Details,)details!

! Osteichthyes!(oste:!bone;!0ichthyes:!fish)!have!two!sections:!Actinopterygii!(ray!finned)!and!Sarcopterygii!(lobe!
finned!+!tetrapods)!
o! Incredibly!diverse!(taxonomically,!morphologically,!physiologically,!ecologically,!etc.)!
o! Not!including!tetrapods,!there!are!still!~30,000!species!(90%!are!teleosts!alone)!
o! Side!note:!a!*division*!is!below!a!class!and!above!an!order!
o! Synapomorphies!that!unite!the!two!subsets:!endochondral!bone!(hard!bone!that!replaced!the!cartilage!
foundation!of!the!endoskeleton;!this!is!opposed!to!just!dermal!bone),!lung/gas!bladder,!bony!
operculum!(over!the!gill!arches,!there's!a!bone!to!protect!it)!
o! Limb!anatomy!distinguishes!major!groups!(for!actinopterygians,!the!bone!structures!in!the!limb!fan!out!
from!a!single!region,!like!rays;!whereas!for!sarcopterygians,!there!is!a!central!structure!from!which!
bones!branch!off,!kind!of!like!a!Christmas!tree;!sarcopterygians!have!thicker!more!muscular!limbs)!
! Bony!Fish!

! !

o! Sarcopterygians!should!NOT!be!considered!primitive!(think!about!the!properties!of!a!phylogenetic!tree!
and!how!you!can!rotate!them!around!their!nodes)!
o! Chondrichthyes!is!the!out!group!(for!the!bony!fish)!
! Actinopterygii!
o! ~30,000!extant!species!
o! ~320!myo!lineage!
o! Inhabit!virtually!every!aquatic!habitat!on!earth!
! Division!Teleostei!!
o! Half!of!all!vertebrates!are!teleosts!(with!exceptional!ecological!diversity)!
o! Marine!origin,!but!widely!distributed!in!FW!!
o! By!late!cretaceous0early!Cenozoic!era,!over!400!modern!families!present!
! Teleost!Specializations!(Jaws!and!Cranial!Features)!
o! Most!teleost!taxonomic!diversification!associated!with!diversification!and!complexity!of!feeding!
apparatus!(e.g.!protrusible!jaws)!
! Complex!pharyngeal!teeth!and!independent!(helps!them!grind!food!better),!pharyngeal!jaws!
! This!helps!them!grab!onto!food!better,!it!helps!them!with!suction!feeding!(overall,!it!helps!
diversify!the!kinds!of!food!that!the!teleost!can!eat)!
! Weberian!Apparatus!
o! Unique!to!most!diverse!subgroups!of!teleosts!(ostariophysi)!!
! E.g.!minnows,!suckers,!catfish,!loaches!
o! Series!of!bones!conduct!sounds!from!swim!bladder!(membrane!filled!with!air)!to!inner!ear,!allowing!
them!to!better!perceive!sound!
 o! This!is!ANALOGOUS!to!the!inner!ear!mechanisms!of!humans!(convergent!evolution)!!
! Locomotory!specializations!(use!a!combination!of!body!movements!and!fin!movements!to!swim!in!water)!

! !

o! Tail!diversity!!most!are!homocercal!(think!homocercal!vs.!heterocercal,!like!in!sharks)!00>!homocercal!
tails!are!better!for!creating!thrust!in!the!horizontal!direction!while!heterocercal!tails!are!better!for!
creating!lift!
! Tails!are!used!more!for!thrust!while!pectoral!fins!are!used!more!for!generating!thrust!and!
preventing!rolling!
o! Diverse!modes!of!swimming!
! Just!because!different!fish!are!anguilliform!does!NOT!mean!that!they!have!the!same!ecological!
niche!00>!eels,!for!example,!have!very!small!pectoral!fins!(they!can't!swim!fast,!but!they're!highly!
maneuverable);!a!dogfish!shark,!on!the!other!hand,!has!much!larger!pectoral!fins!and!can!
generate!more!thrust!while!preventing!rolling!
! Undulation!vs.!oscillation!(look!at!diagram!above)!!
! More!open!water!swimmers!tend!to!have!longer,!more!stream!lined!bodies!
o! Reduced!armor!!
! ???!
o! Convergent!Evolution!
! Shape!of!body!between!teleosts,!dolphins,!whales!are!similar!in!proportion!(in!terms!of!its!depth!
to!length!ratios);!roughly!around!0.25!
! This!is!an!example!of!convergent!evolution!because!we!see!different!species!evolving!towards!the!
most!"streamlined"!form!!to!reduce!drag!while!swimming!!
! Locomotory!diversity!!
o! "gliding!fish"!00>!they!have!extended!pectoral!fins!that!can!generate!a!lot!of!thrust!to!help!them!leave!
the!water!(helps!with!escaping!predation)!
! Morphological!diversity!
o! Everything!from!seahorses,!to!lion!fish,!to!tuna,!to!flounder,!etc.!(small!mouths,!big!mouths,!etc.)!
! Ecological!diversity!
o! Live!in!lots!of!places,!eat!a!wide!variety!of!things!
 o! Most!organisms!are!in!the!photic!zone!(top!1000!m!of!water),!since!that's!where!photosynthesis!is!
happening!(if!a!fish!is!living!below!the!photic!zone,!it's!relying!on!eating!left!overs!from!the!above!layers,!
along!with!other!organims!in!their!niche)!
! Behavioral!diversity!
o! Note!that!all!of!these!axes!of!phenotypic!diversity!have!been!shaped!by!NS!to!be!functionally!integrated!!
! Schooling!is!a!tactic!used!by!many!fish!to!deal!with!predators!(predators!find!it!hard!to!just!focus!
**Adaptive on!one!fish)!(this!uses!the!lateral!line!system,!the!anatomy!and!musculature!associated!with!
Trait
Integration** swimming,!etc.)!
! Cleaner!fish!00>!adapted!to!eat!parasites!off!of!larger!fish!(symbiotic,!mutualism!relationship)!
!! Over!time,!NS!has!made!it!so!that!the!larger!fish!get!parasitized!when!they!eat!the!cleaner!
fish!
! With!stickleback!fish,!male!fish!build!nests!and!use!a!glue!produced!by!their!kidneys,!spigen,!to!
hold!it!together;!a!female!then!lays!her!eggs!in!the!nest,!and!the!male!proceeds!to!guard!the!nest!
till!they!hatch!(even!takes!care!of!them!after!they!hatch,!for!a!bit);!the!female!swims!off!to!eat,!
create!more!eggs,!and!find!other!mates!
! Life!History!Diversity!
o! Viviparity!or!Oviparity!(give!birth!to!live!young!(e.g.!guppy!fish),!vs.!laying!eggs(e.g.!salmon,!stickleback!
fish,!etc.))!
o! Internal!or!external!fertilization!
o! Diversity!of!number/size!of!offspring!
o! Planktonic!or!demersal!eggs!
o! Stenohaline!or!Euryhaline!(anadromy,!catadromy,!estuarine)!!
! Diversity!of!reproductive!mode!!
o! There!are!fish!that!have!separate!sexes!
o! Some!can!change!sexes!(they!can!be!serially!hermaphroditic,!or!simultaneously!hermaphroditic)!
o! In!some!cases,!if!there's!a!dominance!hierarchy,!there!are!a!bunch!of!females!(and!the!most!dominant!
fish!becomes!the!male;!if!that!dominant!male!dies,!then!the!next!dominant!fish!becomes!a!male)!
o! Protandry!(a!male!that!can!become!a!female?!Anemone!fish?)!
! Fish!Conservation!
o! Fish!stocks!around!the!world!are!being!depleted!
! Most!of!the!fish!we!eat!are!coming!from!natural!populations!(and!not!agricultural!fish!farms)!
! Lots!of!stocks!of!fish!are!either!fully!exploited!or!over!exploited!
o! The!collapse!of!the!cod!fishery!!
! These!used!to!be!really!abundant!in!the!Atlantic!ocean!
! Due!to!overexploitation,!the!fish!population!dropped!drastically!in!the!late!1900s!
o! Overfishing!leads!to!life!history!evolution!
! We!obviously!want!to!catch!the!biggest!fish!possible!
! Thus,!when!we!catch!all!the!large!adults,!it!leaves!the!small!adults!to!reproduce!
! Thus,!over!time,!natural!selection!has!favored!smaller!adult!fish!(due!to!changes!in!allele!
frequencies)!with!a!shift!towards!an!earlier!age!of!maturity!as!well!!
o! Indeterminate!growers:!grow!throughout!their!lives!
! Fish!Diversity!!
! Sarcopterygii!!
o! Became!abundant!during!the!Devonian!period!(400!mya)!
o! Only!4!extant!"fish"!genera,!~10!species!!
! Plus!40,000!tetrapods!
o! All!FW,!lungs!homologous!with!tetrapod!lungs!
o! Dipnoi!(lung!fish)!and!Actinista!(Coelacanths)!!
o! Lung!fish!are!born!on!land,!and!need!to!make!their!way!to!water!(while!on!land,!they're!basically!
breathing!using!their!lungs)!
o! Coelacanths!00>!considered!living!fossils!since!they!resemble!fossils!of!fish!from!400!mya!!
o! When!Actinopterygians!swim,!their!fins!move!synchronously!whereas!when!sarcopterygians!swim,!their!
fins!move!alternatively!(just!like!how!tetrapods!move!with!their!limbs)!
!!
!