baq /,1 ]\/aV*4VSD \O]1`,mfE ,m`*31ZS1 aW*3/*bnaq 3S4ZnpE S V*3/my ]`\3Sbmy /1Zn
wZ\,m1 Z1+1a*x ,ab`1h*1baq , /,df /`d-Sf +S+O +d/1b \ab*,Wqbn WSjn ]`SqbZm1 ,\a]\YSZ*ZSqD
W1yaVSf VZS-*fE S , \+\Sf aWdh*qf \Z\ a,q4*Z\ \ hb\ Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn \ +\WSE V\b\`*q a1-\/O
a V\`1ZZmYS S4Y1Z1ZSqYS Z* 41YW1 L6 1b`* Zq W13Sb Z* a1`/g1 bq31WmY -`d4\YH *W11
7B57C bV`\,1ZS1 65B5P8MD \O,b\`mfE aW\O h1`14
a*Sp
1-\,* \+1k*1bB w ]`13Z1Y
,* wZ1+\x S wZ1+1a*x , S+WSS Y\-db \bZ\aSbnO +\Wnj1 Z1 +d/db ,a]\YSZ*bnE S \Z\ Z1 ]`S/1b
aq V ]`*,W1ZSp SWS ]`*,Sb1Wnab,d L
a*Sq 58B8E Z* a1`/g1xD \WnE V\b\`dp Ym Sa]mbm,*1Y ,
56C *ZSSW 8B69E 6:MD \ob\Yd Z\,m1 Z1+1a* P ob\Y ab*`\Y YS`1E ]\ab1]1ZZ\ 4*+d/1baqD `*O
ob\ Z\,\1 ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\E a]\a\+Z\1 dab*Z\O ,Sbaq WS ,*Y b*V*q Z*/13/*H \h1Yd +m Z1
,Sbn Z* 41YW1 ]`*,1/Z\abnD 'b\ Y\31b a/1W*bn d4Z*bnE V*V Y\3Z\ ]`S+WS4Sbnaq V \-dE V\b\O
b\WnV\ \/Z\ ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\ P *`ab,\ \-*E `my /*1b b*V\1 ]`1V`*aZ\1 \+1k*ZS1H
\ V\b\`\Y dhSW Y\WSbnaq
SadaD Z\ Sa]\WZSb
1 b\+m d4Z*bn +\Wnj1 \ *`ab,1 \-* S \ b\YE hb\ \Z\
]`*,1/Zdp ,\Wp \-* Z* ,a1y 41YW1 L*be1q ,aV\`1 a/1W*1bE hSb*yb1 -W*,m 7E < S = VZS-S w1Yd Z* a*O
:B=E 5>MD Y\Y /1W1 dhSb S+WSqHxE S4/*ZZ\y ,S/1b1WqYS
1-\,mD
 hb\ b*V\1 Z\,*q 41YWqH b\+m Z*ybS \b,1bE

Zd3Z\ dh1abn /,* Y\Y1Zb*D \O]1`,mfE , S+O  





B
WSS aW\,\ w41YWqx SZ\-/* \bZ\aSbaq V Wp/qYE *
a*Sq :7P
1`1YSq 5:
Z1 V ]W*Z1b1 L5 1b\]San 5:B75MD \O,b\`mfE ,

 ) ") 5  6>56 19


 
a]S`SbS4Y1H
pZmf W1b *`+*`*1 ,S/1W* ,S/1ZSq
S aWmj*W* -\W\a*D Z* +mW* d,1`1Z*E
hb\ `*4-\,*`S,*1b a dY1`jSYS
`\/ab,1ZZSV*YSD Y1ab1 a\ a,\SY
Yd31YE \*fSY\YE \ZS hSb*WS VZS-S ]\
\VVdWnbS4Yd S -*/*WS Z* V*`b*f b*`\D
*`bm \bV`mWS SYE hb\ \ZS 4*`*+\b*pb
YZ\-\ /1Z1-C b*V S aWdhSW\anD /Z*3/m
V*`bm ]`1/d]`1/SWS Sf \ b\YE hb\ V ZSY
/\Y\y ]`S/db \]*aZm1 Wp/SE S aV*4*WS
SYE V*V \b ZSf 4*kSbSbnaqD

) , Z*jS /ZS ahSb*1baqE hb\ \VVdWnO aY*b`S,*bn ]`SY1bmE V\W/\,*bnE a,q4mO
 bS4Y \b3SW a,\1E YZ\-S1 SZb1`1adpbO
aq ,a1Y a,1`fl1ab1ab,1ZZmYD \,ap/d WpO
,*bn /`d-Sf 4*VWSZ*ZSqYSE \+`*k*bnaq V
,m4m,*pk1Yd /df\,E ]`1/aV*4m,*bn +d/dO
/S Z\aqb *YdW1bmE Sa]\Wn4dpb a]S`SO k11 SWS a]`*jS,*bn \ h1YOZS+d/n dY1`O
bSh1aVS1 ]W*Zj1bVS S \+`*k*pbaq V Y1O j1-\D 1/n ,a1E Vb\ /1W*1b ob\E Y1`4VS /Wq
/SdY*YE hb\+m d4Z*bn a,\p ad/n+d SWS 1-\,mx Lb\`\4*V\ZS1 5<B5>P56MD \h1Yd
4*kSbSbn a1+q \b 4W*D  Z1Y1gV\Y 3d`Z*O S+WSq b*V ab`\-\ \ad3/*1b 4*ZqbSq a]SO
W1 w\VdaxE , ab*bn1 w \db+dV S pgSe1`xE `SbS4Y\YH
\bY1h*W\anB w W*-\/*`q Zb1`Z1bd ,\4O *V ,S/Z\ S4 ]`SY1`*E ]`S,1/1ZZ\-\
`\3/*1baq SZb1`1a V V\W/\,ab,dxD ,Z*h*W1E YZ\-S1 ,1`qbE hb\ 3S,m1 Y\-db
Z*1b1 WS ,mE hb\ S+WSq 4*b`*-S,*1b \+k*bnaq a Y1`b,mYS S hb\E 4*ZSY*qan
,\]`\am \ a]S`SbS4Y1H \4Y\3Z\E ,*a d/SO a]S`SbS4Y\YE Y\3Z\ ]\WdhSbn \b ZSf V*O
,Sb b\E hb\ , Z1y -\,\`Sbaq Z* obd b1YdD VS1Ob\ a,1/1ZSqD *VS1 ,4-Wq/m \aZ\,*Zm
Z* dh1ZSSE V\b\`\1 1abn ,\ YZ\-Sf `1WS-SO
S+W1yaV*q b\hV* 4`1ZSq Z* a]S`SbS4Y
qfEP Z* dh1ZSS \ b\YE hb\ ]\aW1 aY1`bS
*V\ZE V\b\`my \- , /`1,Z\abS /*W Wp/S ]`\/\W3*pb 3Sbn , /df\,Z\Y YS`1D
Z*`\/d 4`*SWnE -W*aSWB w SVb\ d b1+q Z1
/Z*V\ , ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\abn ob\Yd , S+O
/\W31ZDDD -*/*bnE 4*ZSY*bnaq Y*-S1yE ,mO
WSS qaZ\ -\,\`SbaqB w1`b,m1 ZSh1-\ Z1
1 Y1Z* S4Y1Z1ZmD 4Z*pbx L'VVW14S*ab =B9MD
\ab\qZS1 dY1`O

20  ) ") 5  6>56


jSf a`*,ZS,*1baq , Z1y a -Wd+\VSY aZ\YE \- ]\W\3SW V\Z1g b\Yd 31ab\V\Yd S Z1O
Z*f\/qan , V\b\`\Y h1W\,1V Z1 SY11b ZSV*O h1abS,\Yd ]\V\W1ZSp , \b\]1 ,\ /ZS \q
V\-\ ]`1/ab*,W1ZSq \ b\YE hb\ ]`\Saf\/Sb L mbS1 :B7E 8E 55P57MD
,\V`d- L*be1q =B5<E 68C \*ZZ* 55B55P58M1D \/m \b\]* ,mZd/SWS ]*/jSf *Z-1W\,
\4Y\3Z\E ,m ,\4`*4Sb1B w*V 31 \+lqaO \ab*,Sbn a,\S ]W\baVS1 b1W* S ,1`Zdbnaq ,
ZSbn aWdh*SE V\-/* Wp/S \+k*WSan a V1YO /df\,Zdp ae1`dD /Z*V\
\4/*b1Wn Z1 ]\O
b\ S4 ]\bdab\`\ZZ1-\ YS`*H
V1Y b\-/* 4,\WSW SY ,1`Zdbnaq , 3SWSk1E , V\b\`\Y
\ZS \+k*WSanHx \ZS \+Sb*WS /\ b\-\D ZS \V*4*WSan , dZSO
31ZZ\Y ]\W\31ZSSE a`*,ZSY\Y a w-Wd+SO
+k1ZS1 a YS`\Y /df\,
Z*YS +1a]`\a,1bZ\y bnYmx L6 1b`* 6B8E 9MD
4 ,*Z-1WSy ,S/Z\E hb\E V\-/* Sada S+WSq Z*4m,*1b obSf Yqb13Zmf *Z-1W\,
+mW Z* 41YW1E \Z a\]`SV*a*Waq a YS`\Y /dO /1Y\Z*YS L *V\,* 6B5=MD Y1ZZ\ \ZS ab\qb
f\,D  *`V* 5B67E 68 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ wZ1hSO 4* a]S`SbS4Y\YD
abmy /dfx aV*4*W SadadB w) b\hZ\ 4Z*pE
Vb\ bmxD 14 a\YZ1ZSqE /dfS 4Z*pb b*V31E 1-\ f\bqb /1Y\Zm
Vb\ ,mD \ 4Z*1b1 WS ,mE Vb\ \ZSH 1`,*q g1WnE V\b\`dp ]`1aW1/dpb 4Wm1
\ a\b,\`1ZSq Wp/1y \- a\4/*W YZ\31O /dfSEP \b,1abS Wp/1y \b ]\VW\Z1ZSq SaO
ab,\ /df\,Zmf amZ\,1yE *Z-1W\, L \, bSZZ\Yd \-dE 1-\,1D *`m SWS aSW*E
7<B8P;MD f e\`Y* 3S4ZS ,mj1 h1W\,1h1O V\b\`mYS qV\+m \+W*/*pb 4*ZSY*pkS1aq
aV\y L,`1qY 6B:E ;MD ZS \+W*/*pb ,ma\O \VVdWnbS4Y\YE , /1yab,Sb1WnZ\abS ]`S4,*O
VSY SZb1WW1Vb\Y S \-`\YZ\y aSW\y S a\O Zm \b,W1hn Wp/1y \b ]`S\+`1b1ZSq b\hZ\O
4/*ZmE hb\+m Sa]\WZqbn ,\Wp \-*D a*WO -\ 4Z*ZSq \ \-1 S ]\Y1j*bn SY `*4,S,*bn
Y\]1,1g ]1WB w W*-\aW\,Sb1 1-\,dE *Z-1O a ZSY /`d3+dD
Wm 1-\E V`1]VS1 aSW\yE V\b\`m1 Sa]\WZqpb b\`*q g1Wn /1Y\Z\, ab*Z\,Sbaq q,Z\y
1-\ aW\,\x La*W\Y 5>7B6>MD S4 aWdh*qE V\-/*
*b*Z*E Sf ]`1/,\/Sb1WnE
 S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ Z1V\b\`m1 *ZO SaVdj*W Sada*D Z ]`1/W\3SW Sadad
-1Wm ab*WS \+k*bnaq a Wp/nYS +14 `*4`1O w,a1 g*`ab,* YS`* S Sf aW*,dxD 1-\
*b*Z*
j1ZSq \-*D
V*V\y g1WnpH 1`,my *ZO f\b1W ,4*Y1ZH Z aV*4*WB wa1 ob\ q /*Y b1O
-1WE ]\abd]S,jSy b*VE \+Y*Z\Y \b,1W ]1`O +1E 1aWS d]*/1jn Z* V\W1ZS S ]\VW\ZSjnO
,mf Wp/1yE /*Y* S ,dE \b Sf \-* S
\O aq YZ1xD *E
*b*Z* S /1Y\Zm
4/*b1WqD *V \Z ab*W
*b*Z\y nq,\W\YE b\ 3*3/db ]\VW\Z1ZSqD /O
1abn VW1,1bZSV\Y S ]`\bS,ZSV\Y \-* L mO Z*V\ Sada Z1 /\]dabSW
bS1 7B5P:MD /*31 YmaWS \ b\YE hb\+m
\4/Z11 /`d-S1 *Z-1Wm ]\VSZdWS w]\/\O
+*pk11 SY 3SWSk1x Z* Z1+1E ,4qWS h1O
W\,1h1aVS1 b1W* S 31ZSWSan Z* ]`S,W1V*O
b1WnZmf 31ZkSZ*f L d/m :C mbS1 :B5E 6MD
1 *Z-1WmE ab*,jS1 \babd]ZSV*YSE S Sf
]\b\YVSE `\/S,jS1aq \b 31ZkSZE Z*,\/SO
WS Z* Wp/1y d3*aD 4O4* ZSf 41YWq wZ*O
]\WZSW*an Z*aSWS1YxD mE Z*,1`Z\1E 4Z*O
V\Ym a +S+W1yaVSY a\\+k1ZS1Y \ b\YE V*V
1 \Wnj1 \ a\ab\qZSS dY1`jSf Y\3Z\ d4Z*bn S4 :Oy
-W*,m w/1 Z*f\/qbaq dY1`jS1Hx VZS-S w1Yd Z* a*Y\Y
/1W1 dhSb S+WSqHxE S4/*ZZ\y
,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD

*ZqbSq a]S`SbS4Y\Y Y1j*pb Wp/qY


\+`1abS /`d3+d a \-\Y
\b`1hnaq \b \-* S ]1`1ab*bn aWd3Sbn 1Yd ab1`1-*yb1an ,a1-\E hb\ Y\31b +mbn a,qO
L*be1q 8B<P5>MD 4*Z\ a\ a]S`SbS4Y\YD

1-\/Zq 4Wm1 /dfS `1/V\ \+`*k*pbaq V a]\YZSY ad]`d-\,E d]\YqZdbmf , Z*h*O
Wp/qY \bV`mb\D ZS ]mb*pbaq ]\yY*bn , W1 ab*bnSD
]\Y\knp V*`b b*`\ \ZS d4Z*O
a,\p W\,djVd Z1\ab\`\3Zmf Wp/1y a ]\O WSE hb\ V ZSY ]`S/db \]*aZm1 Wp/S S hb\
Y\knp V*3dkSfaq +14\+S/ZmYS `*4,W1O Z1 aW1/d1b aWdj*bn Sf S +`*bn d ZSf hb\O
h1ZSyE Z*]`SY1` Sa]\Wn4\,*ZSq Y*-Sh1O WS+\D a1 31E V\-/* \ZZS S d/`dZE
,SO
aV\-\ V`Sab*WW* S Y*qbZSV*E -*/*ZSq Z* /1b1WS 1-\,mE ]`SjWS V \*fSYd S *`O
V\e1yZ\y -dk1 S V*`b*f b*`\ S hb1ZSq +*`1 S aV*4*WSE hb\ ]`SZ1aWS +W*-dp ,1abn
-\`\aV\]\,D 1 \+Y*Zm,*yb1anB b*VS1 4*O \ \-1E b1 `1jSWS ]\aWdj*bn SfD *4-\O
ZqbSq Z1 \bV`m,*pb ]dbn V Z1S4,1/*ZZ\Yd ,\` 4*j1W \ a]S`SbS4Y1E S \ZZS S d/O

]\a`1/ab,\Y Z1VSf 4*-*/\hZmf aSW ]`S`\O `dZ \+lqaZSWSE hb\ \ Z1Y -\,\`Sbaq ,
,qO
/mD -`*q Z* ]`Sbq-*b1WnZ\abS \VVdWnbS4O k1ZZ\Y Sa*ZSSD \*fSY S *`+*`* ab*WS
Y*E /1Y\Zm d/1`3S,*pb Wp/1y \b ]\VW\O S4dh*bn S+WSpD
Z1ZSq 1-\,1D \-/* d ZSf ob\ Z1 ]\Wdh*O aV\`1 ad]`d-S `1jSWS ]\`,*bn ,a1 a,qO
1baqE \ZSE V*V ]`*,SW\E 4*]d-S,*pb Wp/1yE 4S a /1Y\Z*YSD
,S/1b1WS ]`1/d]`1/SO
V\b\`m1 \V*4*WSan , Sf a1bqfE S /1W*pb Sf WS SfE hb\ 4Wm1 /dfS ,`q/ WS \+`*/dpbaq
3S4Zn Z1ah*abZ\yD aWS ob\ ]`\S4\jW\ a
,*YSE hb\ ,m Y\31b1 a/1W*bnE hb\+m \a,\O w `S+WS4nb1an V \-dE S \Z
+\/Sbnaq \b ,WSqZSq 4Wmf /df\,H
]`S+WS4Sbaq V ,*Yx L
  8B<M
*V \a,\+\/Sbnaq S4
a1b1y /1Y\Z\, ob\YdD /1yab,Sb1WnZ\E \*fSY S *`+*O
\YZSb1E hb\ /dfSE V\b\`m1 \+k*pbaq a `* ab\WVZdWSan a Z*]*/V*YS /1Y\Z\,D 'b\
Wp/nYSEP ,`*-S \-*E \ad3/1ZZm1 Z* +mW b`d/Zmy ]1`S\/ Sf 3S4ZSD *V\1Ob\
dZShb\31ZS1 L d/m :MD ZS W31gmE ,m/*O ,`1Yq S4O4* ab`*f* \ZS Z1 Y\-WS a]*bn
pkS1 a1+q 4* Y1`b,mfD b\ +m ,m ]\hd,O ]\ Z\h*YE ]\V* Z1 ]1`11f*WS , /`d-\y /\YD
ab,\,*WSE d4Z*,E hb\ ,*j /`d- \V*4*Waq \+O  b\ b`d/Z\1 ,`1Yq ad]`d-\, ]\//1`3S,*O
Y*ZkSV\YE V\b\`my f\h1b Z*,`1/Sbn ,*YH WS aW\,* S4 SWS]]Syg*Y 8B57B wa1 YZ1
*V +m ,m \b`1*-S`\,*WSE \+Z*`d3S,E hb\ ]\/ aSWd +W*-\/*`q b\YdE Vb\ Y1Zq dV`1]O
,mE a*YS b\-\ Z1 ]\/\4`1,*qE ab*WS \+O Wq1bxD 1-\,* +W*-\aW\,SW Sf `1jSY\abnE
k*bnaq h1`14 Zb1`Z1b a a1Vad*WnZmY Y*O S /1Y\Zm ]1`1ab*WS Sf +1a]\V\SbnD
1-\/O
ZnqV\YH +k1ZS1 a /1Y\Z*YS Vd/* \]*aO Zq \*fSY S *`+*`* `*/\abZ\ aWd3*b SaO
Z11D *Y Zd3Z\ /1W*bn ,a1 ,\4Y\3Z\1E hb\O bSZZ\Yd \-dE 1-\,1D
+m ]`1V`*bSbn 1-\D b\ ,m Y\31b1 /Wq ob\O
,qk1ZZ\1 Sa*ZS1 ]`S4m,*1b ,a1fE Vb\
-\ a/1W*bnH f\h1b \+`1abS +W*-\aW\,1ZS1 1-\,mB w\O
1V\b\`m1 3Sb1WS /`1,Z1-\ 'e1a*E V\`Sb1an \-dE Z\ ]`\bS,\ab*Znb1 nq,\O
d4Z*,E V*V \- \bZ\aSbaq V a]S`SbS4YdE ]\O WdE S \Z d+13Sb \b ,*aD `S+WS4nb1an V \O
ZqWSE hb\ SY Zd3Z\ dZShb\3Sbn a,\S VZSO -dE S \Z ]`S+WS4Sbaq V ,*Yx L *V\,* 8B;E <MD
-S ]\ Y*-SSE f\bq b1 S +mWS \h1Zn /\`\O 1-\,* \- Y\31b ]\Y\hn ,*Y S4+*,Sbnaq
-SYSD ZS wa\3-WS Sf ]1`1/ ,a1YSx L1qO \b ,WSqZSq /1Y\Z\, S Z1]`1Y1ZZ\ a/1W*O
ZSq 5=B5=E 6>MD
1-\/Zq V \VVdWnbS4Yd Y\O 1b ob\E 1aWS ,m b\-\ 31W*1b1D \,\`q \ a,\O
-db SY1bn \bZ\j1ZS1 Z1 b\WnV\ VZS-SE 1Y \a,\+\3/1ZSS \b a1b1y a]S`SbS4Y*E \O
*YdW1bmE a]S`SbSh1aVS1 ]W*Zj1bVS S b\O *fSY S *`+*`* ,b\`qb aW\,*Y S4 a*WY*
Yd ]\/\+Z\1E Z\ S oW1Vb`\ZZm1 Y*b1`S*WmD 565B6B w\Y\kn YZ1 P \b 1-\,mxD

22  ) ") 5  6>56





 ( )

),Wq1baq WS dh1ZS1 \ `\Sg1 +S+W1yaVSYH

h1ZS1 \ `\Sg1 SY11b YZ\-\ e\`YdWS`\O b1S4Y\YDDD DDD t"Y*r \b`Sg*1b S/1p b`S1O
,\VE ,\b \/Z* S4 ZSfB wabn b`S \31ab,1ZZmf /SZab,*E W13*kdp , \aZ\,1 ,a1f f`SabS*ZO
WSg*B b1gE mZ S ,qb\y dfD hSb*1baqE hb\ aVSf dh1ZSyDDD 
/1q b`S1/SZab,* q,Wq1baq
V*3/my S4 ZSf ,1h1ZE V*3/my ,a1Y\-dkE a`1O ]`qYmY S Z1]\a`1/ab,1ZZmY \babd]W1ZS1Y
/S ZSf Z1b ZS +\Wnj1-\E ZS Y1Znj1-\E V*3/my \b V\Zg1]gSS *+a\WpbZ\-\ 1/SZab,* ,\`O
q,Wq1baq \-\YE Z\ ,a1 ,Y1ab1 \ZS P \/SZ g*x1D
\-xD S+W1yaV\1 WS ob\ dh1ZS1H *V V*V
Sada +mW 1,`11YE 1-\ dhSWS 3Sbn
+mhZ\ , ]\//1`3Vd ob\-\ dh1ZSq ]`SO , a\-W*aSS a obSY ]\,1W1ZS1YD aV\`1 ]\aW1
,\/qb aW\,*
Sada* S4 *be1q 6<B5=B w
/SO V`1k1ZSqE V\-/* 1-\ SaVdj*W nq,\WE \Z
b1E Z*dhSb1 ,a1 Z*`\/mE V`1abq Sf ,\ SYq bO aV*4*WB wb\y/SE *b*Z*I 1/n Z*]Sa*Z\B
g* S mZ* S ,qb\-\ df*x L SZ\/*WnZmy ]1O t \VW\Zqyaq b,\1Yd \-d
1-\,1 S b\WnV\
`1,\/MD 1yab,Sb1WnZ\E , ob\Y abSf1 d]\YSO 1Yd a\,1`j*y a,qk1ZZ\1 aWd31ZS1rx L*bO
Z*pbaq b1gE mZ S a,qb\y /dfD /Z*V\ , Z1Y e1q 8B5>C b\`\4*V\ZS1 :B57MD
4 ob\-\
ZSh1-\ Z1 -\,\`Sbaq \ b\YE hb\ \ZS \/Z\D
SO aWdh*q Y\3Z\ a/1W*bn ]\ Y1Znj1y Y1`1
ada ]\,1W1W a,\SY ]\aW1/\,*b1WqYE V\b\`m1 /,* ,m,\/*D \O]1`,mfE *b*Z* ]mb*Waq
+mWS 1,`1qYSE dhSbn Wp/1y S V`1abSbn Sf ,\ 4*ab*,Sbn
Sada* ]\VW\ZSbnaq V\YdOb\ V`\O
SYq bg*E mZ* S a,qb\-\ /df*D  ,\ hb\ ,1O Y1
1-\,mE hb\ +mW\ +m +1aaYmaW1ZZmYE
`SWS 1,`1SH
1aWS +m
Sada +mW h*abnp \-*D \O,b\`mfE
\-/* Z*`\/
4`*SWn ,abd]SW , a\-W*j1O
Sada qaZ\ ]\V*4*WE hb\ ]\VW\Zqbnaq aW1/dO
ZS1 *V\Z*E ab*,j11 h*abnp S+WSSE 1Yd ]\O 1b b\WnV\ \/Z\Yd \-dE aV*4*, wb\WnV\ 1YdxE
,1W1,*W\anB w b1+q Z1 /\W3Z\ +mbn /`d-Sf
Musee du Louvre, Paris

* Z1 wZ*YxE V*V \Z aV*4*W +mE +d/n \Z h*abnp


+\-\,E V`\Y1 Y1Zqx L b\`\4*V\ZS1 9B;MD `\SgmD
V\WnV\ WShZ\ab1y ]`\S4Z1aW\ obS aW\,*H \
b\`\4*V\ZSS :B8 qaZ\ -\,\`SbaqB w Wdj*yE \-/* Wp/S ]`S\+`1b*pb b\hZ\1 4Z*ZS1 \

4`*SWnB Z*j \-
1-\,* P \/SZ
1-\,* \-1 S d ZSf ]\q,Wq1baq 31W*ZS1 aWd3Sbn

* Z1 b`S , \/Z\YxD 14*/\W-\ /\ b\-\ S4`*O 1YdE \ZS V`1abqbaq w,\ SYq bg*E mZ* S
SWnbqZ1 +mWS \a,\+\3/1Zm a,qb\-\ /df*x L*be1q 6<B5=MD ZS ]`S4Z*pb
S4 -S]b*E -/1 +mW\ ]`SZqO ,W*abn
1-\,m S `\Wn
Sada* `Sab* , Sa]\WO
b\ ]\VW\Z1ZS1 b`S*/*Y +\O Z1ZSS -\ Z*Y1`1ZSq L a*W\Y <7B5<C *bO
-\,E Z*]`SY1` aS`SadE e1q 6<B5<MD *V31 \ZS ]\ZSY*pb `\Wn a,qO

aS/1 S \`d LaW1,*MD \oO b\-\ /df* \-*E b\ 1abn 1-\ /1yab,dpk1y aSWm
b\Yd S4`*SWnbqZ*Y ]\,1O L mbS1 5B6C *W*b*Y 9B66E 67C 6 1b`* 5B65MD
W1,*W\an ]\VW\Zqbnaq b\WnO h1ZS1 \ `\Sg1 ,1V*YS ]`S,\/SW\ Wp/1y
V\ \/Z\Yd \-dD *aV\WnV\ , 4*Y1j*b1Wnab,\D
Sada 31 /*W a,\SY ]\aO
a1`n14ZmY +mW\ ob\ ]\,1O W1/\,*b1WqY b\hZm1 4Z*ZSq S ]\Y\- SY ]`SO
W1ZS1H *,,SZ \41e 1`g +WS4Sbnaq V w1/SZab,1ZZ\Yd SabSZZ\Yd \O
Z*]Sa*WB w `\,\4-W*j1ZS1 -dx P
1-\,1 L
\*ZZ* 5;B7MD
Y\Z\b1S4Y* \/Z\,`1Y1ZZ\
1 1`* , 1/SZ\-\ \-*E ,m`*31ZZ*q , Y\WSb,1E Z*4m,*1Y\y
ab*W\ \+lq,W1ZS1Y ,\yZm w"Y*x L\aZ\,*ZZ\y Z* b\`\4*V\ZSS :B8ME a\ab*,Wq1b \aZ\,d
,a1YdE hb\ a,q4*Z\ a ]\WSO +\-\aWd31ZSy , aSZ*-\-*fD

 ) ") 5  6>56 23



&



]\SaV*f a\V`\,Sk
4\W\bmf -\` Wb*q
  ]`1V`*aZmy Y*yaVSy /1ZnD m h1baq d,S/1bn b1f -WdfSf *Wb*yg1,E S Ym `1O
, `1a]d+WSV1 Wb*y P `1-S\Z1 ,\afSbSO
b1WnZ\y V`*a\bmE `*a]\W\31ZZ\Y Z* p-\O4*O
j*1Y ]\1f*bn bd/* S Z*ybS SfD *j1 ,\\/dO
j1,W1ZS1 ]1`1/*1baq ad]`d31aV\y ]*`1 -WdO
]*/1
S+S`SD 4 Z*j1-\ \VZ* ,S/Z* ]\W\aV* fSfE (`Sp S *bnqZ1E S \ZS b\31 a\+S`*pbaq
b1YZ\-\ a\aZ\,\-\ W1a*E * 4* Z1y P `*a]Wm,O ]\1f*bn a Z*YSD m VW*/1Y , YSV`\*,b\+da
h*bm1 \h1`b*ZSq ,1WSh1ab,1ZZmf -\Wd+mf ,S/1\/SaVS a ]d+WSV*gSqYS Z* 31ab\,\Y
-\` a ]\V`mbmYS aZ1-\Y ,1`jSZ*YSD 'b* \bO q4mV1 S DVD-]`\S-`m,*b1WnE +1`1Y +\Wnj\y
/*W1ZZ*q -\`Sab*q Y1abZ\abn P 41YWq *WO b1`Y\aE +db1`+`\/m S4 `3*Z\-\ fW1+* a V\]O
b*yg1,E Wp/1y a *4S*baVSYS h1`b*YS WSg*E h1Z\y V\W+*a\y S a,13S1 ]S`\3VS a V*]dab\y
V\b\`m1 -\,\`qb Z* a,\1Y q4mV1D ZS ]`1O S V*`b\jV\yD *]\aW1/\V Ym bk*b1WnZ\ \+O
V`*aZ\ a1+q hd,ab,dpb , Wb*yaVSf -\`*fE `*+*bm,*1Y ,ap \/13/d S \+d,n *o`\4\W1Y \b
Z*4,*ZS1 V\b\`mf ]`\Saf\/Sb \b bp`VaV\O oZg1e*WSbZmf VW1k1yE V\b\`mf 4/1an \h1Zn
Y\Z-\WnaV\-\ aW\,*E \4Z*h*pk1-\ w4\W\b\yxD YZ\-\D
1aV\WnV\ W1b Z*4*/ Ym a 31Z\y ab*WS \ /\`\-1 ]1`1/ Z*YS \bV`m,*pbaq ,\afSO
dhSbn `daaVSy 31ab\,my q4mVE S a1yh*a Ym bSb1WnZm1 -\`Zm1 ]1y4*3SD \4/df Z*]\WO
]\a1k*1Y a\+`*ZSq S Z1+\WnjS1 -`d]]m Z1Z *`\Y*b*YS 3*aYSZ* S aS`1ZSE hb\ ]`S,\O
-WdfSf
,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mD  \aaSS Wp/S /Sb Z*a , ,\ab\`-D m ,S/SY ab*/\ Y*`*W\,E
-\,\`qb +\W11 h1Y Z* 5>> q4mV*f S ]`SZ*/W1O aS+S`aVSf \W1Z1yE V\b\`m1 YS`Z\ ]\kS]mO
3*b V ;> VdWnbd`*YE Z\ ,a1f Sf \+l1/SZq1b ,*pb b`*,VdD  *Wb*yaVSf ]\a1W1ZSqf /\Y*
\/SZ q4mV P `daaVSyD WdfSf \+l1/SZq1b , \aZ\,Z\Y /1`1,qZZm1 a 31W14ZmYS V`mj*O

/`d-\y q4mV P `daaVSy 31ab\,myD
`1/S YSD q/\Y a\ YZ\-SYS S4 ZSf ab\qb *ymWm P
-WdfSf Wp/1y adk1ab,dpb \h1Zn b1aZm1 Z1+\WnjS1E V*V ]`*,SW\ j1abSd-\WnZm1E /1O
VdWnbd`Zm1 a,q4SD \hbS ,a1E V\-\ Ym ,ab`1O `1,qZZm1 /\YSVS a V\ZSh1aV\y V`mj1yD 1O
h*1YE -\ab1]`SSYZm S \f\bZ\ `*aaV*4m,*pb \ V\b\`m1 ]\ e\`Y1 Z*]\YSZ*pb ,S-,*Ym S
a1+1D \a\+1ZZ\ ob\ 4*Y1bZ\ Z* Wb*1D
 \`Z\OWb*yaV1 Z*Y -\,\`qb \ b\YE
hb\ , Z1+\Wnj\y /1`1,djV1 , 69> VSW\Y1bO
`*f \bap/* 3S,1b Z1aV\WnV\ -WdfSfD m 4Z*O
1YE hb\ b*Y 1abn
,S/1b1WS 1-\,mE Z\ ZSVb\
S4 ZSf Z1 ,W*/11b 31ab\,mY q4mV\YD *Y f\O

24  ) ") 5  6>56


`S ]`SqbZ\ ]*fZ1b /1`1O
,\Y S am,\`\bV\yD  ,1`fO
Z1y h*abS V\Zda\\+`*4Z\y
V`mjS Z*f\/Sbaq V`d-W\1
\b,1`abS1E h1`14 V\b\`\1
]\]*/*1b a,1bD  d-Wd ab\O
Sb ]\V`mb*q S4,1abnp
VS`]ShZ*q ]1hnE Z* ab1O
Z*f ,Saqb ,SjZ1,\OV`*aO
Zm1 V\,`mD *a d-\k*pb *Wb*yO
aVSY +Wp/\Y P Y*W1ZnVSYS ]mjO
]\V`mbm /`1,1aZ\y V\`\yD Z\O V*YSE * b*V31 h*1Y , Z1+\WnjSf ]SO
-S1 *Wb*yaVS1 a1YnS 3S,db , *yO *W*fD m a]`*jS,*1YE ,1`qb WS
mW*f a Y*q ]\ a1Zbq+`nE * Z* \ZSE hb\ ,\4Y\3Z\ ab*bn /`d-\Y \O
\ab*WnZ\1 ,`1Yq ]1`1+S`*pbaq , -*E S \ZS 4*/dYm,*pbaq Z*/ ,\]`\O
/\YD a\YD *bn 31Zm `*aaV*4m,*1b Z*YE
 /1`1,Z1 Z*a b1]W\ ]`S,1bO hb\ \Z*E V\-/* +mW* Y*W1ZnV\yE \/O
ab,dpb Y1abZm1
,S/1b1WSE S Z*3/m ]\jW* , -\`m S b*Y ]`SZ1aO
\ZS ]`\,\3*pb Z*a /\ /\Y* a1Y1yZ\y ]*`m W* +\-*Y 1/d , V*h1ab,1 31`b,mD w*h1Y P
-WdfSf *Wb*yg1,D 'bS Wp/S `*/m Z*j1Yd q Z1 4Z*pEP ]\3SY*1b \Z* ]W1h*YS S dWm+*O
]`Sf\/d S f\bqb d4Z*bnE \bVd/* Ym S h1Y 1baqDP *V\y d Z*a +mW \+mh*yxD
4*ZSY*1YaqD V*4m,*1baqE d ZSf 1abn V\Y]npO m ]\V*4m,*1Y SY ,S/1\eSWnY Z* obd b1O
b1`E S ]\ob\YdE V\-/* Ym /\ab*1Y ,S/1\O YdE S Sf WSg* ]`\a,1bWqpbaqD ZS \h1Zn f\O
/SaVE \ZS Z*ab*S,*pb Z* b\YE hb\+m ,Y1ab1 bqb ]`\/\W3Sbn `*4-\,\`E Z\ V*V ob\ a/1O
1-\ ]\aY\b`1bnD ZS bdb 31 ]1`1ab*pb \+O W*bnH
-WdfSYS W1-V\ ]\//1`3S,*bn \+k1O
`*k*bn Z* Z*a ,ZSY*ZS1D 1 \b`m,*q -W*4 ZS1 a ]\Y\knp b1Vab\,mf a\\+k1ZSyE \/Z*V\
\b Y\ZSb\`*E \ZS ,`1Yq \b ,`1Y1ZS ]\,b\`qO , ob\Y `*y\Z1 a\b\,*q a,q4n Z1/\abd]Z*D \oO
pb 31abmE V\b\`m1 ,S/qbE S VS,*pb , 4Z*V a\O b\Yd Ym \+1k*1Y ]1`1]Sam,*bnaq a ZSYS ]\
-W*aSqD *Y a b`d/\Y d/*1baq ]`S,W1hn V a1O ]\hb1D
+1 Sf ,ZSY*ZS1E hb\+m \ab*Z\,Sbn eSWnY S
\WZg1 d31 a*/SbaqE V\-/* Ym b1]W\ `*aO
,1`Zdbnaq V ]1`,mY o]S4\/*YE , V\b\`mf S4\O ab*1Yaq a a1Yn1y -WdfSf SE dab*Wm1E Z\ `*O
+`*3*1baq V`*aS,my 41YZ\y `*yD
/1W*, ]*dO /\abZm1E \b]`*,Wq1Yaq \+`*bZ\ , \`Z\OWO
b*yaVD \4/Z11 Ym SZb1`1ad1Yaq d Y1abZmf
4d Z* \/Z\y ag1Z1E Ym \+lqaZq1YE hb\ \- a/1O 
W*1b /Wq h1W\,1h1ab,* S V*VS1 Wp/S +d/db
,S/1b1W1y b\y a1Yn1y S d4Z*1YE hb\ `*4 ,
3Sbn ,1hZ\ , daW\,SqfE ]\V*4*ZZmf Z* oV`*O /,1 Z1/1WS Yd3 14/Sb , -\`\/E -/1 Y1abZ*q a1O
ab`*E V\b\`*q 4Z*1b 31ab\,my q4mVE ]\Y\-*O
Z1D *a `*/d1b Sf 3S,\y SZb1`1aD  V\Zg1 +1O
1b 1Yd S4dh*bn S+WSp S ]1`1,\/Sb 1Yd ]`\O
a1/m \ZS -\,\`qbE hb\ , /`d-\y /1`1,Z1 , Z1O
-`*YYd ,ab`1h a\+`*ZSqD *V Ym `*/mE hb\
aV\WnVSf h*a*f 14/m \b ZSf 3S,1b 1k1 \/Z* Z*jS daSWSq ]`SZ1aWS ]W\/mI
ad]`d31aV*q ]*`* -WdfSfD
*jS ]\SaVS -WdfSf Wp/1y a SaV`1ZZSY
m aZ\,* \b]`*,Wq1Yaq , ]dbnD `\1f*, a1`/g1Y Y\3Z\ a`*,ZSbn a ]\SaV\Y a\V`\O
h1`14 ]1`1,*W ]\ /\`\-1E ,/\Wn V\b\`\y a ,SkE aV`mbmf , Z1/`*f -\`D \W-S1 h*am ]\O
\+1Sf ab\`\Z ,\4,mj*pbaq aV*WmE Ym a]dO SaV\, ,\4Z*-`*3/*pbaqE V\-/* Z*Y d/*1baq
aV*1Yaq ]\ a1`]*ZbSZd , Y*W1ZnVdp /1`1O Z*ybS \/SZ SWS /,* a*Y\`\/V*E V*V V*31baqE
,djVdD m 4*ab*1Y /\Y* a1Ynp -WdfSf P YdO a\,1`j1ZZ\ aWdh*yZ\D Wq Z*a -\`m Wb*q
3*E 31ZdE Sf Y*W1ZnV\-\ amZ* S Y*bn 31ZmD ,a1-/* \ab*Zdbaq 4\W\bmYSE S +d/db Z*]\O
ZS \h1Zn `*/m Z13/*ZZmY -\abqYD m ,f\O YSZ*bn Z*Y \+ SaV`1ZZSf Wp/qfE V\b\`mf Ym
/SY h1`14 Y*W1ZnVdp /,1`n Sf *ymW*D ZdbO 4/1an ,ab`1bSWSD
,1b* S bV*ZS

 



 a\/1`3Sbaq YZ\31ab,\ d]\YSZ*ZSy


\ abSWqf S g,1b*f \/13/mE V\b\`dp Z\aSWS
3S,jS1 , b\ ,`1Yq Wp/SE * b*V31 \ Y*b1`S*W*fE S4
V\b\`mf \Z* S4-\b*,WS,*W*anD
\Z1hZ\E S+WSq P ob\ Z1 a]`*,\hZSV ]\ abSWqY
\/13/mD a1 31 b*VS1 /1b*WS ]\Y\-*pb hSb*b1Wp
Wdhj1 ]`1/ab*,Sbn \]Sam,*1Ym1 , Z1y a\+mbSqD
*]`SY1`E Ym hSb*1Y \ b\YE V*V /*Y S ,*E hb\O
+m ]`SV`mbn a,\p Z*-\bdE ajSWS Z*+1/`1ZZm1 ]\O
,q4VS S4 WSabn1, SZ3S`*D /Z*V\ ]\4/Z11 \- /*W
SY w/WSZZdp V\3*Zdp \/13/dxE V\b\`*q +mW* +\O
W11 ]`\hZ\y L mbS1 7B;E 65MD
 6<Oy S 7=Oy -W*,*f VZS-S af\/ a\/1`3Sbaq
]\/`\+Z\1 \]Sa*ZS1 \/13/m S4`*SWnaV\-\ ]1`,\aO
,qk1ZZSV*B WnZqZ\1 ZS3Z11 +1Wn1E +1W*q `d+*jO
V*E bV*Zmy ]\qaE aSZ11 +14`dV*,Z\1 ]W*bn1E `*ajSO
bmy 1e\/E Z*-`d/ZSVE * b*V31 bp`+*Z a +W1abqk1y
4\W\b\y ]W*abSZ\yD /Z\-\ ]1`1hSaW1ZSq g1ZZmf
Y*b1`S*W\,E V\b\`m1 jWS Z* S4-\b\,W1ZS1 ob\y
\/13/mE /\ab*b\hZ\E hb\+m ]`1/ab*,SbnE Z*aV\WnO
V\ ,]1h*bWqpk1E /\W3Z\ +mbnE \Z* ,m-Wq/1W* L aO
f\/ 7=B5P9E 66P6=MD "1`abn S W1Z
`\`\V Wnq b*V \bWSh*Waq \b /`d-Sf a,\1y +S+W1yaVS1 ,`1Y1Z* \,1g `*4,\O
\/13/\yE hb\ Wp/S Y\-WS W1-V\ \]`1/1WSbnE hb\ /SWS -W*,ZmY \+`*4\Y `*/S Y\W\V*
`1hn S/1b \ Z1YE daWmj*, aW\,*B w * Z1Y +mW* ,\O S j1`abSD a1-\ WSjn Z1aV\WnV\ \,1g
W\aqZ*q \/13/* S V\3*Zmy ]\qa Z* +1/`*fxD
b\W1O /*,*WS /\ab*b\hZ\ j1`abSE hb\+m S4O
-\b\,Sbn \/13/d /Wq ,a1y a1YnSD aWS
bSq a]dabq Z1V\b\`m1 ]`SZqWS \*ZZ* `1abSb1Wq d h1W\,1V* +mW\ +\Wnj\1 ab*/\E \Z Y\-
4* WnpE \bh*abSE ,1`\qbZ\E S4O4* af\/ab,* , \/13O ]`\/*bn S4WSj1V j1`abS ]`q/SWnkSO
/1 L6 *`1y 5B<C *be1q 7B8C \*ZZ* 5B65MD V*Y S bV*h*YD Z1V\b\`mf -\`\/*f S
/1`1,Zqf /*31 adk1ab,\,*WS bV*gVS1
V*ZS S g,1b*D S+WSq h*ab\ d]\YSZ*1b \ `*4O \+l1/SZ1ZSqD /*,ZSf ,`1Y1Z ab`S3O
Zmf Y*b1`S*W*fE S4 V\b\`mf S4-\b*,WS,*WS \/13O V* \,1g +mW* h*abnp 131-\/Zmf `*O
+\b L mbS1 75B5=C 7<B57C 5 *YdSW*
26  ) ") 5  6>56 69B8E 55MD
w
)) 
&E
 ) " &x
L
 6: B5M

`q/1ZS1
b/1WnZm1 ,\W\VO
/dE \ V`*aSWnZmf ,1k1ab,*fE * b*V31 \ b\YE V*V ]`qO Z* WnZ*E \,1hn1y SWS
WSE bV*WS S jSWS1D
*YmYS `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZZmYS V\4n1y j1`abS aWSjO
Y*b1`S*W*YS +mWS j1`abn S W1ZD + ,1W1 , S+O V\Y V\`\bVS1 S Z1O
WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ \Z ]*a \,1gE Z\ Z1 a\\+k*1baqE `*4O ]`\hZm1D \ob\Yd Sf
]`qWSE b\ 1abn aV`dO
,\/SW WS \Z Sf `*/S j1`abS L mbS1 8B6MD w/13/*
hS,*WSE hb\+m ]\WdO
S4 Wdhj1-\ WnZ*x ,]1`,m1 d]\YSZ*1baq , S+O
hSbn ]`q3d Zd3Z\y
WSS , a,q4S a \aSe\Y S e*`*\Z\YE V\b\`m1 3SWS ,
b\WkSZm S /WSZmD
XVIII ,1V1 /\ ZD oD L mbS1 85B86MD  Z1y Z1 -\,\`Sbaq \
 /\+`\/1b1WnZ\y
b\YE hb\ 1,`1S Z\aSWS \/13/d S4 fW\]V*E b1Y Z1 Y1O 31Z1 , S+WSS -\,\O
Z11 Z* WS3Z1Y \ab\V1 1-\ Sa]\Wn4dpb a /`1,ZSf `SbaqB w1 `dVS bqO
,`1Y1ZD Zdbaq V ]`qWV1 S +1O
4 b\ZVSf WnZqZmf S j1`abqZmf ,\W\V\Z ]`qWS `dbaq 4* ,1`1b1Z\x
]`q3d `*4WShZ\y b\WkSZmD *b1Y S4 ZSb1y S4-\O L `SbhS 75B5>E 5=MD 'bS aW\,* dV*O
b*,WS,*WS bV*ZnD SbS S VdaVS bV*ZS \V`*jS,*WS 4m,*pb Z* ]`\g1aa ]`q/1ZSq a ]\O
, a*Ym1 `*4Zm1 g,1b*D *W11 \b`14*WS Vda\V bV*ZSE Y\knp ]`qWVS S ,1`1b1Z* P ]\
a\\b,1bab,dpkSy `*4Y1`d h1W\,1V*D \b\,dp \/13O adbSE /,df ]*W\h1VD
/d h*ab\ dV`*j*WS ,mjS,V\y SWS ]1`1]W1b1ZZmO /Z\y `dV\y 31ZkSZ* /1`3*W*
YS Y13/d a\+\y `*4Z\g,1bZmYS ZSbqYSE hb\ /1W*W\ ]`qWVdE Z* V\b\`dp +mWS a,\+\/Z\
11 +\W11 ]`S,W1V*b1WnZ\y S /\`\-\y L
d/1y 9B7>MD Z*Y\b*Zm ,\W\VZ*D `d-\y `dV\y
\Z* +`*W* Z1aV\WnV\ ,\W\V\ZE aV`dO
1 \W11 ]\/`\+Z\ \+ ob\Y Y\3Z\ d4Z*bn S4 a\]dbab,dpkSf `*Y\VD
hS,*W* Sf , ZSbn S ]`SV`1]WqW* 11 V
V`phVd SWS ,m1YV1 Z* \/Z\Y V\Zg1
,1`1b1Z*D * /`d-\Y 1-\ V\Zg1 V`1O
]SWaq -`d4E aWd3S,jSy Y*f\,SV\YD
1`3* ,1`1b1Z\ ,1`bSV*WnZ\ S
  ,`*k*q 1-\E \Z* aV`dhS,*W* ,\W\VO




Z* , ZSbn \]`1/1W1ZZ\y b\WkSZmD
,Sbdp ZSbn \Z* Z*Y*bm,*W* Z*
,1`1b1Z\E S ]`\g1aa ]\,b\`qWaqE
`d-\y `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZZmy ,S/ ]\V* ,a1 ,\W\VZ* Z* ]`qWV1 Z1
bV*ZS S4-\b*,WS,*WS S4 ,\W\V\Z WnZ* ]`1,`*k*WSan , \/Zd /WSZZdp
L
af\/ =B75MD 1Z a\+S`*WS aW1-V* ZSbnD \b\,m1 ZSbS V`*aSWS SWS
Z1/\4`1WmYD b1+WS adjSWS Z* a\WZO
S4 ZSf S4-\b*,WS,*WS bV*ZnD
g1E * 4*b1Y 4*Y*hS,*WS , ,\/1E hb\O
+m `*4Yq-hSbn b,1`/m1 h*abSD \aO
W1 ,mamf*ZSq 1-\ b`1]*WSE hb\+m
\b/1WSbn ,\W\VZ*E * 4*b1Y ]`qWS
ZSbS /Wq S4-\b\,W1ZSq bV*ZSD
*`aVS1 \a\+m S 4Z*bZm1 Wp/S
]`1/]\hSb*WS Z\aSbn WnZqZdp
\/13/dD
27
 S+WSS Z1\/Z\V`*bZ\ d]\YSZ*1baq Y*b1`Sq aSO
Z1-\E ]d`]d`Z\-\ S b1YZ\OV`*aZ\-\ g,1b\,D 4O
`*SWnbqZ*Y +mW\ aV*4*Z\E hb\+m \ZS wZ*/ +*f`\O
Y\y ]`\bq-S,*WS aSZSy jZd`\Vx V*V Z*]\YSZ*ZS1
\+ Sf \a\+mf \bZ\j1ZSqf a 1-\,\y \-\Y LSaW*

59B7<P8>MD ,`1yaVS1 aW\,* bof1W1bE V\b\`\1 \+\O

4Z*h*1b \bb1Z\V aSZ1-\E S *`-*Y*ZE V\b\`\1 \+mhO
Z\ ]1`1,\/Sbaq V*V w]d`]d`ZmyxE *aa\gSS`\,*WSan
a \/13/\y ]1`,\a,qk1ZZSV* S dV`*j1ZSqYS , a,qO
k1ZZ\Y j*b`1 S f`*Y1D


,qk1ZZmy j*b1` S f`*YD
,qk1ZZmy j*b1`
, ]dabmZ1 P * ]\4/Z11 f`*Y , 1`da*WSY1 P aWdO
3SW g1Zb`\Y ]\VW\Z1ZSq S4`*SWnbqZD \ob\Yd ]\O
ZqbZ\E hb\ \]Sa*ZSq ab`\Sb1Wnab,* a,qk1ZZ\-\
j*b`* S f`*Y*
\W\Y\Z* a\]`\,\3/*pbaq YZ\-\O
hSaW1ZZmYS /1b*WqYSD  ZSf dV*4m,*pbaq Z1 b\WnO
V\ Y*b1`S*Wm S Sf g,1b*E Z\ S ]\/`\+Z\abS b\-\E
V*V ]`qWSE V`*aSWSE jSWS S ,mjS,*WS ]\V`\,m
j*b`* S 4*Z*,1amD
\/ `dV\,\/ab,\Y \-* SaVdaZm1 Y*ab1`* 1a1O `*j1ZS1
W1SW S -\WS*,E * b*V31 /`d-S1 Yd3hSZm S 31ZO \aW1 b\-\ V*V j1`abn S W1Z a]`qO
kSZm , b\hZ\abS ,m]\WZSWS /*ZZ\1 SY ]\`dh1O WS S \hSabSWSE ZSbS SWS VdaVS bV*ZS
ZS1 S ]\ab`\SWS j*b1` a\+`*ZSqE /\ab\yZmy ]\O \V`*jS,*WS , `*4WShZm1 g,1b*D Wq
VW\Z1ZSq 1-\,1 L af\/ 79B7>P79MD  6:Oy -W*,1 ]\Wdh1ZSq +\W11 Z*amk1ZZ\-\ g,1b*
VZS-S af\/ , Y1Wnh*yjSf ]\/`\+Z\abqf \]Sam,*O ZSbS SWS bV*Zn 4*Y*hS,*WS , V`*aqO
1baqE V*V S S4 V*VSf Y*b1`S*W\, +mWS a/1W*Zm ,a1 k1Y `*ab,\`1 Z1aV\WnV\ `*4D \-/*
h*abS a,qk1ZZ\-\ j*b`*D  ]`SY1`dE 1-\ +\WnjS1 bV*Zn /\ab*,*WS S4 h*Z*E 11 ,m3SY*O
WSE hb\+m V`*aVd Y\3Z\ +mW\ Sa]\WnO
q`VS1 ]\W\bZSk* +mWS a\bV*Zm S4 wWdhj1y V`dO
4\,*bn ]\,b\`Z\E ]\aV\WnVd \Z* ab\SO
h1Z\y WnZqZ\y ZSbSE aSZ1y ZSbSE ]d`]d`Z\y j1`O W* /\`\-\D *b1Y \V`*j1ZZm1 ZSbS

abS S q`V\OV`*aZ\y ]`q3SxD
V\`11 ,a1-\E +\Wnjdp SWS bV*Zn adjSWSD
h*abn obSf Y*b1`S*W\, S4`*SWnbqZ1 ,4qWS S4 -S]O /`1,Z\abS Z1 +mW\ aSZb1bSh1aVSf
b* ,\ ,`1Yq Saf\/*D a\+\1 ,ZSY*ZS1 +mW\ d/1W1O V`*aSb1W1yE Z\ Wp/S Z*dhSWSan ]\WdO
Z\ q`V\Yd ]W\bZ\Yd 4*Z*,1adE Z* V\b\`\Y +mWS ,mO h*bn dab\yhS,m1 V`*aVS 3S,\bZ\-\ S
jSbm S4\+`*31ZSq f1`d,SY\, S V\b\`my \b/1WqW `*abSb1WnZ\-\ ]`\Saf\3/1ZSq a*Ymf
,Zdb`S j*b`* w
,qb\1 \b
,qb\-\ a,qbmfx L af\/ `*4Zmf g,1b\, S \bb1ZV\,D *]`SY1`E
6:B5E 75P77MD \/\+Zdp `*+\bd ]`\/1W*WS b1E Vb\ 31Wbmy g,1b ]\Wdh*WS S4 WSabn1,
SY1W /1W\ a bV*ZqYS ,\ ,`1Yq ab`\Sb1Wnab,* 1`dO YSZ/*Wq S b\Wh1Z\y V\3d`m -`*Z*b*E
a*WSYaV\-\ f`*Y* ]\/ `dV\,\/ab,\Y g*`q
\W\Y\Z* * h1`Zmy P S4 V\`m -`*Z*b\,\-\ /1O
L6 1b\]San 6B5E ;MD `1,*D `*aZmy g,1b ]\Wdh*WS S4 V\`O
Z1y Y*`1Zm SWS S4 Z*a1V\YmfE V1`O
4 ]\/`\+Z\ab1yE a\/1`3*kSfaq , S+WSSE Ym Y1a\,mf h1`,1g\,D SZpp V`*aVd
Y\31Y 4*VWphSbnE hb\ 1,`1S , /`1,Z\abS ]`\q,WqO S4,W1V*WS S4 g,1b\, SZ/S-\e1`mD
WS S4\+`1b*b1WnZ\abn S Y*ab1`ab,\E `*+\b*q a /\O  a\h1b*ZS1 ]S-Y1Zb\, `*4Zmf

28  ) ") 5  6>56


abd]ZmYS SY Y*b1`S*W*YSD *V ,S/Z\E dVW*/ 3S4O
ZS S4`*SWnbqZ Z1 +mW Y`*hZmYE * \/13/* P Z1O
,4`*hZ\y S \/Z\\+`*4Z\yC Z*]`\bS,E Sf \/13/* +mO
W* a*Y\-\ `*4Z\-\ ]\V`\q S g,1b*E ]`*4/ZShZ\y S
]\,a1/Z1,Z\y S a\\b,1bab,\,*W* ,`1Y1ZS -\/* S Sf
+W*-\a\ab\qZSpD
 S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ S4`*SWnbqZ1 ]\WdhSWS f\O
`\jdp 41YWpE w41YWpE -/1 b1h1b Y\W\V\ S Y1/x L aO
f\/ 7B<C b\`\4*V\ZS1 6:B=E 59MD \-/* \ZS ]\VW\ZqO
WSan 1-\,1E Z* ZSf ]\V\SW\an 1-\ +W*-\aW\,1O
ZS1D f 3S4Zn +mW* +14Yqb13Z\yE \ZS Sa]mbm,*WS
d/\,W1b,\`1ZS1 S ah*abn1D *]`SY1`E Ym hSb*1YB
w\ ,a1 /ZS g*`q
\W\Y\Z* d/* S 4`*SWn 3SWS
+14\]*aZ\E V*3/my ]\/ a,\1y ,SZ\-`*/Z\y W\4\y S
]\/ a,\SY SZ3S`\YE \b *Z* /\ S`a*,SSx L5 *`1y
8B69MD

V*h1ab,\
Y\WWpaV\, /*,*W\ g,1b* S \bb1ZVS \b b\+m a\bV*bn bV*Zn Zd3Z\-\ `*4O
]d`]d`Z\-\ S aSZ1-\ /\ b1YZ\OV`*aO Y1`* /Wq S4-\b\,W1ZSq \/13/m SWS
Z\-\D /`d-Sf ,1k1yE Sa]\Wn4\,*WS bV*gVSy
V\WnV\ Zd3Z\ +mW\ Y\WWpaV\,E ab*Z\VD * Z1Y ZSbS \aZ\,m ]1`1]W1O
hb\+m ]\V`*aSbn V*V\yOZS+d/n ]`1/O b*WS a ]\]1`1hZmYS ZSbqYS dbV*D SO
Y1b \/13/mH /SZ Y\WWpaV /*1b bS dbV* ]\]1`1Y1ZZ\ ]`\/1,*WS Z*/
b*V Y*W\ ]S-Y1Zb*E hb\E a\-W*aZ\ \/O S ]\/ ZSbqYS \aZ\,mD
Z\Yd ]\/ah1bdE b`1+\,*W\an \V\W\ +S+W1yaVS1 ,`1Y1Z* bV*gVS1
5> >>> Y\WWpaV\,E hb\+m ]\V`*aSbn ab*ZVS ]`1/ab*,WqWS a\+\y SWS -\`SO
Z*VS/Vd SWS /WSZZdp \/13/d , ]d`O 4\Zb*WnZm1 `*YmE V\b\`m1 dab*Z*,O
]d`Zmy g,1b P ]\SabSZ1 g*`aVSy Z*O WS,*WSan Z* ]\WdE SWS ,ma\VS1 ,1`O
`q/I hSb*1baqE hb\ ,\ ,`1Yq ]`*,W1O 
 bSV*WnZm1 `*YmD Z1V\b\`mf
( 
ZSq ,*,SW\ZaV\-\ g*`q *+\ZS/* ,1`bSV*WnZmf ab*ZV*f V ZS3ZSY V\ZO
j1`abn ]d`]d`Z\-\ g,1b* ab\SW* , g*Y ZSb1y \aZ\,m V`1]SWaq -`d4D *O
8> `*4 /\`\31E h1Y j1`abn /`d-Sf VS1 -`d4m +mWS \+Z*`d31Zm ,\ YZ\O
g,1b\,D \aV\WnVd /`1,ZSy S` aW*O -Sf Y1ab*f Z* b1``Sb\`SS
4`*SWqD
,SWaq b1YE hb\ , Z1Y ]`\S4,\/SWS *V ]`*,SW\E V*3/*q a1Ynq S4O
obd /\`\-\ab\qkdp V`*aVdE ]d`]d` -\b*,WS,*W* bV*Zn /Wq a1+qE Z\ ,
ab*WS Z*4m,*bn bS`aVSY ]d`]d`\YD Z1V\b\`mf Y1ab*f bV*h1ab,\Y 4*ZSO
Y*WSan g1Wm1 /1`1,ZSD  ]`SY1`dE
, 5 1b\]SaS 8B65 -\,\`Sbaq \ wa1O
The Tel Dor Project

 )
"

) Ynqf `1Y1aW1ZZSV\,E ]`\S4,\/S,O

O jSf bV*Zn b\ZV\y `*+\bmxE hb\E \h1O
%   ,S/Z\E dV*4m,*1b Z* \+l1/SZ1ZS1
L&OE bV*h1yD


&D
III II   D 'DM
  
 

wZ /1`3*Waq
1-\,mx

"& WS bmE hb\ 4Z*hSb /1`3*bnaq V\O


-\OWS+\H1 'b\ \4Z*h*1b ahSb*bn 1-\
,*3ZmY , a,\1y 3S4ZSE Wp+Sbn S d,*3*bn 1-\D
*,*y ]\-\,\`SY \ h1W\,1V1E \ V\b\`\Y ,
S+WSS aV*4*Z\E hb\ w\Z /1`3*Waq
1-\,mxE
SabSZZ\-\ \-*D -\ 4,*WS 41VSqD *,*y
d4Z*1YE h1Yd 1-\ ]`SY1` Y\31b Z*a Z*dhSbnD
 41VSS +mW\ +14`*/\abZ\1 /1bab,\D -\
\b1gE f*4E g*`n
d/mE Z1 aWd3SW
1-\,1D Z
ab*W Z*a*3/*bn ]\VW\Z1ZS1 W\3ZmY +\-*YE
V\-/* 41VSq +mW 1k1 Y*WnhSV\YD f*4 /*O
31 d+SW ]\ Y1Znj1y Y1`1 \/Z\-\ S4 a,\Sf
amZ\,1y P `\/Z\-\ +`*b* 41VSS P S ]`SZ1a
1-\ , 31`b,d +\-dE V\b\`\Yd ]\VW\ZqWaqI
1aY\b`q Z* b\ hb\ f*4 b,\`SW ]W\fS1 /1O
W*E 41VSq aWdj*Waq
1-\,dD *V bm /dY*O
1jnE W1-V\ WS 1Yd +mW\ ob\ /1W*bnH \O
Z1hZ\ Z1bD \ 41VSq Z1 a/*,*WaqI *,*y
d4Z*1YE V*V d Z1-\ ]\Wdh*W\an /1`3*bnaq
1O
-\,m S V*V Ym Y\31Y ]\abd]*bn b*V 31D
41VSq d4Z*,*W \ Wp/qfE V\b\`m1 /1`O
3*WSan
1-\,mD /ZSY S4 ZSf +mW *,S/D \O
bq *,S/ 3SW Z1aV\WnVSYS ab\W1bSqYS `*Z11E
41VSq Y\- d4Z*bn \ Z1Y S4 Sa*ZSyD waWS
+m \ab*,SWS Y1Zq \b1g S Y*bnEP Z*]Sa*W *O
,S/EP
1-\,* ]`SZqW +m Y1ZqxD
Z*1jn WS bmE hb\ ]\Y\-*W\ *,S/d aWdO
j*bnaq
1-\,dH -\ ,1`*I *,S/ +mW
d+13/1ZE hb\ 1aWS \Z +d/1b aWdj*bnaq
1-\O
,dE b\ Z +d/1b ]\Y\-*bn 1YdD *,S/ Z1 a\O
YZ1,*Waq , ob\YD \E hb\ 41VSq `*4YmjWqW \
1 aWS ,m hSb*1b1 ,Y1ab1 a `1+1ZV\YE 4Z*V bSWn/* LM Z*O
]\YSZ*1b \ b\YE hb\ Y\3Z\ a/1W*bn ]*d4d S ]\+d/Sbn 1-\ ,mO
aV*4*bn a,\1 YZ1ZS1D

30
]`SY1`1 *,S/*E ]\Y\-*W\ 1Yd /1`3*bnaq

1-\,mE aWdj*qan 1-\D 1 a\YZ1,*yaqB 1aWS


bm b\31 +d/1jn /1`3*bnaq
1-\,mE aWdj*qan
1-\E b\ \Z +d/1b ]\//1`3S,*bn S b1+qD
\ V*V bm /\W31Z ]\abd]*bnE 1aWS ]*]*
SWS Y*Y* Z1 ]\VW\Zq1baq
1-\,1H \-
,1WSb /1bqY aWdj*bnaq `\/Sb1W1yD \ob\Yd
bm /\W31Z SY ]\/hSZqbnaqD /Z*V\E 1aWS `\O
/Sb1WS -\,\`qb b1+1 /1W*bn b\E hb\ \- 4*O
]`1k*1bE b1+1 ab\Sb \+lqaZSbn SYE ]\h1Yd bm
Z1 Y\31jn /1W*bn ob\D m Z1 /\W31Z W-*bnE
V`*abn SWS a\,1`j*bn /`d-S1 ]W\fS1 /1W*E V\O
b\`m1 \- \ad3/*1bE Z1,*3Z\E Vb\ b1+q V ob\O
Yd ]\/b*WVS,*1bD \/hSZqqan , b*V\y aSbd*O
gSS \-dE bm ]\abd]*1jn ]`*,SWnZ\I
Z\-S1 Wp/S \ab*,SWS Z*Y f\`\jSy ]`SO
Y1`D 41VSq Y\- ]\/`*3*bn Z1 b\WnV\ *,SO
/dE Z\ S a,\1Yd /1/djV1
\e*YdD \bq
\O
e*Y dY1` /\ b\-\E V*V `\/SWaq 41VSqE b\b
Y\- d4Z*,*bn \ Z1YD m b\31 Y\31Y hSb*bn \
Z1Y , S+WSSD *VS1 1k1 ]`SY1`m /Wq ]\/O
`*3*ZSq bm Y\31jn ,a]\YZSbnH
\Z1hZ\E S4 S+WSS bm Y\31jn d4Z*bn \
b\YE hb\ 41VSqE *,S/E
\e*Y S /`d-S1 Z1O
a\,1`j1ZZm1 Wp/S /\]daV*WS \jS+VSD \
\ZS Wp+SWS
1-\,dE `*aV*S,*WSan , a,\Sf
-`1f*f S ab*`*WSan ]\abd]*bn ]`*,SWnZ\D \O
YZSE hb\ a\,1`j1ZZmY +mW b\WnV\ mZ \-*E

SadaD \ob\Yd d4Z*,*y \ Z1Y +\Wnj1 S ab*O


`*yaq ]\/`*3*bn 1YdD


 


6 *`1y 5<B:C 6 1b\]San 6<B5P7


a*W\Y 6;B5>C 'e1aqZ*Y :B5
\W\aaqZ*Y 7B6>C 6 1b\]San 6;B5E 6
5 1b`* 6B65
 %  ) 

   H

b\ Sada , ,*j1Y ]`1/ab*,W1ZSS P Z\,\`\3/1ZZmy YW*/1Z1gE


h1W\,1V , ]`1/aY1`bZmf YdV*f SWS ]`\aW*,W1ZZmy *`nH

 S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ a1yh*a Sada Y\-dk1ab,1ZZmy


*`nD /Z*V\ V*V ob\ 4*b`*-S,*1b ,*aH
Z\-S1 ,1`qbE hb\ Sada \b/*W 4* ZSf a,\p 3S4ZnD \
V*V aY1`bn \/Z\-\ h1W\,1V*E V\b\`my 3SW \V\W\ 6 >>> W1b
Z*4*/E Y\31b ]`SZ1abS a]*a1ZS1 Wp/qYE 3S,dkSY a1-\/ZqH
m a1`/1hZ\ ]`S-W*j*1Y ,*a d4Z*bnE V*V S+WSq \b,1h*O
1b Z* obS ,\]`\amD ZS +d/db \+ad3/*bnaqE V\-/* ,S/1O
b1WS 1-\,m a\+1`dbaq ,Y1ab1E hb\+m \bY1bSbn -\/\,kSZd
aY1`bS Sada*
`Sab*D  b1Vdk1Y -\/d ob\ a\+mbS1 a\ab\O
Sbaq , h1b,1`-E 9 *]`1WqE ]\aW1 4*f\/* a\WZg*D
\hZ\1 ,`1Yq S */`1a ]`\,1/1ZSq ,ab`1hS ,m Y\31b1
d4Z*bn d ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mE 3S,dkSf , ,*j1y Y1abZ\abSD
 +WS3*yjS1 ,mf\/Zm1 ]\aW1 1h1`S ,\a]\YSZ*ZSq
aY1`bS Sada* , a\+`*ZSqf ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m +d/1b ]`\O
S4Z1a1Z* SZb1`1aZ*qE \aZ\,*ZZ*q Z* S+WSS `1hn ]\/ Z*O
4,*ZS1Y w \YZSb1 WS ,mE hb\ ,`1Yq Z* Saf\/1HxD 'b*
`1hn P h*abn Y13/dZ*`\/Z\y V*Y]*ZSSE ]`S4,*ZZ\y 4*O
b`\Zdbn a1`/g* b1fE Vb\ Wp+Sb SabSZd S f\h1b +\Wnj1
d4Z*bn \+ Sada1D m a `*/\abnp ]`S-W*j*1Y ,*a Z* Z11D

www.watchtower.org wp12 03/01-U

You might also like