Sto.

Rosario National High School

Sto.Rosario, Santa Rosa Nueva Ecija
Senior High Department

Research work #1
In
Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Council
(DRRMC)

Submitted by: Angel Rosall D.C Deguzman

Grade 11-GAS

Submitted to: Mrs. Grace Manalaysay

Date: November 22,2017

 What is hazard?
A hazard is an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable target. The
terms "hazard" and "risk" are often used interchangeably. However, in terms of risk
assessment, these are two very distinct terms. A hazard is any agent that can cause harm or
damage to humans, property, or the environment. Risk is defined as the probability that
exposure to a hazard will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a hazard poses
no risk if there is no exposure to that hazard.
Hazards can be dormant or potential, with only a theoretical probability of harm. An event
that is caused by interaction with a hazard is called an incident. The likely severity of the
undesirable consequences of an incident associated with a hazard, combined with
the probability of this occurring, constitute the associated risk. If there is no possibility of a
hazard contributing towards an incident, there is no risk.
Hazards can be classified as different types in several ways. One of these ways is by
specifying the origin of the hazard. One key concept in identifying a hazard is the presence
of stored energy that, when released, can cause damage. Stored energy can occur in
many forms: chemical, mechanical, thermal, radioactive, electrical, etc. Another class of
hazard does not involve release of stored energy, rather it involves the presence of
hazardous situations. Examples include confined or limited egress spaces, oxygen-depleted
atmospheres, awkward positions, repetitive motions, low-hanging or protruding objects, etc.
Hazards may also be classified as natural, anthropogenic, or technological. They may also
be classified as health or safety hazards, by the populations that may be affected, and the
severity of the associated risk. In most cases a hazard may affect a range of targets, and
have little or no effect on others.

What is Disaster?
A disaster is defined as a "sudden or great misfortune" or simply "any unfortunate event."
More precisely, a disaster is "an event whose timing is unexpected and whose
consequences are seriously destructive." These definitions identify an event that
includes three elements:

Suddenness ,Unexpectedness ,Significant destruction and/or adverse consequences

However, a fourth element, lack of foresight or planning, is sometimes added. Disasters

occur with unnerving frequency. Their adverse consequences increase for those who
do not prepare for predictable contingencies. A disaster prevention and recovery plan
can help protect all of the University's assets including people, jobs, records, vital
records, and facilities.

Disasters are not restricted to records and information resources. The death of an
essential employee, a poisoning, an explosion, a fire, or a chemical spill are disasters
that adversely affect the University. The University, as a whole, must protect all of its
assets. Your plan must be tailored to meet the needs of your department, facility, and
types of information.
Types of Hazard Example
Physical hazards Wet floors
Loose electrical cables Objects protruding in walkways or
doorways
Ergonomic hazards Lifting heavy objects Stretching the body
Twisting the body
Poor desk seating
Psychological hazards Heights
Loud sounds
Tunnels
Bright lights
Environmental hazards Room temperature
Ventilation Contaminated air
Photocopiers
Some office plants Acids
Hazardous substances Alkalis Solvents
Biological hazards Hepatitis B
New strain influenza
Radiation hazards Electric welding flashes Sunburn
Chemical hazards Effects on central nervous system, lungs, digestive system,
circulatory system, skin, reproductive system. Short term (acute)
effects such as burns, rashes, irritation, feeling unwell, coma and
death.
Temperature Personal comfort is best between temperatures of 16C and
30C, better between 21C and 26C.

Working outside these temperature ranges: may lead to

becoming chilled, even hypothermia (deep body cooling) in the
colder temperatures, and may lead to dehydration, cramps,
heat exhaustion, and hyperthermia (heat stroke) in the warmer
temperatures.
High energy sources Explosions, high pressure gases, liquids and dusts, fires, electricity
and sources such as lasers can all have serious effects on the
body, even death.
Radiation Radiation can have serious health effects. Skin cancer, other
cancers, sterility, birth deformities, blood changes, skin burns and
eye damage are examples.
Vibration Vibration can affect the human body in the hand arm with
`white-finger' or Raynaud's Syndrome, and the whole body with
motion sickness, giddiness, damage to bones and audits, blood
pressure and nervous system problems.
Slips, trips and falls A very common workplace hazard from tripping on floors, falling
off structures or down stairs, and slipping on spills.
Physical Excessive effort, poor posture and repetition can all lead to
muscular pain, tendon damage and deterioration to bones
and related structures
 Sto.Rosario National High School
Sto.Rosario, Santa Rosa Nueva Ecija
Senior High Department

Research work #3
In
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Submitted by: Angel Rosall D.C Deguzman

Grade 11-GAS

Submitted to: Mrs. Grace Manalaysay

Date: November 20,2017

The Big Bang
Since the early part of the 1900s, one explanation of the origin and fate of the
universe, the Big Bang theory, has dominated the discussion. Proponents of the
Big Bang maintain that, between 13 billion and 15 billion years ago, all the
matter and energy in the known cosmos was crammed into a tiny, compact
point. In fact, according to this theory, matter and energy back then were the
same thing, and it was impossible to distinguish one from the other.
Adherents of the Big Bang believe that this small but incredibly dense point of
primitive matter/energy exploded. Within seconds the fireball ejected
matter/energy at velocities approaching the speed of light. At some later
timemaybe seconds later, maybe years laterenergy and matter began to
split apart and become separate entities. All of the different elements in the
universe today developed from what spewed out of this original explosion.
Big Bang theorists claim that all of the galaxies, stars, and planets still retain the
explosive motion of the moment of creation and are moving away from each
other at great speed. This supposition came from an unusual finding about our
neighboring galaxies. In 1929 astronomer Edwin Hubble, working at the Mount
Wilson Observatory in California, announced that all of the galaxies he had
observed were receding from us, and from each other, at speeds of up to
several thousand miles per second.
The Redshift
To clock the speeds of these galaxies, Hubble took advantage of the Doppler
effect. This phenomenon occurs when a source of waves, such as light or sound,
is moving with respect to an observer or listener. If the source of sound or light is
moving toward you, you perceive the waves as rising in frequency: sound
becomes higher in pitch, whereas light becomes shifted toward the blue end of
the visible spectrum. If the source is moving away from you, the waves drop in
frequency: sound becomes lower in pitch, and light tends to shift toward the red
end of the spectrum. You may have noticed the Doppler effect when you listen
to an ambulance siren: the sound rises in pitch as the vehicle approaches, and
falls in pitch as the vehicle races away.To examine the light from the galaxies,
Hubble used a spectroscope, a device that analyzes the different frequencies
present in light. He discovered that the light from galaxies far off in space was
shifted down toward the red end of the spectrum. Where in the sky each galaxy
lay didn't matterall were redshifted. Hubble explained this shift by concluding
that the galaxies were in motion, whizzing away from Earth. The greater the
redshift, Hubble assumed, the greater the galaxy's speed.Some galaxies showed
just a slight redshift. But light from others was shifted far past red into the infrared,
even down into microwaves. Fainter, more distant galaxies seemed to have the
greatest red shifts, meaning they were traveling fastest of all.
An Expanding Universe
So if all the galaxies are moving away from Earth, does that mean Earth is at the
center of the universe? The very vortex of the Big Bang? At first glance, it would
seem so. But astrophysicists use a clever analogy to explain why it isn't. Imagine
the universe as a cake full of raisins sitting in an oven. As the cake is baked and
rises, it expands. The raisins inside begin to spread apart from each other. If you
could select one raisin from which to look at the others, you'd notice that they
were all moving away from your special raisin. It wouldn't matter which raisin you
picked, because all the raisins are getting farther apart from each other as the
cake expands. What's more, the raisins farthest away would be moving away
the fastest, because there'd be more cake to expand between your raisin and
these distant ones.
That's how it is with the universe, say Big Bang theorists. Since the Big Bang
explosion, they reason, the universe has been expanding. Space itself is
expanding, just as the cake expanded between the raisins in their analogy. No
matter whether you're looking from Earth or from an alien planet billions of miles
away, all other galaxies are moving away from you as space expands. Galaxies
farther from you move faster away from you, because there's more space
expanding between you and those galaxies. That's how Big Bang theorists
explain why light from the more distant galaxies is shifted farther to the red end
of the spectrum. In fact, most astronomers now use this rule, known as Hubble's
law, to measure the distance of an object from Earththe bigger the redshift,
the more distant the object.

THE STAR ENERGY SOURCE

The energy released from the collapse of the gas into a protostar causes the center of
the protostar to become extremely hot. When the core is hot enough, nuclear fusion
commences. Fusion is the process where two hydrogen atoms combine to form a
helium atom, releasing energy.The fusion reaction is a very efficient process, releasing a
huge amount of energy. This is because a single helium atom contains less mass than
two hydrogen atoms. The excess mass is released as energy. Thanks to the pioneering
work of Albert Einstein, the formula E = mc2 tells us exactly how much energy the fusion
reaction releases.Fusion will power the star for 90% of its lifetime.
 Sto.Rosario National High School
Sto.Rosario, Santa Rosa Nueva Ecija
Senior High Department

Research work #3
In
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Submitted by: RENATO LAXAMANA

Grade 11-SMAW

Submitted to: Mrs. Grace Manalaysay

Date: November 20,2017
What is the fate of the universe? Will it continue
to expand, or will it eventually contract
because of gravity?
It is going to expand indefinitely according to the
measurements; in fact we are in a universe whose
expansion is accelerating.
This is due to dark energy that outweighs matter by two to
one. And that ratio is increasing with time.
You see, as the expansion continues the matter density
drops. But the dark energy does not thin out since it is an
intrinsic property of space itself.
A trillion years from now the universe will have expanded so
much that all the other galaxies will be beyond our visible
horizon.
Our own galaxy will have long before merged with the
Andromeda galaxy and our smaller neighbors.

Will the universe continue to expand or will it

eventually contract because of gravity?
It will continue to expand - faster and faster! Dark energy is
a repulsive term in the equations of gravity (general
relativity). Since it is over twice as significant as dark matter,
the universe will continue to expand, and the expansion is
accelerating.
 EXPLAINING THE ORIGIN OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THE BIG BANG

The so-called Big Bang theory is the current favoured hypothesis of the formation of the
universe according to astronomy. This asserts that some 12-15 billion years ago there
was a suddenly expansion and explosion of all matter and energy out of an original
point - out of literally nothing - and that not only space but even time began at this
moment. (So we cannot speak of an explosion in space - because there was no space
before, or no time at which this could be measured - space and time being properties
of the universe rather than something outside of it).

There used to be some rivalry between the Big Bang and so-called the Steady State
theory, but the latter has now been rejected by almost everyone (apart from a few
mavericks like Fred Hoyle). In fact, recent discoveries indicate that the universe is not
only expanding, but it's its rate of expansion is increasing!

The strongest evidence for the Big Bang hypothesis is the existence of the microwave
background radiation (the temerature everywhere in space is about 3 degrees above
absolute zero). This is thought to be the "echo" of the Big Bang, all that remains of the
original fireball.

Earlier versions of the Big Bang theory had the universe originating from a singularity (a
point of zero volume and infinite density, where the laws of physics have no
meaning). This has been replaced by the idea that the universe originated from literally
nothing at all. According to quantum theory, matter and antimatter particles are
created in pairs all the time out of nothing (i.e. vacuum) and cancel each other out
with no effect on the universe. They are therefore called virtual particles). At the Big
Bang, however, massive amounts of matter and antimatter were created and although
much of it was similarly cancelled out with a huge release of energy, matter won the
day and spawned the universe as we know it.

A still more recent theory has the universe evolving from a previous universe (perhaps
from a black hole in that universe), which in turn developed from a previous universe,
and so on. Similarily our universe may be giving birth to coutless further universes, of
which we can (limited as we are to this section of space-time) know nothing.

The composition of the universe

Composition of the Universe. According to the latest observational evidence, ordinary

matter, including stars, planets, dust and gas, only make up a tiny fraction of the
universe (5%). The rest is the elusive dark matter (~25%) and dark energy(~70%).

Structure of the Universe.

[/The large-scale structure of the Universe is made up of voids and filaments, that can
be broken down into superclusters, clusters, galaxy groups, and subsequently into
galaxies. At a relatively smaller scale, we know that galaxies are made up of stars and
their constituents, our own Solar System being one of them.
DIFFERENT HYPOYHESES THAT PROCEEDED THE BIG BANG THEORY TO THE ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE

American astronomer Edwin Hubble observed that the distances to faraway galaxies were
strongly correlated with their redshifts. This was interpreted to mean that all distant galaxies
and clusters are receding away from our vantage point with an apparent velocity
proportional to their distance: that is, the farther they are, the faster they move away from
us, regardless of direction.[13] Assuming the Copernican principle (that the Earth is not the
center of the universe), the only remaining interpretation is that all observable regions of the
universe are receding from all others. Since we know that the distance between galaxies
increases today, it must mean that in the past galaxies were closer together. The continuous
expansion of the universe implies that the universe was denser and hotter in the past.
The first subatomic particles to be formed included protons, neutrons, and electrons. Though
simple atomic nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of
years passed before the first electrically neutral atoms formed. The majority of atoms
produced by the Big Bang were hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. Giant
clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and
galaxies, and the heavier elements were synthesized either within stars or during
supernovae.
The Big Bang theory offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed
phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the CMB, large scale structure,
and Hubble's Law.[7] The framework for the Big Bang model relies on Albert Einstein's theory
of general relativity and on simplifying assumptions such as homogeneity and isotropy of
space. The governing equations were formulated by Alexander Friedman, and similar
solutions were worked on by Willem de Sitter. Since then, astrophysicists have incorporated
observational and theoretical additions into the Big Bang model, and
its parameterization as the Lambda-CDM model serves as the framework for current
investigations of theoretical cosmology. The Lambda-CDM model is the current "standard
model" of Big Bang cosmology, consensus is that it is the simplest model that can account
for the various measurements and observations relevant to cosmology.
What is the cosmic microwave background and why is it so significant?

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is electromagnetic radiation left over from
an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology. In older literature, the CMB is also
variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) or "relic radiation".
The CMB is a faint cosmic background radiation filling all space that is an important
source of data on the early universe because it is the oldest electromagnetic radiation
in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical
telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark.
However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background noise, or
glow, almost isotropic, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This
glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental
discovery of the CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert
Wilson[1][2] was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the
discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics.
CONCEPT OF REDSHIFT EVIDENCE FOR EXPANDING UNIVERSE

'Red shift' is a key concept for astronomers. The term can be understood literally - the
wavelength of the light is stretched, so the light is seen as 'shifted' towards the red part
of the spectrum.

Something similar happens to sound waves when a source of sound moves relative to
an observer. This effect is called the 'Doppler effect' after Christian Andreas Doppler, an
Austrian mathematician who discovered that the frequency of sound waves changes if
the source of sound and the observer are moving relative to each other.

If the two are approaching, then the frequency heard by the observer is higher; if they
move away from each other, the frequency heard is lower.

There are many everyday examples of the Doppler effect - the changing pitch of
police and ambulance sirens, or train whistles and racing car engines as they pass by.
In every case, there is an audible change in pitch as the source approaches and then
passes an observer.

Everyone has heard the increased pitch of an approaching police siren and the sharp
decrease in pitch as the siren passes by and recedes. The effect arises because the
sound waves arrive at the listener's ear closer together as the source approaches, and
further apart as it recedes.

The Doppler effect

The Doppler effect describes the shift in the frequency of a wave sound when the wave source and/or the
receiver is moving. We'll discuss it as it pertains to sound waves, but the Doppler effect applies to any kind
of wave. As with ultrasound, the Doppler effect has a variety of applications, ranging from medicine (with
sound) to police radar and astronomy (with electromagnetic waves).

The Doppler effect is something you're familiar with. If you hear an emergency vehicle with its siren on, you
notice an abrupt change in the frequency of the siren when it goes past you. If you are standing still when
the vehicle is coming toward you, the frequency is higher than it would be if the vehicle was stationary;
when the vehicle moves away from you, the frequency is lower. A similar effect occurs if the sound source
is stationary and you move toward it or away from it.

At first glance you might think that there should be no difference between what happens when you move
at a particular speed toward a source and when the source moves at the same speed toward you. As long
as the speed is much less than the speed of sound, there is hardly any difference between these two cases.
The higher the speeds involved, however, the greater the difference.

To convince yourself that it does make a difference which is moving, the source or the observer, consider
what happens when v is equal to the speed of sound. When the receiver moves at the speed of sound
toward the source, twice as many waves are intercepted as by a stationary observer, and the frequency is
doubled. The waves are still nicely separated, however. On the other hand, when the source moves
toward the receiver at the speed of sound, the sound waves pile up on top of each other (resulting in a
sonic boom), and the frequency is effectively infinite