CDB1012

HSE

Lecture 14

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
1
AND MANAGEMENT
2 Lecture Content

MANAGEMENT DEFINITION
EMS
OSHMS
TYPES OF POLLUTION
POLLUTION PREVENTION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
3 Lecture Outcomes
You should be able to
Define management
Explain the need and the objective of EMS
Describe the cycle and phases of continual improvement of EMS
Describe the main elements of OSHMS
Define pollution
Describe the types of pollution
Identify the 3Ps Pollution Prevention Program
List out priority of waste management
4 What is management
and why EMS?

Management is the practice of Planning, Organizing,

Leading, Informing, Controlling and Executing
(POLICE) an activity, operation, organization or
crisis.

Environmental management is the application of

these processes to address environmental issues.

Balancing financial constraints with environmental

performance and societal need
5 EMS

Motivated by the tightening of legislation

- additional responsibilities on industry to
reduce the environmental impact.
Aids in achieving compliance with legislative
demands
Further motivation by pressure from
environmental groups and the public.
Improves cost savings
- reduced waste discharges, efficient energy
use, resource recycling etc.
 6
EMS: Objective & Structure

Primary objective is to manage and achieve an

organisations environmental policy/goals.
A systematic approach which provides a
structured framework.
Set of mechanisms and processes - Links the
different processes and business units.
Describes WHAT to be accomplished, HOW and by
WHOM.
7
EMS: General Principles
Starts at the top hierarchy.

A process, not an event.

About the people & their actions, not just the words &
aspirations.

Continual improvement - change for the better.

 EMS: Cycle and phases of continual
improvement
Continue review
& Improvement
Leadership &
Commitment
Measurement & Evaluation

Review/Act Policy/Goals Implementation

Plan Planning
Check/
Corrective
Action Implement/Do Policy/goal
Leadership & commitment
8
 EMS: Phases of continual improvement
9

Leadership & Commitment

Essential

This element of the EMS must be in place prior

to the implementation of subsequent stages
(decision-maker & financial provider)

Environmental Policy/Goals
Defines the organisations intent and goals in
terms of the environmental protection

EMS ultimately aim to implement the

intentions/goals stated in the policy
 EMS: Phases of continual improvement
10

Planning
Planning & organising implementation of the EMS
requirements.

Identifying relevant environmental impacts, legislative

requirements, setting objectives and means of
achievement.

Implementation/Do
Putting the plans into practice.

Define responsibility and communication procedures,

training personnel, creating and controlling
documentation and utilising operational procedures.
 EMS: Phases of continual improvement
11

Checking/Corrective Action
Monitoring the performance of the organisation.

Audits of the EMS for measurement and

evaluation.

Executions of corrective and preventive actions

for improvement.

Review/Act
Reviewing to ensure the continuing suitability,
adequacy and effectiveness of the EMS in
meeting its intention.
 12
A Viable EMS
EMS should be:

Cost effective and economically viable

Not contradicting trade regulations, agreements,
local and international legislation
Practicable and address in national/international
language
Performance based
Focused on continual improvement
13
Potential Benefits of EMS

Improved compliance with regulations

Increase marketability & competitiveness
Reduce liability / risk
Gain regulatory incentives
Promote pollution prevention & waste
minimisation
Increased profit by less cost of compensation
Improved internal management system
Community goodwill by enhance environment
14 International Organization of
Standardization
(ISO) requirement
ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) is an organization to
promote the development and
implementation of international voluntary
standards.

ISO develops international standards for

almost the entire range of industry and
services
 15
ISO 14000 Family

ISO 14000 - comprehensive system for managing

environmental impact to industrial

E.g. ISO 14001: EMS Specification with guidance for use

ISO 14004: EMS General guidelines on principles,
systems & supporting techniques

Provide step-by-step guidelines for developing, maintaining,

implementing and auditing EMS in a structured manner.
16

Occupational Safety & Health Management

Systems (OSHMS)
17 Background

Voluntary management system.

Integrate OHS hazard into businesses process.
Identify, assess and meets OHS performance
expectations (national and international level).
Applicable to any organization, regardless of
size, type or level of maturity
Example of OSHMS are OHSAS 18001, ILO-
OSH-MS-2001 and MS 1722.
 18 Background

OSHA 1994: Employers responsibility to ensure

that the safety and health of people at the
workplace are safeguarded.
The employer should make appropriate
arrangements to establish an OSHMS.
The OSHMS should contain the main elements
of (just as in an EMS): policy, organization,
planning and implementation, evaluation and
action for improvement.
19 Background

A management system allow to decide what need to be done, how to do it

and monitor the progress to achieve established goals. Evaluate the result
and continue to improve

Use the PDCA cycle Plan-Do-Check-Act

 20 Elements of successful
OSHMS
Should convey at least

Management
OHS policy
The company and its
review top managers are

Continual committed to safety

and health

Improvement
Employees are
expected to perform
their duties in a safe
and healthy manner
The companys
commitment extends
beyond the walls of
Checking & Planning
its plant to include

Corrective
customers and the
community
action Implementatio Safe work practices
are expected from all
n & operation employees at all level
for all the activities
 Ten Essential Elements of an Effective OSHMS
21

1. Make senior management visible and active.

2. Involve employees and provide incentive.
3. Establish clear emergency procedures.
4. Maintain good record-keeping practices.
5. Communicate, communicate, communicate.
6. Periodically assess Possible risks
7. LISTEN to your employees.
8. Provide individual feedback to employees
9. Provide all necessary safety tools to employees
10. Keep up-to-date on training requirements.
22 Benefits of OSHMS

Improve the attitudes of personnel about their

working environment
Increase the amount of participation in safety and
health activities
Reduce the lost time injuries and accidents and the
cost associated with lost time/accidents
Increase productivity
 ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
23
24

THE EARTH IS COVERED WITH

BLUE OCEANS, GREEN LANDS AND
WHITE SKIES. THE EARTH IS LIKE A
DIAMOND HANGING IN THE
UNIVERSE. - Neil Armstrong
 25
Pollution - Definition
FROM THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

Pollution means any direct or indirect alteration of the

physical, thermal, chemical or biological properties of any part
of the environment by discharging, emitting or depositing
environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or waste so
as to affect any beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition
which is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health,
safety or welfare or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic
life or to plants or to cause contravention of any condition,
limitation or restriction to which a license under this Act is
subject;
(Environmental Quality Act 1974)
 26
Pollution - Definition
FROM THE ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical,

chemical or biological characteristics of our air, land
and water that may or will harmfully affect human
life or that of desirable species, our industrial
processes, living conditions and cultural assets or
that may or will waste or deteriorate our raw
material resources.

(Fundamentals of Ecology, Eugene P. Odum)

 Pollution - Definition
27 FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
PERSPECTIVE

Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical,

chemical or biological characteristics of our air,
water or land that can harmfully affect the health,
survival or activities of humans or other living
organisms.

(Environmental Science and Engineering, Henry and

Heinke)
28
Pollution
AIR

PRODUCER

LAND WATER
 WATER POLLUTION
29

Surface water - lakes, rivers, streams and oceans.

Ground water - water that infiltrates the ground

and accumulates above an impermeable layer of
rock or dense clay.

Polluted water - water that contains impurities

that make the water unsuitable for a given use.
 WATER POLLUTION: SOURCES
30

Pollution is introduced into the water cycle at numerous points.

 31 COMMON PARAMETERS

Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters

Turbidity, Total pH
Suspended Solids (TSS)
Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg)
Colour
BOD, COD
Odour
Phosphorus, Nitrogen
Biological Parameters
Bacteria, virus, protozoa Toxic Parameters
(E. coli, Giardia
lamblia, Arsenic (As)
Cryptosporidium Lead (Pb)
parvum)
 WATER POLLUTION: EFFECTS
32

Human health
Infectious agents (bacteria, virus etc. )
Organic chemicals (TCE, PCE etc.)
Inorganic chemicals (heavy metals etc.)
Radioactive materials

Disruption to the ecosystem

Sediments (TSS)
Oxygen-demanding wastes (BOD, COD)
Thermal
Eutrophication (P, N)
33
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT
34
 35
Water Pollution: ABATEMENT
Zero Discharge
change process technology, product design, market
drive etc.
Reduction
quality optimization, material selectivity and 4Rs
consumption etc.
Reuse
for other needs e.g. treated effluent for irrigation, non-
human contact household uses etc.
Recycle
retreat treated effluent until suitable for process
consumption.
Rehabilitation
expensive and difficult, if not impossible.
 SOIL POLLUTION
36

The introduction of substances,

biological organisms, or energy into the
soil, resulting in a change of the soil
quality, which is likely to affect the
normal use of the soil or endangering
public health and the living environment.
37

SOIL POLLUTION: SOURCES

Land farming e.g.
fertilizers/pesticides, sludge
disposal etc.
Leaks e.g. from landfills,
storage containers,
distribution pipelines etc.
Spills e.g. from
transportation tanks etc.
 SOIL POLLUTION: IMPACTS
38

Harmful contaminants
groundwater
contamination, negative
effects on human health.

Harmful to the
environment renders
the soil unsuitable for
agriculture etc.

Litter - reduction in
aesthetic value.
 39 SOIL POLLUTION: TREATMENT

Bioremediation
A treatment process that uses micro-organisms (yeast, fungi, or
bacteria) to break down, or degrade, hazardous substances into
less toxic or non-toxic substances (carbon dioxide and water).
Example:
Bligh Island, south Alaska, March 1989. Hydrocarbon-oxidizing
microbes in combination with inorganic nutrients (nitrogen,
phosphorus) were used to clean up large tracts of oil-
contaminated beaches (and waters) that resulted from an oil
spill. The cleanup was completed within a few months following
the spill.
40
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollutants are substances in the atmosphere
that have harmful effects.

Air pollution releases involve both gas and solid

phase contaminants.

Two types of air pollution - outdoor pollution and

indoor pollution.
 41 MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS

Suspended particulate Impair respiratory

matter (e.g. PM10) functions

Formation of ozone,
Volatile organic
photochemical
compounds (VOCs) (e.g. oxidants (highly
gasoline, paint solvents) reactive compounds)

Blocks delivery of
Carbon monoxide (CO) oxygen to organs and
tissues
 42
MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS
Lung irritant - acute
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) respiratory disease in
children

Sulfur oxides (SOx) Acid deposition (acid

rain)

Accumulates in the
Lead and other heavy body and impairs
metal. many tissues and
organs, eventually
death
43
MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS

Ozone and other Highly toxic to both

photochemical plants and animals,
oxidants damage lung tissues
 AIR POLLUTION: EFFECTS
44

Effects of air pollution on human health can be

distinguished in three categories.
Chronic, Acute, Carcinogenic

Plants are more sensitive than humans. Example:

Dying vegetation in large urban areas, damage
crops, orchards, and forests downwind of urban
areas.

Effects on materials and aesthetics. Example:

Blackened materials, corroded structures,
monuments, statues.
 45
AIR POLLUTION: CONTROL

OBJECTIVE
to maintain an atmosphere in which pollutants have
no negative impact on human activities.

METHODOLOGY
Not to produce the pollutants e.g. Lead emission from
automobiles.
Pollution control equipment.
Planned dispersion e.g. centralized power generation
plant.
 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
46

CYCLONE DUST COLLECTOR

VENTURI SCRUBBER
47
REDUCTION AND ABATEMENT
Engineering
Substitution of fossil fuel
with alternative sources.
More efficient
process/product designs.
Alternative material
selection.
Resource
recovery/recycling.
Management
Specificity and clarity in
legislation.
Effective urban planning
e.g. Structural planning -
township, residential and
industrial area; efficient
public transportation
 POLLUTION PREVENTION
48

Pollution prevention and waste reduction have become the common-

sense solution to the prevention of future environmental problems.
 POLLUTION PREVENTION METHODS
49

Process modification
Product reformulation
Feed substitution
Equipment redesign
Improve housekeeping
Segregation of incompatible toxic
wastes
 PRIORITIES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT
50

Eliminate Generation

Reduce Generation
Lessen environmental impact,
lower operating cost, decrease
Recycle and Reuse the complexity of waste
management and reduce the
Recovery potential liability of the waste.

Treatment

Residual Disposal
 Example #1 (Process Modification)
51

A manufacturer of fabricated metal products employed

an alkaline bath to clean nickel and titanium wires
prior to their use in the final product. As part of its
efforts in waste management, the company started
using a mechanical abrasive system in which the wires
were cleaned by passing them, under pressure,
through silk and carbide pads. The new system
worked and produced clean wires without the use of a
chemical cleaning bath. The hazardous wastes
produced by the original system were altogether
eliminated, thus permanently eliminating the cost of
disposing the waste.
 Example #2 (Product Reformulation)
52

Solventbased paints are being rapidly phased

out in the paint industry. Water-based paints
have eliminated the use of toxic or flammable
chemicals. Water-based paints do not require
chemical solvents to clean paintbrushes and
applicators. Emissions of VOCs (Volatile Organic
Compounds) from solvent-based paints have
also been eliminated.
 Example #3 (Feed Substitution)
53

An electronic manufacturing facility originally

cleaned printed circuit boards with chemical
solvents. The company found that by switching
from a solvent-based cleaning system to a water-
based system, the same operating conditions and
workloads could be maintained. The water-based
system was found to be six times more efficient in
cleaning the circuit boards. This change resulted in
a lower product rejection rate, and more importantly,
eliminated a hazardous waste.
 Example #4 (Recycling and Reuse)
54

A printer of newspaper advertisements bought an ink-

recycling unit to produce black newspaper ink from its
waste inks. The unit mixes the different colours of
waste inks with fresh black ink and black toner to
create the black ink. This ink is then filtered to remove
flakes of dried ink, after which it is ready for use in place
of fresh black ink. The recycle has eliminated the need
for the company to ship the waste ink offsite for disposal
and has entailed significant cost savings.
 Example #5 (Recovery)
55

A photo processing company uses an electrolytic

deposition cell to recover silver from the rinse
water from film processing equipment. The silver
is sold to a small recycler. By removing silver from
wastewater, the wastewater is no longer
considered hazardous waste and is discharged
into the sewer system without additional pre-
treatment by the company.
56

Summary
Defined Pollution
Distinguished types of
pollution water, air,
soil
3Ps Pollution
Prevention Program
Priority on waste mgmt

End of lecture.
Thank you.